Revision notes week 1.doc

8/18/2019 Revision notes week 1.doc

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Nebosh International General Certificate Revision

Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Accident Definition:- An unwanted, unplanned event which results in aloss of some kind

Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unplanned event that had thepotential to result in a loss

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm

Ris:- The likelihood that harm will occur and the severit of the harm

!hy mana"e health and safety

#oral$ %e"al$ FinancialReduced accidentsReduced loss through damage to e!uipmentReduced absenteeismReduced insurance premiumsImproved moraleImproved compan reputationReduced fines,Reduced compensation claimsIncreased likelihood of securing business

%a&:- 'i(il and 'riminal

Aims:-'i(il:- to compensate an in"ured part for loss as a conse!uence of anaccident or ill health'riminal:- To punish and deter individuals#$rganisations from behavingin a wa that societ has decide is unacceptable

Fault %ia)ility

There was a dut of care owed to the in"ured part%The dut of care was breached &Negligence'The breach cause the in"ur or loss

Em*loyer to *ro(ide

Safe place of work and safe access and egressSafe sstems of workSafe plant and e!uipmentInformation, Instruction, Training and supervision

Safe and competent fellow workers

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Hidden costs of accidents(ost Time)*tra wages, overtime paments, temporar workersSick pa+ines(egal costsClaimsamage to e!uipmentRepairs to plant and e!uipment-roduction delas(oss of contractsIncreased insurance premiums(oss of business reputation

+ariation of %e"islation )et&een countries caused )y:-

ifferent legal sstemsifferent standards of legislation and enforcementifferent penalties for breachesReligious and cultural issues.nowledge of enforcement bodies+unding of enforcement staff egree of monitoring#reporting to enforcement authorities-olitical pressure

Sources of Information

InternalRisk assessments-oliciesInspection reports/edical records0ealth and safet committees-lant registers

Safet advisors

E,ternalGovernment bodiesNational safet organisationsSuppliers and manufacturersInternational standardsConsultants and specialistsInsurance companies

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Successful #ana"ement Systems HS. 0

1 2olicy:- 0ealth and safet aims of the organisation, health andsafet ob"ectives and management commitment

3 4r"anisin":- Competence, commitment and control, Co1operation, Communication

5 2lannin" and Im*lementation:- Identif ha2ards, assess risks,and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled% Setsstandards against which performance can be measured%

6 #easurin" *erformance:- 3e used as a means of determiningthe e*tent to which health and safet polic and ob"ectives arebeing implemented and should be both reactive and proactive%

0 Re(ie&in":- Analsing data gathered through monitoring to seewhether performance is ade!uate

Audit:- Sstematic critical e*amination of each stage of anorganisations management sstems and procedures

Also dia"ram *a"e 57

4HSAS 18991: 1777

4' 0ealth and safet polic5' -lanning6' Implementation and operationControl, Competence, Co1operation, Communication7' Checking and corrective action8' /anagement review%

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Element 3:- Settin" 2olicy for Health and Safety

!hat is a health and Safety *olicy:- A business plan for safet toprevent or reduce loss in an organisation%

4)ecti(es of *olicy:- to protect people from in"ur and ill1health,compl with legal re!uirements and avoid prosecution and managehealth and safet on a cost effective basis%

5 Elements of *olicy

1 Statement of intent:- A statement establishing the importance ofhealth and safet in the organisation and providing targets andob"ectives for improvement

3 4r"anisation:- The roles and responsibilities of everone in theorganisation

5 Arran"ements:- The arrangements for effective planning,organisation, control, monitoring of the organisations health andsafet

'ontents of Arran"ements Section

Risk assessments+ire polic)vacuation proceduresSafe sstems of work-ermits to work+irst aid policispla screen polic/anual handling polic0a2ardous chemicals polic+ork truck polic

;enchmarin"

Ad(anta"esIdentifies ke performance indicators)nsures monitoring procedures are effective+eeds in to the continuous improvement ccleIdentif normal practice amongst similar business Avoid making mistakes b learning from othersGenerate management focus

Gains confidence of the stakeholders

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'hallen"es of )enchmarin"Selecting a compan with similar activities Assuring accurac of data9sing common definitions Accessing dataGaining commitment

#ana"ement issues to )enchmar0ealth and safet policStaff roles and responsibilit-lans and strategies which can be measuredRisk assessmentsTpe of training/onitoring, -roactive and reactive

Re(ie& of 2olicy AccidentsincidentsNew e!uipmentNew staff New technologNew premisesChanges in legislation Accident investigation

