Revolutionary War:

• Crispus Attucks

• James Amistead: Granted his freedom for service to the Revolutionary cause

Civil War

NY Draft Riots

Black Union soldier

A Confederate Soldier

Buffalo Soldiers

• Black only regiments

• Served Army second half 19th century

• So named, as mark of recognition, by Native Americans

Ken Karst

The classic military-manhood link:The Spartans

World War II

• Black and White soldiers together in Italy

• From Truman archives

Harry S Truman

General Marshall:

• “experiments within the Army in the solution of social problems are fraught with danger to efficiency, discipline, and morale”

Post-World War II Achievements

• Clifford Alexander: 1st Black Sec’y of the Army

Colin Powell, 1st Black Chair of the Chiefs of Staff

Black Soldiers in Vietnam