Revista Microcontrol Nº4
Transcript of Revista Microcontrol Nº4
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Kfklzrenla ke @kekraf Tnl| ke Tarznl{far
Jrnskr TAT lbe 0:HL1>:TNL)Zke`{
TNL Z_ANEK_ ?%4
Lib lbe|zr{nr {e |kelnffb jrnskrtara ibzbrk| ta|b a ta|b
[e g{`{kzk oa|ajbke {e TNL18C?:;;
nez ab 9 1& eikrb : "' G[FNB ?448 '""" JK\LA_@A @_AZ[NZA ""
Lbe|zr{~k z{ trbtna tfala kezrkeajbra
tara inlrblbezrbfajbrk| TNL%
TZ?%4
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eikrb 9 := ab 9 1=
Jnrkllne& _kjallne ~ Lbrrkllne7Arnkf Tafawwk|n
Ar`kezneaarnkftafawwk|nD`ianf%lbi
ppp%{lbezrbf%lbi%ar
Jn|kb7JLS Skrenla L% Fasbrk
Ar`kezneaawni{z%k|z{jnbD`ianf%lbi
Lbe|kgb Kjnzbrnaf7Iarnb \allb
Ar`keznea|krsnlk%|krsn|~|zkiD`ianf%lbi
Larfb| Brzk`a \aonbK|taa
larfb|%brzk`a|aonbD{lbezrbf%rksn|za%lbi%ar
Jnk`b Irq{kw @arla ) L{krsb
Iarlb| FawlaebAr`keznea
iarlb|%fawlaebD`ianf%lbi
TkjrbSkekw{kfa
tafnzrbq{kwD`ianf%lbi
Jk|lar`a @raz{nza%K|zk lbezkenjb |k rn`k tbr fa fnlkelna
jk Lrkaznsk Lbiibe| Fnlkelna Lrkaznsk Lbiibe|Azrno{lne)Eb Lbikrlnaf)\ne Bora| Jkrnsaja|
TNL Zke`{ (1 Tarzk.
TNL Z_ANEK_ ?%4
Ij{fb TNL Z_ANEK_ :4
TNL Z_ANEK_ ?%47 Ij{fb 8 K"\
_kfbg jk Znkitb _kaf (_ZL.
Lbi{enlalne Neafiornlakezrk TNL|
Brjkeajbrk| \nelfanr
4x4:4x4:
4x4L
4x1>
4x1C
4x?0
4x?K
4x
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""t`nea 4x43
%Ebza| |bork kf lnrl{nzb
A lbezne{alne& hkib|
rk{enjb {ea |krnk jk jazb| ni)
tbrzaezk| |bork kf lnrl{nzb trb)
t{k|zb ~ |{ c{elnbeainkezb7
Lbe fb| safbrk| nejnlajb| ke kf
k|q{kia ~ L1 9 1 {C& {e safbr jk
_1 9 4 bhi har q{k fa crkl{kelna
jk LFBLM |ka atrbxniajaikezk
jk 144MHw% K|zb halk q{k kf ibzbr
asaelk {eb| 144 ta|b| tbr |k`{e)
jb& skfblnjaj fninzk tara fa ia~bra
jk fb| ibzbrk| ta|b a ta|b%
\n |k nelrkikeza|k fa skfblnjaj&
eb |bfb jn|ine{nra kf zbrq{k jn|tb)
enofk |neb q{k zaione |k lbrrkra
kf rnk|`b jk q{k kf ibzbr tnkrja
ta|b|% \k t{kjke trboar jnckrkezk|
safbrk| tara L1 ~ _1 tara trbj{lnr
fa crkl{kelna ixnia ia| ajkl{a)
ja tara laja ibzbr ke tarznl{far%
K|zk safbr jktkejkr kxlf{|nsa)
ikezk jk fa| laralzkr|znla| lbe|)
zr{lznsa| jkf in|ib%
\n _1 ajbtza {e safbr lkrla)
eb a 1 Ik`bhi& fa crkl{kelna jkf
LFBLM jn|ine{nr a lkrla jk {e
Hw& halnkejb q{k kf ibzbr asaelk
{e ta|b tbr |k`{ejb%
Eb ha~& af ikeb| ke zkbra& {e
safbr ienib jk skfblnjaj a fa q{k
t{kja `nrar {e ibzbr ta|b a ta|b%
K|zb tkrinzk {znfnwar safbrk| jk
L1 ~ _1 zae `raejk| lbib |k jk)
|kk& |nkitrk jkezrb jk fb| safbrk|
albe|kgajb| ke fa hbga jk jazb| jkf
EK;;;%
Kf lnrl{nzb nitrk|b trbt{k|zb
tkrinzk fa lbekxne jk fa rk|n|zke)
lna sarnaofk _1 ke {ea obrekra& q{k
zaione t{kjk kitfkar|k lbib
t{ezb jk kezraja tara t{f|b| jk
lbezrbf kxzkreb|%
Fa ffask \1& q{k atarklk ke kf
jna`raia jk i| aoagb& tkrinzk fa
jkzkelne jkf ibzbr af nezkrr{itnr
fa `kekralne jk t{f|b| jk LFBLM
jkf EK;;;% \1 t{kjk |kr rkkitfa)
wajb tbr {e zrae|n|zbr ETE tara
lbezrbfar kfklzrenlaikezk fa `kek)
ralne jk t{f|b| jk LFBLM%
Fb| t{f|b| jk LFBLM t{kjke
|kr trbsn|zb| tbr {e lnrl{nzb kxzkr)
eb& tkrb l{afq{nkr r{njb ke k|zb|
tbjra lbfblar af rk`n|zrb jk jk|)
tfawainkezb ke {e safbr krrekb%
Ke la|b jk kitfkar|k& jkoke |kr
t{f|b| fnitnb|% K|zb| t{f|b| jk)
okrae ta|ar a zras| jkf EK;;;&
|nz{alne q{k k|za trksn|za ke kf
lnrl{nzb nitrk|b%
Kf 0:F\0: eb l{itfk bzra c{e)
lne i| q{k trbtbrlnbear kf lbe)
zrbf jkf 0:F\1>:& cngaejb fa jnrkl)lne jk `nrb lbe fa a~{ja jk fb|
zrae|n|zbrk| Q3 ~ Q0 ~ fa ffask \?%
K|zrnlzaikezk haofaejb& kf izbjb
jk lbezrbf q{k bcrklk zk |n|zkia eb
k| kf ikgbr& tkrb a fa| rkfaznsaike)
zk oaga| crkl{kelna| a fa| q{k btk)
ra kf lnrl{nzb (ikebrk| a 144MHw.
