Revolutionary Movements

Revolutionary Revolutionary MovementsMovements

1815-18481815-1848

BackgroundBackground

In order to maintain peace , the In order to maintain peace , the statements in the Congress of statements in the Congress of Vienna decided to Vienna decided to

1.1. Restore former rulers no matter Restore former rulers no matter they were incompetent and they were incompetent and despoticdespotic

2.2. To redivide Europe at the expense To redivide Europe at the expense of small nationsof small nations


The ideas of Liberalism and The ideas of Liberalism and Nationalism had spread all over Nationalism had spread all over Europe.Europe.

The statements in the Congress of The statements in the Congress of Vienna ignored the trends.Vienna ignored the trends.

The saw liberalism and nationalism The saw liberalism and nationalism as threats of European peace, and as threats of European peace, and should be suppressed.should be suppressed.

Revolutionary Movements around Revolutionary Movements around 18201820

Revolutions in Spain, Portugal and Revolutions in Spain, Portugal and Naples(1820)Naples(1820)

Revolutions in Piedmont and Revolutions in Piedmont and Lombardy (Italy) (1821)Lombardy (Italy) (1821)

The Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)(1821-1829)

Failed

Failed

Treaty of London

1830 Revolution1830 RevolutionFrance between 1815-1830France between 1815-1830

After Napoleon was defeated in After Napoleon was defeated in 1815, Louis XVIII was appointed to 1815, Louis XVIII was appointed to the throne.the throne.

He declared a new Charter for He declared a new Charter for France.France.

French people experienced a more French people experienced a more Liberal political situation under Louis Liberal political situation under Louis XVIII.XVIII.


In 1824, Charles X suIn 1824, Charles X succeeded Louis XVIII acceeded Louis XVIII as the King of France.s the King of France.

Charles X was a reactCharles X was a reactionary.ionary.


In July 1830, Charles X declared the July In July 1830, Charles X declared the July Ordinance which was a law:Ordinance which was a law:

1.1. To withdraw the freedom of the press;To withdraw the freedom of the press;2.2. To reduce the franchiseTo reduce the franchise3.3. To dismiss the Chamber of DeputiesTo dismiss the Chamber of Deputies


The July Revolution The July Revolution then broke out and then broke out and Charles X was Charles X was overthrown.overthrown.

Louis Philippe, a Louis Philippe, a noble who was noble who was sympathetic to the sympathetic to the middle classes, middle classes, was chosen ‘the was chosen ‘the King of the French’ King of the French’

Revolutions in other Revolutions in other European StatesEuropean States

Inspired by the July Revolution in France, revInspired by the July Revolution in France, revolutions broke out in different places in Euroolutions broke out in different places in Europe:pe:

Italy: Italy: Members of the Carbonari rose Members of the Carbonari rose arms in Parma, Modena and the arms in Parma, Modena and the Papal StatesPapal States All these revolutions failed and suppressed bAll these revolutions failed and suppressed b

y the Austrian troops.y the Austrian troops.


German States:German States: Uprisings were found in various German Uprisings were found in various German

states between 1830-31states between 1830-31 People in Hanover and Saxony forced their People in Hanover and Saxony forced their

rulers to grant them a constitution.rulers to grant them a constitution. Revolutions were all suppressed by the Revolutions were all suppressed by the

German rulers under the influence of German rulers under the influence of Metternich, the Austrian ChancellorMetternich, the Austrian Chancellor

The only fruit left was that Saxony was The only fruit left was that Saxony was able to retain her constitution after able to retain her constitution after expelling all liberals in the government.expelling all liberals in the government.


PolandPoland Most part of Poland was given to Most part of Poland was given to

Russia at the Congress of Vienna.Russia at the Congress of Vienna. Inspired by the July Revolution, the Inspired by the July Revolution, the

Poles revolted against the Russians Poles revolted against the Russians in 1830.in 1830.

The revolution was suppressed.The revolution was suppressed.

The Belgian Independence The Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)Movement (1830-32)

Background:Background: In 1815, Belgium was combined with In 1815, Belgium was combined with

Holland to prevent French future Holland to prevent French future expansion.expansion.