)nforcement action-rosecutionCompensation claims-eriodic review

Ineffecti(e *olicies

No management commitmentNo ob"ectives set to implement polic0ealth and safet not given priorit

Resources not provided to implement action Aims and intentions not understood b personnelToo much emphasis on emploee responsibilitiesNo measurement that ob"ectives are being met/anagement unaware of their health and safet roleNo management training

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Element 5:- 4r"anisin" for Health and Safety

Duties of Em*loyers A safe place of work

Safe work e!uipment and substancesInformation, Instruction, Training and Supervision:elfare provisions)mergenc proceduresConsultation with emploeeso not charge emploees for health and safet measures

Duties of Em*loyeeso not endanger themselves and othersCo1operate with their emploer

Consult with )mploer Report dangerous situations to )mploer

Duties of Desi"ners$ #anufacturers and Su**liers)nsure e!uipment is safe and without risks when being used)nsure substances are safe and without risks when being usedCarr out an necessar tests-rovide informationTake reasonable steps to provide further information if new serious risksappear

Res*onsi)ilities of Safety Ad(isors3e properl trained and !ualified/aintain ade!uate information sstems3e able to interpret the law appling to their organisation)stablish and maintain procedures for reporting, investigating, recordingand analsing accidents and incidents3e able to present their advice effectivel

Relationshi*s outside the or"anisation

The enforcing authorit+ire#rescue serviceInsurance companiesContractors)*ternal consultants)ngineers)!uipment manufacturers and suppliersClients and customersThe police

/embers of the publicThe media

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'lients duties to &hen &or )ein" done )y 'ontractorsTo consider the risks to their own emploees from the workThe risks to the Contractors emploees from the Clients activitiesRisks to the public and others from the work

'ontractors dutiesTo consider the risks to their own emploees from the workThe risks to the clients emploees from their activitiesRisks to the public and others from the workTo follow clients rules and procedures

#ana"ement of 'ontractorsSelect a suitable contractor -lanning the "obControlling contractors on siteChecking contractors workReview contractors performance

Selectin" a suita)le 'ontractor )*perience of the tpe of work and industrSuitable references)nforcement recordSafet management such as -olic, risk assessments etc% Accident and ill1health data

/embership of trade#professional bodiesCompetence and training of emploees Arrangements for selection of sub1contractors Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients

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Element 6:- 2romotin" a 2ositi(e Health and Safety 'ulture

;enefits of a *ositi(e cultureIncreased levels of compliance with rules and procedure

Increased staff moraleReduced staff complaintsReduced staff turnover Reduced absenteeismReduced sickness and accident rates

Ne"ati(e culture;ob insecuritReorganisation-oor e*ample set b management

-oor management decision makingInade!uate supervision-oor working conditions

Internal influences on Health and safetyCompetenceCommitment and controlCo1operationCommunication-roduction#service demands

E,ternal Influences on Health and SafetySociet e*pectations-olitical priorities(egislation and enforcementNational or International agencies-ressure groupsInsurance Companies:orkers unionsStakeholders

)conomic conditions


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2ersonal factors that mi"ht *lace an indi(idual at "reater ris ofharm &hile at &or-oor attitude(ow motivation-hsical capabilities-oor perception of riskrugs or alcohol problems Age related factors/edical problems(evels of training and e*perience

Attitude:-


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!hy *erson may fail to com*ly &ith safety *rocedures(ack of motivation9nrealistic working procedures(ack of management commitment$ver familiarisationRepetitive work leading to boredom-eer group pressureInade!uate supervision+atigue and stress(ack of information, training and consultation;ob insecurit

Human Error causesSlips(apses of attention/istakes


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'hecs to assess com*etence=ualifications(evel of training/embership of professional#trade organisations9ndertaking written or practical assessmentsSeeking references or recommendations

!hen is trainin" needed$n recruitment &Induction'$n the "ob trainingTransfer New e!uipmentNew technologNew sstems of work or sstem changes

Induction


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Factors &hen *re*arin" a tal on Health and safetyIdentif the training needsIdentif the training ob"ectivesThe target audience, knowledge, skills etc%Training methods, lecture, video etc%0ow to evaluate effectiveness of trainingNumber of traineesTime availableTraining aids re!uiredSuitabilit of training facilities, room si2e etc%Course rules and administration

;arriers to communication


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!ritten 'ommunication

Ad(anta"es Disad(anta"es

:ritten recordCan be referred toCan conve comple* ideas-rovide analsis/an people in different locationsCan clarif or confirm oral+orms basis of contracts

/a not be readTo comple* and "argonTime to produce and e*pensiveTends to be formal and distantoes not provide feedbackifficult to modifoes not allow for e*change ofviews Attitude