c{elnbea tkrcklzaikezk%
Kf rk|n|zbr jk : kcklz{ara {e _K)
\KZ& jkzkenkejb kf `nrb jkf ibzbr
~ kekr`nwaejb |{ |afnja e{ikrb 1;
l{aejb rklnoa kf trxnib t{f|b jk
LFBLM%
Kf lnrl{nzb eklk|nza jk {ea c{ke)
zk jk ;S jk lbrrnkezk lbezne{a tkr)
cklzaikezk k|zaonfnwaja tara c{e)
lnbear& q{k eb |k ha nelf{njb ke kf
k|q{kia%
Kxn|zke {ea `rae sarnkjaj jk
ibzbrk| ta|b a ta|b% Jkok a|k`{)
rar|k q{k kf kfk`njb tara |kr ki)
tfkajb lbe k|zk |n|zkia |k afnike)
zk lbe zke|nbek| neckrnbrk| a fb|
?:S ~ eb lbe|{ia ia| jk ;44 iA%
Kf 0:F\0: eb l{itfk
bzra c{elne
i| q{k trbtbrlnbear
kf lbezrbf jkf 0:F\1>:&
cngaejb fa jnrkllnejk nrb%
%Trboaejb kf lbezrbfajbr
\nitfkikezk lbfblaejb {e
FKJ ke laja |afnja tbjkib| lbi)
trboar sn|{afikezk kf c{elnbea)
inkezb jkf lnrl{nzb%
Ke kf k|q{kia t{kjke skr)
|k fb| jb| Cfnt Cfbt J nelf{njb| ke
kf 0:F\0:% Fa |kllne CC1 |k {zn)
fnwa lbib {e jnsn|br onearnb& inke)
zra| q{k CC? c{elnbea lbib {e Cfnt
Cfbt _\% Jk|t{| jk laja t{f|b
jk LFBLM& kf Cfnt Cfbt k| t{k|zb
vv CN@[_A < vv Jk k|za cbria tbjkib| trboar e{k|zrb jrnskr
%trb~klzb| 55 jrnskr TAT lbe 0:HL1>:
""t`nea 4x40
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""t`nea 4x48
ke \KZ& lbe Q ke afzb% K|zb tkrin)
zk lbiaejar af 0:F\1>: |kl{kelnar
|{| |afnja| ke {eb { bzrb |keznjb jk
al{krjb a fa tb|nlne jk \?%
Fa ffask \1 tkrinzk jkzkekr
fa kekralne jk t{f|b| jk LFBLM%
Fb| zkrineafk| TBPK_
(1:.& LBIIBE (0. ~ LFKA_ (1 ~
1.
%Lbezrbf kxzkreb ikjnaezkbtzbalbtfajbrk|
Bzra cbria jk lbezrbf& {znfn)
waejb btzbalbtfajbrk| tara an|far
kf jrnskr jkf lnrl{nzb q{k fb lbezrbfa%
(Skr Cn`{ra 14.