Belgians were unhappy to the Belgians were unhappy to the decision since the Belgian and the decision since the Belgian and the Dutch were different people Dutch were different people


A comparison of the Belgian and the A comparison of the Belgian and the DutchDutch

BelgianBelgian DutchDutch

LanguageLanguage FrenchFrench DutchDutch

ReligionReligion Roman Roman CatholicCatholic

ProtestantProtestant

EconomyEconomy AgriculturalAgricultural Overseas tradeOverseas trade

PopulationPopulation 3.5 million3.5 million 2 million2 million


Despite of the above factors, the Dutch Despite of the above factors, the Dutch was made the ruler of the new state.was made the ruler of the new state.

.. Prince William of the House of Orange was Prince William of the House of Orange was

made King of William of the new Kingdom.made King of William of the new Kingdom. The official language was DutchThe official language was Dutch Half of the seats in the parliament were Half of the seats in the parliament were

given to the Dutchgiven to the Dutch The capital was in Hague (Dutch) The capital was in Hague (Dutch)

WHY?


Incited by the July Incited by the July Revolution of France, Revolution of France, the Belgians revolted the Belgians revolted in Brussels in August in Brussels in August 18301830

The Belgian The Belgian proclaimed the proclaimed the independence of independence of Belgium.Belgium.

Britain and France wanted to help Britain and France wanted to help the Belgians.the Belgians.

Russian, Austria and Prussia Russian, Austria and Prussia preferred to uphold the Dutch rule.preferred to uphold the Dutch rule.

The Belgian Independence MovemThe Belgian Independence Movement (1830-32)ent (1830-32)

Russia was busy to cope with the Russia was busy to cope with the revolution in Poland, while Austria revolution in Poland, while Austria was also busy in Italy.was also busy in Italy.

Prussia was alarmed by the Prussia was alarmed by the revolutions in German states and revolutions in German states and became cautious to send troops to became cautious to send troops to Belgium. Belgium.


The Powers proclaimed neutral in the The Powers proclaimed neutral in the Conference of London in 1831.Conference of London in 1831.

The Belgian National Congress The Belgian National Congress drafted a new constitution in 1832.drafted a new constitution in 1832.

A constitutional monarchy was A constitutional monarchy was created.created.

They also offered the throne to the They also offered the throne to the son of Louis Philippe.son of Louis Philippe.


Realized that danger of British Realized that danger of British opposition, Louis Philippe declined opposition, Louis Philippe declined the offer.the offer.

The crown eventually went to Prince The crown eventually went to Prince Leopard, uncle of Queen Victoria of Leopard, uncle of Queen Victoria of Britain, and became Leopard I of Britain, and became Leopard I of Belgium Belgium


Although the Dutch refused to recognize Although the Dutch refused to recognize the independence of Belgium at the very the independence of Belgium at the very beginning, she had to face the reality beginning, she had to face the reality under the pressure of both Britain and under the pressure of both Britain and France.France.

In 1839, the Treaty of London was signed In 1839, the Treaty of London was signed by the Dutch to recognize the by the Dutch to recognize the independence of Belgium.independence of Belgium.

Belgium became an “independent and Belgium became an “independent and perpetually neutral state” under the perpetually neutral state” under the guarantee of the Five Powers guarantee of the Five Powers



Belgium became an “independent Belgium became an “independent and perpetually neutral state” under and perpetually neutral state” under the guarantee of the Five Powersthe guarantee of the Five Powers


SignificancesSignificances1.1. The first important change to the The first important change to the

status quo after 1815 settlementstatus quo after 1815 settlement2.2. A British diplomatic victoryA British diplomatic victory3.3. Set-back of the three eastern Set-back of the three eastern

PowersPowers4.4. Criticisms to Louis Philippe because Criticisms to Louis Philippe because

he failed to extent French influence he failed to extent French influence to Belgium. to Belgium.

Revolutionary Movement in 1848Revolutionary Movement in 1848


1.1. Liberalism and nationalism further Liberalism and nationalism further developed after 1830.developed after 1830.

2.2. Industrial development created a Industrial development created a growing middle class and a working growing middle class and a working class.class.

3.3. Economic recession between 1846 Economic recession between 1846 and 47 created social discontentsand 47 created social discontents

February Revolution of France, February Revolution of France, 18481848

Louis Philippe, who was chosen to be Louis Philippe, who was chosen to be the King of the French, relied on the the King of the French, relied on the support of the middle class.support of the middle class.

There were growing discontent There were growing discontent against Louis Philippeagainst Louis Philippe


As a middle class was growing, they demanded fAs a middle class was growing, they demanded further liberal reforms.urther liberal reforms.

