Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)fcghana.org/assets/file/Publications/Revised Ghana R-PP Annexes_...

Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)

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Annexes

Annexes ..................................................................................................... 1 Annex 1a: National Readiness Management Arrangements ..................................................... 2 Annexes for 1b: Stakeholder Consultations Held So Far on the R-PP ........................................ 14 Annex 1b-4: Stakeholder Consultations and Participation Plan (for R-PP Implementation) ............. 40 Annex 2b: REDD Strategy Options.................................................................................. 57 Annex 2c: REDD Implementation Framework .................................................................... 94 Annex 2d: Social and Environmental Impact Assessment ...................................................... 94 Annex 3: Reference Scenario ...................................................................................... 101 Annex 4: Monitoring System ....................................................................................... 102 Annex 6: Program Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................................. 102 Annex 7: Background Paper ........................................................................................ 102 A. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 103 A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 107 A. THE CONTEXT .................................................................................................. 108 B. DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION.............................................. 111

C.1 Demographic changes in Ghana ................................................................................................. 112

C.2 Immediate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation ...................................................... 113

C. LESSONS LEARNT ............................................................................................... 129 D. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 132 ANNEX ONE: Land and Tree Tenure in Ghana .................................................................. 136


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Annex 1a: National Readiness Management Arrangements

Annex 1a-1: Table 1. Composition of the National REDDplus Steering Committee (NRSC)

NAME ORGANIZATION CONTACT ( EMAIL) CONTACT

(PHONE)

Hon. Deputy Minister

Henry Ford Kamel

(Chairman)

Ministry of Lands and

Natural Resources (MLNR)

0262661999

J. G. K Owusu (Co-

chairman)

IRNR (Forestry Consultant) [email protected] 0277412230

Alex Dadzie Ghana Timber Millers

Association

[email protected] 0246768096

K. S. Nketiah Tropenbos International -

Ghana


R. K. Bamfo Forestry Commission [email protected]

0208237777

William Agyeman-Bonsu EPA [email protected] 0244382900

Ernest Foli FORIG [email protected]

0243714148

Joseph Osiakwan MLNR [email protected]

0208182556

Andrew Agyare FC (Wildlife Division) [email protected]

0208888100

Kwame Adorbor Min. of Energy [email protected] 021667151-

3/

0208181769

Irene Messiba Min. of Local Govt. & Rural

Dev.


0244629991

Vincent Antwi Ghana Meteorological

Agency


Adamu Sulemanu FC [email protected]

0244720212

Delali Nutsukpo MoFA [email protected]

0208383885

Kyeretwie Opoku Civic Response [email protected]

0246520544

Alhassan Iddrisu MoFEP [email protected] 0207368002/

0248326300

Ton Van Der Zon Netherlands Embassy [email protected]

0248894652


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Nana Frimpong Anokye

Ababio,

National House of Chiefs [email protected]

05122123/

05124948

Naa Robert Loggah National Forest Forum [email protected] 0244210608

E.E. K Acquah- Moses GTMO [email protected]

0244453910

K. A. Tabi MEST [email protected]

0264961368

Emmanuel Afreh Minerals Commission [email protected] 0242936688

B. Cab-Beyuo Attorney General’s

Department


Annex 1a-2: Terms of Reference of National REDDplus Steering Committee

The NRSC is a multi-stakeholder body set up by the MLNR. The Committee is composed of 22 members

representing different stakeholders.

The NRSC is chaired by the Deputy Minister for Lands and Natural Resources and co-chaired by Prof. J.G.K.

Owusu.

The scope of work of the NRSC include the following:

1. The Climate Change Unit of the Forestry Commission will serve as the secretariat of the NRSC in its

role of advising the Minister.

2. Make policy recommendations to the Minister for Lands and Natural Resources on any relevant

strategies that could form a sound basis for a National REDD-Plus policy or strategy formulation.

3. Provide advice, guidance on all National REDD-plus processes including Ghana’s REDD Readiness

Preparation Proposal (R-PP) through the sharing of experiences and lessons from partnerships with

other forestry projects and initiatives in the private and public sector.

4. Serve as the liaison between respective institutions and stakeholder groups for the effective

planning and implementation of REDD-plus initiatives.

5. Maintain oversight role over consultancies on National REDD-plus issues, review, and recommend for

approval consultancy reports regarding REDD-plus initiatives to ensure compliance with laid down

terms of reference.

6. Advise on institutional roles and mandates for implementation of REDD-plus processes and ensure

that the interests of relevant institutions are served within the overall interests of all stakeholders.

7. Recommend a consultative and participatory process to create awareness and integration of REDD-

plus related sectoral, institutional and stakeholder programmes e.g. forestry, agriculture (including

cocoa) land, water, energy gender etc.


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8. Review, approve and provide continuous guidance and support to REDD-plus plan of operations,

annual work plans, annual budgets, monitoring and evaluation processes and implementation.

9. Develop a communication and outreach strategy to disseminate REDD-plus objectives, activities,

results and benefits to participating agencies and to a wider audience in Ghana.

10. Identify, advise and support Ghana’s negotiating position on REDD-plus at the UNFCCC.

11. Any other assignments that the Minister may decide to include from time to time.

Annex 1a-3: Composition of FC Climate Change Mainstreaming Committee

Oppon Sasu (FC Hqrs.) - Chairman

Hugh Brown (FSD) - Member

Joseph Boakye (FSD) - Member

Valerie Fumi-Mensah (RMSC) - Member

Kofi Affum-Baffoe (RMSC) - Member

Robert Bamfo (CCU) - Member

Richard Gyimah (VPA) - Member

C. C. Amankwah (WD) - Member

Adamu Sulemanu (CCU) - Member

Annex 1a-4: Terms of Reference of FC Climate Change Mainstreaming Committee

1. Examine and make recommendations for the mainstreaming and integration of climate change and

REDDplus planning, programmes and activities within the Forestry Commission.

2. Examine and recommend measures and programmes which will ensure education and training on climate

change and REDDplus issues to a wider group of Forestry Commission staff to create a critical mass of

expertise in those issues in the Forestry Commission.

3. Propose a structure that would ensure that climate change and REDDplus are mainstreamed within the

Forestry Commission and the role of the Climate Change Unit is facilitation and co-ordination under the

Chief Executive.

4. Any other matters incidental to the above.


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Annex 1a-5: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TORs) FOR NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE (NCCC)

1.Formulate a National Climate Change Policy for Ghana that takes into account mitigation and adaptation

actions necessary for sustainable national development and endeavour to ensure that the policy is integrated

into the main planning processes at national, regional and district levels, in this regard initiate a

consultative and participatory process for the development of the National Climate Change Policy;

2. Envision for Ghana Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for implementing the Climate Change Policy or

otherwise review any existing sector strategies and associated action plan(s)

3. Recommend for the consideration of the Minister relevant area(s) of study that could provide a sound basis

for comparative analyses of climate change adaptation strategies;

4. Identify skills deficiencies within sectors and propose needed training need of particular sectors, training

modules and institutions for action by the sectors

5. Evolve harmonized climate change programmes from all sectors especially in the key sectors of finance

and economic planning, forestry, agriculture (including cocoa), land and water, health, energy, gender and

coastal zones management to ensure coherence and building of synergies among all these sectors;

6. Source and utilize funding for the implementation of Climate Change mitigation and adaptation activities

by the NCCC and strengthen financial mechanism for sustained implementation;

7. Initiate action on CC adaptation and mitigation related matters and maintain oversight responsibility over

consultancies and interface with both local and international

8. Work out modalities for transmitting the outcomes of the Committee’s work to Cabinet Parliament, and

other decision-makers;

9. Develop a communication strategy for climate change related matters for Ghana;

10. Ensure to establish synergy with other relevant conventions especially the three Rio Conventions;

11. Prepare a Common Ghanaian Position in relation to the ongoing climate change negotiations. Such a

position should as far as possible be consistent and feed adequately highlighting national areas of difference;

12. Sufficiently prepare national delegations for international assignment on CC;

13. Develop common approaches to engaging with the international community, including visiting Mission to

Ghana on COP 15 issues, discussions and preparations as well as locally-based development partners, in

finding solutions challenges posed by climate change;

14. Offer strong technical backstopping to the political leadership, Cabinet and Parliament in particular, to

share the common African vision on efforts made to combat climate change in general and on the African

climate platform to Copenhagen 2009;


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15. Generally advance the country’s preparation for COP Meetings and ensure that commitments are

fulfilled;

16. The NCCC shall collaborate and share experience with other countries through peer reviews and other

methods as may be deemed necessary to augment its own capacity.

17. Any other term(s) or matter that the Minister or Cabinet may decide to include from time to time;

18. The NCCC shall formulate its own rules of procedure for the approval of the Minister.

MEMBERSHIP OF NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE

NAME ORGANISATION MR. E. O. NSENKYERE MEST MR. RUDOLPH KUUZEGH MEST MR. OPPONG BOADI KYEKYEKU

EPA MR. JOSEPH KWASI ADU ENAPT MR. Z. MINIA GHANA METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY DR.SEAN DOOLAN NETHERLANDS EMBASSY DR. K.O. OFOSU AHENKORAH ENERGY COMMISSION MR. GEORGE AWUDI FRIENDS OF EARTH MR. YAW OSEI OWUSU CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL DR. ERNEST FOLI FORIG/CSIR MR. WINFRED NELSON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING COMMISSION MR. NAMBUYI DOKURUGU NADMO MR. EBENEZER ASHIE MINISTRY OF ENERGY MR. DELALI NUTSUKPO MOFA MR. ROBERT BAMFO FORESTRY COMMISSION HON. RAYMOND TAWIAH PARLIAMENT HOUSE HON. CHRISTOPHER AMEYAW EKUMFI

PARLIAMENT HOUSE

DR. AMA ESSEL KORLE BU TEACHING HOSPITAL MR. EMMANUEL M. LONGI MINISTRY OF HEALTH MR. FRANKLIN ASHIADEY MOFEP DR. ALHASSAN IDDRISU MOFEP DR. CHRIS DADZIE GENDER ACTIVIST AND LEGAL PRACTIONER

Annex1a-6: FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES ADVISORY COUNCIL

INTRODUCTION

Ghana’s economy is highly dependent on the utilization of natural resource especially forestry, wildlife and

the mining which account for almost 15% of gross domestic production. A greater proportion of the

population (about 70) depends on natural resources for their livelihood (food, water and energy

requirements). In the face of increasing population, there is enormous pressure on the environment and

natural resources. For the natural resources to continue supporting economic growth there is the need to

strengthen environmental governance through the improvement of the policy, regulatory and institutional

framework.


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This calls for the establishment of a national inter-ministerial advisory body consisting of stakeholders

representing government, labour, business and civil society to discuss environmental and natural resource

issues and provide strategic direction on matters concerning environmental and natural governance and

management prior to decision making.

The establishment of the proposed inter-ministerial advisory body shall have the following elements.

NAME

Environment and Natural Resources Advisory Council (ENRAC)

OR

Environment and Natural Resources Council (ENRC)

MISSION STATEMENT

• A body which will provide overall strategic direction to government and relevant stakeholders on

environmental and sustainable development issues

MANDATE

• The ENRAC will be a high level policy coordinating body that will deliberate on critical national

issues, priorities, strategies and policies necessary for sustainable development and advice

government on appropriate action

• The ENRAC shall provide strong political leadership to build on economic strengths in harmony with

environment as a basis for prosperity.

To achieve their mandate and mission the Council will specifically:

• Ensure stronger integration of environmental perspectives into decision making

• Ensure government protects the environment and natural resources of the country for the benefit of

present and future generations

• Ensure government takes the lead in combating environmental and natural resource degradation and

the adverse effects thereof.

• Assist government to take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of

environmental and natural resource degradation and mitigate adverse effects to avoid irreversible

damage.

• Ensure environment is mainstreamed into development processes and other relevant policy areas


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• Promote coordination of policies and programs and facilitate a platform for dialogue among all

stakeholders (including private sector and the civil society) on environmental and natural resource

governance.

• Assess current policy reform and provide feedback on their impact on environment and natural

resources management, enhance policy options and help shape future policy

• Assist Government in decision making and policy formulation on the environment and natural

resources

• Identify priority areas for change or improvement and suggest solutions including law enforcement

• Increase the government’s understanding of factors driving or hindering sustainable environmental

and natural resources management

• Conduct regular policy reviews on the local implications of global agreements on national

development

• Conduct regular policy reviews and provide periodic reports on trends of sustainable development in

Ghana

STRUCTURE

ENRAC MEMBERSHIP

• Membership should be ten or eleven in number including Vice President, Ministers of Food and

Agriculture, Local Government and Rural Development, Environment Science and Technology, Lands

and Natural Resources, Finance and Economic Planning, Energy, Water Resources, Works and

Housing, Representatives of the Private Sector, President of the National Hose of Chiefs and a

Representative of Civil Society.

• The Council shall have the power to invite or co-opt individuals or representatives of groups to

enrich deliberations.

• The ENRAC will be chaired by HE Vice President. There shall be a vice chair which will rotate

between MEST and MLNR on yearly basis.

MEETINGS

• The ENRAC shall adopt its own rules of procedure at its first session

• Meetings shall be held at least twice a year

• The first meeting will be convened by the Minister for Environmental, Science and Technology

TENURE OF OFFICE

• The tenure of office shall be four years in line with the political term.


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SECRETARIAT

• A secretariat shall be established at the Environment Directorate of Ministry of Environment Science

and Technology which will play a coordinating role with technical support from EPA and MC.

The functions of the secretariat shall be:

• Coordinate, facilitate and make arrangements for ENRAC meetings and to provide them with

services as required; including minutes of meetings

• Compile and prepare reports for discussion by ENRAC

• Communicate the decisions to ENRAC to all relevant stakeholders

• Prepare a yearly work plan and accompanying budget

• The secretariat will be supported by a Technical Committee whose membership tenure will be two

ears subject to renewal. The Technical Committee shall be drawn from EPA, Minerals Commission,

Forestry Commission and Ministries of Environment Science and Technology and Lands and Natural

Resources and relevant institutions depending on the issue under focus.

OPERATING BUDGET

The activities and operations of ENRAC will be supported from MEST funds

Annex 1a-7: Working Group Participants

Consultation Working Group

K.S. Nketiah - Tropenbos

Alex Asare – FC

Wale Adeleke – IUCN

Acquah Moses – GTMO Kyeretwe Opoku – Civic Response

REDDplus Strategy Working Group

Joseph Osiakwan – MLNR (Member of NRSC)

Oppong Sasu – FC

Albert Katako – CARE International

Alex Dadzie – GTA

Delali Nutsukpo – MOFA Ton Van der Zon – Royal Netherlands Embassy

Technical Working Group

Ernest Foli – FORIG

Daniel Benefoh – EPA

Forster Mensah – CERGIS

Yakubu Mohammed – RMSC


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Kofi Affum-Baffoe – RMSC

Annex 1a-8 Terms of Reference (TORs) of REDD+ Secretariat within Forestry Commission- Climate

Change Unit

1) Coordinate and facilitate the organization of meetings for the National REDD Steering Committee

(NRSC) and dissemination of relevant information including minutes of meetings to members

2) Prepare annual work plans and budgets for consideration and approval by NRSC and provide technical

and logistical support to enhance the operations of the NRSC

3) Identify potential opportunities in Ghana to apply REDD/REDD+ mechanism, monitor and coordinate

Ghana’s REDD readiness activities leading to the formulation of National REDD strategy

4) Conduct demonstration or pilot projects on REDD/REDD+ implementation and assemble relevant

information for circulation to NRSC members

5) Provide necessary information, statistics and feedback on REDD/REDD+ issues for the Unit’s strategic

decision making

6) Coordinate training activities to different stakeholders concerned with REDD/REDD+ and Carbon

finance

7) Design Ecological Economics models for climate and forest resources valuation through the use of

remote sensing, land use models, economic analysis and forest inventory.

8) Identify potential consultants , stakeholders and institutions to partner FC in potential REDD/REDD+

initiatives

9) Maintain working relationship and network links with relevant corporate, NGO and governmental

sectors on REDD/REDD+ issues

10) Maintain regular communication and update with existing and potential stakeholders of existing

REDD/REDD+ projects and initiatives

Annex 1a-9 Specific Task of VPA Implementation Committee

1. Oversee the overall implementation of the VPA and co-ordinate the delivery of outputs of the

various task teams to ensure that the objectives are achieved in line with the content and time

schedule in the agreement

2. Ensure that the implementation of the VPA continues to be linked to the national aspirations of

forest and wildlife management as well as Ghana’s obligations under other international conventions

3. Maintain open communication channels with all stakeholding constituencies on the implementation

of the VPA

4. Prepare the grounds for the work of the Joint Monitoring Review Mechanism (JMRM).

CONTACT DETAILS OF VPA STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS

NAME

DEPARTMENT CONTACT NO. E-MAIL ADDRESS


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Mr. Betuuriseeh Cab-Beyuo

ATTORNEY GENERAL’S

DEPARTMENT 020 8121 630 / 021 682

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[email protected]

Mr. Alhassan Attah TIDD 020 20 15 687 [email protected]

Dr. Victor Agyeman FORIG 0244 84 41 71 [email protected]

Dr. Abeney NWGC 0277 45 17 46 [email protected]

Mr. Acquah Mosses GTMO 0244 45 39 10 [email protected]

Mr. M.O. Abebrese FSD 0244 80 62 90 [email protected]

Mr. Chris Beeko FC 0208216733 [email protected]

Mr. Albert Katako CIVIL SOCIETY/ FWG 0244 64 21 86 [email protected]

Ms. Augustine Quayson MoTI

0242 97 29 56 \ 027 63 48

928\0242 97 29 56

[email protected]

Sheila Naah MFEP (MDBS) 020 73 33 779 [email protected]

Mr. Tabi Agyarko

MLFM 0243 32 92 00

[email protected]

Ms. Veronica Sadah CEPS 027 743 5726 [email protected]

Mr. Prempeh Agyeman FC 0277 72 53 18 [email protected]

Mr. Cletus Nateg WD 0244 72 21 52 [email protected]

Dr. Richard Gyimah FC 028 71 02 59 7 [email protected]

Hon. Joseph Boahene Aidoo

Parliamentary Select

Committee 0242 60 55 19

[email protected]

Alex Dazie Timber Industry

020 819 84 77

0246 76 80 96

031 20 75 7

[email protected]


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Ia-10 TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE NREG TECHNICAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE PLUS

(TCC+)

Introduction

The government of Ghana and its Development Partners have been implementing the NREG programme for the past three years. The overarching objectives of the NREG program are increasing revenues in logging and

mining and securing livelihoods in those sectors, while simultaneously improving environmental protection and environmental governance. The funding for the NREG program is been provided as Sector Budget Support

(SBS). The main coordinating mechanism of the NREG is the Technical Coordinating Committee. With the coming on board of the Forest Investment programme (FIP) it was agreed at NREG Ministerial meeting to use

the NREG coordinating mechanism to coordinate the FIP .The present NREG TCC will therefore be expanded with additional members to form TCC+.