%trb~klzb| 55 jrnskr TAT lbe 0:HL1>:
vv CN@[_A : vv cbria| jk beja q{k |k t{kjke kelbezrara fa |afnja jkf jrnskr
vv CN@[_A ; vv A|tklzb jkf jrnskr ~a ibezajb
vv CN@[_A 3 vv Tara rkj{lnr fa afz{ra jkf lnrl{nzb cneaf&t{kjk lbrzar|k fa afkza jn|ntajbra jkf FI084;
vv CN@[_A 0 vv A| tbjrkib|afkgar kf TAT jkf jrnskr
vv CN@[_A 8 vv Fb| laofk| lkezrafk| |be lbi{ek| a jb| obonea|
vv CN@[_A > vv T{kjk| lbiaejar kf jrnskr kxzkreaikezk
vv CN@[_A 14 vv Fb| btzbalbtfajbrk| ksnzae tb|nofk| jab| af hb|z%
Kf 0:F\0: eb l{itfk
bzra c{elne i|
q{k trbtbrlnbear
kf lbezrbf jkf 0:F\1>:&
cngaejb fa jnrkllne
jk nrb%
""t`nea 4x4>
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t`nea 4x4L
%trb~klzb| 55
""tbr7G{ae Cfnx Iazkb|""gciazkb|Df~lb|%k|
TNL)Zke`{
TNL)Zke`{
K|zk arzl{fb jkok lb)
ikewar lbe kf ikrklnjb rklbeb)
lninkezb af lrkajbr jkf Zke`{
brn`neaf (ppp%zke`{zke`{zke`{%
lbi.7 kf gbske jn|kajbr ornzen)
lb Lrn|tne Gbek| (ppp%ir)gbek|%
br`.% \{ zraoagb jk|obrja ne`k)
enb& lrkaznsnjaj k neebsalne& ~
c{k fa ne|tnralne tara aobrjar
k|zk trb~klzb jk|jk {e t{ezb jk
sn|za kinekezkikezk jnjlznlb%
Aezk| jk ajkezrareb| ke
l{k|znbek| zlenla| |kezarkib|
fa| oa|k| jaejb rk|t{k|za a zrk|
trk`{eza| k|kelnafk|7 q{ saib|
a halkr& tbr q{ fb saib| a halkr
~ lib fb saib| a halkr% Ke bzra|
tafaora|& jk|lrnonrkib| kf c{elnb)
eainkezb jk TNL)Zke`{& jn|kark)
ib| {ea k|zrazk`na tara aobrjar |{
jk|arrbffb ~ kfk`nrkib| fb| ikjnb|
ajkl{ajb| tara lbej{lnr k|za eask
a o{ke t{krzb%
%Jk|lrntlne jk TNL)Zke`{
Fa in|ne k|kelnaf jk TNL)
Zke`{ |kr halkr `k|znl{far fa|
lara| q{k i{k|zra ke |{ iazrnw jk
FKJ| af rnzib jk fb| |benjb| q{k k|)
l{lhk a zras| jk {e inlrcbeb% Eb
bo|zaezk& fb jbzarkib| jk bzra| c{e)
lnbeafnjajk| |kl{ejarna| q{k& eb
tbr |kr jk ikebr nitbrzaelna& jkok)
ib| jkgar jk fajb ke {ea ca|k zae
nelntnkezk jkf trblk|b jk jn|kb% N`)
ebrar k|za| c{elnbek| ikebrk| tb)
jra halkr asaewar e{k|zrb trb~klzb
ke {ea feka q{k tb|zkrnbrikezk ni)
tb|nonfnza|k |{ nitfkikezalne%
Ajki| jk |{ inlrcbeb
kfklzrkz ~ jk |{ iazrnw jk FKJ|&
TNL)Zke`{ lbezar lbe ? FKJ|
ajnlnbeafk| q{k |ni{fare |{|
bgb|& ~ lbe {e obze q{k bcrklkr
{ea sa afzkreaznsa jk nezkrallne
lbe kf {|{arnb%
TNL)Zke`{ k| {e g{`{kzk oa|ajb ke {e TNL18C?:;; lataw jk ib|zrar k|zb| ke |{ iazrnw
jk FKJ| af rnzib jk fb| |benjb| aionkezafk| q{k rklb`k |{ inlrcbeb kfklzrkz% Ajki|&
nelf{~k {e |kelnffb g{k`b q{k fb lbesnkrzk ke {e brn neaf rk`afb jk l{itfkab|%
vv CN@[_A 1 vv Zke`{ brn`neaf a fa nwq{nkrja ~ e{k|zrb TNL)Zke`{ a fa jkrklha%
trnikra tarzk
Kf c{elnbeainkezb lbitfkzbjk TNL)Zke`{ |kr kf |n`{nkezk7
1% Af lbeklzarfb a fa c{kezk jk afn)
ikezalne TNL)Zke`{ |k ib|zrar
ke k|zajb jbrinjb (lbe fb| bgb|
lkrrajb|"ata`ajb| ~ lbe fa obla
lkrraja.%
?% Tara jk|tkrzarfb zkejrkib| q{k
|btfarfk ~ jkzklzarkib| k|za |nz{a)
lne atrbsklhaejb fa |az{ralne
q{k trbj{lnr ke kf inlrcbeb%
% Tara acrbezar c{z{ra| aitfna)
lnbek|& eb| nezkrk|a jkgar aonkr)
za fa tb|non f njaj jk lbi{enlar)
eb| lbe TNL)Zke`{ a zras| jk
{e brjkeajbr%
Kf zraoagb jk Lrn|tne
Gbek| c{k fa ne|tnra)
lne jk k|zk trb~klzb&
kecblajb jk|jk {e
t{ezb jk sn|za kineke)zkikezk jnjlznlb%
t`nea 4x4J
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t`nea 4x4K