4ral communication

Ad(anta"es Disad(anta"es

irectClose phsical pro*imit Allows for interchange-rovides instant feedback/a be more effective Allows for contribution

No written recordifficult to control/a reduce the !ualit of decisionmaking through lack of time Attitude

Factors to consider in *resentation of health and safety talThe purpose of the talkThe audience

The training stleNumber of traineesThe time availableThe skills re!uired b trainer Training aid re!uiredThe suitabilit of the training facilities% 2osters

Ad(anta"es

(ow cost+le*ible3rief 9sed to enforce written instructionsConstant reminder Disad(anta"esNeed to be changed on regular basis/a become soiled/a be defacedCan become out of date

/a be seen as trivialising matters/a alienate people-rovide no feedback

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Safety Re*resentati(es ri"hts I%4 'on(ention '1000ave access to all parts of the workplaceTo be able to communicate with workers-rotection from dismissal-rotection from other pre"udicial measuresTo contribute to the decision making process+ree to contact enforcement agenciesContribute to negotiations in health and safet mattersGiven appropriate trainingGiven reasonable time to e*ercise their health and safet functions

Safety 'ommittees A"endaStud of accident#incident statistics)*amination of audit reportsReports from enforcing authoritiesReports from workers representatives Assist in the development of policies#procedures/onitoring the effectiveness of training/onitoring safet communications-rovide link with the enforcing authorit

Effecti(e Safety 'ommitteesRight number of membersRight mi* of members

Ade!uate authoritRight knowledge and e*pertiseGood communicationsSuitable level of formalitInput from outside specialists(imited individual inputIdentified and agreed prioritiesNo trivia

Ineffecti(e 'ommittee o**osite of a)o(e

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Element 0:- Health and Safety Ris Assessment

Hazard:- Somethin" &ith the *otential to cause harm

Ris:- %ielihood that harm &ill occur and the se(erity of the harm

Suita)le and Sufficient3e proportionate to the level of risk)nsure that all aspects of work activit are coveredTake account of the wa the work is organisedIdentif the significant ha2ards and risks)valuate the risksIdentif control measures)nable priorities to be set

Residual risk low

'om*etence of Ris Assessor )*perience and training in risk assessment techni!ues.nowledge of process or activitTechnical knowledge of the plant or e!uipmentGood communication and report writing skills Abilit to interpret legislation and guidance-ossess right atitude.nows limitations

0 Ste*s to Ris AssessmentIdentif the ha2ardsecide who might be harmed and how)valuate the risks and the e*isting precautionsRecord the findingsReview the assessment and revise if necessar

Identifyin" hazardsTask observation

Accident, ill1health or near miss data:orkplace inspections;ob safet analsis(egal standards

Hierarchy of 'ontrol)liminateReduceIsolateControl

--)iscipline

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!hen assessment should )e re(ie&ed After an accident#incidentNew e!uipmentChanges to e!uipment, plant, processChanges in personnelChanges in legislationResult of monitoring or audit Action b enforcing authoritNew information becomes available

!hy youn" *ersons at ris(ack of e*perience and#or training3od not full developed/ore likel to take risksRespond to peer group pressure3e over enthusiastic

Riss to @oun" !orersTheir phsical conditionThe workplace-hsical, 3iological and chemical ha2ardsThe work e!uipmentThe organisation of work and processes0ealth and safet training

Riss to Ne& and e,*ectant mothers)rgonomic/anual handling)*tremes of temperature-ersonal protective e!uipmentRadiationChemical agents3iological ha2ards:orking conditions

Riss to disa)led &orersReduced mobilit for access and egress Abilit to access welfare facilitiesReduced sensor abilit e%g% speech, hearing or eesightReduced abilit to lift, carr or move ob"ects)rgonomic ha2ards

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Element :- 2rinci*les of 'ontrol in Health and Safety

.eneral 2rinci*les of 2re(ention Avoid the risk e%g% eliminate the ha2ard or task)valuate risks which cannot be avoidedCombat risks at source Adapt the work to the individual Adapt to technical progressReplace the dangerous b the less dangerousevelop a coherent prevention policGive collective measures priorit over individual measure

.eneral Hierarchy of 'ontrol

)liminateReduceIsolateControl--)iscipline

;enefits of 22E$ften low costCan be used as short term measure

-ortable for worker awa from baseisposable --) reduces risk of infection

!hy 22E used as last resortoes not eliminate the ha2ardoes not reduce the ha2ard$nl protects the wearer Alwas fail to danger /a introduce new ha2ardsRelies on worker to use it