The TCC+ will be responsible for coordinating the NREG programme in addition to other new environment and

natural resources programmes which have linkages to the NREG Programme. The programmes include the

Forest Investment Programme (FIP), the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA), National Forest Forum, Non-

Legal Binding Instruments (NLBI). The TCC+ will Coordinate REDD+/VPA/NLBI and other initiatives through

their respective Technical Working Groups.

The existing Steering Committees including VPA, National Forest Forum, Non-Legal Binding Instruments (NLBI),

and the FIP will be converted into Technical Working Groups and report to the TCC+. The TCC+ will meet four times per year.

Composition of the Technical Coordinating Committee Plus

The NREG Technical Coordination Committee plus will be chaired by MOFEP.

The Committee will be composed of:

• Chief Director , MoFEP (Chair)

• Chief Director, MLNR (co-chair);

• Technical Director Forestry (MLNR);

• Technical Director Mines (MLNR);

• Technical Director Environment (MEST);

• Chief Executive Forestry Commission;

• Chief Executive Mineral Commission;

• Chief Executive EPA;

• Representative , MOFEP- NREG Coordinator

• NREG Policy Focal persons, MLNR

• NREG Policy Focal persons, MC

• NREG Policy Focal persons, MEST

Mr. Samuel Nketiah Tropenbos Int. 020 81 50 148 / 051 61 361 [email protected]


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• NREG Policy Focal persons, EPA

• Representative of NDPC;

• Representative, Ministry of Agriculture

• Representative, Ministry of Energy

• Representative, Lands Commission

• Representatives, Private sector

• Representatives, civil society,

• Representative , Forest Forum

• Representative, Research Institutions

• Representative, Traditional Authorities

Tasks of the Technical Coordinating Committee Plus

The main tasks of the Technical Coordination Committee plus are:

• To conduct sectoral policy dialogue with the DP-NREG group;

• To organise meet with the DP/NREG group at least twice a year: in April/May to discuss the results of

the annual review of the NREG-PAF, and in October/November (i) to discuss the execution of the

annual work plans and budgets of the MDAs involved in the NREG programme during the first half of

the year, (ii) to review the audit reports of the MDAs concerned as regards the previous year, (iii) to

discuss special policy, strategy and reform issues and (iv) to update the PAF for the following years.

• To review the budgets, medium term action plans, annual workplans and Annual Progress Reports

(APR) of the MDAs involved in the NREG program;

• To coordinate cross sector issues and issues common to all MDAs involved in the NREG program, in

close collaboration with the NDPC (see annex);

• To ensure that experiences are shared and lessons are learned by the MDAs involved in the NREG and

other allied programs;

• To ensure that MDAs involved in the NREG and other allied programs collaborate well as regards

those issues and targets where they have a common interest and task;

• To coordinate REDD+/VPA/NLBI and other initiatives through their respective Technical Working

Groups.To stimulate the establishment of an inter-ministerial committee or forum on environmental

and natural resources governance;

Task specific to the Forest Investment Programme (FIP)

• Identify key priority sectors and activities for the Ghana FIP Investment Strategy

• Identify key actors to be involved in the implementation of the strategy with respective roles and

responsibilities

• Coordinate stocktaking, analysis and findings and other key documents;

• Coordinate preparation of the FIP investment strategy


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Annexes for 1b: Stakeholder Consultations Held So Far on the R-PP

Annex 1b -1

Consultation & Participation Approach


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REDD Readiness Plan Development

Context:

There is potential for Ghana to access new flows of finance that are becoming available to support activities

in the land use sector that simultaneously help reduce emissions of carbon and improve land management

practices. The government has obtained preparatory support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

(FCPF) of the World Bank to assess the potential of these opportunities. This “REDD Readiness planning” will

support the analysis of possible activities, policies and measures in the country that can help reduce

deforestation and degradation, and enhance sustainable forest management, forest enrichment and

conservation (together called REDD+).

The Ghana Forestry Commission and partners in the Steering Committee are leading the development of the

Ghana REDD+ Readiness Plan over the coming months. This will then be submitted to the independent

Participant’s Committee1 of the FCPF.

The process and issues that will form the Readiness plan will be defined collaboratively with the participation

of stakeholders from multiple levels in relevant sectors. A Consultation and Participation Plan is being

prepared to ensure that all key stakeholders are involved.

Development of the REDD Consultation and Participation Plan:

This Draft Methodology (see below) outlines a proposed consultation and participation approach to be used

during the REDD+ Readiness Plan Phase. In the next two weeks, we hope to receive feedback and suggested

modifications to this draft methodology, and seek approval on its scope at a Workshop at the Forest

Commission in Accra. Please send comments by June 16, 2009 to the Forest Commission (att’n Climate

Change Unit) in writing, or send email to both Melody Ocloo at [email protected] and Victoria Wiafe

at [email protected].

This document will be available in print at the Forest Commission’s offices in Accra and Kumasi, and at

offices of key stakeholders, as well as on the website of the Forest Commission and other related websites.

The process of developing the REDD Readiness Plan will include the development of a Consultation and

Participation Plan for the future REDD Implementation process.

Proposed Principles:

The Consultation and Participation Process must be:

� incremental in building on existing initiatives

� inclusive in engaging all stakeholders affected by, involved in implementation of, or otherwise

interested in REDD+

� respectful of stakeholders’ institutions and structures

� sensitive to stakeholders’ needs for time and other resources (including capacity building &

feedback processes)

1 The Participants Committee is the primary decision making body of the FCPF governance board.


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� tailored in providing information that is accessible and enables participation and elicit input on

issues of relevance

� sensitive to the need for continuous evaluation at multiple levels and by different players

� participatory & iterative in the determination of goals and focus

� sensitive to the need for a conflict management process

Proposed Methodology:

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION:

• Continuously update FC and other websites to post information & solicit input

• Place hard copies of docs at NGO and FC offices in the districts

• News bulletin of the FC

• Propagate through local FM & Community Radio

HOW WE CONSULT:

Review issues in R-Plan component drafts through:

• Formal and Semi Structured Interviews

• Focus Group Meetings with Stakeholder groups

• Workshops

• Complete REDD R Plan Products and post / distribute to obtain final comments This approach will be formulated into the four phase approach described below:

Phase 1: Information Sharing

- Initial workshop held May the 14th 2009

- REDD Secretariat attendance and presentation at IUCN Diagnostic Workshops in Kumasi, Tamale,

and Takoradi – 3rd – 12th June

- Development of REDD web page on Forestry Commission web site – by mid June

- Individual consultations on existing projects and programmes in the forest sector and their

implications for REDD This phase is intended to increase awareness of the R-plan process, develop an understanding of what other

processes are occurring in the forest sector and further the secretariats understanding of stakeholders

priorities regarding forest governance.

Phase 2: Development of Overall Structure of R-plan

- National Workshop in Accra 18th June

- Three Zonal Workshops in Tamale , Kumasi, and Takoradi between June the 22nd and 26th This phase is intended to provide a forum for focused discussion on the structure of the R-plan. The outcome

of these discussions will form the basis of the draft R-plan documents that will be developed further during

phase 3. Final validation of the Consultation and Participation plan for R-plan development (this document)

will also occur during the 1st National Workshop.


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Phase 3: Development of R-PP Draft – Early – Mid July

- Consultation and review of draft documents by key stakeholders and interested parties This phase is intended to develop draft documents based on the structure provided by phase 2 combined with

international best practice. Input for these documents will be sought from key stakeholders as well as those

groups that expressed interested during phase 2.

Phase 4: Broad stakeholder review and Validation – Mid to End July

- Draft documents circulated to a broad multi-stakeholder group (this group will be identified and

approved during phase 2)

- National Validation workshop held – late July This phase is intended to allow the draft documents to be reviewed by a wider audience and input provided

by them, prior to final validation.

Through this process and in accordance with the working group discussions held during the week of the 11th

of May stakeholders will be consulted on:

• What REDD is (basic information sharing)

• Potential Components of REDD

• The R-Plan Process, including

• REDD+ Consultation & Participation Plan

• Consultation Structures

• Responsibilities for consultation and participation

• Coordination with other land-use management programmes’ consultation processes

• Cross-cutting Issues in

• Land Use Rights / Land Tenure Systems

• Forest Governance

• Benefit Sharing systems

• Coherence with other initiatives (VPA, NLBI, GFP, etc) Stakeholders to be consulted:

Civil Society

• CBOs (e.g. Fire volunteers, economic groups)

• CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs, NFF

• National & International NGOs

• Traditional Authorities – Chiefs, Land priests etc.

• Professional Associations – Ghana Institute of Foresters,

• Trade Unions, Associations, FOSSA, Students’ Unions,

• Research & Academic organisations

• Religious bodies

State Level

• Office of President / Office of Vice President

• Land & Natural Resources


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• Foreign Affairs

• Finance & Economic

• Food & Agriculture

• Environment Science & Technology

• Local Government & Rural Development

• Education

• Energy

Statutory Level

• Forestry Commission

• Lands Commission

• Water Resources Commission

• Energy Commission

• Internal Revenue Service

• National Development Planning Commission

• Environmental Protection Agency

• Savannah Accelerated Development Authority

• Ghana National Fire Service

• Customs Excise & Preventive Services

• Immigration national Service

• Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands

• Ghana Investment Promotion Centre

• Ghana Cocoa Board

• Meteorology Service

• National Commission on Civic Education

• National Biodiversity Council Private Sector

• AGI Assoc of Ghana Industries

• Wood Industry- GTMO, DOLTA, GTA, GATEX, FAWAG, Woodworkers Association

• Mining Industry – Chamber of Mines, Galamsey

• Fuel wood & Charcoal Burners Associations (producers, transporters, consumers)

• NTFP gatherers (Hunters, Fishers, Fuel wood collectors)

• Farmers Large & small scale

• Services - Investment/Buyers, technical experts, carbon consultants

Annex 1b-2 Forestry Commission Newsletter

The Forestry Commission Newsletter Issue No. 6 dated April-July 2009 describes the importance of forests in

climate change particularly REDD implementation within the broader framework of current forest sector

institutional reforms, such as the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) under the Forest Law Enforcement,

Governance and Trade (FLEGT)

Annex 1b-3: Complete Participants Lists at all Consultations Gatherings discussing R-PP


19

MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP ON REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFOESTATION AND FOREST

DEGRADATION (REDD) - 12TH - 13TH MAY 2009 AT THE FORESTRY COMMISSION

METHODOLOGICAL GROUP

NO. NAME ORGANISATION STATION

1. Stephen Adu-Bredu FORIG Kumasi

2. Joseph Appiah-Gyapong FC Corporate Hedquarters Accra

3. Ali Mohammed RMSC Kumasi

4. Bernice Addo MOFA Accra

5. Andrew Kyei Agyare WD/FC Accra

6. Kofi Affum-Baffoe RMSC Kumasi

7. Yakubu Mohammed RMSC Kumasi

8. Sandra Brown Winrock USA

9. Phil Cowling IDL UK

10. Joseph Adu Mintah FC Hqtrs. Accra

CONSULTATION GROUP


1. Alex Boameh Asare RMSC - FC Kumasi

2. John Mason NCRC Accra

3. K.S. Nketiah Tropenbos Kumasi

4. Samuel Kofi Nyame IUCN Accra

5. Kwame Adorbor Ministry of Energy Accra

6. Saeed Abdul-Razak Civic Response Accra

7. Kinsley Ansah Bekoe FWG Accra

8. Vincent Antwi Gh. Meteorological Agency Accra

9. Richmond Antwi-Bediako Rural Env. Care Assoc. (RECA) Tarkwa

10. Carina Bracer Climate Focus USA

11. Haddy Jatou Sey World Bank USA

12. Kyeretwie Opoku Civic Response Accra

13 Albert Katako Civil Society Takoradi

14 Victoria Wiafe IDL Accra

15. Terry Green IDL UK

16. Melody Ocloo FC Hqts. Accra


20

POLICY GROUP


1. Michael Richards Forest Trends/IDL Group U.K.

2. David Kpelle FAO/FC Accra

3. David Brown IDL U.K

4. Wale Adeleke IUCN Accra

5. Kingsley Bekoe Ansah FWG Accra

6. Charlotte Streck Climate Focus Belgium

7. Emelia Arthur FWG Accra

8. Heather Wright Moore Foundation USA

11. Andre` Aquino World Bank USA

12. Ali Mohammed MOFEP Accra

13. Joseph Osiakwan MLNR Accra

14. Robert Bamfo FC - HQ. Accra

15. F.S. Amoah FSD HQ. Accra

16. J.G.K. Owusu Chairman Kumasi

17. Robert Nyarko FC – HQT. Accra

18. Fredua Agyeman MLNR Accra

19. Ali Mohammed MOFEP Accra

20. Henry Akotey Accra

21. Oppon Sasu FC - HQTS Accra

22. Lawrence Agyekum Accra

23. Herbert Antor Accra

24. K. Awua-Peasah MFEP Accra

May 14th Multi-stakeholder Workshop

Stakeholder Group Agency Name Station

State Level

Ministry of Land &

Natural Resources

MLNR Joseph

Osiakwan

Accra

MLNR Macdana Accra


21

Yumes

Parliamentary Select Committee on

Lands and Forestry

Hon. A.

Adjei-Yeboah

Accra

Andrew

Agyare

Ministry of

Finance &

Economic

MOFEP Henry Akotey Accra

Ministry of Food &

Agriculture

MOFA Bernice Addo Accra

Ministry of Local

Government &

Rural

Development

Min. of Local Government Harold

Owusu-Ansah

Accra

Ministry of Energy MP, Nkwantia, South Hon G.K.B.

Gebediame

Accra

Statutory Level

Forestry

Commission

FC Prof. Nii

Ashie Kotey

Accra

RMSC Kofi Affum-

Baffoe

Kumasi

RMSC Alex Asare Kumasi

RMSC Valerie

Fumey

Nassh

Kumasi

FC U.K. Armoo Accra

Wildlife Division Andrew

Kyei Agyare

Accra

FSD E.N.

Amanor

Accra

FSD Obour-

Wiredu

Jonathan

Kintampo


22

FSD Emmanuel

Ntiako

Dunkwa

FC Sasu Oppon Accra

FSD Michael K.

Benni

Sunyani

FSD Mary Ashon

Mensah

Accra

FC Thomas

Okyere

Takoradi

FSD Opoku

Samuel

Sunyani/We

nchi

FSD A.K. Okrah Accra

FSD J.E. Manu Koforidua

FC B.M. Iddrisu Accra

FC Richard

Gyimah

(Phd)

Accra

FSD William

Baah

Sunyani

FSD F.S. Amoah Accra

RMSC E. Obiaw Kumasi

FSD W.K. Bimah Ho

FC R.B. Wilson Accra

FSD Edith

Abronquah

Kumasi

FSD E.K.K.

Mensah

Accra

FSD Kofi

Yehoah-

Gyan

Kumasi


23

FSD Charles D.

Draf

Kumasi

FSD Daniel

Donkor

Takoradi

FSD Obed

Kwame

Ofori

FC Chris Beeko Accra

FSD Diana Fiat Accra

FSD A.A. Boadu Accra

FC Elisha

Asiedu-

Amponsah

Accra

FC Vincent

Oppong

Amoak

Accra

FC Ebo Darko Accra

FC Joe Appiah

Gyapong

Accra

FC D.Mac

Ashun

Accra

FC Charles Dei-

Amoah

Accra

FC Melody

Ocloo

Accra

FC Charlotte

Asare

Accra

Minerals

Commission

Minerals Commission James Adjei Accra

Water Resources

Commission

Water Resources Commission Ronald

Abrahams

Koforidua


24

Environmental

Protection

Agency

P.O./ EPA Daniel

Benefoh

Kumasi

Meteorology

Service

Gh. Meteo. Agency Vincent

Antwi

Accra

Donors

MPO – Swiss Embassy Seth Adjei

Boye

Accra

E.C Delegation Jaap

Vermaat

Accra

Royal Netherlands Embassy Elijah Danso Accra

FAO/FC David

Kpelle

Accra

Private Sector

Wood Industry-

GTMO, DOLTA,

GTA, GATEX,

FAWAG,

Woodworkers

Association

GTA Abdullah

Bin

Abubakar

Takoradi

FAWAG E.A. Sackey

G.T.A. Alex K.

Dadzie

Takoradi

GATEX Nene Otiro Akosombo

ABTS Ltd. Edward K.

Asare

GAWU – G. TUC Osei Owusu

Joseph

Accra

CEO E.E.K.

Acquah-

Kumsi


25

Moses

GTMO Acquah

Moses

FAWAG Nana Adu

Baafo

Services -

Investment/Buye

rs, technical

experts, carbon

consultants

Private Afforestation Dev. Org. Osei K.

Bonsu

Offinso

Consultant K.K. F.