%trb~klzb| 55 TNL)Zke`{
%Cneafnjaj jkf trb~klzb
Fa cneafnjaj jk k|zk trb~kl)
zb k| k|kelnafikezk jnjlznla& tbr
fb q{k |k h{nr jk atfnlar zlenla|
lbitfkga| a tk|ar jk q{k t{jnkrae
trbtbrlnbear {e ikgbr rkejninkezb%
Kf bogkznsb k| tbekr jk ia)
encnk|zb ikjnaezk kgkitfb| trlzn)
lb| ~ |kelnffb| fa| tb|nonfnjajk| jk
af`{eb| jk fb| ij{fb| nelf{njb| ke
fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk| TNL& lbib7
\afnja| jn`nzafk|7 TNL)Zke`{
l{keza lbe :: FKJ| (0 cnfa| ~ 3 lb)
f{iea| ke fa iazrnw& i| fb| jb|
bgb|. ~ zbjb| kffb| |kre lbezrbfajb|
ikjnaezk |afnja| jn`nzafk| jkf TNL%
Lbeskr|br aeaf`nlb jn`nzaf7
Fb {znfnwarkib| tara jkzklzar fa ne)
zke|njaj jkf |benjb%
T{f|k Pnjzh Ibj{faznbe7 Eb|
tkrinznr sarnar fa nezke|njaj jk fb|
FKJ| q{k |ni{fae fb| bgb| tara ata)
rkezar q{k |k aorke tblb a tblb%
Znikr|7@ralna| a kffb| tbjrkib|
alz{afnwar fa iazrnw jk FKJ| a {e rnz)
ib lbe|zaezk a{eq{k zke`aib| q{k
rkafnwar |ni{fzekaikezk bzra| za)
rka|% Zaione fb| {znfnwarkib| tara
askrn`{ar |n kf obze ha tkriaeklnjb
t{f|ajb i| jk ? |k`{ejb|%
Nezkrr{tlne kxzkrea7Eb| tkr)
inznr jkzklzar fa t{f|alne jkf ob)
ze ke l{afq{nkr ne|zaezk& a{eq{k
ke k|k ibikezb |k k|ze rkafnwae)
jb bzra| zarka|%
Ikibrna KKT_BI7 [znfnwark)
ib| k|za craega jk ikibrna tara
afialkear fa kjaj jkf hbikeagka)
jb ~ kf ike|agk jk|fnwaezk& atrb)
sklhaejb a| |{| jb| l{afnjajk|
i| jk|zalaofk|7 |{ lbezkenjb eb
|k obrra a{eq{k lk|k fa afnikeza)
lne kflzrnla& ~ tbjkib| afzkrar |{
lbezkenjb ke znkitb jk kgkl{lne
jk|jk kf trbtnb cnripark jkf TNL
|ne zkekr q{k rktrb`raiarfb%
%Ikjnb|
Ke trnikr f{`ar eklk|nzaib|
kfk`nr kf TNL i| atrbtnajb& k| jklnr&
aq{f q{k bcrkwla zbja| fa| laralzk)
r|znla| |kafaja| ke fa |kllne aezk)
rnbr tbr kf trklnb i| klbeinlb%
Eb bo|zaezk& ae eb| q{kja
tbr aeafnwar lbe i| jkzaffk af`{eb|
tarikzrb|& lbib kf eikrb jk ke)
zraja|"|afnja| jn`nzafk| q{k eklk|nza)
rkib|% E{k|zra trnikra zkezalne tb)
jra |kr {znfnwar {e tne tara lbezrbfar
laja FKJ nejktkejnkezkikezk& tkrb
k|zb eb| lbej{lnra a {e |borkjn)
ike|nbeainkezb jkf TNL neg{|zncnlajb&
t{k| jkokib| zkekr ke l{keza q{k
laja tne t{kjk |{inen|zrar b ao|br)
okr {e ixnib jk ?; iA& ~ q{k fb|
TNL ke `kekraf t{kjke |{inen|zrar ~
ao|brokr {e zbzaf ixnib jk ?44 iA=
lbe|njkraejb q{k laja FKJ lbe|{)
ik {eb| 14 iA |fb tbjraib| zk)
vv CN@[_A ? vvJna`raia jk cf{gb
jkf c{elnbeainkezbjk TNL)Zke`{%
[e jkzaffk a zkekrke l{keza |bork kf
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""t`nea 4x14
%trb~klzb| 55 TNL)Zke`{
TNL% Tbjraib| nitfkikezar k|zk jrn)
skr ikjnaezk zrae|n|zbrk|& tkrb k|zb
|{tbejra {e a{ikezb lbe|njkraofk
jkf zaiab jkf TLO& t{k| ajki| jk
fb| zrae|n|zbrk| jkokraib| nelf{nr rk)
|n|zkelna| ke |{| oa|k|% Fa |bf{lne
k| rkl{rrnr a {e lnrl{nzb nezk`rajb q{k
bcrkwla |{injkrb| jk lbrrnkezk ETE
zntb Jarfne`zbe% [ea skw jkzklzaja fa
eklk|njaj jk k|zk jrnskr nezkrikjnb&
fa kfkllne kezrk cnfa| b lbf{iea| |k
jklaeza f`nlaikezk tbr k|za| fzn)
ia|& t{k| af |kr ikeb| (3 lbf{iea|
crkezk a 0 cnfa|. tbjrkib| rkcrk|lar
fa iazrnw lbitfkza ke ikeb| znkitb&
rkj{lnkejb a| kf rnk|`b jk q{k |k
trbj{wlae tartajkb|% Njkafikezk& fb
i| lbitalzb h{onkra |njb {znfnwar {e
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""t`nea 4x1?
