REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 AND 1848AND 1848

What are the reasons for What are the reasons for revolutions?revolutions?

• Consider the causes of the French Consider the causes of the French RevolutionRevolution

• Consider the causes of the Latin Consider the causes of the Latin American RevolutionsAmerican Revolutions

Liberty Leading the PeopleLiberty Leading the People

• Where is this Where is this happening? happening? How can you How can you tell?tell?

• What has What has happened/is happened/is happening in happening in the scene?the scene?

• What is meant What is meant by Liberty by Liberty leading the leading the people?people?

Background to the 1830 Background to the 1830 RevolutionRevolution

• Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) regained the throne – What was the regained the throne – What was the principle of restoring the rightful principle of restoring the rightful leaders back to power?leaders back to power?

• What was the name of the famous What was the name of the famous conference after Napoleon’s time in conference after Napoleon’s time in power when leaders tried to get Europe power when leaders tried to get Europe back to normal?back to normal?

Louis XVIII and Liberal ReformsLouis XVIII and Liberal Reforms

• Approved a constitution – the Charter Approved a constitution – the Charter of French Libertiesof French Liberties

• Two-house legislature and limited Two-house legislature and limited freedom of the pressfreedom of the press

Charles X Takes the ThroneCharles X Takes the Throne

• Louis XVIII died in 1824; brother Louis XVIII died in 1824; brother Charles X takes overCharles X takes over

• Charles X believed in absolutism – Charles X believed in absolutism – What does this mean?What does this mean?

• What do you think he will do with the What do you think he will do with the constitution? Why?constitution? Why?

• Suspends the legislature and restricts Suspends the legislature and restricts the right to vote and limits freedom of the right to vote and limits freedom of the pressthe press

Citizens Led the July RevolutionCitizens Led the July Revolution

• Angry liberals and RADICALS (those Angry liberals and RADICALS (those favoring extreme change) took to the favoring extreme change) took to the streets streets

• ““To the barricades!”To the barricades!”• Fired on soldiers and pelted them with Fired on soldiers and pelted them with

stones and roof tilesstones and roof tiles• The revolutionary tri-color flag flew The revolutionary tri-color flag flew

from the towers of Notre Dame from the towers of Notre Dame cathedralcathedral

• Charles X fled to EnglandCharles X fled to England

The “Citizen King” Rules FranceThe “Citizen King” Rules France

• Radicals wanted to establish a republicRadicals wanted to establish a republic• Moderate liberals chose a constitutional Moderate liberals chose a constitutional

monarchymonarchy• Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X chosen, Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X chosen,

because during his youth, he supported the because during his youth, he supported the 1789 French Revolution1789 French Revolution

• Louis Philippe got along with the liberal Louis Philippe got along with the liberal bourgeoisiebourgeoisie

• Louis’ policies favored the wealthy – the Louis’ policies favored the wealthy – the majority of people could still not votemajority of people could still not vote

Louis Philippe – The “Citizen Louis Philippe – The “Citizen King”King”

• He supported He supported the 1789 the 1789 RevolutionRevolution

• Later in his Later in his career, his career, his government government was marked was marked by corruption by corruption and greedand greed

Louis Philippe as GargantuaLouis Philippe as Gargantua

• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_-_Gargantua.jpg

The Spirit of Reform SpreadsThe Spirit of Reform Spreads

• Metternich – Austrian foreign ministerMetternich – Austrian foreign minister

• ““When France sneezes, Europe catches When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.”cold.”

• Ex. Belgian independenceEx. Belgian independence

• Belgium had been united with Holland Belgium had been united with Holland and was ruled by the Dutch kingand was ruled by the Dutch king

• Belgian bourgeoisie resented that Belgian bourgeoisie resented that (Belgians spoke different language and (Belgians spoke different language and had different religion)had different religion)

Belgium Gains IndependenceBelgium Gains Independence

• 1830 Uprising in Paris inspired 1830 Uprising in Paris inspired Belgians – they can do it too! Yes we Belgians – they can do it too! Yes we can!can!

• Belgians took up arms against Dutch Belgians took up arms against Dutch troops in Brusselstroops in Brussels

• Britain and France believed they would Britain and France believed they would benefit from the separation of Belgium benefit from the separation of Belgium and Holland – supported the Belgian and Holland – supported the Belgian demand for independencedemand for independence

• 1831 – Belgium becomes independent 1831 – Belgium becomes independent and has a liberal constitutionand has a liberal constitution

Rebels Fail in PolandRebels Fail in Poland

• In the late 1700s, Poland was divided among In the late 1700s, Poland was divided among Russia, Prussia, and AustriaRussia, Prussia, and Austria

• The Poles hoped to regain their The Poles hoped to regain their independence at the Congress of Vienna independence at the Congress of Vienna

• It didn’t happen. Instead most of it went to It didn’t happen. Instead most of it went to RussiaRussia

• In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt. landowners rose in revolt.

• They failed to get enough support and the They failed to get enough support and the Russian brutally crushed the revolt.Russian brutally crushed the revolt.