Ghartey

Takoradi

Civil Society

CBOs (e.g. Fire

volunteers,

economic

groups) CRMCs,

DFFs, RFFs, NFF

Kwaebibirem Forest Forum Barima

Sarpong

Kumankum

II

Kade

Chairman, National Forest

Forum

Naa Robert

Loggah

WA UWR

National &

International

NGOs

Civic Response Nana

Ampiah VI

Accra

Forest Watch Abdul-Razak

Saeed

Cape Coast

Forest Watch Samuel

Manufor

Accra

The Dev. Inst. Forest Watch Kingsley

Bekoe

Ansah

Accra

FWG Emelia

Arthur

Accra

FWG Willie Laate Accra


26

FWG Richmond

Antwi-

Bediako

Accra

RFCA/FWG Ekua Ansah-

Eshon

Takoradi

ATWWAR John Mason Takoradi

NCRC Paul Osei

Tutu

Tropenbos – Ghana K.S. Nketiah Kumasi

Tropenbos Wale

Adeleke

Kuamsi

IUCN Peter Ossei-

Wusu

Accra

NUTREEGA Nicholas

Helm

Kumasi

A.B. - Federation of the

disabled

Delali

Pearce-

Kporhs

Accra

Trade Unions,

Associations,

FOSSA,

Students’

Unions,

NUGS Stephen

Adu-Bredu

Accra

Research &

Academic

organizations

FORIG Ernest Foli Kumasi

FORIG Foster

Mensah

Kumasi

Salifu

Abdul-

Raliaman

Accra

Press Ghanaian Times Kwame

Mensah

Accra


27

B.F.T. Michael

Ayeh

Accra

Ghanaian Times Ernest

Annan

Accra

Metro TV Budu

Bismark

Accra

Metro TV Abrahim Accra

Metro TV Prince

Frimpong

Bediako

Accra

Metro TV D.D. Asare Accra

The Moment Aisha

Wellington

Accra

GBC Radio Samuel

Addo-Gyasi

Accra

GBC Radio Albert

Asiamoah

Accra

Daily Graphic A.B. Arthur Accra

Daily Graphic

Others Sylvia De-

Graft Mends

Irene

Addoatey

Accra

Ebenezer

Arkoful

Accra

A. Oduro-

Barnie

Accra

Kparib

Peter

Accra

APM George

Awudi

Accra


28

Programme Coordinator Accra

SAO Accra

Tamale Workshop 16th July – 42 Participants

State Level NAME ORGANIZATION/

DESIGNATION

STATION

Ministry of Lands &

Natural Resources Musa Abu Juam

Northern Savannah

Biodiversity Project Tamale

Ministry of Food &

Agriculture Salifu Shaibu H. MOFA Bawku

Yakubu Stephen MoFA Tamale

Statutory Level

Forest Commission Ebenezer

Djablitey FSD Regional Manager Tamale

John Ocansey FSD Regional Manager

Upper West

Region

Osei Gyamfi FSD Regional Manager

Upper East

Region

J.W. Kuma FSD Bolga

Moses Komoah WSD / Regional Manager

Tamale/Bolga/

Wa

Jacob Kabanda WSD/ CREMA Bolga

Luri Kanton WD

Kyabobo

National Park

ED Djagletey FSD Tamale

Enoch Ashie WSD/ Park Manager Mole Damango


29

Nsiah Dempah NFF member FSD Tamale

Environmental

Protection Agency John Bosco B.S EPA Tamale

National Disaster

Management

Organisation

Chris A. Tanga NADMO Tamale

Meteorology Service Jafaru Abdul-Aziz

Tamale Meteo

Association Tamale

District Assemblies Emmanuel Liebib

Kassena-Nankay District

Assembly Tamale

Donors

Private Sector

AGI Assoc of Ghana

Industries Osei K. Bonsu

Private Afforestation

Dev. Org. Offinso

Fuel wood & Charcoal

Burners Associations

(producers,

transporters, consumers)

Mary Dokurugu Charcoal Association Bolgatanga

Wasilatu Alidu Charcoal Association. Sandema

NTFP gatherers

(Hunters, Fishers, Fuel

wood collectors)

Paul Azongo Musagba Walewale

Civil Society

CBOs (e.g. Fire

volunteers, economic

groups)

Abdujah Danaah Rural Women and

Children Development Org Tamale

Afdulrazak Afukari

Community

Empowerment Organisation Tamale

GN Sulemana RIDEC Tamale

CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs, NFF Naa Robert Loggah

National Forest Forum,

President WA

Samuel Abatey UE RFF Navrongo


30

Bawal Seidu RFF Upper West

Fidelis Zumakeph D.F.F Tamale

Adams Inusah Jrapa Forest Forum Wa

National & International

NGOs George K. Amarnan ODA Sandema

Issifu Sulemana ZEFP Walewale

Abdulai Damoah RWCDO Tamale

Mohammed A.

Jabaru NGND Tamale

Ben Bawa JIDA Salaga

Mumuni Joseph

Shaibu KCODEC

Abdul-Karim Ziblim WUZDA Tamale

Abdulai Boba Youth Leader Tamale

Traditional Authorities –

Chiefs, Land priests etc. Stephen B. Kpen Chief Wa

Abudulai Mahama Chief of Nyohini Tamale

Iddrisu Ibrahim Silinboma naa, Tamale

Research & Academic

organizations

Prof. Gordana

Kranjac-Berisavljevic UDS/SLM Project Bolga

Prof. David Millar UDS Bolga

Kumasi Workshop – 55 Participants

State Level Name Organisation Location

Ministry of Food &

Agriculture

John Ayisi Jatango MoFA Sunyani

Mr. Badu Yeboah Regional Director Ashanti Region


31

(MOFA)

Godwin Horly MoFA

Statutory Level

Forest Commission Ruth U. Azu FSD-FC Atebubu

Augustine Gyedu FSD-FC Bekwai

Chemogo Deri FSD-FC Nkawie

William Baah FSD Sunyani

Regional

Manager

Dickson Adjei Sakyi FSD-FC, Sunyani

Edith Abruquah FSD, Regional Manager Kumasi/

Ashanti Region

J. E Manu FSD, Regional Manager Koforidua/

Eastern Region

Mercy O. Ansah RMSC-FC

Charles Hazel WSD Regional Manager Ashanti/ Brong

Ahafo

Emmanuel Nimo Zoo Manager Ashanti

Godfred Ohene Gyan RMSC – FC Kumasi

Alex Asare Manger , Collaborative

Forest Management Unit

RMSC Kumasi

Kofi Afum-Baffoe Production Manager,

RMSC

Kumasi

Yakubu Mohammed Manager, Digital

Mapping Remote Sensing

and GIS (RMSC)

Kumasi

Valerie Fumey Nash RMSC Kumasi

Isaac Sintim-Yabbey FSD

Awuah Edward Assistant Manager, FSD Kumasi

C.K.A Haizel FC Wildlife Kumasi


32

Water Resources

Commission

Ronald Abrahams Water Resources

Commission

Koforidua

Environmental

Protection Agency

Daniel Benefoh P.O./ EPA Kumasi

Donors

James Macqueen EU Chainsaw Project Kumasi

Private Sector

Wood Industry- GTMO,

DOLTA, GTA, GATEX,

FAWAG, Woodworkers

Association

Edward K. Asare ABTS Ltd. Berekum

Kwabena Enoch Modern Wood Kumasi

IK NKRUMAH TWU/TUC

ANTHONY P. ASARE SAWN TIMBER ASSOC

Kwame Appiah FAWAG

E.E.K. Acquah-Moses GTMO Kumasi

Owusu Brobbey GTA, Techiman

D. K. Boabeng-Poku GTA, Kumasi

Chris Dadzawa FAWAG

Julius Oduro GTA, Sunyani

Farmers Large & small

scale

Nana Abodi Farmer Sunyani

Civil Society

CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs, NFF Barima Sarpong

Kumankuma

Kwaebibirem F. Forum

E. C. Ansong BAR FF Brong Ahafo

Region

Ahmed Suleman Forest Forum Techiman

Kwasi Afena Chariman Bargfa


33

National & International

NGOs

Osman Ahmed Environmental

Protection Association of

Ghana (EPAG)

Paul Osei Tutu Tropenbos Ghana Kumasi

K.S. Nketiah Tropenbos Kumasi

Clement Owusu Tropenbos Kumasi

Margarette Opuni Dynamic Extension

Group

Kumasi

Kwaku Addai CEMED Kumasi

John Coffie Green Solutions Kumasi

Peter Ossei-Wusu NUTREEGA Kumasi

Josephine Aqyen Environmental

Awareness

Traditional Authorities –

Chiefs, Land priests etc.

Nana Kofi Sasraku

Ayiwa I

TWIFU Chief

Research & Academic

organizations

Dr. Stephen Adu-

Bredu

FORIG Kumasi

Dr. Ernest Foli FORIG Kumasi

Enoch C. Ofosu KNUST Kumasi

Dr. Emmanuel Opuni-

Frimpong

FORIG Kumasi

Press Lovelace Opoku-

Agyemang

Freelance Journalist

REDD Steering

Committee Chair

J.G.K. Owusu Chairman, NRSC Kumasi

Cape Coast – 36 Participants

State Level Name Organisation Location

Ministry of Food &

Agriculture

Kutah King Joseph

Jnr.

Ministry of Food and

Agriculture

Apowa, Western

Region


34

Statutory Level

Forest Commission Sulemana Adamu Wildlife Division Winneba

Isaac Adonteng Forest Services Division, Ho Ho

Godfried Amankwah T I D D Takoradi

Yaw Opare Addo Forest Services Division, Ho-

Volta

Ho

Peter Mensah PTM Officers, FSD Nkwanta

I.C.Y. Apetorgbo Forest Services Division Assin Fosu

Attah Owusu Forest Services Division Cape Coast

Afreh Boakye Secretary,FSD Mankessim

Papa Kwaw Quansah Wildlife Division Koforidua

Badu Henry Forest Services Division Cape Coast

Thomas Okyere Forest Services Division Takoradi

Linda Acheampong Forest Services Division Cape Coast

Private Sector

Wood Industry- GTMO,

DOLTA, GTA, GATEX,

FAWAG, Woodworkers

Association

Victor K. Nyadi National Chairman DOLTA Tema

Ebenezer Adu-Kona DOLTA Member Western Region

Kwabena Affum Deputy Treasurer, GTA Sefwi-Juaboso

J.A. Opong Mensah G.T.A. Central Region

Representative

Fosu

Emmanuel Owusu G.T.A. Dunkwa

William Beckson G.T.A. Kumasi

Louis Abraham G.T.A Asamko

Nana Annan II G.T.A. Asamko

Farmers Large & small Jesse K. Ashong Peter’ Farms Limited Kpetoe


35

scale

Stephen Mensah Set-up Farms Ho

Kasens Asiamah 10 Farms Ventures Cape Coast

Samuel Nana Otoo Darko Farms Tarkwa

Amoatey K. Ernest Farm Manager Anloga

Civil Society

CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs,

NFF

Nana Blankson Natural Forest Forum Assin Fosu

National &

International NGOs

Richmond Antwi

Bediako

Rural Environmental Care

Association

Tarkwa

Anthony K. Darko New Generation Concern Wassa Akropong

Jerry Affum Offei Conservation Foundation Sefwi-Juaboso

Bernard Yeboah Conservation Founder Sefwi-Juaboso

Newlove N. Ayensu Devascom Foundation Enchi

Andrew Kojo Morrison New Generation Concern Wassa Akropong

Research & Academic

organizations

Joseph O. Aduam Executive Research

Association

Tarkwa

Religious bodies Osei Gyamfi Young Christian Youth Ho

Joseph Akpoto Catholic R.S. Kpando

FURTHER STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION WORKSHOPS

With funding from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation further consultation and sensitization workshops were

organized for the Traditional Authorities and Forest - dependent communities to enhance their understanding

on REDD-plus and Ghana’s R-PP.

Two Civil Society Organizations namely, Tropenbos (Ghana) and HATOF Foundation were contracted to

facilitate the process in the three ecological zones of Ghana which include; High Forest zone, Transitional

Zone and the Northern Savanna zone. Mr Samuel Kwabena Nketiah of Tropenbos (Ghana) was tasked to

coordinate the consultation process organized by the Civil Society Organizations.

The sensitization workshops reports are detailed below:

List of Participants- 45 Venue:- VAG Hall - Ho, Volta Region 6-7 January 2010


36

Civil Society

Organization

Name Organization Location

1 Facilitator Samuel C. Dotse (

facilitator)

HATOF Foundation HO

Name

Traditional Area/Village/Organization

1. Togbega Adanu Sakrafo X Goviefe

2. Fiato Atsrima Z.K Have

3. Robert Hodey Hohoe (CSO/ Land owner)

4. H.K Dzorgzenu Goviefe

5. Wellington Agudu Goviefe

6. Michael Manu Goviefe

7. Tsiami (Goviefe) Goviefe

8. Paul Kpai Yao Have Traditional area (Opinion Leader)

9. Ezuvor Wemega Afife Traditional area (Land owner)

10. Togbui Adodo Akatsi Traditional area (Land owner)

11. Akakpo Daniel Brain DI (Opinion Leader)

12. Togbe Wuor III Asorgli Traditional area, Ho

13. Togbe Adzimah II Asorgli Traditional area

14. Obed V. Kissiedu Have (Land owner& Opinion leader)

15. Gershon Anku Tsrukpe (Land owner& opinion leader)

16. Togbe Dede III Asorgli Traditional area, Ho

17. Togbe Dekortsu II Asorgli State, Ho

18. Togbe Kwaku Ayim Ziavi Traditional area

19. Rev. John Binah Ziope

20. Godwin Zakli South Dayi District Assembly

21. Togbui Dzelu III Ziope/Yevi

22. Victoria A.X Atsiku Akatsi-Abor

23. Sam Felix Kuagbenu Akatsi-Abor

24. Vincent Peter Kotogbor Akatsi-Abor

25. Nana Kwasi Agyeman Abutia- Tete (Norvinenyo Development

Network)

26. Sherry Adipa Women Organization, Avatime

27. Shem Adu Klefe

28. Togbe Kekesi Dzolo


37

29. E.G.K Deletsu Dzolo

30. Benjamin Korzu Azaglo Ho, Asorgli

31. Togbe Kasa III Chairman, VOREFF

32. Tobge Kotoku XI Kpenoe traditional area

33. Togbe Tsigbe Zikpitor III Kpenoe traditional area

34. W.E.K. Bimah Forestry Department

35. Theophilus Dzadey Ho- Ahoe Assembly member

36. Tobge Fia Komla Kpeve Traditional area

37. Mrs. Mary Senaye Hohoe

38. Victor Don King NCCE- Ho

39. Anthony Dzigbor Ho

40. Seth Esahe Abutia

41. Madam Christine Agbesinyale Hohoe

42. Innocent Gyamfi Hohoe

43. (3 Media Personnel) Ho

List of Participants- 47 Venue:- Tropical Hotel-Sunyani 5th January 2010 Civil Society

Organization

Name Organisation

2 Paul Osei Tutu (

Facilitator)

Tropenbos Ghana

Participants location

Ruth Nana Gyapong Sunyani

David Yeboah ‘’

Susana Agyemang ‘’

Nana D. Agyeman ‘’

Nana Sarfo Adu

Amankwah

‘’

Pascal A. Edwards ‘’

George Azigli ‘’

Esther Tawiah ‘’

George Donkor ‘’

Daniel Aduse-Poku ‘’


38

Felix D. Okyere ‘’

Matilda Odoro ‘’

Mercy Yeboah ‘’

Appiah Issah Techiman

Atta Kwame ‘’

Janet Abankwa ‘’

Asante Amoako ‘’

Janet Konadu ‘’

Faustina Abrofi ‘’

Adoma Stella ‘’

Abubakari Adams ‘’

John Asarga ‘’

Eric Baafi ‘’

Nana Baah Bredu Sunyani

Alex Quartey ‘’

Richard Mensah ‘’

Ofori Acheampong Goaso

Yaw Mensah Techiman

Kow E. Mensah Sunyani

Andrea Ellis Nsiah ‘’

Attah Yeboah ‘’

Charles K. Kumi ‘’

E.C Ansong ‘’

K. Asamoah Yeboah ‘’

F.B Mensah ‘’


39

Kwasi Ansah ‘’

Theresa Banigewo ‘’

Delali Matilda ‘’

Alfred Yeboah ‘’

John Ayisi Jatanfo ‘’

P.K Asankwa ‘’

Joseph Boama ‘’

Zotoo Ernest ‘’

Gariba Sulley

Victor Adanse-Poku

E.C. Ansong

Nana Bosome Adu

Nkwan II

Participants List-29- At Feyiase Forest Gate Lodge -Kumasi, 8th January 2010

Name Title

1 Mercy Owusu Ansah and Faciliator

2 Peter Ossei Wusu ‘’

3 Nana Baffoe Amankwa Bantamahene

4 Nana Ansah Baah Yamfohene

5 Nana Yaw Agyei Mimhene

6 Nana Gyasi Adabo Hwiediemhene

7 Nana Sampson Edusah Aseibu Amenfi

8 Nana Owusu Kwabi Etwereso

9 Nana Osei Akwesi Kokofohene

10 Nana Kofi Aboagye Asempanaye

11 Nana Anthony Ayigbehene

12 Nana Kwadwo Ateffah Kokofohene

13 Ernest Kuma Mills Akwaboahene

14 Nana Adusee Pokuaa Agona Bepoa Hemma

15 Nana Osisiadan Kwabrehene

16 Nana Owusu Achiaw Manso Nkwanta


40

17 Nana Ata Owusu Juasohene

18 Peter ossei wusu Tree Growers Secretary

19 Rev. Kwadwo Nkrumah Tree Grower Mampong

20 Mad. Akosua Akyaa Juaso

21 Nana Abena Frimpomaa Juasohemaa

20 Adwoa Donkoh Kwabre

22 Frank Owusu Community Liaison

23 Angela Kwablah National Service RMSC

24 Michael Acheampong RMSC

25 Joycelyn Agyepomaa Mimhene’s Secretary

26 Alex Asare RMSC

27 Kofi Affum Baffoe RMSC

28 Mercy Owusu Ansah RMSC/TBI

Issues raised at the consultation workshops:

o How would REDD+ activities provide most benefits to the nation and local people?

o Which part/ area or size of our forests must be committed to REDD?

o What are the implications of REDD+ for timber revenues (local and national levels), given the high

contribution of timber to the national economy?

o Forest reserves rather be put under the REDD-plus initiatives

o High possibility for loss of arable lands to REDD-plus in off-reserve areas

o The ‘plus’ component of REDD-plus could lead to expansion of trees into their farms and hence

reducing the availability of farm lands. Consequently, they are comfortable with the REDD. And

not the ‘plus’.( ‘Tell them that we like ‘REDD’ but not the ‘plus’ so they should bring REDD but

take off the ‘plus ’- A participant. )

The participants also expressed a wish to have cocoa plantations captured under REDDplus as cocoa trees can

also capture carbon dioxide. It is imperative to note that the stakeholder consultation process is still on-

going at the forest –dependent community levels.