PneTNL844 tara fa trb`raialne%
%Latzar kf |benjb aionkezk
Kf inlrcbeb jk zntb kfklzrkz
k| fa kfkllne njkaf tara k|zk trb~kl)
zb tbr |{ rkj{lnjb zaiab& |{ k|la)
|b lbe|{ib ~ |{ oagb trklnb% K|zb|
inlrcbeb| k|ze oa|ajb| ke fb|
lf|nlb| inlrcbeb| jk lbejke|a)
jbr= jk hklhb& |{ ebiork lbitfkzb
k| KLI (Kfklzrkz Lbejke|kr Inlrb)
thbek.% \ne kioar`b& |k jnckrkelnae
jk kffb| ke q{k nelf{~ke {e iazkrnaf
lataw jk afialkear {ea lar`a kfl)
zrnla j{raezk lnkezb| jk ab|= k|zk
iazkrnaf |k jkebinea kfklzrkz ~ trb)
skk fa zke|ne eklk|arna tara tbfarn)
war kf lbejke|ajbr& jk ibjb q{k eb
rkq{krnrae afnikezalne kxzkrea% \ne
kioar`b& fa zke|ne k| zae oaga q{k
|k tbjra skr acklzaja tbr fa| kzata|
tb|zkrnbrk|& jk ibjb q{k |k {znfnwa
{e zrae|n|zbr jk zntb GCKZ a ibjb
jk ajatzajbr jk nitkjaelna|& ~ k|zk
zrae|n|zbr | rkq{nkrk afnikezalne
kxzkrea%
Haonz{afikezk fb| inlrcb)
eb| kfklzrkz l{kezae lbe ? zkrinea)
fk|& {eb tara fa lbekxne a znkrra ~
bzrb lbitarznjb tbr fa afnikezalne
~ fa |kaf jk |afnja (a{eq{k zaione
fb| ha~ lbe < zkrineafk| ke fb| q{k
fa afnikezalne ~ fa |kaf k|ze ne)
jktkejnwaja|.% Tara njkezncnlar fb|
zkrineafk| tbjkib| atb~areb| ke kf
hklhb jk q{k kf zkrineaf {enjb a fa
larla|a jkf inlrcbeb k| fa lbekxne
a znkrra% Fa {ene kezrk kf zkrineaf ~
fa larla|a |{kfk |kr sn|nofk& lbib ke
fa cn`{ra
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""t`nea 4x1
%ebza jk zata " trb~klzb| 55 TNL Zranekr ?%4
""tbr7Arnkf Tafawwk|n""arnkftafawwk|nD`ianf%lbi
TNL Zranekr ?%4Zk trbtbekib| fa lbe|zr{llne jk z{ trbtna tfala kezrkeajbra tara inlrblbezrbfa)
jbrk| TNL% Lbe k|zk |n|zkia& oa|ajb ke jnckrkezk| ij{fb|& tbjr| atrkejkr zbjb
fb q{k eklk|nza| |bork kf c{elnbeainkezb jk k|zb| lnrl{nzb| nezk`rajb|& |ne eklk|n)
jaj jk `a|zar {ea tkq{ka cbrz{ea%
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\n rklne k|za| jaejb z{|
trnikrb| ta|b| ke kf i{ejb jk fb|
inlrblbezrbfajbrk| TNL& k| tb|n)
ofk q{k zk kel{kezrk| fn`kraikezk
aor{iajb tbr fa laeznjaj jk lbe)
lktzb| q{k jkok| a|ninfar tara tb)
jkr jk|arrbffar z{| trb~klzb|%
K|zb k| neksnzaofk& ~a q{k
tara q{k {e trb~klzb oa|ajb ke {e
inlrblbezrbfajbr eb |ka {e crala)
|b& jkokib| jbinear zaezb kf jn)
|kb jkf lnrl{nzb kfklzrenlb lbib
fa lbeckllne jkf trb`raia q{k |k
kelar`ar jk halkrfb c{elnbear%
Fa njka jkzr| jk {ea
tfala kezrkeajbra b zranekr
k| jn|tbekr jk {ea hkrrainkeza
q{k eb| atbrzk {e harjpark trb)
oajb& lbecnaofk& q{k tbjaib|
{zn f nwar l{aejb q{krkib| trboar
af`{ea tnkwa jk |bczpark& |ne ek )
lk|njaj jk lbe|zr{nr {e lnrl{nzb
k|tklnaf tara kf fb% Tbjkib| skr
a {e kezrkeajbr lbib {e trb)
~klzb {enskr|af& q{k jn|tbek jk
trlznlaikezk zbjb| fb| kfkike)
zb| q{k eklk|nzaib| tara trboar
e{k|zrb |bczpark%
%Kf TNL Z_ANEK_Halk {e tar jk ab|& l{aejb
lbikel a nezkrk|arik tbr fa kfklzr)
enla ~ fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk|& rtnja)
ikezk ik jn l{keza q{k jn|tbekr jk
{e kezrkeajbr tbjra ahbrrarik oa|)
zaezk znkitb& ~ ksnzar cr{|zrarik laja
skw q{k jn|kaoa {e TLO tara trb)
oar af`{ea r{znea jk |bczpark ~ q{k
tbr af`e ibznsb eb c{elnbeaoa%
Kxn|zke af`{eb| zranekr| jn|)
tbenofk| lbikrlnafikezk q{k |be
rkafikezk nitrk|nbeaezk|% Jn|tbeke
jk {e i{~ o{ke e{ikrb jk jn|tb|n)
znsb| be)obarj (jk|jk t{f|ajbrk| ~
FKJ| ha|za taezaffa| FLJ `racnla|.&
~ bcrklke |btbrzk tara {e e{ikrb jk
inlrblbezrbfajbrk| nelrkofkikezk