The French Revolt Again in 1848The French Revolt Again in 1848

• Radicals such as Utopian Socialists Radicals such as Utopian Socialists wanted the end of private propertywanted the end of private property

• Louis Philippe’s government was Louis Philippe’s government was corruptcorrupt

• Recession caused unemploymentRecession caused unemployment• Poor harvests – bread prices rosePoor harvests – bread prices rose• February 1848 – government tried to February 1848 – government tried to

limit people’s freedom to assemble and limit people’s freedom to assemble and express their frustrationexpress their frustration

1848 Revolt in Paris1848 Revolt in Paris

• People took to the barricades and People took to the barricades and clashed with royal troopsclashed with royal troops

• Louis Philippe abdicatedLouis Philippe abdicated

• Liberal, radical, and socialist leaders Liberal, radical, and socialist leaders proclaimed the Second Republic (the proclaimed the Second Republic (the first was from 1792 – 1804 when first was from 1792 – 1804 when Napoleon became emperor)Napoleon became emperor)

The Second Republic Was The Second Republic Was Deeply DividedDeeply Divided

• Middle-class liberals wanted moderate Middle-class liberals wanted moderate political reformspolitical reforms

• Socialists wanted major changesSocialists wanted major changes• Forced the government to set up Forced the government to set up

national workshops to provide jobs for national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployedthe unemployed

• Bourgeois liberals gained greater Bourgeois liberals gained greater control of the government and shut control of the government and shut down the workshopsdown the workshops

More Fighting in Paris in 1848More Fighting in Paris in 1848

• Angry workers rioted in the streetsAngry workers rioted in the streets• Bourgeois liberals commanded the Bourgeois liberals commanded the

army to put down the riot – 1,500 army to put down the riot – 1,500 people died in fightingpeople died in fighting

• Peasants turned against the workers Peasants turned against the workers because they feared that as socialists, because they feared that as socialists, they would want to confiscate their they would want to confiscate their landland

• A bitter legacy – middle-class A bitter legacy – middle-class distrusted the socialists and the distrusted the socialists and the workers hated the bourgeoisieworkers hated the bourgeoisie

A New Napoleon Comes to A New Napoleon Comes to PowerPower

• The National Assembly was dominated The National Assembly was dominated by members who wanted to restore by members who wanted to restore orderorder

• It created a strong president and one It created a strong president and one house legislaturehouse legislature

• Extended voting rights to all adult men Extended voting rights to all adult men – widest suffrage in Europe – 9 million – widest suffrage in Europe – 9 million Frenchmen could vote compared with Frenchmen could vote compared with only 200,000 beforeonly 200,000 before

A New Napoleon Comes to A New Napoleon Comes to PowerPower

• Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon is Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon is electedelected

• The working class supported the new The working class supported the new Napoleon – sympathetic to povertyNapoleon – sympathetic to poverty

• The conservatives supported him – famous The conservatives supported him – famous family name, hoping to regain glory daysfamily name, hoping to regain glory days

• 1852 – crowned himself Napoleon III – end of 1852 – crowned himself Napoleon III – end of the Second Republic and beginning of the Second Republic and beginning of Second EmpireSecond Empire

• Used a plebiscite (vote of the people) to Used a plebiscite (vote of the people) to uphold this power play – 90% of voters uphold this power play – 90% of voters supported his move to establish the Second supported his move to establish the Second EmpireEmpire

The New NapoleonThe New Napoleon

• Economy Economy recovered in recovered in 1850s – 1850s – bourgeoisie were bourgeoisie were happyhappy

Revolution Surges Through Revolution Surges Through EuropeEurope

• 1848 – Revolution in Paris set off 1848 – Revolution in Paris set off revolutions around Europerevolutions around Europe

• Grievances had been piling upGrievances had been piling up

• Middle-class liberals wanted greater Middle-class liberals wanted greater political rightspolitical rights

• Workers demanded relief from miseries Workers demanded relief from miseries of Industrial Revolutionof Industrial Revolution

• Nationalists wanted independence from Nationalists wanted independence from foreign ruleforeign rule

• What countries on the map experienced What countries on the map experienced uprisings/revolutions?uprisings/revolutions?

Austrian RevolutionAustrian Revolution

• Revolts in major citiesRevolts in major cities• Remember Metternich? For what Remember Metternich? For what

famous event was he the chief famous event was he the chief organizer?organizer?

• Metternich censored newspapers but Metternich censored newspapers but books were smuggled into universitiesbooks were smuggled into universities

• Workers and students took control of Workers and students took control of the streets in Viennathe streets in Vienna

• Metternich resigned and fled in Metternich resigned and fled in disguisedisguise

ConclusionConclusion• ““You say you want a revolution. Well You say you want a revolution. Well

you know. We all want to change the you know. We all want to change the world. You say you want a constitution. world. You say you want a constitution. Well, you know. We all want to change Well, you know. We all want to change the world.”the world.”

• Who said this?Who said this?

• What caused the Revolutions of 1830 What caused the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848? Long-term causes? Short-and 1848? Long-term causes? Short-term causes? term causes?