Annex 1b-4: Stakeholder Consultations and Participation Plan (for R-PP

Implementation)

This Document


41

This Consultation and Participation (C&P) Plan forms one element of Ghana’s REDDplus Readiness preparation proposal (R-PP). It is intended to provide an outline of the structures and activities that will occur to ensure effective communication on the development of a national strategy for REDDplus. The plan is anticipated to cover a period from late 2009 to 2012/13 and is based on the premise of further support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. It is intended for use by a broad range of stakeholders to provide a clear outline of activities for those involved in implementing REDDplus preparation activities, as well as acting as a statement of intent that can be referred to by all those engaged in the process. The Consultation and Participation process on Ghana’s REDDplus Readiness Preparations should be conducted with caution. Stakeholders within and outside of the Government have different expectations with respect to the benefits and risks associated with REDDplus. Local stakeholders are concerned about fair benefit sharing, while the Government confronts the challenge of enacting broad policy reforms without the assurance of eventual rewards from emission reductions and other environmental benefits. Mechanisms for REDDplus are still under definition under the UNFCCC and the funds that are currently available are insufficient. It is not clear whether the climate conference in Copenhagen will lead to a definition of a REDDplus policy framework, neither is it clear whether industrialized countries will make available the expected funds to sufficiently incentivize REDDplus. The political risks associated with engaging in REDDplus for Ghana are further enhanced as Ghana has relatively low remaining forest coverage and deforestation emissions. The “plus” of REDD relating to conservation and enhancement of stocks may therefore be as important for Ghana as the reduction of forest emissions. In sum, consultations on REDD policies and benefit sharing have to be handled with upmost care, as benefits –despite all the talk about them - are not a given. Stakeholders within and outside of the Government must embrace REDDplus as a potential additional reward mechanism for agreed sustainable forest protection and land-use policy. If there is no broad support for the underlying REDD policies, disappointment with the mechanism is unlikely to be avoided.

Context

Where does REDDplus and the R-PP Come from?

Global climate change threatens the livelihoods of people worldwide. Research has shown that nearly 20% of

all greenhouse gas emissions (the gases that cause climate change) come from deforestation and forest

degradation.

The international community is developing a mechanism to provide positive incentives (mainly in the form of

finance) to help developing countries reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD),

and to support conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks

(these three being the + in REDD plus). This mechanism is being discussed in the context of an international

climate agreement that will complement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto

Protocol. The Government of Ghana is actively participating in these negotiations.

A future REDDplus mechanism offers the opportunity of financial support for Ghana to promote policies and

activities that will reduce further deforestation and forest degradation. It should be recognized, however,

that this finance is performance based and comes as payment for the provision of an environmental service in

the form of absorption and storage of carbon (sequestration of carbon) across land uses.

The Government of Ghana is currently receiving financial support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

(FCPF) to prepare, for participating in a future mechanism for REDDplus. The first significant step of this is

the development of the R-PP or Readiness preparation proposal which indicates what activities could be

undertaken for REDDplus and provides a guide to what needs to be done to assess these activities, and


42

identify a coherent national strategy for REDDplus, which will guide actions at both the national and

international levels.

Learning Lessons from past Processes – the VPA, and NREG

The Ghanaian forest sector has been an area of considerable importance for Government, Development

Partners and Civil Society actors for several years. A focus on consultation and participation within several

major initiatives has increased the capacity of stakeholder groups and Government to organise, advocate and

consult, when compared to other sectors within the country. The elaboration of Ghana’s Voluntary

Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the EU and the country’s Natural Resource and Environmental Governance

(NREG) Sector Budget Support Programme (NREG) are examples of these developments, with both having

utilised a consultative process.

The consultation process that surrounded the VPA was seen as one of the most successful VPA consultation

processes globally with good levels of information sharing and effective multi-stakeholder decision making.

Figure 1: National and International Preparations for REDDplus

R-pin

R-pp Development

R-pp Implementation

‘Idea Note’

stating interest

in REDD+

Identification of potential strategies;

institutional and policy challenges;

and development of a consultation

and participation plan

Broad consultation on REDD+, development of

pilot projects; consultation on and review of

policy options; development of appropriate

institutional capacity; input into international

negotiations on the details of how REDD+ can

be operationalised

Negotiations

Technical Development / Negotiations

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Bali Action

Plan

Initia

l Im

ple

me

nta

tio

n

Political negotiations

National REDD+ Preparation Process

Support of pilot projects, and development

of appropriate institutional capacity,

development of technical details of how

REDD+ can be operationalised

Copenhagen

Agreement

International REDD+ Preparation Process


43

The process has also provided a number of lessons learned (Box 1) which can be utilized by other initiatives

to further develop and improve multi-stakeholder consultation and decision making within Ghana.

The development of the NREG structure has made progress towards the institutionalizing of consultative

process by creating a framework around which stakeholders can discuss and identify priorities for the sector

in a coordinated manner.

Despite NREG’s successes at coordinating Government and Development Partner efforts, there remain a high

number of different initiatives within the sector many of which have their own consultation processes. During

the development of the R-PP at least six other initiatives were identified which were engaging the same

stakeholders on issues which overlapped with those being discussed during the R-PP consultations (see figure

3).

This situation threatens to undermine the progress made to date and is likely to lead to consultation fatigue

amongst stakeholders from both government and civil society. The presentation of disparate initiatives in a

poorly coordinated fashion also over complicates the picture provided to stakeholders reducing their capacity

Figure 3: Example of ongoing initiatives in the forest sector

July August Sept Oct to Dec Jan to June June to June

VPA

R-pp

Pro-Poor REDD

NLBI

Cocoa Carbon Initiative

GIRAF

MTFST

Project Incubator

Localised

Projects

Consulting

on

REDD/PES

Reviews

Community

Participation

Duration

MLNR and FC

Long term

FC based

initiatives

MLNR Civil Society

Level of Government

Involvement

People’s Diagnostic Study

Forest and Wildlife Policy ReviewPolicy and Institutional Review

(Forest Trends)

Sustainable Financing of Wildlife

Review of Forest and Wildlife Law and Policy

Sustainable Charcoal Production

Sustainable Land management

2009 2010-112010


44

to participate and in many cases reducing their trust in the process due to a lack of follow-up information on

how their views have been incorporated into subsequent decision making.

As such it is critical that future consultation processes are coordinated to ensure that they remain efficient

and effective and do not undermine their own legitimacy.

Consultation and Participation for REDDplus

Framework and Principles

The development of a National Strategy on REDDplus is a complex process. Challenges to its development

include:

o the technical nature of carbon measurement and valuation,

o the evolving negotiation process within the UNFCCC,

o REDDplus’s multi-sectoral nature,

o the potential impact that mechanisms could have on the poorest groups within society,

o the high levels of vested interest often present within the forestry sector.

o Uncertainty associated with expected benefits. It is also crucial that the ideas present within REDDplus are presented in an appropriate, integrated and

progressive manner to ensure the management of expectations surrounding REDDplus and its implementation

at national and local levels.

Box 1: Lessons Learned from the VPA Process A series of ‘lessons learned’ have been identified from the VPA process which can help inform future decision making processes within Ghana and beyond. The Importance of Planning Clear plans are important to outline how two-way communication between sector representatives and their constituencies will occur. This should include guidelines on ‘how much’ consultation is needed, what capacity building activities may be needed, and recognise the time and finances necessary to conduct effective information sharing and consultation. The implementation of this plan should then be regularly monitored to ensure effective implementation and adjustment. Consultations Build Credibility and Capacity Engagement of parties in the discussion of issues surrounding an initiative increases the credibility of the initiative and stakeholders support for it. The engagement of stakeholders also builds their capacity to participate in future multi-stakeholder consultations. Sector Organisations Facilitate Consultation The existence of stakeholder groups, and associations greatly facilitates consultation and reduces transaction costs. Impacts Beyond the VPA The success of the consultation process around the VPA saw its adoption by other groups and has been a very positive step towards institutionalising the concept and practice of multi-stakeholder dialogue and decision making in Ghana.


45

Figure 2 provides an illustrative example

of the interaction between

communication and consultation. An

upward flow of lessons learned

compliments the downward flow of

information. This provides the

knowledge and understanding critical for

the development of tangible activities

and communications tools necessary for

making the transition from awareness to

sustained behaviour change.

To address these challenges and to

support the development of an effective

C&P plan the following principles of

consultation were identified through

regional and national workshops as

important and appropriate for the

development of Ghana’s national

strategy for REDDplus. The consultation

process will thus:

i. Engage all stakeholders significantly affected by, involved in the implementation of, or otherwise

interested in REDDplus, regardless of sector

ii. Build on existing consultation & participation achievements and structures. E.g. the review of the

Forest Management Plan, VPA, Forest Forums, Forest Watch Ghana.

iii. Be sensitive to stakeholders’ needs for time and other resources (including capacity building &

feedback processes – effective planning and spearheading of consultations and information sharing

are critical in this area)

iv. Be tailored in providing information that is accessible and enables participation

v. Be sensitive to the need for continuous evaluation at multiple levels

vi. Be participatory and focused in the determination of goals

vii. Be sensitive to the need for conflict resolution and management process

viii. Be sensitive to the need to manage expectations

It is intended that these principles be followed by implementing a series of process objectives also identified

through consultation and technical discussion. These are:

• Increased Awareness

REDDplus requires extensive information sharing and awareness raising prior to effective consultation.

Currently the uncertainty over the scope and shape of REDDplus, is a challenge to wide-ranging consultation.

However, once agreements have been reached in the Copenhagen COP-15 meetings in December 2009, more

Figure 2: Communication and Lessons Learning

Processes

Awareness raising

Consulted on potential

activities

Participatory prioritisation

of activities

Key concerns and

knowledge gaps identified

Perceived and actual

barriers identified

Practical options

presents and explained

Challenges and

benefits identified

Engagement in

management and

development of actions

Unaware

Aware, concerned,

knowledgeable

Motivated to

change behaviour

Tries new

behaviour

Sustained

behaviour change

Perceived and actual

barriers identified

Communication

Process

Upward Learning

Process

• Increased commitment to multi-stakeholder engagement

• Increased value attributed to maintenance of standing trees leading to:

Sustainable forest management, modified farming practices,


46

concrete information will be available during the REDDplus Readiness Preparation Phase. Information needs

to be provided in the most appropriate manner for the constituent groups it reaches. As such, REDDplus

should be included within existing discussions on forest governance and improved forest management. Early

integration and collaboration will facilitate a clear understanding of linkages between different initiatives

and reduce the number of information sharing activities conducted.

• Participatory approach to decision making

Participatory approaches to decision making allow for the integration of inputs received from a wide range of

stakeholders, thus increasing levels of ownership of the resulting product.

As outlined in section 1a multiple stakeholders will be represented throughout the decision making process

managed by the government. The involvement of these groups will support the dissemination of information

as well as provide transparency not only on decisions but on how those decisions are made, while permitting

the government to retain ownership.

• Involvement in implementation

Stakeholder involvement combined with the above decision making process allows for ownership to be

developed. It also ensures that dialogue can occur in a clear way and incorporate more perspectives. It is

suggested that following the successful utilization of existing structures during the VPA process a similar

format is developed for disseminating information and conducting consultation, the results of which can then

be discussed within broader multi-stakeholder forums.

Clear responsibilities should be identified for participants within these forums to ensure that levels of

communication and consultation are representative both within groups and between them.

• Integration with safeguards measures (SESA)

It is critical that safeguards against adverse impacts on communities that may be impacted by REDDplus

activities are put into place. Section 2d sets out a specific tool - a Strategic Environmental and Social

Assessment (SESA)– to help avoid negative impacts (“do no harm”) and to enhance positive or “additional”

REDDplus benefits, especially in terms of social or livelihood benefits, governance and wider environmental

or biodiversity benefits. Part of the SESA process includes consultations which these will be integrated into

the overall consultation process.

Work plan for Consultation and Participation Activities during REDDplus Readiness Preparation

Goal: To achieve collective ownership of the process to develop strategies that reduce emissions through

deforestation and degradation (REDD) and to support conservation, sustainable forest management, and the

enhancement of forest carbon stocks (the + in REDD plus).

Purpose: To ensure that all stakeholder groups have a better understanding of REDDplus, how it relates to

Ghana and what roles, responsibilities and opportunities they have within Ghana’s efforts.


47

Key Stakeholders

Issues relating to REDDplus affect a wide range of stakeholders and are particularly relevant within Ghana

where over 70% of the population is directly dependant on natural resources for their livelihoods.

Stakeholder groups identified for engagement within consultation included:

• Government – State level and statutory level with a focus on cross-sectoral linkages

• Private Sector – including timber industry, agricultural and financial institutions.

• Civil Society – including local and international NGOs, community based organisations across all relevant

thematic areas

• Development Partners

Table 1: List of stakeholders identified during R-PP development

Government

• Office of President / Office of Vice President

• Ministry of Land & Natural Resources

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs

• Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning

• Ministry of Food & Agriculture

• Ministry of Environment, Science &

Technology

• Ministry of Local Government & Rural

Development

• Ministry of Education

• Ministry of Energy

• Forest Commission

• Lands Commission

• Mineral Commission

• Water Resources Commission

• Energy Commission

• Internal Revenue Service

• National Development Planning Commission

• Environmental Protection Agency

• Savannah Accelerated Development

Authority

• Ghana National Fire Service

• Customs Excise & Preventive Services

• Immigration Service

• The Judiciary

• Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands

• Ghana Investment Promotion Centre

• Cocoa Board

Private Sector

• AGI Assoc of Ghana industries

• Wood Industry- GTMO, DOLTA, GTA, GATEX,

FOWAG, Small scale carpenters

• Mining Industry – Chamber of Mines, galamsey

• Fuel wood & charcoal Burners Associations

(producers, transporters, consumers)

• NTFP gatherers (Hunters, Fishers, Fuel wood

collectors

• Farmers Large & small scale

• Services - Investors/Buyers, technical experts –

consultants

Civil Society

• CBOs (e.g. Fire volunteers, economic groups)

• Community Resource Management Committees,

Forest Forums

• National & International NGOs

• Traditional Authorities – Chiefs, etc.

• Professional Associations – Ghana Institute of

Foresters,

• Trade Unions, Associations, FOSSA, Students’

Unions,

• Research & Academic organisations

• Religious bodies

Development Partners –bilateral and multilateral


48

• Meteorology Service

• National Disaster Management Organisation

• National Commission on Civic Education

donors

Content:

Key areas for information sharing and further consultation were identified during the May to August

consultation period. It is anticipated that many of the same issues will be relevant at both information

sharing and consultation phases and it is important that questions raised during the information sharing

process are subsequently addressed during the consultation phase.

Areas for Information Sharing and Consultation:

• What is REDDplus (basic information sharing)

o Where does REDDplus come from

o What are the issues being negotiated internationally

o What are the implications at national level

o What are other countries doing on REDDplus

o Where is Ghana within the REDDplus process, internationally and domestically

• Incentives from REDD

o Why should Ghana engage in a mechanism on REDDplus

o What benefits would be available to different stakeholders

• Land Use Rights / Land Tenure Systems

o What would be potential implications of REDDplus payments within the existing context

o Would a mechanism on REDDplus work within the current Ghanaian context

o What revisions could be required and what impacts would they have

• Forest Governance

o Is REDDplus complimentary with existing initiatives in forest governance

• Benefit Sharing systems

o What benefit sharing systems exist at the moment

o How could REDDplus interact with existing benefit sharing agreements

o What systems of benefit sharing could be appropriate and provide maximum benefits

• Potential REDD projects and activities

o What activities could be included under REDDplus

o What are the benefits/limitations of different activities (output from phase 1 consultations)

Tools and Methods to be used in Consultation and Participation during REDDplus Readiness Preparation

To conduct effective information sharing and consultation, a range of tools will be used to ensure a broad

reach and effective engagement. Such tools include:

1. Information and Communication

• Maintain & continuously update FC and other websites to post information & solicit input

• Production of policy briefs and information notes appropriate to different audiences that can be

distributed in both hard and soft copy

• News bulletin of the FC


49

• Propagate through local FM & Community Radio

• Stakeholder group managed information sharing

2. Consultation

Consultations will occur at different levels from small scale expert consultations to broader national

consultations. Key tools within this process will include:

• Formal and Semi Structured Interviews

• Focus Group Meetings with Stakeholder groups

• Self Administered questionnaires that anyone can complete and submit

• Workshops

• Stakeholder group managed consultation

3. Participation

Structures for participation are discussed in more detail in component 1a of the R-PP and below. The will

include the NRSC, as well as stakeholder groups utilized for consultation information sharing.

For these tools to be effective, particular attention will be paid to the planning of consultation processes to

ensure that: i) information is available for participants sufficiently in advance of consultation ii) participants

are aware of upcoming dates so that they can organise their constituencies iii) information sharing and

consultation processes can be coordinated with other existing processes.

Institutional Arrangements for Communication and Participation on REDDplus

Institutional arrangement will support open consultation platforms at community, district, regional, and

national levels as part of stakeholder participation in the overall sector management and governance.

The REDDplus Secretariat and Steering Committee are the responsible entities for ensuring that the C&P Plan

is followed. Where possible existing structures will be utilized or strengthened. This approach will help to

ensure that methods of information sharing and consultation are appropriate to the stakeholder group, are

undertaken by groups that are trusted by stakeholders and that they are streamlined with other ongoing

processes.

