Revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848

Mrs. Craig

Returned monarchies after Napoleon’s defeat

Klemens Metternich of Austria mastermind behind the “Concert”

Goal: Keep France in check Goal: Stamp out Liberalism or Nationalism anywhere it appears in Europe

Concert of Europe

Decembrists- RussiaSpain/PortugalGreeks/ Serbia

Revolutions of 1820

Boyar class/military background Found glory in Napoleon’s invasion Secret Societies -to change Russia Opportunity arises on death of Czar

Alexander I -delay in naming new Czar Czar Nicholas I puts down disorganized

uprising Sets tone for increased repression in Russia

for19th century How does this compare to The Fronde??

Decembrists- Russia

Bourbon dynasty restored Ferdinand VII tore up constitutional reforms of

1812 ( under Napoleon); dissolves Cortes. Revolt against Ferdinand by army officers,

merchants, intelligensia Ferdinand restores constitution and Cortes Metternich’s policy of intervention comes to

Ferdinand’s rescue!- French army used First challenge to Metternich- Concert split-

England leaves. Monarchy restored Monroe Doctrine!!

Spanish Revolution

Want emancipation from Ottoman Turk rule Greek hero- Ypsilanti (also officer in Russian

army) leads several uprising Romantic sympathy for Greek plight Balance of power- fear Russian dominance in

Balkans increases British/French help to Yps. Turkish/Egyptian fleet sunk 1827 Treaty of Adrianople- limits Russian territory

annexation, recognizes small independent Greek kingdom.

Greek/Serbia

Decembrists- unsuccessfulSpain/Portugal-unsuccessful

Greeks/ Serbia- “Successful”

Revolutions of 1820

ItalyPolandBelgium France

Revolutions of 1830

Louis XVIII restored/Constitutional Monarchy/ Liberal domestic policies

Charter with Chambers of Peers and Deputies

Returning emigres +Metternich force revocation of Charter

Charles X- conservative- succeeds Louis XVIII

Absolutism returns! Dissolves chamber! Four Ordinances!!! Causes July Revolution

leads to ‘Les Trois Glorieuses’ Charles flees

France 1830

Liberal leaders emerge- Thiers and Guizot Republic versus Constitutional Monarchy Lafayette??--no King Louis Philippe Known as Bourgeois King

France 1830 Continued

Congress of Vienna-R & PR fight over Poland Czar Alex I allows Poland liberal constitution Nicholas I restricts Polish liberties Influenced by news of French Rev 1830,

revolt Resist Russia for 1 year- Warsaw falls/martial

law imposed Revolutionaries/poets/musicians(Chopin)

leave Results in Russification program

Poland

Austria & Pope obstacles to Italian unification.

Secret societies to support unification began

Carbonari rise up in 1831 to be put down by Austrian troops

Rise of Mazzini- visionary of a unified republican Italy.

Forms Young Italy Failed attempt at a Roman republic but

ideas are planted– only to grow later.

Italy 1830

After Napoleon, Belgium Holland and Netherland form loose political/economic union.

Holland had political advantage Belgium revolt against Dutch rule- students,

workers with middle class leadership National Congress created constitutional

monarchy-Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Religious tolerance/limit king power Belgium beats another(1832) Netherland

invasion with Fr and Br help/ guarantee Belgium independence and neutrality.

Belgium

Italy failedPoland failedBelgium SUCCESS!!!France failed

Revolutions of 1830

France Italy Germany Austria

Revolutions of 1848

This Revolution was the catalyst for others!!!

Louis Phillipe fails! Economic problems: unemployment, low wages, indifferent govt

Constitutional monarchist (Theirs) join forces with republicans- want increased suffrage!

Feb 1848- large demonstrations in Paris lead to riots! And Louis Phillippe abdicates!!

Create Second Republic of France with first socialist programs

France 1848

Louis Blanc floats a plan called “National Workshops”- guarantees jobs for all!!

2ND Republic institutes some- not all- Blanc’s plan- bankrupts treasury in 2 years

Riots again in 1850 leads to marshal law and leadership of General Cavaignac

Elections in 1850 lean toward moderates. Middle class fear of loss of property and voting

rights allows for Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to rise to power as symbol of order stability and democracy. ( won’t last long!)

France 1848 cont

Zollverein (customs union)- successful Economic problems and French riots in 1848

creates sympathy toward reform Metternich resigns and Frankfurt National

Assembly convenes to prepare a constitution. Stood for ideals but had no power! Disputes

over unification (Big vs. Little Germany), liberal vs democracy, proletariat vs bourgeoisie- uprisings in cities the result.

National Assembly drafts a constitution

Germany 1848

Offers Fred WM IV the crown of a united Germany- not popular with Junkers

Fred Wm declines- saying “I will not accept a crown from the gutter”

Frankfurt Assembly then dwindles away. Fred Wm will issue a constitution for Prussia Parliament will have 2 chambers Voting power biased toward Junkers vs

working class.

Germany 1848 cont

Italy still not unified. Pope Pius IX – Papal States King Charles Albert & Cavour –Piedmont Mazzini- leader of Young Italy Pius IX thought to be a reformer- with CA

pushed for unification Threats from Austria & suddenly Pius neutral Charles Albert suspends army and abdicates

in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel II Meanwhile……

Italy 1848

Mazzini and Young Italy rise up in Rome Force Pius IX to leave Form a Republic led by Mazzini French troops come to the pope’s rescue

and Mazzini surrenders Ends any unification movements in 1848

And Italy is restored to pre-1848 rulers

Italy 1848 cont

Metternich has been a powerful prime minister Rising nationalism by Magyars(Hungarians)

creates political instability Louis Kossuth- promotes Magyar nationalism Metternich tries policy of divide and conquer-

pits anti-Magyar against anti- German Magyars Uprising in Feb 1848 Liberalism, nationalism, expanding middle class

Austria 1848

Hungarians(Magyars) want no Austrian control- briefly independent under Kossuth but invaded by Russia and Austria- remain under Austrian control

Meanwhile, students join middle class in revolt-Metternich resigns (goes to Britain)

Hapsburgs crush revolt in Nov 1848 Prince Schwarzenberg- prime minister Francis Joseph succeeds Ferdinand I but

nationalism increases within Austrian minorities. To be continued……..

Austria 1848 cont

France Successful!!! (kind of)Italy Failure!!!Germany Failure!!!AustriaFailure!! ( but it did get rid of

Metternich and the Concert of Europe is no more!!!)

Revolutions of 1848