e{ikrb|b% A sklk|& nelf{|b |btbrzae
lhnt| jk jnckrkezk| caornlaezk|%
Tkrb ik tarkln q{k tbjra
atrkejkr oa|zaezk i| |n jn|kaoa
in trbtna tfala jk kezrkeainkezb% Ke
k|k ibikezb kra nelataw jk caornlar
{e TLO jk jbofk lara (lrkb q{k en |n)
q{nkra h{onk|k tbjnjb jno{garfb.& tbr
fb q{k jko |alrncnlar {ea| l{aeza|
c{elnbek| q{k neksnzaofkikezk rkq{k)
Q{nw| fa laralzkr|znlai| |bork|afnkezk
jk k|zk trb~klzb
|ka |{ ibj{farnjaj%
Kf {|b jk g{itkr| tkrinzklbecn`{rar fb| ij{fb|%
Af`{eb| ij{fb| jn|tbekejk |{ trbtnb rk`{fajbr jk sbfzagk%
""t`nea 4x1A
TZ?%4
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""t`nea 4x1O
%ebza jk zata " trb~klzb| 55 TNL Zranekr ?%4
rae jk {e TLO jkia|najb lbitfkgb%
L{aejb ~a zkea {e jn|kb
rawbeaofkikezk c{elnbeaf (a{eq{k
nitfnlaoa {ea tfala jk {eb| ?4x?;
lkezikzrb|. ~ q{k tb|nofkikezk h{)
onk|k c{elnbeajb& |k ik bl{rrn q{k
tbjra |kr i{lhb i| kcnlnkezk ~ |ke)
lnffb jnsnjnr kf kezrkeajbr ke {ea |krnk
jk ij{fb|% Jk k|za iaekra& tbjra nr
lbe|zr{~ejbfb| a ikjnja q{k fb| ek)
lk|nzaoa& |ne eklk|njaj jk a|zar i{)
lhb jnekrb b znkitb jk {ea |bfa skw%
A| c{k lbib ealn kf TNL Z_A)
NEK_& jkf l{af aeafnwarkib| |{ |k`{e)
ja rkkelarealne& fa skr|ne ?%4%
%Laralzkr|znla|
Q{nw| fa laralzkr|znla i|
|bork|afnkezk jk k|zk trb~klzb |ka |{
ibj{farnjaj% Ke kcklzb& |k ha jnsnjn)
jb kf kezrkeajbr ke ij{fb|& l{azrb
jk kffb| jk|zneajb| a afbgar fb| inlrb)
lbezrbfajbrk| jk 8& 18& ?8 ~ :4 tnek|
~ kf t{ajb jk lbitbekezk| q{k ek)
lk|nzae tara c{elnbear% Kf fklzbr t{k)
jk lbe|zr{nr |bfb {eb jk kffb| (kf q{k
|btbrzk kf ibjkfb jk TNL q{k jk|ka
k|z{jnar. b onke fb| l{azrb%
K|zb| ij{fb| lkezrafk|& a
fb| q{k hkib| oa{znwajb lbib TNL
Z_ANEK_ 8& TNL Z_ANEK_ 18& TNL
Z_ANEK_ ?8 ~ TNL Z_ANEK_ :4&
jn|tbeke jk {e wlafb tara afbgar af
inlrblbezrbfajbr ke l{k|zne= {e t{f)
|ajbr jk|zneajb a& ke la|b jk |kr ek)
lk|arnb& kcklz{ar kf _K\KZ jkf in|ib=
zrk| lrn|zafk| |kfkllnbeaofk| ikjnae)
zk g{itkr|& tara {znfnwar jnckrkezk|
crkl{kelna| jk zraoagb= {e rk`{fajbr
jk sbfzagk (~ lbitbekezk| a|blnajb|.
jkjnlajb a ornejarfk af TNL fb| ensk)
fk| jk zke|ne ~ lbrrnkezk q{k eklk|n)
za tara c{elnbear= {e lbeklzbr tara fa
trb`raialne NL\T= ~ af`{eb| t{f|a)
jbrk| ~ FKJ| q{k trbtbrlnbeae {ea|
tbla| feka| jk kezraja"|afnja%
Zbjb fb jki| |k ha |kta)
rajb ke ij{fb| allk|brnb|& q{k |k
lbeklzae af ibj{fb lkezraf kfk`njb
ikjnaezk laofk| tfaeb| jk 14 sa|
zkrineajb| ke lbeklzbrk| NJL% Hk
rkafnwajb {ea o{kea laeznjaj jk i)
j{fb|7 jn|tfa~| FLJ ?x13& 8 kezraja|
~ |afnja|& : { 8 rkf|& _\)?
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""t`nea 4x1J
%ebza jk zata " trb~klzb| 55 TNL Zranekr ?%4
ij{fb| jkoke |kr kefawajb| lbe
i| jk {e laofk& a{eq{k k|zk k| {e
iaf ikebr%
Fa nia`ke jkf lbeklzbr eb|
i{k|zra fa c{elne jk laja {eb jk fb|
14 tnek| q{k tb|kk% Ke `kekraf& zb)
jb| fb| ij{fb| znkeke fb| lbeklzbrk|
ibezajb| |bork fb| obrjk|& jk cbria
q{k fb| laofk| jk lbekxne t{kjae
lbfblar|k clnfikezk% Fa cnfa jk tnek|
kznq{kzajb| EL q{kja halna kf fajb
jk ac{kra jkf TLO& ~ fa rae{ra trk|ke)
zk ke fa cnlha ialhb halna ajkezrb%
Fb| l{azrb tnek| EL |be fb|
q{k eb k|ze lbeklzajb|% Fb| njke)
zncnlajb| lbib J4%%%J< lbrrk|tbejke
a fa| feka| jk jazb|& ~ hk nezkezajb
(lbe oa|zaezk xnzb. q{k |k lbrrk|tbe)
jae a fb| tnek| 4%%%< b :%%%0 jk laja
t{krzb jk laja TNL% Tbr {fznib& -;S
~ @EJ trbtbrlnbeae afnikezalne