Progress has been made to establish effective structures for communication, consultation and participation

for REDDplus however the following steps are also recommended:

o Formal engagement of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture by the Natural Resource and

Environment Advisory Council (currently being established).

o Strengthening of the Forest Forums to ensure broader representation and increased financial

freedom from the Forestry Commission.

o Further strengthening of the REDD Steering Committee

o Assessment of the potential to combine REDDplus and VPA Implementation Steering Committees

o Further strengthening of CBO’s to engage with and act on issues relating to REDDplus and climate

change

o Increased capacity of the REDDplus Secretariat to support and coordinate consultation and

participation activities


50

Figure 3: Institutional Linkages for REDDplus Readiness Preparation

Foot Note:

NREG FIP Technical Coordinating Committee

Prior to the FIP Scoping Mission from September 29th to 1st October, 2010 an inter-ministerial committee

meeting was convened to discuss the Forest Investment Programme (FIP). The Minister of Finance and

Economic Planning, Honorable Dr. Kwabena Duffour in his address stated that;

‘’ It is recommended that the sub-committee of the already existing Natural Resources and Environmental

Governance programme (NREG) being coordinated by this Ministry is used as the Technical Committee for

the FIP programme. Other technical experts who are not members of the existing committee could be invited

as and when necessary. It is important that we use the already existing coordinating mechanisms (either the

NREG or others) for the coordination of the FIP programme and not to set up any new coordination

structures’’.

S

FC Climate Change

mainstreaming team

Agricultural Extension Officers District Assembly

CBO Traditional Authority

Local NGOs INGO

Academics Community

Chainsaw Operators Timber Industry

Farmers NTFP Gatherers

Local

Stakeholder

Level

National Climate

Change Committee in MEST

Expanded NREG Technical Coordinating Committee (TCC+) - (To oversee FIP/FCPF)

FC Climate Change Unit

VPA SC in FC National Climate Change Unit (EPA)

Ministerial

Level

National REDD+ Steering Committee within

MLNR

Implementing

Agency Level

Environment and Natural Resource Advisory Council (ENRAC)

Composed of Ministries of MLG, MLNR, MoFEP, MEST, MoFA

Cabinet

Level

Forest Forums


51

Sequencing of Consultation Processes during REDDplus Readiness Preparation

The sequencing of consultation processes during R-PP Implementation is very important. Experience during

the 2009 development of the R-PP Proposal emphasized the importance of all stakeholders having prior, well

informed and realistic understanding of REDD, REDDplus and the relationship with both international

(UNFCCC) and national (e.g. Forest Development Master Plan) consultation processes. It also revealed the

need for strengthening of the capacity of both the National REDD Steering Committee (NRSC) and the

REDDplus Secretariat (within the Climate Change Unit_ to oversee and manage effective consultation

processes (as proposed in Component 1a).

The proposed consultation and participation plan for the REDDplus Preparation Phase will focus around three

major steps outlined below and illustrated in Figure 4. These steps will allow for knowledge to be developed,

consolidated and shared, for gaps to be filled and understanding to be furthered and then for decisions to be

made based on a strong understanding of the interactions between potential REDDplus mechanisms, and the

broader Ghanaian context at both local and national levels.


52

Step 1: Analysis, Preparation and Consultation

Step 1: Consists of three core areas of work. These areas will be developed and arranged as illustrated in

figure 5, and are described below.

Awareness Raising: Information sharing will occur through a range of different stakeholders but will be

coordinated by the REDDplus Secretariat. It is suggested that existing structures be utilised and where

appropriate strengthened to improve their capacity to share information on REDDplus with their

constituencies. Information on REDDplus will be built into existing consultation processes to better situate

REDDplus within existing discussions of forest governance and improved management. While this set of

activities will be focused on information sharing, key questions raised and suggestions for REDDplus strategy

development will be fed back into the process of identifying opportunities for actions for REDDplus. Key areas of information that will be provided have been identified above and can be further revised based

on feedback during the process. Specific elements of consultation arising from the Expert working groups

that should also be integrated into this phase include:

Figure 4: Three Stepped Approach within Consultation and Participation

Stakeholder led and focus group

consultation on legal and

institutional changes

2012/13201120102009

Step 1: Analysis, Preparation

and ConsultationStep 2: Piloting and Testing

Stakeholder led National

awareness raising:Government

Civil Society

Private Sector

Supply of Timber

Low Carbon Agro-Indust

Development

Charcoal and Fuelwood

REDD+ Friendly Cocoa

Production

Local Market Timber Supply

National Expert Consultations

National Working Groups

Allocation of Carbon Rights

Existing and new initiatives e.g. VPA, NLBI

Consultation with key decision makers on main outputs of REDD+ Preparation Activities

Pilot Projects

Ongoing review of pilot projects

International Negotiations

Continued

Multi-

stakeholder

engagement

UnawareAware, concerned,

knowledgeable

Motivated to

change behaviour

Tries new

behaviour

Sustained

behaviour change

Step 3: Becoming Ready

Definitio

n o

f S

trate

gy

Continued Awareness Raising

During consultation and

information dissemination

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of In

stitu

tions,

legis

lations,

and O

pera

tional P

lan


53

o Experience to date, and public views on, the plantation forest benefit sharing schemes (Modified taungya and commercial plantations) – this will enquire engagement with the broader information sharing process, as well as small scale issue specific consultations.

o Stakeholder views of current tree tenure rules, including the natural forest benefit sharing scheme – this will enquire engagement with the broader information sharing process, as well as small scale issue specific consultations.

o Lesson learning from past and present experiments involving communities in natural resource management in Ghana.

Analysis of Existing Knowledge: A great deal of research has already been conducted within the Ghanaian

forest sector. It is important that this research be brought together and synthesized with input from

international experiences on payment for ecosystem services and REDD to present realistic options for

REDDplus within Ghana. This process will reduce the need for groups at the grassroots level to be repeatedly

consulted on similar issues and will enable a rapid development of potential strategies. These strategies can

then be prioritised and modified with input from a more informed constituency as a result of the information

sharing activities above.

Expert consultations are intended to address wider multi-sectoral issues while expert working groups will be

more focused within specific issues

It is suggested that these groups conduct specific studies and individual consultations prior to bringing their

findings to a collective workshop.

Expert Consultations

Suggested consultation groups are provided below with provisional terms of reference included within the

annex of this document.

a. Future Provisioning of the National Timber Industry,

It is anticipated that this study will compliment or pre–date the review of Forest and Wildlife Policies and

Laws planned by the MLNR. It will also draw from the existing review of Forest Wildlife Policies and Laws

being conducted by the Forestry Commission.

b. Allocation of Terrestrial Carbon rights

Figure 5. Provisional Timeline for Step 1 Activities

C&

P W

ork

ing G

rou

p

Pla

nnin

g P

rocess

RE

DD

+ S

ecre

tari

at

National awareness

raising activities conducted

by implementing agencies

Consolidation of

outputs

Working groups

created

Consolidation of national

research

Consolidation of

international experience

Additional studies commissioned

Preparation of

briefing materials for

awareness raising

Awareness raising

implementing agencies

briefed

Briefing material

distributed

Training for Consultation

on Climate Change

sessions run

REDD+ Primer sessions run

with key members of State and

statutory institutions

Regular Briefings Provided

Stakeholder led

consultation on

Prioritisation of

Strategy Options

Assessment and

revision of materials

Process of Consultation

& Participation

Process of

National

Awareness

Raising and

Consultation

Strengthening of

REDD+ Secretariat

Ste

p 2

: P

ilotin

g a

nd T

esting

Step 1: Analysis, Preparation, and Consultation


54

This will closely complement the above assessment but with a focus on the implications of current land and

tree tenure arrangements for the allocation of carbon rights, and will advise on any changes to legislation

that are likely to be required to operationalise carbon rights. It will also consider the risks in the current

tenurial context which would arise from any innovations in carbon rights, and ways to mitigate those risks. In

addition:

A sub-group will be tasked to report on lesson learning from past and present experiments involving

communities in natural resource management in Ghana. This will give particular consideration to the

situation as regards (a) gender; (b) derived rights holders.

A second sub-group will report on other relevant schemes for benefit sharing under REDD initiatives on an

international scale, focusing on countries with comparable conditions in their forests. Again, gender aspects

and the implications for derived rights holders will be given particular consideration.

Expert Working Groups:

Expert working groups will bring together key actors to investigate the technical feasibility of specific

REDDplus strategies. These groups will not work in isolation but will consult with appropriate stakeholders

and their results will be fed back into a multi-stakeholder forum. It is suggested that a member of the

REDDplus steering committee lead each group to ensure effective communication and coordination between

groups. Each group is also anticipated to be multi-stakeholder in its constituency. Provisional terms of

reference for these groups are included in the annex of this document.

• REDDplus Friendly Cocoa Production The group will look to identify the potential benefits arising from REDDplus Friendly Cocoa

• Local Market Timber Supply The group will seek to consolidate existing knowledge from government and non-governmental actors, as well

as looking at international best practice.

• Charcoal and Fuelwood production This group will seek to establish an authoritative knowledge base on charcoal and fuelwood, which is able to

discriminate between different production systems, and which takes into account livelihoods dimensions and

alternatives (or their lack). It will aim to provide recommendations for potential pilot projects for substitute

fuels and means of production.

• Low Carbon Agro Industrial Development The aim is to identify policy and strategic options that will improve the carbon footprint and the pro-poor

benefits of these innovations. The research agenda will cover the full range of enterprises – from agro-

business down to small farmer and outgrower levels.

Consultation: Presentation of an appropriate synthesis of proposed aspects of a REDDplus strategy to wider

stakeholder groups should occur in order for them to be effectively consulted on their view points. These

views will help shape the resulting REDDplus strategy and the pilot activities selected for Step 2.

Actions to be taken with Step 1 are outlined in Figure 5 below (it is anticipated that actions identified here

will last for no more than one year).


55

It is intended that the actions within this step will be able to deliver:

• Increased awareness of REDDplus, its challenges and opportunities,

• A clearly defined strategy with policy options that can be further developed through pilot activities

or implemented through policy reform. A work plan which maps out these outcomes over the following year to ensure effective sequencing of

activities with other initiatives and processes

Next Steps

o Capacity within the REDDplus secretariat will be increased to effectively plan, coordinate and support

consultation and participation activities

o Key implementing agencies will be identified suggested structures available to share information and

receive feedback include:

� FC Committee for Mainstreaming REDDplus

� National Climate Change Committee

� REDDplus Steering Committee

� National Forest Forums

� Forest Watch Ghana

� District Assemblies

� VPA Implementation Structure

o Complimentary Initiatives

� IUCN Pro-Poor REDDplus Suggested lead – REDDplus Secretariat

o Core consultation work plan will be developed – Suggested lead – Consultation Working group – with

selected implementing agencies

o A Communicating Climate change and REDDplus training session will be developed and conducted with

identified implementers. Suggested Lead – Forest Watch Ghana

o Key briefing materials and information sharing resources on REDDplus will be developed for

distribution. This will include information on international best practice and experience as well as

Ghana specific information – Suggested lead – IUCN

o A short primer session on REDDplus will be developed for Senior members of key statutory and state

level institutions – REDDplus Secretariat, National Climate Change Committee

Step 2: Piloting and Testing

Presentation of an appropriate synthesis of proposed activities to wider stakeholder groups should occur in order for them to be effectively consulted on their view points. Information from these consultations can then be utilized in the development of a national strategy. This would include:

• Awareness raising on options for national strategy • Focused consultation on specific aspects of a National Strategy within stakeholder groups • Continuous review and update on pilot activities to relevant stakeholders • Consultation on lessons learned from pilot projects developed as part of the national preparation

activities


56

Step 3: Becoming Ready

The final step of the C&P process is consultation and validation of comprehensive national strategy. Built on

the outcomes of previous stages of consultation and the results of pilot projects, sufficient time and

resources should be allocated for a comprehensive validation process. The capacity of organizations to

participate effectively in it should have been developed over the previous phases but support in transferring

information and developing responses should still be provided.

Validation of a national strategy should not mark the end of the consultation and participation process. The

adoption of relevant REDDplus policies will continue to be preceded by broad stakeholder consultations on

policy design and implementation, increasing their legitimacy and applicability. The policies will further be

continuously monitored and improved from the perspectives of design, implementation, monitoring and

learning. It is thus important to maintain active and efficient mechanisms for consultation and participation.

Conflict Resolution Structures

The principle of subsidiarity will be used in establishing conflict resolution structures. As such conflicts would

be addressed at the lowest or most localized level appropriate by existing conflict resolution structures.

These structures include traditional authorities, land and central courts, working groups and the NRSC.

Should a large number of conflicts occur specific to REDDplus or it prove difficult for issues to be resolved at

lower or localized levels they should be escalated to higher levels. This escalation should be in accordance

with the existing principles and practices of the Government terminating at the level of President and

parliament. Support and advice on conflicts should however also be provided by the NRSC, and REDDplus

Secretariat with these bodies playing the lead role in identifying and presenting solutions to these conflicts.

Areas of the domestic conflict resolution structures likely to be effected by actions for REDDplus are

discussed in more detail within section 2c.

Monitoring and Evaluation

It is important that activities undertaken for communication and

consultation are not only undertaken but also monitored and

evaluated to ensure that they are effective support continued

learning. The Consultation and Participation Working group will

design effective monitoring mechanisms. These will include

indicators that will assess the extent to which information has

reached the intended audiences, whether the audience has

subsequently been able to feedback into the process and the

manner in which their feedback has been incorporated into the

decision making process. This ongoing process of learning and

revision is illustrated in Figure 5.

It is recommended that the monitoring and evaluation system be

maintained by a multi-stakeholder group to strengthen the

legitimacy of conclusions made and to improve the diversity of

Figure 5: M&E of C&P Design and

Development

Monitor

and

Evaluate

Asses

Plan

Develop and

Pre-test

Implement


57

views represented.

Annex 2b: REDD Strategy Options

This annex provides outline Terms of Reference for the Expert Consultations and Working Groups proposed to

develop the REDD Strategy, and summarises the major REDD candidate strategies.

Annex 2b-1: Framework TERMS OF REFERENCE for ‘National Expert Consultations’ and ‘Working Groups’

2b-1-i NATIONAL EXPERT CONSULTATIONS

National Expert Consultation on the Timber Supply

Terms of Reference (ToR)

The future of Ghana’s high forest zone, and the future viability of the timber industry depend, to a

significant extent, on the state of the off-reserve forests. A vicious cycle is developing in which the poor

condition of many of the forest reserves leads the industry to plunder the off-reserve stock of trees, and the

rapid decline of the off-reserve stock (with no replenishment) then puts further pressure on the on-reserve

stock. And so on...

It is recognised that a major weakness of current forest policy is the lack of incentives in the off-reserve

areas to farmers to conserve and plant native trees on-farm and in fallows. Without strong incentives to

regenerate timber trees, the off-reserve stock is likely to continue its downward trend, exacerbating the

impending crisis in the industry’s timber supply. Plantation development may help to alleviate the shortage,

though this is as yet an underdeveloped sub-sector, and its capacity to fill the void is very far from

guaranteed.

REDD strategy development will therefore:

(a) Assess the state of the timber stock and estimate the adequacy of the existing strategy (enrichment

of forest reserves; plantation development (including modified taungya); improved law enforcement

in forest reserves), in relation to supplying both the export industry and local market needs.

(b) If the evidence points to a major shortfall between demand and supply, it will then consider ways

to increase the focus on regeneration of off-reserve areas in the forest policy, and the need for

direct incentives to farmers and land owners to conserve trees on their land. This is likely to be a

priority from the perspectives of the forest industry and the enhancement of carbon stocks, as well

as the general welfare of forest-dependent people.

As regards the regeneration of the off-reserve stock, the most radical option would be to cede control right

down to the individual farmer and land owners, allowing them to sell their timber directly to the mills or to

local SMEs. This might well induce a major re-invigoration of the timber stock.


58

Were this radical option to be adopted, there would be an immediate loss of revenue to the state, which

would be only partly compensated for in the short term by improved prospects for the industry, and the

potential taxation revenue arising. However, the longer-term outlook would be much more encouraging.

Adopting the radical option now could well secure the future of the forest industry.

These are important issues that have been raised in successive consultancy reports over the last decade and

more, but not yet seriously addressed in policy. REDD development provides a timely opportunity to take the

bull by the horns and make a serious assessment of the long-term prospects for the forest industry in Ghana.

The starting point will be the commissioning of a major National Expert Consultation on Provisioning of the

Timber Supply which will examine and test the hypothesis:

‘The existing and planned benefit sharing mechanisms in the forest sector will suffice for REDDplus in

Ghana, and also ensure the long-term provisioning of the country’s timber needs?’

To the extent that the evidence draws this hypothesis into question, then there will be the need for more or

less radical actions to deal with the consequences. (As matters stand, it would appear most unlikely that the

hypothesis will be supported, though this will need to be established by the Consultation, and the evidence

base brought into the public domain.)

This will be a major policy study, and will draw on the outcomes of the recent Review of Forest and Wilflife

Policy’s and Laws as well as high-level national and international expertise, with a strong focus on long-term

forest resource assessment, forestry economics and scenario analysis. It will consult widely, considering such

issues as:

a. Long-term projections as to the future timber supply, including quantitative scenario building;

b. Medium-long term potential of the plantations sub-sector to provision the industry;

c. Experience to date, and public views on, the plantation forest benefit sharing schemes

(Modified taungya and commercial plantations)

d. Stakeholder views of current tree tenure rules, including the natural forest benefit sharing

scheme (Constitutional provision), as well as initiatives including CREMA’s and dedicated forests

as alternative management and tenurial approaches

e. Implications of existing timber supply arrangements (including tree tenure) for forest

conservation efforts and future REDD Policy

f. Implications of the supply situation regarding other methods of developing the sector

sustainably, including community-based forest enterprise.

g. International experience in attempts to stimulate timber resource reconstitution, from China

and elsewhere.

h. Consideration will be given to the implications of any scenarios proposed as regards timber

revenues, and the viability of the Forestry Commission as the regulatory authority, with a view

to identifying the part that REDD payments might play in covering any shortfall.

Throughout, the emphasis will not only be on the timber supply situation but also the need to address

deforestation and forest degradation within a national and international climate change strategy.


59

This expert review will report to a high-level body of the Government of Ghana, with the MLNR in a

leadership role, though including representatives of other line ministries, as well as the industry (small,

medium and large scale) and civil society.