/a not be worn correctlIt ma be uncomfortable:orn for onl part of task of shift:rong si2e9sed when damagedNot properl maintained/anagement ma not enforce wearing

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Selection of 22E:hat are the ha2ardsTpe of e!uipment/ade to suitable standardsComfortCompatibilitStorageTraining Cost

Factors affectin" the &earin" of 22E+it0ealth of worker -eriod of useComfort/aintenanceTrainingInterference/anagement commitment-eer pressure

#ain ty*es of 22E0ead protection)e protection

+oot protection0and and arm protection3od protectionRespirator protection

Safety Si"ns-rohibition &Circular, Red, white background':arning &Triangular, >ellow black edging'/andator &Circular, 3lue white smbols'Safe Condition &Green, :hite smbols'

Safe Systems of !or:- A step b step procedure for carring out atask safel, identifing the ha2ards, assessing the risks and theprecautions needed to eliminate or reduce the risks%

Factors/De(elo*in" safe systems of &or4' Select the task to be studied5' Identif the ha2ards6' evelop the safe sstem looking at?1/aterials#)!uipment#)nvironment#-eople

7' Implement sstem8' /onitor the sstem

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2ermit to !or:- Is a formal written procedure re!uiring writtenconfirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate orcontrol risks before a specific high risk activit is carried out

!here 2ermits neededConfined spaces)lectricit0ot workCold work

4*eration of 2ermit to !orIdentif the task &:here and when'Identif the ha2ards(ist the precautions to eliminate or reduce the ha2ards Additional precautionsTime limitsIssue b competent personReceipt b person in charge of workCompletionCancellation

'onfined S*ace:- Is an space where there is a specified risk ofserious in"ur from ha2ardous substances or conditions within the space

!hat are the s*ecified hazards in a confined s*ace+ire or e*plosion(oss of consciousness due to increased bod temperature(oss of consciousness due to asph*iationrowning Asph*iation due to free flowing solids

'onfined s*ace e,am*les:- 'ellars$ E,ca(ations$ Se&ers$ Silos$


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2recautions for &orin" in a confined s*ace-ermit to workCompetent staff Appoint a supervisor Isolate)nsure suitable si2e of entrGas purginguirementsThe nature of the work and the si2e of the organisation-ast histor and accident tpeThe nature and distribution of the workforceRemoteness of site from emergenc medical services

The needs of travelling, remote or lone workers)mploees working on shared sites Absence of first aiders due to holidas etc%Compliance with legal re!uirements

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Element :- In(esti"ation$ Recordin" and Re*ortin"of Health and Safety Incidents

Reasons to in(esti"ate accidents

-revent future accidents b identifing and eliminating the causesemonstrate concern about peoples health and safetImprove worker moraleIdentif weaknesses in management time-revent business losesCollate accident and ill1health data and identif trendsefend criminal casesefend claims for compensation

Accident:- An un*lanned$ un&anted e(ent &hich results in a loss

Incident Near #iss:- An un*lanned$ un&anted e(ent that has the*otential to result in loss

!hy consider near missesNear misses indicate that the potential for serious accidents is presentand b reacting to the near misses them will prevent them% If asked ine*amination e*plain 3ird triangle page @

omino Theor?1 It has been suggested that the events leading up to an

accident are like a row of dominos and b removing dominos theaccident will not occur%

Actions follo&in" Accident

ImmediateTreatment for in"ured personnel/ake the area safeInitiate emergenc planContact emergenc services

-reserve scene for investigation/a have to notif enforcing authoritInitialIdentif witnessesReport details to senior managementReport details to insurance compan%on"er


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'om*osition of In(esti"ation teamSupervisors and line managers from department where accidentoccurred A senior manager from another department0ealth and Safet professionalsSpecialists e%g% )ngineersRepresentative of workers)mploee e*perienced in the work activit%

Direct/Immediate cause of an accidentAn un&anted$ un*lanned e(ent that results in a loss

Root/Bnderlyin" cause of an accident


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Element 8:- #onitorin"$ Re(ie& and Audit of Health and Safety2erformance

#onitorin"

Acti(e #onitorin"

;enchmarin"Takes ke performance indicators and compares them e*ternall withsimilar organisations or industr standards

!or*lace Ins*ections A formal, structured e*amination possibl b a team of people of theworking environment that identif ha2ards that are not controlled

%imitations of ins*ectionsSome ha2ards are not visibleSome ha2ards not alwas present9nsafe practices not seen


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Safety Sam*lin" A random e*ercise in which assigned observers walk in allottedtimescale noting incidence of health and safet defects on pre1preparedsheetsSafety

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