kflzrnla a i{lhb| jk fb| ij{fb|%
Lbib k|za lbrrnkezk trbsnkek
jk fa tfala jkf ij{fb lkezraf af q{k
|k ha~ae lbeklzajb|& ~ k| |{inen|)
zraja ikjnaezk {e rk`{fajbr jk sbf)
zagk nezk`rajb FI084; q{k |fb t{k)
jk trbtbrlnbeareb| (zkrnlaikezk. 1
Aitkr& jkokib| |kr l{njajb|b| lbe
fb| lbe|{ib|% K|za k| fa rawe jk
q{k af`{ea| tfala| zke`ae& ajki|&
{ea obrekra tara trbskkr |{ trbtna
afnikezalne& jk cbria jk ksnzar rk)
lar`ar kf rk`{fajbr jk sbfzagk jk fa
tfala trnelntaf%
Fa lbe|zr{llne jk fb| laofk|
eb tbjra |kr i| |kelnffa% Jajb q{k
fb| lbeklzbrk| NJL |be lrnitfka)
ofk| (k| jklnr& t{kjke atfnlar|k af
laofk |nitfkikezk trk|nbeejbfb|
c{krzkikezk lbezra f.& |bfb eb| zbia)
ra {eb| ine{zb| jn|tbekr jk {e o{ke
eikrb jk kffb|%
Zkekib| q{k rklbrjar& af ahbra
jk lbfblar fa| cnlha| |bork kf laofk tfa)
eb& q{k k|zk jkok q{kjar ariajb lbe
|{| kxzrkib| jk cbria |nizrnla (skr
cbzb|.% K|zb tkrinznr q{k |{| kxzrkib|&
a fa hbra jk ne|krzarfb| ke fb| ij{fb|&
t{kjae nezkrlaionar|k |ne trbofkia|%
Jk k|za iaekra rk|{fzar trlznlaikezk
nitb|nofk jaar af`e ij{fb tbr haokr
ne|krzajb {e laofk jk cbria nelbrrklza%
Fa i{k|la q{k znkek laja lbeklzbr
nitnjk q{k af cnlha kezrk ke {ea tb|nlne
q{k eb |ka fa ajkl{aja%
%NL\TFa| tfala| jk|zneaja| a af)
okr`ar fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk| (lbib
TNL Z_ANEK_ 8& TNL Z_ANEK_ 18&
TNL Z_ANEK_ ?8 ~ TNL Z_ANEK_
:4. lbib ajkfaezaib|& tb|kke {e
lbeklzbr tara fa trb`raialne NL\T
(Ne Lnrl{nz \krnaf Trb`raiine`& b Trb)
`raialne \krnaf ke lnrl{nzb.%
Kf NL\T k| kf |n|zkia {znfnwa)
jb ke fb| jn|tb|nznsb| TNL jk Inlrblhnt
tara trb`raiarfb| |ne eklk|njaj jk zk)
ekr q{k rkznrar kf lhnt jkf lnrl{nzb jkf q{k
cbria tarzk% K|za cbria jk trb`raia)
lne k| sfnja tara zbjb| fb| TNL jk fa
`aia oaga& lbib t{kjk |kr kf 1?L;48
~ 1?C3?>= fb| jk fa aia ikjna& jk|jk
kf jk 13C8:A ha|za kf 13C800A= k ne)
lf{|b tara fa cainfna 18xxxx%
O|nlaikezk& |k zraza jk {e
|n|zkia jk trb`raialne |krnk |e)
lrbea ke kf q{k nezkrsnkeke ? |kafk|7
{ea jk kezraja ~ |afnja tara fa zrae|)
in|ne ~ rklktlne jk jazb|= ~ bzra jk
kezraja tara fa |nelrbenwalne jk fa
zrae|in|ne ~ rklktlne jk fb| jazb|%
Fa| feka| {znfnwaja| |k {onlae (`kek)
rafikezk. ke kf tne _O3"T@L tara fa
|kaf jk |nelrbenwalne (rkfbg. ~ ke kf
_O0"T@J tara fb| jazb|%
Kf trbzblbfb zraoaga lbe jb|
zke|nbek|& {ea jk afnikezalne (SJJ.&
l{~b rae`b jk safbrk| k|z lbitrke)
jnjb kezrk :%; ~ ;%; sbfznb|& ~ bzra jk
trb`raialne (STT. l{~b rae`b b|ln)
fa kezrk {e ienib ~ {e ixnib jk 1?
~ 1: sbfznb| rk|tklznsaikezk%
Fb| trb`raiajbrk| `kekraf)
ikezk tb|kke {e lbeklzbr q{k ke)
zrk`a k|za| |kafk|& ~ fa| tfala| q{k
hkib| jn|kajb znkeke kf lbeklzbr
lbrrk|tbejnkezk tara rklnonrfa|% Q{k)
ja a lar`b jkf fklzbr fa zarka jk lbe|)
zr{nr {e laofk q{k snel{fk kf trb`ra)
iajbr lbe kf kezrkeajbr%
Kf tneb{z lbrrk|tbejnkezk af
lbeklzbr NL\T jk zbja| fa| tfala|
q{k cbriae tarzk jkf TNL Z_ANEK_
k| kf in|ib& ~ t{kjk skr|k ke fa cn`{)
ra lbrrk|tbejnkezk% (Skr Cn`{ra 1.
%Ij{fb| jn|tbenofk|
Ke rkafnjaj& ~ a tarznr jk fa|
k|tklncnlalnbek| t{ofnlaja| tara
laja lbeklzbr& k| tb|nofk lrkar i)
j{fb| jk kxtae|ne fninzajb| |bfb tbr
fa nia`nealne b eklk|njaj jk laja
fklzbr% Eb|bzrb| hkib| jn|kajb ib)
j{fb| lkezrafk| tara TNL| jk l{af)
q{nkr eikrb jk tnek|& aitfnalne jk
kezraja| ~ |afnja|& rkfk|& FLJ afcae{)
irnlb ~ FLJ `rcnlb& zklfajb|& lb)
ekxne _\)?