The findings of this expert review will determine the next steps to be taken. A strategy will be developed

appropriate to the need, and dependent on the condition of the stock and the projections as to its future

availability.

National Expert Consultation on Allocation of Terrestrial Carbon Rights


A key question for REDD implementation is the question of land tenure rights and how carbon rights will

relate to the underlying land and tree tenure rights (which can be expected to play a determinant role in

conditioning public expectations about the level of benefits from carbon payments).

A National Expert Consultation on Allocation of Terrestrial Carbon Rights will be constituted to examine this

issue. This will focus on the implications of current land and tree tenure arrangements for the allocation of

carbon rights, and will advise on any changes to legislation that are likely to be required to operationalise

carbon rights. It will also consider the risks in the current tenurial context which would arise from any

innovations in carbon rights, and ways to mitigate those risks. In addition:

a. It will seek to draw lessons from past and present experiments involving communities in natural

resource management in Ghana – including Community Resource Management Areas and

Dedicated forests. This will give particular consideration to the situation as regards (a) gender

and the rights of women; (b) derived rights holders (tenant farmers and share-croppers

[abusa/abunu]).

b. It will consider other relevant schemes for benefit sharing under payment for environmental

services (PES) and REDD initiatives on an international scale, focusing on countries with

comparable conditions in their HFZ. Again, gender aspects and the implications for derived

rights holders will be given particular consideration.

The need to link tree tenure to land rights demands particular caution in the Ghana situation, given the

sophistication of its land and labour markets. The high incidence of farm tenancies add to the challenges.

While rights in cocoa trees have been effectively accommodated in land law, rights in pre-existing native

trees, which may have stood on the land for many generations and which could possibly continue to do so

into the distant future, are a more complex matter. Clear rules will need to be established to define the

rights of land owners and tenant farmers in relation to carbon revenues, and appropriate conflict resolution

mechanisms put in place.

Given the potential overlaps between this expert group and the expert consultation on provisioning of the

timber supply, a coordination team will be established within the MLNR to harmonise the work of the two.

This group will also work to coordinate efforts between the ongoing Review of the Wildlife and Forest

Policy’s and Laws, the existing FLEGT processes and the relevant studies / working groups.

The MLNR legal specialists will consult with other relevant bodies (for example, the Ministry of Justice and

the National House of Chiefs, also the Commission on Administrative Justice and Human Rights, CHRAJ) on

establishing conflict resolution mechanisms linked to REDD implementation. This is with a view to ensuring


60

that any conflicts arising out of future carbon rights arrangements can be addressed through clearly

demarcated and well-designed mechanisms, without risking choking the courts with a new category of land

rights disputes.

2b-1-ii EXPERT WORKING GROUPS

Working Group on ecosystem friendly cocoa production


Background

In Ghana, the agricultural sector is as important as the forest sector in defining options for REDD. The cocoa

sector presents interesting opportunities in relation to REDD strategy. In recent years, traditional shade-

tolerant ‘Tetteh Quarshie’ varieties have given way to new hybrid full-sun varieties which not only lead to

removal of most of the remaining tree cover from cocoa farms but also remove the interest of farmers in

supporting the forest reserve policy (in the past, maintaining high tree cover on forest reserves was widely

supported by farmers because of their role in maintaining humidity in the forest areas). Incentivising the re-

establishment of the shade tolerant and dependent varieties would have much to recommend it, and would

have the important knock-on benefit of enhancing public support for the forest reserves. In principle, this

would be ‘conflict neutral’ in relation to indigene/migrant relations (in that cocoa production is an expressed

purpose of the existing tenancy contracts). Implementation will be challenging in that the economic

pressures which lead farmers to prefer short-term benefits even at the expense of long-term soil degradation

will need to be addressed. The best way to do so could be to use the ‘bundling of timber rights’ to support

the preferred cocoa varietal strategy, so that farmers gained a double benefit from tree conservation on-

farm (enhanced cocoa production and a good share of the timber revenues). Were farmers to gain

substantially from retention of native timber tree stocks on their lands (through tree tenure reforms), then

this would compensate for the lowered short-term profitability and significantly increase the attractiveness

of the traditional cocoa varieties.

The political costs would be offset by the very high impact of any improvements to the carbon emissions

profile of HFZ, as well as by the long-term multiple co-benefits (livelihoods, biodiversity, soil and water

conservation). Such a strategy would also be ‘self-sustaining’ in that farmers would be incentivised to adopt

the shade-dependent varieties without any need for intervention of the state in the market. Benefit

distribution between land owners and tenants would need to be addressed, however. Without transfer of

tree rights, the incentives would be less clear. A workable mechanism would need to be found to distribute

the funds down to farm management level, through a market mechanism (i.e. a higher price for traditional,

as opposed to full-sun, cocoa bean varieties) or some other means. High opportunity and investment costs

would be entailed, and there would be significant risk of corruption in the financial delivery system.

Scope of Work

It is proposed that COCOBOD and the Cocoa Research Institute be invited to lead this work, in association

with the Ministries of Land and Natural Resources, Food and Agriculture, and Local Government, convening a

specialist Working Group on REDD-friendly cocoa production. Given the important cross-sectoral aspects of

the cocoa sub-sector, consideration will be given to the possibility of putting in place an inter-sectoral


61

coordination mechanism or stakeholder platform involving all the major players in the sub-sector (COCOBOD;

Forestry Commission and MLNR; civil society including farmers). The Working Group will focus on:

a. Strategies to ensure and revive ‘REDD-friendly’ cocoa cultivation

b. Extension implications regarding MOFA policy on varieties promotion

c. Co-benefits from ‘bundling rights’ – for example:

i. whether granting farmers ownership rights over native timber trees (either exclusive or co-

beneficiary) would be likely to influence farmer behaviour with regard to shade-tolerant

species

ii. Wider co-benefits derived from increased farmer support of forest reserve policy which

would be expected to follow from promotion of the traditional varieties

d. Disbenefits to farmers in terms of intercropping, and ways to ameliorate them;

e. Gender aspects of the reforms

f. Delivery mechanisms.

Information gained from existing pilots should be used to inform the study. Current effort to develop cocoa

carbon projects are utilising multiple approaches and as such should provide a range of experiences which

the working group can utilise.

Conflict resolution structures would need to be in place, and these are likely to follow the lines established

in relation to the definition of carbon rights. The traditional authorities would be expected to play a major

role.

Local Market Timber Supply Working Group


Improved regulation of small scale (chainsaw) loggers is essential if the timber stock is to be conserved.

While removal of the distortions that undercut legal enterprise is clearly necessary if Ghana’s FLEGT policy is

to thrive, this requires realism about the extent and satisfaction of local market needs.

Long-term decisions will depend on the outcome of the timber provisioning expert consultation, and the

policy decisions taken in the aftermath of this. There are, however, a number of short-term actions that can

be taken in the interim.

a. Actors: Further exploration of the potential for licensing chainsaw loggers, so as to better

control the sub-sector and help drive out the non-reputable operators, drawing on and

extending the existing pilots.


62

b. Timber supply: Reviewing the local supply situation with a view to ensuring that enough legal

wood is available on local markets to counteract the demand for illegal chain-sawn lumber.

Options would include widening access to TUPs so as to legitimize and channel the supply base

on which legal chainsaw operators can draw. This would also help reduce encroachment into

forest reserves.

c. Technology: better control over chainsaws and other mechanised technologies, to support the

licensing system and limit wastage from the sub-sector, once licensed.

d. Law enforcement: improving law enforcement on-reserve, in line with current FLEGT

ambitions, to limit and ultimately eliminate leakage from this source.

A Local Market Timber Supply Working Group will be established to lead this work. It will have a budget for

pilot project activities. This Working Group commends itself for strong NGO participation and leadership,

and dialogue will be initiated with the lead members of the forum ‘Forest Watch-Ghana’ to investigate this

possibility.

NOTE: It is understood that the FLEGT programme may be considering establishing a research review on

essentially similar lines. If this proves to be the case, then consideration would need to be given to

amalgamating the two working groups.

Working Group on Charcoal and Fuelwood


Charcoal and wood are the preferred cooking fuels for the majority of the urban and rural populations, and

alternatives are feasible only for those with significant purchasing power (a small proportion of each

community). Charcoal production also dominates the economy of the transitional zone and parts of the

north, and contributes significantly to national integration. A policy of interdiction would thus have negative

equity effects at the political level. At the same time, Ghana is on the eve of a petroleum economy, and

there may be potential for liquid petroleum gas (lpg) substitution particularly in urban areas (albeit with high

opportunity cost in terms of foreign exchange income foregone). The REDD strategy will therefore establish

a Working Group on Charcoal and Fuelwood which seeks to:

a. establish an authoritative knowledge base on charcoal and fuelwood, which is able to

discriminate between different production systems, and which takes into account livelihoods

dimensions and alternatives (or their lack)

b. set up pilot activities to test substitute fuels and their carbon emissions, including LPG, biogas

and solar power, giving particular attention to any gender issues arising

c. Place fuelwood production within its wider politico-geographical context, and feed this

discussion into the national planning process (through the NDPC and other means).

d. improving efficiency in carbonization of raw wood and sustainable wood supplies from managed

sources.


63

Past an existing pilot projects addressing charcoal and fuelwood usage and the development of ‘sustainable’

systems should also be thoroughly investigated within this group and existing knowledge used as a starting

point for further investigations.

Given the long history of using clay in cooking and construction in Ghana, it appears unlikely that extension

of fuel-efficient stoves will make much headway in local conditions. Domestic and community-based biogas

generation would also have to compete with other demands on land and labour. However, such innovations

are a possibility, and the non-governmental sector will be encouraged to undertake pilot activities. This is

unlikely to be a priority area for direct investment by the Government of Ghana, however.

Low Carbon Agro Industry Development


Agro-industrial enterprise has had a poor record to date, though development of the sub-sector is a

government priority. A major programme of investment will be required to develop the agricultural and

pastoral economies in more carbon-friendly directions, balancing the interests of the smallholder and

industrial sectors.

Further research is needed in relation to the agricultural emissions profiles of the agro-industries new crops

and trees for which opportunities have already opened up or are likely to in the near future – fruits such as

pineapple for the export market, bio fuels such as oil palm and jatropha, and trees such as rubber.

The aim would be to identify policy and strategic options that will improve the carbon footprint and the pro-

poor benefits of these industries. The research agenda will cover the full range of enterprises – from agro-

business down to small farmer and out grower levels.

2b-1-iii CHALLENGE FUND

Challenge Fund on Fire Control

Terms of Reference (TOR)

It is proposed that a Challenge Fund on Fire Control is established to support projects that work with local

communities in finding ways to improve fire management.

Background

Fire is recognised to have an ambiguous role in the Ghana economy, being a vital and integral part of many

agricultural and livestock production systems and culinary regimes, with smoke from open fire also an

important preservative. Fire generated from wood fuels is the main source of heat for cooking in both rural

and urban areas. However, excessive use of fire contributes to land and forest degradation, and

uncontrolled fires and smoke are dangerous to public health.

There is a strong lobby in climate change circles in favour of trying to alter the behaviour of the cohorts of

small farmers and livestock owners who depend for their livelihoods on cyclical (‘slash and burn’) cultivation

systems and the use of fire in the agricultural cycle. However, such actions do not appear to offer many win-


64

wins in the Ghana context. They could easily bring about an increase in rent-seeking behaviour without any

positive impacts on the resource. Despite very heavy investments in agricultural and livestock research, both

nationally and internationally, few alternatives have yet been found for the severely resource-poor, and

there may be little to gain from attempting to impose major behavioural changes on poor people who have

no other options for their livelihoods.

Further research is needed before any actions are implemented which might impede those livelihoods, and

this would also be the case as regards the activities of pastoralists (where Ghana is constrained by ECOWAS

protocols).

The proposal

Understanding the roles played by fire in the Ghana economy, and finding viable alternatives for the

functions that fire currently serves, raises complex questions which would benefit from experimental and

adaptive field research. It is proposed to create a Challenge Fund for Fire Control to support such work.

In essence, a Challenge Fund is a competitive source of finance, to which interested and qualified parties are

encouraged to apply to support project ideas that they have generated themselves, ideally in association

with local beneficiaries. Funds are made available on a periodic basis, and ‘Calls for Proposals’ issued with

varying degrees of specification as to the actors eligible to apply, and the types of activities that are likely to

be supported. On the classic model, a given sum is distributed at each call, with beneficiaries being the

better applicants in relative terms, the number of applicants supported, and the funds available to each,

being governed by the total pot of money available. However, this approach is not essential, and funds may

also be withheld should sufficient applicants not reach the required standards for support.

The underlying aim is to provide finance on a responsive basis to encourage innovative and experimental

activities in areas where the desired outcomes are not well defined or understood, with authority being left

to a greater or lesser extent to the applicant organisations as regards their aims and objectives.

The size of the fund, the number, frequency and size of Calls for Proposals, and the length of the project

cycle(s) would depend on such factors as the felt need, capacities of the likely implementing agencies, and

attractiveness of this Fund to potential donors.

Management

This Challenge Fund commends itself for NGO management, and could be ideally be coordinated by one of

the stronger savannah-based NGOs, or a consortium of partners. (Funding and management arrangements

(including relationships to established programmes, such as the Savannah Accelerated Development

Authority) would be put in place once approval has been given in principle.) The Challenge Fund brief would:

• Cover both design and pilot implementation activities

• Support projects that work with local communities to address the causes of fire in agricultural

areas, both anthropogenic and natural;

• Fund research initiatives that assess the effectiveness of existing mechanisms to control fire,

obtaining community views on their functioning and proposing ways to improve them;

• Consider the potential of other mechanisms to substitute for fire use in the agricultural cycle, and

their viability in Ghanaian conditions, supporting pilot initiatives in such areas.


65

Financing and control From the Government side, responsibility would lie with an appropriate department, most likely MoFA.

Responsibility for financing of the Challenge Fund could well be offered to one or more bilateral partners of

the Ghana Government, and in partnership with it, very much along the lines of existing challenge-type funds

such as G-RAP and RAVI. The principles for its operation would be decided by the development partners and

the appropriate department of Ghana Government, and exact details of its implementation worked out in

collaboration with the winning agency or consortium (the RAVI model provides an interesting experience in

this regard).

Consideration would need to be given to relationships with other development projects and programmes, for

example the recently established Savannah Accelerated Development Authority. There may be a case for

inviting this or another programme to take over responsibility for management of the proposed Challenge

Fund.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

66

Annex 2

b-2

: Su

mm

aries of Candid

ate

Str

ate

gies fo

r REDD d

evelo

pm

ent,

est

ablish

ing

links to

curr

ent policy

priorities

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

A: Im

pro

ve the Q

uality

of M

ulti-St

akehold

er Dia

logu

e a

nd D

eci

sion M

akin

g

Them

e:

Fore

st S

ect

or Policy

, Legi

slation &

Govern

ance

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Beca

use

there

are

multip

le d

rive

rs o

f defo

rest

ation, w

ith inte

ract

ions betw

een c

om

merc

ial lo

ggin

g, export

and

dom

est

ic m

ark

ets

, sm

all sca

le loggin

g, and the e

ffect

s of agr

icultura

l expansion, th

ere

is no sin

gle

one k

ey

drive

r

and n

o o

ne sin

gle

solu

tion. In

these

circu

mst

ance

s, p

olicy

makin

g m

ust

be b

oth

very

well-info

rmed a

nd robust

,

and m

ust

be w

ell c

oord

inate

d. R

EDD solu

tions are

lik

ely

to b

e v

ery

sim

ilar to

oth

er policy

initia

tive

s re

late

d to

sust

ain

able

fore

st m

anagem

ent,

pro

tect

ed a

rea m

anagem

ent and fore

st g

ove

rnance

. Exp

erience

fro

m the p

ast

indic

ate

s th

at although there

may

be b

urs

ts o

f part

icip

ato

ry p

olicy

debate

, th

e p

latf

orm

s fo

r genuin

e m

ulti-

stakehold

er dia

logue c

an fade a

way,

and this is a c

ontr

ibuto

r to

slo

w p

rogre

ss in the realisa

tion o

f policy

obje

ctiv

es.

Bett

er in

form

ation is also e

ssential, a

s th

e G

FC h

as a p

oor tr

ack

reco

rd in p

ublic

disse

min

ation o

f in

form

ation.

Multi-st

akehold

er dia

logue invo

lvin

g a

wid

e range o

f part

icip

ants

is also e

ssential, rangin

g fro

m G

ove

rnm

ent

(various depart

ments

), larg

e p

riva

te sect

or m

ille

rs a

nd p

roce

ssors

, ch

arc

oal pro

duce

rs, chain

saw

loggers

, fa

rmers

,

landow

ners

, ch

iefs

and c

ivil soci

ety

. B

eca

use

the ince

ntive

s fo

r fa

rmers

and c

om

munitie

s to

keep tre

es on their

lands,

rath

er th

an see them

felled, are

weak, it is cr

itic

al to

build in a

revi

ew

that addre

sses quest

ions of tr

ee

and c

arb

on rig

hts

, benefit sh

aring a

nd tenure

.

The k

ey

ele

ments

of th

is str

ate

gy

are

there

fore

:

i.

A1: to

support

the e

stablish

ment

of a p

erm

anent

multi-st

akehold

er

dia

logu

e o

n fore

st p

olicy

in G

hana,

whic

h w

ill

help

in

form

policy

design (n

ow

under

way)

and th

e su

bse

quent

imple

menta

tion of

those

polici

es.

ii.

A2: to

est

ablish

mech

anism

s fo

r bett

er disse

min

ation o

f in

form

ation o

n G

hana’s

fore

st r

eso

urc

es,

and

the m

anagem

ent of its re

sourc

e b

ase

. T

his is ess

ential to

info

rm p

olicy

-makin

g.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

67

iii.

A3: to

support

and u

nderw

rite

the revi

ew

s of tr

ee a

nd c

arb

on rig

hts

, benefit sh

aring a

nd tre

e tenure

arr

angem

ents

, le

adin

g to legi

slative a

nd regu

lato

ry refo

rm that gi

ves positive ince

ntives fo

r th

e de

facto c

ust

odia

ns of la

nds and tre

es to

main

tain

fore

sts,

fore

st p

atc

hes,

and tre

es,

rath

er th

an to d

efo

rest

and d

egra

de the fore

st.