The growing working class demanded votes and The growing working class demanded votes and a better working environment.a better working environment.

The Republicans were outlawedThe Republicans were outlawed The legitimists supported the claims The legitimists supported the claims The Bonapartists disliked Louis Philippe’s foreiThe Bonapartists disliked Louis Philippe’s forei

gn policy.gn policy. The Catholic Church disliked His religious policy.The Catholic Church disliked His religious policy.


Louis Philippe’s government Louis Philippe’s government suppressed the oppositionsuppressed the opposition

Newspapers were censoredNewspapers were censored ““Law of Association” was passed to Law of Association” was passed to

ban anti-government societiesban anti-government societies Freedom of speech was limited. Freedom of speech was limited. People would be arrested if he People would be arrested if he

claimed that he supported the claimed that he supported the Bourbon familyBourbon family


Working class worked in a very poor Working class worked in a very poor condition. Low wages and long condition. Low wages and long working hours were commonworking hours were common

The situation worsen in 1847 and 48 The situation worsen in 1847 and 48 with bad harvest. with bad harvest.


Reform banquets were common in Paris.Reform banquets were common in Paris. These banquets were the results of These banquets were the results of

censoring the press. People made use of censoring the press. People made use of these banquets to express their demand these banquets to express their demand to reform.to reform.

Situation ran out of control in February Situation ran out of control in February 1848. People joined these banquets began 1848. People joined these banquets began rioting.rioting.

Louis Philippe decided to abdicate and Louis Philippe decided to abdicate and fled to England on the 24th February, fled to England on the 24th February, 1848. 1848.

Revolution in ItalyRevolution in Italy Revolution had been broken out in Sicily in Revolution had been broken out in Sicily in

January. King Ferdinand II was forced to proclaim January. King Ferdinand II was forced to proclaim a constitution a constitution

In March, Charles Albert, the king of Piedmont, In March, Charles Albert, the king of Piedmont, tried to expel the Austrian from Italy.tried to expel the Austrian from Italy.

Pope Pius IX also introduced reform in Papal StatePope Pius IX also introduced reform in Papal State Venice revolted against Austria and declared Venice revolted against Austria and declared

herself an independent republic in March, after herself an independent republic in March, after the downfall of Metternichthe downfall of Metternich

Austria eventually reestablished her control over Austria eventually reestablished her control over Italy.Italy.

Revolution in AustriaRevolution in Austria


1.1. Austrian Empire was a multiracial Austrian Empire was a multiracial Empire. The Empire made up with Empire. The Empire made up with Germans, Hungarian, Croatians, Slovenes Germans, Hungarian, Croatians, Slovenes and Czechsand Czechs

2.2. The social and economic situation in The social and economic situation in Austria was similar to France in 1789: Austria was similar to France in 1789: The nobles enjoyed various privileges The nobles enjoyed various privileges and economic was backward. and economic was backward.


Incited by the February Revolution in Incited by the February Revolution in France, there were demonstrations France, there were demonstrations led by students and professors.led by students and professors.

Metternich was forced to resign and Metternich was forced to resign and fled to England.fled to England.

In Hungary, the Hungarian declared In Hungary, the Hungarian declared independent of Austriaindependent of Austria

The Emperor, Ferdinand I then The Emperor, Ferdinand I then proclaimed a constitutionproclaimed a constitution


Since the different races fight against eaSince the different races fight against each other, the Austrian troops suppressed ch other, the Austrian troops suppressed the revolution with the help of Russian athe revolution with the help of Russian army rmy

The revolution was gradually under contThe revolution was gradually under control.rol.

Revolution in German statesRevolution in German states After the February Revolution, many German After the February Revolution, many German

rulers were forced to proclaim constitution.rulers were forced to proclaim constitution. A national Parliament met at Frankfurt and began A national Parliament met at Frankfurt and began

to draft a constitution for a future German to draft a constitution for a future German FederationFederation

Members from the parliament decided to exclude Members from the parliament decided to exclude Austria from the new German Federation, and the Austria from the new German Federation, and the crown would be given to the King of Prussiacrown would be given to the King of Prussia

The Prussian King refused to accept the crown.The Prussian King refused to accept the crown. Since they lacked support from major German Since they lacked support from major German

states, the parliament dissolved itself in 1849. states, the parliament dissolved itself in 1849.

Revolutionary Movements

Documents

Transcript of Revolutionary Movements