Restoration,

Reaction &

RevolutiRevolutionon

Congress of Vienna

Signed in 1815. Prevent another French Revolution; moreover,

another Napoleon. Included the system of a “balance of power.” Military component: each member was to provide a

certain amount of troops. In the event of a threat, this military body would come to use.

Alliance Systems Holy Alliance was formed on September 1815. Members were Russia, Prussia and Austria. Sought to protect all Christians in Europe. Quadruple Alliance was formed on November

1815. Members were Russia, Prussia, Austria and

Britain.

Congress of Vienna cont’d Evolved into the League of

Nations (WWI). After WWII, it became the

United Nations; which still exists today.

Congress System prevented political progress?

Conservative powers

CONSERVATISM

Intensified after 1815. Despised Revolutions, constitutions,

and the Enlightenment! Tradition over reason. Authority over equality. Community over individual. Aristocratic/upper classes.

Conservative #1: Klemens von Metternich

The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes:“some men…who had the art to prepare and conduct men’s minds to the triumph of their detestable enterprise…simply abandoning themselves to the one feeling of hatred of God and of His immutable moral laws…Speak of a social contract, and the revolution is accomplished!...The revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country.”

Writes to Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Expressing his dislike of Enlightenment ideas and how they caused the French Revolution. He strongly believed in the

suppression of revolution and restoration of European balance.

Conservative #2: Edmund Burke Reflections on the Revolution in

France: “Thanks to our sullen resistance to innovation, thanks to the cold sluggishness of our national character, we still bear the stamp of our forefathers…we are not the converts of Rousseau; we are not the disciples of Voltaire.”

Despised the philosophes because he believed they caused

revolution. If Christianity and authority are abandoned, then another French Revolution will

occur!

European Restoration

To ensure balance of power, former Napoleonic territories were redistributed eliminate French ‘hunting grounds’

Belgium & the Netherlands Rhine region Lombardy and other Italian states German Confederation NEW THREAT = RUSSIA!

Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII was chosen to rule France. Constitutional Charter: limited powers of the

king. “Ultras” Reincorporation of France in European affairs

ROMANTICISM VS. ENLIGHTENMENT

Interest in Middle Ages.

Respected existing political institutions.

Sentimentality. Cultural and literary

movement.

Disliked the Middle Ages.

Rationality. Reason. Empirical evidence;

scientific proof. Era.

Both re-introduced religion and mysticism to the intellectual sphere.

Romantic #1: William Wordsworth

power of poetry and the imagination.

Famous works includes: Lyrical Ballads

Worked with Samuel Taylor Coleridge; who helped with Lyrical Ballads.

Pastoral poetry: shepherds; natural setting.

Romantic #2: William Blake

power of the imagination; science is the end of religion.

Famous works includes: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Songs of Innocence and of

Experience.

“To cast off from poetry all that is not inspiration”

Bourgeois Europe

Bourgeoisie were most influential in France, England, Belgium and some of the German states. Least influential in Russia, Spain and Austrian empire.

Slowly emerging in Prussia. Supported liberalism.

New Professions

Growth of cities led to the increase of doctors and lawyers.

However, doctors struggled to be recognized, as well as gain their professional status.

WHY? Other professions in veterinary science,

school teachers, bureaucracy and pharmacology.

“one shouldn’t fear workers, but doctors without patients and lawyers without briefs”

Bourgeois Hierarchy

Lifestyle and Education

Apartments! The wealthy lived in the uppermost floors, while the lower floors were occupied by the poor.

Access to running water.

Parks, theatres, department stores

= more leisure time!

Rise of Universities! More people from the

middle class had a secondary education.

Clergy still controlled school systems in Spain and Italy.

LIBERALISM

Protection of individual freedom and the state’s duty to protect it-familiarity?

POWER OF THE PEOPLE! Denounced all forms of repression Greater influence in France and Britain.

Liberalists

Adam Smith: economic freedom laissez-faire theory. The Wealth of Nations (1776). Unrestricted function of the economy will bring in WEALTH! Smith influenced many British businessmen because they were optimistic about continuous progress.

Ongoing Labour Improvements

Recall: Factory Act (1833); Poor Law (1834) Establishment of poorhouses, public health,

prisons and schools. 1836: centralized system for recording births,

deaths and marriages. 1832: British franchise was extended to the

middle class (750 000 men could vote!) Workers’ Associations

Free Trade

Britain was the first to implement free trade in Europe. Motivated other countries.

World trade grew 10% in 1820-30; 60% in 1840-50.

Prussia’s zollverein (abolished trade tariffs) in 1834.

France lowered its tariffs in the 1850s.

CHINA: Britain has been importing silk, spices and tea from China.

China only wanted opium, which came from India.

1830s: China was buying 40 000 chests of opium from India.

Opium War (1840)

REVOLUTION…

AGAIN!

Spain

Ferdinand VII was the king of Spain. Recognized a liberal constitution: moderate

monarchy, Cortes (Assembly), freedom of press, right of property and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Strongly allied with ecclesiastical and noble classes. Spanish rule was beginning to disintegrate because

of constant uprisings in its colonies; but also in Spain itself-1820.

Result? Ferdinand VII was thrown out and the French took over Madrid.

FRANCE

Louis XVIII dies in 1824. Succeeded by Charles X.

Charles was the total-opposite of Louis; he was conservative.

1829 election onwards discontent. Lafayette’s recommendation-Louis

Philippe. Ongoing impact of the French Revolution

on the French people.

POLISH UPRISING #1

1815: majority of Poland was integrated into Russian Empire.

Secret revolutionary organizations were emerging in Russo-Poland raised suspicion.

1825: restriction of rights November 1830: riots in Warsaw. Early December, Poles wanted complete

independence from the Russians. 1831: REVOLUTION…but it was

suppressed ABSOLUTE RULE!

1825 Decembrist Revolt

Carried out on December 14, 1825 against the accession of Nicholas I.

Organized by the Northern and Southern Societies.

Unsuccessful revolt-suppressed by the tsar and military.

Emergence of the intelligentsia in Russia (Slavophiles and Westernizers).

BELGIUM

1815: Belgium and Netherlands are unified. 1830: tension begins. Although Dutch comprised the minority of the

population, they dominated ALL state affairs. Catholics had to pay higher taxes than Protestants. 1831: BELGIAN INDEPENDENCE! Belgium had a constitutional monarchy, King

Leopold I with a two-house pariliament.

GREEK SITUATION

First successful nationalist revolution. Lured romantics from Western Europe e.g., Lord Byron and

Percy Bysshe Shelley. 1822: Turks massacred the entire Greek population of Chios. Treaty of London: Britain, France and Russia threatened to

attack the Turks if they did not accept Turkish defeat at Navarino.

1832: GREEK INDEPENDENCE! (Greece was guaranteed protection; Otto I of Bavaria was crowned King of Greece)

Nationalism

Began to rise after the Napoleonic wars, as a reaction to the conservative regimes.

1830s: people began to recognize independent nations based on language, religion and custom.

Prior to 1848, few nationalist movements were successful (Greece and Belgium).

Strongest movements developed in the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires (multiple ethnicities)

Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy (sought to unify Italy). Influenced other “young” national organizations.

CLASS WORK:

Read chapter 16 in the textbook Go through the power point slides and add

information where you feel it is necessary. (it will not make sense to you if you do not do this!)

p. 229 answer questions 1-9, 10