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead a

gency

for th

e m

ulti-st

akehold

er dia

logue – M

LNR o

r MEST

•

Lead a

gency

for

info

rmation f

or

policy

makin

g –

MLNR o

r FC (

+ c

ontr

act

ed o

ut

serv

ice p

rovi

der

for

sate

llite

imagery

, data

, etc

)

Lead a

gency

for re

view

of te

rrest

rial ca

rbon rig

hts

– M

LNR +

multi-st

akehold

er dia

logue foru

m

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Policy:

St

rength

ens

the p

olicy

makin

g a

ppara

tus,

whic

h i

n t

he p

ast

has

suff

ere

d f

rom

the p

ow

er

of

the

tim

ber in

dust

ry

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Feasible

, but

may

be t

ough – a

nd n

eeds

“ch

am

pio

ns”

- t

o g

et

est

ablish

ed. H

ow

eve

r th

e r

ece

nt

track

reco

rd

in the fore

st sect

or (fore

st foru

ms,

the V

PA p

roce

ss) is e

nco

ura

gin

g

•

Relies

on g

enuin

e c

om

mitm

ent

by

various

act

ors

, in

cludin

g:

(1)

transp

are

nt

policy

makin

g b

y Gove

rnm

ent,

and a

n incl

usive

appro

ach

to p

olicy

makin

g t

hro

ugh m

ulti-st

akehold

er

dia

logue,

(2)

part

icip

ation b

y priva

te

sect

or st

akehold

ers

and land o

wners

and (3) div

ers

e b

ut pro

fess

ional ci

vil so

cie

ty e

ngagem

ent.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Sust

ain

ability

will depend o

n (

1)

the q

uality

of

the M

SD (

if it

is h

igh,

then a

ctors

will push

to f

ind f

inanci

ng)

(2)

initia

l donor

pro

ject

-typ

e s

upport

and (

3)

willingness

of

donors

and g

ove

rnm

ent

to b

uild s

trate

gy

act

ivitie

s in

to

sect

or budget su

pport

, and G

oG b

udget lines.

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

NREG c

onsu

ltation p

roce

sses,

and N

REG fin

anci

ng for re

late

d a

ctiv

itie

s (e

speci

ally

VPA)

•

Envi

ronm

ent and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

e S

ect

or Gro

up m

eetings,

revi

ew

s and d

iscu

ssio

n p

roce

sses

•

GoG led inte

r-depart

menta

l cl

imate

change c

om

mitte

es

•

Inte

r-Min

iste

rial Envi

ronm

enta

l Advi

sory

Counci

l (E

AC)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

68

•

National lo

ng term

deve

lopm

ent pla

nnin

g (NDPC)

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

No d

irect

leakage risk (depends on p

olici

es fo

llow

ed)

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

MLNR (

lead f

ore

st s

ect

or

min

istr

y);

MoFEP (

fore

st r

eve

nue a

nd f

iscal m

att

ers

); M

EST

(EIA

s, c

lim

ate

change

negotiations)

; MoFA (land use

pla

nnin

g);

W

ate

r Reso

urc

es

Com

mission (b

asin la

nd use

pla

nnin

g);

lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent;

MLGRD; Law

Refo

rm C

om

mission a

nd A

ttorn

ey

Genera

l’s Dept (legisla

tive

refo

rm)

•

Priva

te sect

or tr

ade a

ssoci

ations,

loca

l ass

oci

ations and repre

senta

tive

s

•

Civ

il soci

ety

, lo

cal co

mm

unitie

s, land o

wners

(ch

iefs

, fa

milie

s and tra

ditio

nal auth

orities)

Next St

eps:

•

Nom

inate

a “

Cham

pio

n” t

o d

rive

discu

ssio

ns

on t

he e

stablish

ment,

modalities

and o

ptions

for

a m

ulti-

stakehold

er dia

logue m

ech

anism

.

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

B. Cla

rify

rig

hts

regi

me

Them

e:

Fore

st S

ect

or Policy

, Legi

slation &

Govern

ance

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

A c

lear basis fo

r th

e a

lloca

tion o

f ca

rbon rig

hts

is ess

ential in

the d

eve

lopm

ent of any

pro

gra

mm

e o

f REDD

or REDD+. Changes m

ay

be required to legisla

tion to o

pera

tionalise

carb

on rig

hts

. In

pra

ctic

es,

the c

urr

ent

land a

nd tre

e tenure

arr

angem

ents

pro

vide im

port

ant poin

ters

for th

e d

efinitio

n o

f a c

arb

on rig

hts

regim

e. The risks in

the c

urr

ent te

nurial co

nte

xt w

hic

h w

ould

arise

fro

m a

ny

innova

tions in

carb

on rig

hts

need to b

e c

onsidere

d, and w

ays

to m

itig

ate

those

risks id

entified. In

stitutions fo

r co

nflic

t re

solu

tion m

ay

be required.

In the G

hana c

onte

xt th

is w

ill be c

hallengin

g. The sys

tem

of ru

ral pro

pert

y rights

has lo

ng b

een

reco

gnised a

s pro

ble

matic

in G

hana, in

at le

ast

tw

o d

imensions,

tree tenure a

nd land tenure

, w

hic

h

opera

te u

nder co

nce

ptu

ally

separa

ble

regim

es.

1.

Tre

e tenure

is eff

ect

ively

under st

ate

ow

ners

hip

, although reve

nues are

share

d w

ith c

hie

fs a

nd

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

69

distr

ict ass

em

blies;

for m

ost

farm

ers

, rights

ove

r th

e tenure

of native

tre

es are

very

lim

ited indeed.

2.

Land tenure

varies acc

ord

ing to the c

ultura

l sy

stem

, but in

the A

kan a

reas,

the ‘allodia

l title’ to

land

(i.e

. fo

rmal adm

inistr

ative

sove

reig

nty

) is u

sually

held

by

chie

ftain

cies (‘

the sto

ol’) th

ough the

pro

prieta

ry title

is oft

en h

eld

by

sub-c

hie

fs a

nd p

rom

inent fa

milie

s (O

safo

, 2008).

There

have

been

act

ive land m

ark

ets

for m

any

deca

des,

and lease

hold

s are

com

mon w

ith v

ary

ing d

egre

es of te

nurial

secu

rity

. Outs

ide o

f th

e A

kan a

reas (t

he E

we-s

peakin

g a

reas,

for exam

ple

), land is oft

en o

wned b

y

fam

ilie

s. As la

nd p

ress

ure

s have

built up in the A

kan a

reas,

conflic

ts b

etw

een ‘la

nd o

wners

’ and

‘tenants

’ are

incr

easingly

report

ed.

Main Activities:

•

National

Expert

Consu

ltation o

n t

he A

llocation of

Carb

on R

ights

, to

revi

ew

terr

est

rial

carb

on

rights

, benefit

sharing a

nd t

ree t

enure

This w

ill fo

cus

on t

he im

plica

tions

of

curr

ent

land a

nd

tree t

enure

arr

angem

ents

for

the a

lloca

tion o

f ca

rbon r

ights

, and w

ill advi

se o

n a

ny

changes

to

legisla

tion t

hat

are

lik

ely

to b

e required t

o o

pera

tionalise

carb

on rig

hts

. It w

ill also c

onsider th

e

risk

s in

the c

urr

ent te

nurial conte

xt w

hic

h w

ould

arise

fro

m a

ny

innova

tions in

carb

on rig

hts

, and

ways

to m

itig

ate

those

risks.

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation:

MLNR,

with f

ull p

art

icip

ation f

rom

oth

er

gove

rnm

ent

Min

istr

ies

and c

once

rned

depart

ments

(part

icula

rly M

OFA),

as w

ell a

s ci

vil so

cie

ty land o

wners

(ch

iefs

, fa

milie

s and tra

ditio

nal

auth

orities)

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Policy

gaps

leadin

g t

o r

apid

deple

tion o

f th

e t

imber

stock

, hig

h leve

ls o

f ille

gality

in t

he s

ect

or,

and

lack

of in

centive

s to

conse

rve tre

es on-f

arm

•

Weak d

eve

lopm

ent of th

e p

lanta

tions se

ctor

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

This is

centr

al to

the im

ple

menta

tion o

f any

REDD r

egim

e in G

hana;

though c

om

ple

x (

part

icula

rly

in

its in

ter-

connect

ions w

ith land a

nd tre

e tenurial rights

), a

cle

ar basis fo

r ca

rbon rig

hts

will need to b

e

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

70

found.

•

Mech

anism

s to

reso

lve a

ntici

pate

d c

onflic

ts b

etw

een land o

wners

and tenants

/se

ttle

rs w

ill need to b

e

in p

lace

fro

m a

n e

arly

stage.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

NREG c

onsu

ltation p

roce

sses,

and N

REG fin

anci

ng for re

late

d a

ctiv

itie

s (e

speci

ally

FLEGT/VPA)

•

Envi

ronm

ent and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

e S

ect

or Gro

up m

eetings,

revi

ew

s and d

iscu

ssio

n p

roce

sses

•

GoG led inte

r-depart

menta

l cl

imate

change c

om

mitte

es

•

Inte

r-Min

iste

rial Envi

ronm

enta

l Advi

sory

Counci

l (E

AC)

•

National lo

ng term

deve

lopm

ent pla

nnin

g (NDPC); G

PRSI

I

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

No d

irect


olici

es fo

llow

ed)

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

MLGRD (

loca

l gove

rnm

ent)

; Distr

ict

Ass

em

blies

(enfo

rcem

ent,

loca

l ta

xation;

local le

vel NGOs

and

Fore

st Fora

; MLNR (lead fo

rest

se

ctor

min

istr

y);

GFC;

MoFEP (loca

l budget

implica

tions)

; Police

(enfo

rcem

ent)

;

•

Law

Refo

rm C

om

mission a

nd A

ttorn

ey

Genera

l’s

Dept

(legisla

tive

refo

rm);

the l

egal

pro

fess

ion i

n

genera

l, incl

udin

g the G

hana B

ar Ass

oci

ation.

Next St

eps:

•

Launch

National Consu

ltation (and c

om

mission c

onst

ituent st

udie

s and revi

ew

s)

•

Est

ablish

early

links w

ith the just

ice sect

or and legal pro

fess

ionals.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

71

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

C. Im

pro

ved F

LEGT

Them

e:

Fore

st S

ect

or Policy

, Legi

slation &

Govern

ance

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Existing a

ctiv

itie

s under FLEGT a

nd the V

PA p

rese

nt a str

ong a

genda for im

pro

vem

ents

in fore

st

gove

rnance

and m

anagem

ent.

There

how

eve

r re

main

som

e g

aps w

ithin

the w

ork

pla

n for VPA

imple

menta

tion a

nd the a

ctiv

itie

s ca

n b

e str

ength

ened furt

her,

to a

ccount fo

r ca

rbon c

onse

rvin

g

act

ivitie

s.

Main Activities:

c. Est

ablish

and m

ain

tain

str

ong lin

ks w

ith the p

lannin

g a

nd o

pera

tionalising o

f th

e V

PA p

roce

ss

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation:

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

Policy

Drive

rs

1.

Weak regula

tory

mech

anism

s and rig

hts

regim

es

2.

Weak e

nfo

rcem

ent of re

gula

tions

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

VPA im

ple

menta

tion is ongoin

g a

nd is base

d w

ithin

the F

C a

s su

ch it sh

ould

be v

ery

feasible

.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

This w

ould

lin

k str

ongly

with the m

ain

initia

tive

curr

ently

on g

oin

g w

ithin

the F

C

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

To b

e a

ssess

ed

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Fore

stry

Com

mission

Next St

eps:

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

72

•

Eff

ort

to lin

k R

EDDplu

s Se

creta

riat

with V

PA S

ecr

eta

riat

in b

oth

pla

nnin

g a

nd im

ple

menta

tion o

f

act

ivitie

s and o

vera

ll w

ork

pla

n.

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

D: Addre

ss u

nsu

stain

able

tim

ber harv

est

ing

Them

e:

Fore

st S

ect

or Policy

, Legi

slation a

nd G

overn

ance

•

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Address unsustainable timber harvesting by supporting sustainable supply of timber to meet

export and domestic/regional timber demand.

A m

ajo

r w

eakness

of cu

rrent fo

rest

policy

is th

e lack

of in

centive

s in

the o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas to

farm

ers

to

conse

rve a

nd p

lant native

tre

es on-f

arm

and in fallow

s. This is a p

riority

iss

ue fro

m the p

ers

pect

ives of

both

the fore

st indust

ry a

nd the e

nhance

ment of ca

rbon sto

cks.

Without st

rong ince

ntive

s to

regenera

te

and p

lant tim

ber tr

ees,

the o

ff-r

ese

rve sto

ck is likely

to c

ontinue its

dow

nw

ard

tre

nd, exace

rbating the

impendin

g c

risis in

the indust

ry’s

tim

ber su

pply

. Pla

nta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent m

ay

help

to a

llevi

ate

the

short

age, th

ough this is as ye

t an u

nderd

eve

loped sub-s

ect

or.

Inve

stm

ent is thus needed to (i) d

eve

lop

more

eff

ect

ive p

olici

es se

cure

a sust

ain

able

tim

ber in

dust

ry, as w

ell a

s su

stain

able

national tim

ber

supplies,

; (ii) support

the V

PA p

roce

ss to e

nsu

re legal tim

ber;

(iii) regenera

te the o

ff-r

ese

rve supply

; (iv)

deve

lop a

hig

h-q

uality

pla

nta

tion sub-s

ect

or,

that m

eets

soci

al, e

conom

ic a

nd e

nvi

ronm

enta

l goals.

Main Activities:

•

B1: National Expert

Consu

ltation o

n p

rovi

sionin

g o

f th

e tim

ber su

pply

•

B2: Su

pport

to V

PA im

ple

menta

tion

•

B3: Policy

Measu

res to

ensu

re sust

ain

ability

of th

e tim

ber in

dust

ry

•

B4: Pla

nta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation:

Hig

h-leve

l re

view

body

within

Min

istr

y of

Lands

and Natu

ral

Reso

urc

es,

but

incl

udin

g repre

senta

tive

s of Min

istr

ies of Fin

ance

; Tra

de a

nd Indust

ry.

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Policy

gaps

leadin

g t

o r

apid

deple

tion o

f th

e t

imber

stock

, hig

h leve

ls o

f ille

gality

in t

he s

ect

or,

and

lack

of in

centive

s to

conse

rve tre

es on-f

arm

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

73

•

Dem

ogra

phic

and eco

nom

ic pre

ssure

s le

adin

g to

hig

h dem

and fo

r tim

ber,

unm

atc

hed by

loca

l

ince

ntive

s (a

s above

)

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Pro

pose

d a

ctio

ns w

ill depend o

n a

ssess

ment of su

stain

ability

of th

e tim

ber su

pply

, to

be m

ade b

y th

e

National Expert

Consu

ltation.

•

A r

adic

al

change o

f policy

to s

hift

focu

s aw

ay

from

tre

e c

utt

ing t

o t

ree g

row

th w

ill

be p

olitica

lly

challengin

g, but is a

rguably

ess

ential giv

ing the supply

tre

nd.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

Fore

st p

olicy

deve

lopm

ent,

incl

udin

g c

hain

saw

loggin

g; CREMAs;

[dedic

ate

d fore

sts]

.

•

FLEGT a

nd the V

PA; VPA Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment (d

itto

)

•

NREG

•

Agricu

ltura

l policy

(se

e A

nnex E

: Coco

a)

•

CDM p

roje

cts/

CDM revi

ew

•

National fo

rest

pla

nta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent policy

(in

cl. m

odifie

d taungya a

gre

em

ents

)

•

Sam

tex P

lanta

tion P

ilots

Pro

gra

mm

e, W

est

ern

Regio

n

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Pro

vided the p

olicy

is national (o

r at le

ast

cove

rs the H

FZ),

should

be little leakage, th

ough there

will

be the n

eed for eff

ect

ive b

ord

er co

ntr

ols to regula

te sub-r

egio

nal export

s.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

Fore

st indust

ry (

export

and d

om

est

ic,

incl

udin

g f

urn

iture

); f

arm

com

munity;

tra

ditio

nal le

aders

; distr

ict

ass

em

blies;

civ

il socie

ty.

Next St

eps:

•

Launch

National Consu

ltation (and c

om

mission c

onst

ituent st

udie

s and revi

ew

s)

•

Est

ablish

lia

ison m

ech

anism

with L

egal Tim

ber Pro

gra

mm

e o

f GFC.

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

E: A

ddre

ss loca

l m

ark

et su

pply

Them

e:

Fore

st S

ect

or Policy

, Legi

slation a

nd G

overn

ance

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

74

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Support implementation of actions that enable better regulation of small scale lumbering (SSL),

sustainable supply of timber to meet export and domestic / regional timber demand

Chain

saw

ing a

ccounts

for alm

ost

half o

f tim

ber pro

duct

ion in G

hana, and this is all u

nre

gula

ted a

nd

off

icia

lly

ille

gal. C

ontr

ol of ch

ain

saw

loggers

is th

us ess

ential if the tim

ber st

ock

is to

be c

onse

rved, but

this requires re

alism

about lo

cal m

ark

et needs,

whic

h a

re tota

lly

unsa

tisf

ied b

y export

-oriente

d legal

indust

ry.

Main Activities:

•

C1: MSD

on b

oth

policy

and im

ple

menta

tion thro

ugh a

‘Loca

l Mark

et Tim

ber Su

pply

Work

ing G

roup’

•

C2:

Dependent

on c

larification o

f th

e l

egal

envi

ronm

ent:

deve

lopm

ent

of

a s

mall-s

cale

lum

bering

lice

nsing sys

tem

, and

•

C3 im

pro

ved law

enfo

rcem

ent.

•

C4: Altern

ative

eco

tourism

liv

elihoods in

pro

tect

ed a

rea fore

sts

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

NGO leaders

hip

of th

e W

ork

ing G

roup p

ropose

d.