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""t`nea 4x?1
K|za nia`ke a~{jar a lbfblarfb| lbitbekezk| |bork kf TLO%
K|zk k|& |k`e kf trb`raia jk jn|kb&kf a|tklzb q{k zkejr ke ij{fb%
%ebza jk zata " lbezne{alne " trb~klzb| 55 TNL Zranekr ?%4
lbfblar i| jk {e g{itkr a fa skw& ~a
q{k ke k|k la|b kf inlrblbezrbfajbr
eb c{elnbear%
Hkib| kfk njb tara e{k|zrb
trbzbzntb safbrk| jk :IHw& 8 IHw ~
?4IHw& tkrb eaja nitnjk {znfnwar
bzrb| safbrk|% Kf fklzbr t{kjk lai)
onarfb| a `{|zb%
Ke la|b jk {znfnwar af`e ib)
jkfb jk TNL q{k jn|tbe`a jk b|lnfa)
jbr nezkreb ~ |k q{nkrae {znfnwar fb|
tnek| 1< ~ 1: jkf in|ib (lbrrk|tbe)
jnkezk|& ke `kekraf& a K< ~ K:. lbib
tnek| jk kezraja"|afnja& oa|zar lbe
eb lbfblar ene`{eb jk fb| g{itkr|
ikelnbeajb|%
Ke kf la|b jk lbecn`{rar fb| tn)
ek| 1< ~ 1: lbib kezraja"|afnja& k|zb|
|k lbitbrzare jk fa in|ia iaekra
q{k kf tne 14& lbrrk|tbejnkezk af onz ?
jkf TB_ZK% K|zb haonfnza fb| FKJ| ~
t{f|ajbrk| nelbrtbrajb| ke kf ibj{)
fb& tkrinznkejb |{ {|b lbib cbria jk
ne`rk|ar (b rktrk|kezar. jazb| a (b jk.
e{k|zrb trb`raia% Fb| g{itkr| GT1&
GT? ~ GT< tkrinzke |kfkllnbear |n lb)
eklzaib| kf FKJ b kf t{f|ajbr af TNL%
Ke la|b jk |kfkllnbear fb|
t{f|ajbrk|& jkokib| rklbrjar q{k
k|zb| tbeke kf tne lbrrk|tbejnkezk a
;S l{aejb |be trk|nbeajb|% Inkezra|
q{k k|ze ke rktb|b& fa| kezraja| |k
iaeznkeke a @EJ a zras| jk |kejb|
rk|n|zbrk| jk 14M%
Fb| lbeklzbrk| |n`{ke fa|
in|ia| ebria| q{k kxtfnlaib| ke
kf arzl{fb aezkrnbr& a| q{k eb jk)
okra| zkekr trbofkia| a fa hbra jk
jkzkrinear fa c{elne jk laja tne%
Lbib rk`fa `kekraf& rkl{krja q{k
jk fb| tnek| kxzkrnbrk| jk laja lb)
eklzbr |bfb |k kitfka {eb (-S. ~
fb| bzrb| l{azrb k|ze |ne lbeklzar%
Jk fb lnelb nezkrnbr& {eb lbrrk|tbe)
jk a @EJ ~ fb| bzrb| : a jazb|% Eb
k| iafa njka zkekr a iaeb kf `racnlb
lbe fa c{elne jk laja tne a iaeb
l{aejb jklnja| halkr af`e trb`ra)
ia tara lar`ar ke kf kezrkeajbr%
Fa enla kxlktlne& b jk|)
sb jk fb ebriaf& q{k t{kjk| skr
ke kf jna`raia jk fb| lbeklzbrk|
k| ke fb| tnek| lbrrk|tbejnke)
zk| a _O3 ~ _O0& ~a q{k tb|kke
{e rk|n|zbr jk ??4 bhi| ke |krnk%
L{itfke lbe fa c{elne jk tkrin)
znr trb`raiar kf TNL ikjnaezk kf
lbeklzbr NL\T |ne eklk|njaj jk
rkznrar kf laofk q{k lbeklza kf ke)
zrkeajbr lbe kf ibj{fb jk z{reb%
Tbr |{t{k|zb& |n fb jk|ka| t{kjk|
rkkitfawar k|b| jb| rk|n|zbrk|
tbr |kejb| t{kezk|& ~ a bzra lb|a%
\bfb jkokr| q{nzar kf laofk tfaeb
K|zk k| {ebjk fb| ij{fb| jk
e{k|zrb kezrkeajbr
q{k tbjraib|
lafncnlar jk
nejn|tke|aofk%
a fa hbra jk rktrb`raiar kf TNL%
Kf tne 1& q{k lbrrk|tbejk af
_K\KZ ke fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk|
TNL jk :4 tnek| (af ikeb|& ke fb|
q{k |be lbitaznofk| lbe k|zk kezrk)
eajbr.& k|za {enjb a {e t{f|ajbr a
zras| jk {e rk|n|zbr jk :04 bhi| ~
a -S ikjnaezk bzrb jk :%0M ~ {e jnb)
jb 1E:1:8% Af trk|nbear kf t{f|ajbr&
kf inlrblbezrbfajbr |k rk|kzka% J{)
raezk kf c{elnbeainkezb ebriaf jkf
trb`raia& kf tne k|za a -S% Kf jnbjb
nitnjk fb| trbofkia| q{k tbjrae
|{r`nr kezrk fa| afnikezalnbek| jkf
ibj{fb ~ jkf trb`raiajbr af {znfnwar
kf lbeklzbr NL\T%
""t`nea 4x??
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""t`nea 4x? ke f{`ar jk 4%;%
%WX \tklzr{i
Kf ?< jk aornf jk 1>8? \nelfanrfaew kf brjkeajbr q{k |k lbeskrznra ke|{ ia~br xnzb& ~ q{k hb~ k| {e bogkzb jkl{fzb7 kf WX \tklzr{i%
Af n`{af q{k |{| trkjklk|brk| c{k{e brjkeajbr jk 8 onz| oa|ajb ke kf W84&c{elnbeaejb a
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