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Policy

fa

ilure

s le

adin

g to

ove

r-fo

cus

of

tim

ber

indust

ry on export

m

ark

et,

and unsa

tisf

ied lo

cal

mark

et

•

Weak d

eve

lopm

ent of th

e p

lanta

tions se

ctor

•

Dem

ogra

phic

and eco

nom

ic pre

ssure

s le

adin

g to

hig

h lo

cal

dem

and fo

r lu

mber

and w

ood,

and

ille

gality

of th

e loca

l su

pply

chain

.

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Impro

ved la

w enfo

rcem

ent

nece

ssary

, but

likely

to

be dependent

on act

ions

to re

form

th

e lo

cal

tim

ber su

pply

situation.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Sust

ain

ability

of th

e loca

l su

pply

is cl

early

ess

ential, a

nd w

ill re

quire p

olicy

innova

tion.

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

FLEGT/VPA.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

75

•

GFC c

hain

saw

ing p

ilots

.

•

NREG

•

Tro

penbos Rese

arc

h P

rogra

mm

e

•

FC/TID

D p

rom

otion o

f m

obile m

illing a

ctiv

itie

s under NREG

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Mere

su

ppre

ssio

n of

the ch

ain

saw

su

b-s

ect

or

without

addre

ssin

g th

e lo

cal

supply

situ

ation w

ould

alm

ost

cert

ain

ly b

e ineff

ect

ive, le

adin

g to sys

tem

atic

dom

est

ic leakage; th

us,

contr

ol ove

r th

e supply

dependent on legal lo

cal pro

visionin

g, as a p

recu

rsor to

law

enfo

rcem

ent.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

Tim

ber in

dust

ry; ch

ain

saw

loggers

; lo

cal fu

rniture

manufa

cture

rs.

Next St

eps:

•

Launch

of W

ork

ing G

roup (su

bje

ct to furt

her discu

ssio

n w

ith the V

PA U

nit o

f th

e F

C-G

, w

hic

h m

ay

also h

ave

a sim

ilar re

view

in m

ind.

•

Support

to G

FC p

ilot act

ivitie

s.

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

F:

Mitig

ate

eff

ect

s of

agr

icultura

l expansion (

part

icula

rly c

oco

a i

n

the H

FZ)

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

Carb

on C

onse

rvin

g Act

ivitie

s

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Support ecosystem-friendly cocoa production.

The n

ew full-s

un c

oco

a v

arieties are

a m

ajo

r ca

use

of fo

rest

degra

dation; deve

lopm

ent of ‘R

EDD-friendly

coco

a sys

tem

s’ (pro

bably

thro

ugh rein

state

ment of th

e tra

ditio

nal sh

ade-d

ependent va

rieties)

could

have

a larg

e im

pact

on c

arb

on e

missions.

The k

ey

to this is likely

to lie

in ‘bundling’

with tre

e tenure

refo

rm,

as only

if fa

rmers

derive

an e

conom

ic b

enefit fr

om

conse

rvin

g tim

ber tr

ees on-farm

are

they

likely

to b

e

willing to a

ccept th

e loss

of additio

nal in

com

e fro

m the n

ew

coco

a v

arieties (w

hic

h d

erive

s fr

om

their

quic

ker m

atu

ration a

nd h

igher pro

duct

ivity,

and c

om

patibility

with food c

rop p

roduct

ion thro

ugh

inte

rcro

ppin

g).

Main Activities:

•

E1: W

ork

ing G

roup o

n R

EDD-f

riendly

coco

a p

roduct

ion

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

76

•

E2: In

crease

d p

roduct

ivity

of fa

rmla

nd

•

E3: Im

pro

ved law

enfo

rcem

ent on e

ncr

oach

ment of fo

rest

rese

rves

•

E4: Altern

ative

liv

elihood p

rogra

mm

es

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead agencies:

COCOBOD a

nd C

oco

a R

ese

arc

h Inst

itute

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Policy: W

eak ince

ntive

s fo

r tr

ee c

onse

rvation

•

Economic: Hig

h inte

rnational dem

and for co

coa, buoya

nt price

s

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Pro

motion o

f sh

ade-d

ependent

varieties

linked t

o t

ree t

enure

refo

rm i

s a r

adic

al

stra

tegy

option,

whic

h w

ould

dem

and a m

ajo

r ch

ange o

f appro

ach

for

the M

LNR,

but

would

enco

ura

ge l

ong-t

erm

sust

ain

ability

of co

coa p

roduction, and w

ould

contr

ibute

to tim

ber su

pply

im

pro

vem

ent.

•

Oth

er

options

such

as

altern

ative

in

com

e genera

ting opport

unitie

s are

pro

bably

in

feasible

(f

or

exam

ple

, if s

uch

altern

ative

s act

ually

existe

d,

the f

arm

ers

would

already

have

disco

vere

d t

hem

for

them

selv

es)

.

•

Issu

e

of

derive

d

rights

w

ould

need

to

be

addre

ssed

(giv

en

that

many

coco

a

farm

ers

are

mig

rant/

tenant fa

rmers

); c

onflic

t re

solu

tion m

ech

anism

s w

ould

also n

eed to b

e in p

lace

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Pro

motion o

f va

rieta

l se

lect

ion thro

ugh b

undling w

ith tre

e tenure

refo

rm w

ould

be self-s

ust

ain

ing, in

that

the m

ain

cost

s w

ould

be t

o t

he S

tate

(lo

ss o

f tim

ber re

venues)

, not

to farm

ers

or co

coa b

uye

rs. F

arm

ers

would

be b

ett

er

ince

ntivi

sed t

o a

dopt

the s

hade-d

ependent

varieties

than w

ould

be t

he c

ase

were

, fo

r

exam

ple

, direct

fin

anci

al in

centive

s to

be p

rovi

ded to e

nco

ura

ge p

art

icula

r co

coa v

arieties.

The a

ppro

ach

would

also a

ddre

ss tw

o o

f th

e m

ajo

r drive

rs o

f DD in the G

hana c

onte

xt,

was above

.

Import

ant cr

oss

-sect

ora

l dim

ensions (M

oFA/MLNR)

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

Land A

dm

inistr

ation P

roje

ct o

f MLNR (LAP)

•

Ghana C

oco

a C

arb

on Initia

tive

(NCRC.F

T)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

77

•

IUCN P

roje

ct o

n C

oco

a C

arb

on

•

FASD

EP

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Main

leakage r

isk w

ould

com

e f

rom

expansion o

f th

e c

ultiv

ate

d a

rea,

to c

om

pensa

te f

or

low

er

food

crop p

roduct

ion.

This r

isk is

low

est

in a

str

ate

gy

of

tree t

enure

refo

rm,

as

this b

oth

cre

ate

s ‘w

in-

win

s’ for co

coa a

nd tim

ber and d

isco

ura

ges re

ckle

ss d

efo

rest

ation for agricu

lture

.

•

Risk w

ould

be g

reate

r if a

str

ate

gy

of cr

op inte

nsifica

tion p

refe

rred – a

s th

is w

ill in

crease

dem

and for

both

co

coa

and

agricu

ltura

l la

nd; ditto

re

f.

att

em

pts

to

find

altern

ative

la

nd-d

ependent

opport

unitie

s, a

s th

ese

could

well s

upple

ment

rath

er

than r

epla

ce d

om

inant

coco

a c

rop,

incr

easing

ove

rall p

ress

ure

on the land.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Part

icip

ation o

f MLNR, MoFA, Min

istr

y of Loca

l Gove

rnm

ent,

and c

ivil soci

ety

.

•

Est

ablish

links

with in

stitution m

anagin

g ‘c

arb

on rights

, benefit-

sharing and tr

ee te

nure

re

view

’

pro

cess

.

•

Lin

k to legal re

form

, and e

stablish

ment of cr

edib

le c

onflic

t re

solu

tion m

ech

anism

s.

Next St

eps:

•

Est

ablish

Work

ing G

roup (ToRs as belo

w),

ensu

ring:

o

Adequate

cro

ss-s

ect

ora

l part

icip

ation

o

Stro

ng lin

ks to

‘ca

rbon rig

hts

, benefit-

sharing a

nd tre

e tenure

revi

ew

’ pro

cess

.

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

G: St

rengt

hen loca

l dece

ntr

alise

d m

anage

ment of natu

ral re

sourc

es

Them

e:

Fore

st S

ect

or Policy

, Legi

slation &

Govern

ance

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

All d

efo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egra

dation takes pla

ce a

t a loca

l le

vel, b

ut dece

ntr

alise

d g

ove

rnm

ent in

stitutions

have

little c

apability

or in

centive

to b

eco

me invo

lved in loca

l envi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent.

Although m

uch

of th

e

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

78

resp

onsibility

for fo

rest

managem

ent lies w

ithin

the c

entr

alise

d F

ore

stry

Com

mission, lo

cal auth

orities have

to

deal w

ith iss

ues re

gard

ing c

onflic

ts o

ver natu

ral re

sourc

es,

loca

l le

vel pla

nnin

g a

nd land u

se q

uest

ions,

land

tenure

dispute

s, a

nd e

nvi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent m

ore

genera

lly.

T

he N

REG p

rogra

mm

e incl

udes co

mponents

on

impro

ved loca

l envi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent,

and the e

stablish

ment of envi

ronm

ent and N

R d

epart

ments

within

distr

icts

, and their tra

inin

g a

nd c

apaci

ty b

uildin

g. D

istr

ict ass

em

blies are

oft

en v

ery

conce

rned a

bout lo

cal fo

rest

loss

and d

est

ruct

ion, and the im

pact

s on loca

l fa

rmin

g c

onditio

ns,

opport

unitie

s fo

r yo

uth

em

plo

yment (a

s are

traditio

nal auth

orities &

chie

fs).

There

is an o

pport

unity

to c

om

ple

ment th

e N

REG p

rogra

mm

e, w

ith a

focu

s on

loca

l envi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent fr

om

the p

ers

pect

ive o

f re

duci

ng e

missions fr

om

D&D. T

he k

ey

ele

ments

of th

is

stra

tegy

are

there

fore

:

i.

G1: to

support

tra

inin

g a

nd c

apaci

ty b

uildin

g in fore

st a

nd reso

urc

e m

anagem

ent at distr

ict le

vel (d

istr

ict

ass

em

blies,

ch

iefs

, unit co

mm

itte

es,

lo

cal

off

icia

ls,

civi

c unio

ns,

etc

) in

cludin

g la

nd use

pla

nnin

g,

pla

nta

tions

(tim

ber,

w

oodlo

ts,

bio

fu

els), ch

arc

oal

pro

duct

ion,

ille

gal

chain

saw

lu

mbering,

fore

st

legisla

tion, enfo

rcem

ent and taxation.

ii.

G2:

support

for

pilot

pro

ject

s in

dece

ntr

alize

d e

nvi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent

and r

eso

urc

e p

lannin

g,

to

dem

onst

rate

the i

mpact

s of

loca

l le

vel

pla

nnin

g.

(th

is c

an b

uild o

n p

ast

experience

s of

gove

rnm

ent

agenci

es (e

.g. MEST

) and N

GOs (e

.g. th

e D

EAR p

roje

ct).

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead a

gency

for th

e tra

inin

g a

t distr

ict le

vel – to

be d

ete

rmin

ed E

PA, FC, MLGRD ?

•

Lead a

gency

for th

e p

ilot pro

ject

s at distr

ict le

vel – to

be d

ete

rmin

ed E

PA, FC, MLGRD ?

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Policy:

St

rengt

hens

loca

l le

vel envi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent;

supple

ments

the c

entr

al le

vel co

ntr

ols b

y th

e

Fore

stry

Com

mission (w

hic

h h

ave

larg

ely

failed) w

ith str

onge

r lo

cal dece

ntr

alise

d m

anagem

ent and support

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Experim

enta

l –

pilot

work

has

been d

one w

hic

h indic

ate

s fe

asibility

at

loca

l le

vel, b

ut

inst

itutionalisa

tion o

f

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

79

the a

ppro

ach

is likely

to b

e resist

ed b

y ce

ntr

alise

d a

genci

es.

•

Dece

ntr

alisa

tion in

Ghana is re

lative

ly w

eak,

and fe

w fu

nct

ions

have

been eff

ect

ively

dece

ntr

alise

d.

How

eve

r, t

he u

rgency

of

tack

ling d

efo

rest

ation m

eans

that

this a

ppro

ach

merits

pilot

work

, esp

eci

ally

as

it

com

ple

ments

initia

tive

s w

ithin

NREG for st

rength

ened d

istr

ict le

vel envi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Sust

ain

ability

will depend o

n the succ

ess

of ove

rcom

ing c

entr

alise

d tendency

. .

Lin

ks w

ith o

ther se

ctor polici

es in

clude:

•

GoG e

spouse

d str

ate

gy

on d

ece

ntr

alisa

tion; N

DPC long

term

deve

lopm

ent pla

n

•

NREG c

onsu

ltation p

roce

sses,

and N

REG fin

anci

ng for re

late

d a

ctiv

itie

s (e

speci

ally

EPA)

•

Envi

ronm

ent and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

e S

ect

or Gro

up m

eetings,

revi

ew

s and d

iscu

ssio

n p

roce

sses

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

No d

irect


olici

es fo

llow

ed)

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

MLGRD (

loca

l gove

rnm

ent)

; Distr

ict

Ass

em

blies

(enfo

rcem

ent,

loca

l ta

xation;

local

leve

l NGOs

and F

ore

st

Fora

; MLNR (le

ad fore

st s

ect

or

min

istr

y); GFC; MoFEP (

loca

l budget

implica

tions)

; Police

(enfo

rcem

ent)

; Law

Refo

rm C

om

mission a

nd A

ttorn

ey

Genera

l’s Dept (legisla

tive refo

rm);

•

Fore

stry

Com

mission (VPA team

); E

U a

nd o

ther NREG d

onors

(VPA)

•

Priva

te sect

or tr

ade a

ssoci

ations,

loca

l ass

oci

ations and repre

senta

tive

s

•

Civ

il soci

ety

, lo

cal co

mm

unitie

s, land o

wners

(ch

iefs

, fa

milie

s and tra

ditio

nal auth

orities)

Next St

eps:

•

Deve

lop p

ilot pro

posa

ls in d

iscuss

ion w

ith E

PA, MEST

, MLNR, MLGRD, and inte

rest

ed N

GOs

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

H

: Im

pro

ve sust

ain

ability o

f fu

elw

ood u

se

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

Carb

on C

onse

rvin

g Act

ivitie

s

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

80

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Policy measures and fuel efficiency initiatives to reduce carbon emissions from the energy sector.

Charc

oal and w

ood a

re the p

refe

rred c

ookin

g fuels for th

e m

ajo

rity

of th

e u

rban a

nd rura

l popula

tions,

and a

ltern

ative

s are

feasible

only

for th

e c

ash

ric

h. T

heir p

roduct

ion d

om

inate

s th

e e

conom

y of th

e

transitional zo

ne a

nd p

art

s of th

e n

ort

h, but is w

idely

vie

wed a

s a m

ajo

r drive

r of DD. How

eve

r,

pro

duct

ion sys

tem

s are

varied, and n

ot all h

ave

negative

carb

on p

rofile

s. M

ore

rese

arc

h is needed to

unders

tand w

hic

h p

roduct

ion sys

tem

s are

dest

ruct

ive a

nd should

be suppre

ssed, and a

ltern

ative

ly, w

hic

h

should

be p

rom

ote

d a

s ra

tional act

ivitie

s in

marg

inal are

as.

Est

ablish

ing w

oodlo

ts m

ay

be o

ne p

oss

ibility,

though m

ore

rese

arc

h is needed to a

ssess

the rela

tive

merits

of th

e a

ltern

ative

s – envi

ronm

enta

lly,

eco

nom

ically

and soci

ally.

Main Activities:

•

G1: W

ork

ing G

roup o

n c

harc

oal and fuelw

ood

•

G2: Est

ablish

ment of w

oodlo

ts, on a

n e

xperim

enta

l basis

•

G3: In

vest

igation o

f altern

ative

fuel so

urc

es

•

G4: In

vest

igation o

f w

ays

to incr

ease

eff

icie

ncy

of ch

arc

oal pro

duct

ion

•

G5: Com

para

tive

stu

die

s of m

anagem

ent in

nova

tions elsew

here

in the sub-r

egio

n (e.g

. Nig

er)

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation: Min

EST

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

Dem

ogra

phic

pre

ssure

s and e

conom

ic forc

es – cr

eating h

igh d

em

and for fu

elw

ood a

nd c

harc

oal

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

No im

media

te altern

ative

s ava

ilable

, so

su

bst

itution heavi

ly dependent

on re

searc

h le

adin

g to

impro

ved e

ffic

iency

in e

xisting p

roduct

ion m

eth

ods and identifica

tion o

f poss

ible

altern

ative

s

•

Imm

inent petr

ole

um

eco

nom

y m

ay

create

new

opport

unitie

s fo

r fu

el su

bst

itution

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Charc

oal

is p

roduce

d w

ith v

arious

syst

em

s so

me o

f w

hic

h a

re r

ela

tive

ly s

ust

ain

able

, so

me less

so.

The

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

81

stra

tegy

must

privi

lege the form

er.

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

GTZ P

rogra

mm

e in the tra

nsitional zo

ne

•

Sava

nnah D

eve

lopm

ent Pro

ject

•

NCRC/Fore

st T

rends Su

stain

able

Charc

oal Pro

ject

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Pre

sent

pro

file

bala

nce

s hig

h p

roduct

ion o

f tim

ber

in H

FZ w

ith c

harc

oal and f

uelw

ood p

roduct

ion in

transitional

and s

ava

nnah z

ones

(where

there

are

few

via

ble

altern

ative

liv

elihoods)

; so

me r

isk o

f

shifting

pro

duct

ion

south

ward

s,

with

dele

terious

envi

ronm

enta

l and

eco

nom

ic

eff

ect

s,

while

impact

ing n

egative

ly o

n p

ove

rty

leve

ls in the n

ort

h.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Distr

ict

ass

em

blies;

charc

oal w

hole

sale

rs (

oft

en lin

ked t

o p

roduce

rs o

n a

n e

thnic

basis)

; tr

aditio

nal

auth

orities;

farm

er ass

ocia

tions;

EPA; MoFA.

Next St

eps:

•

Launch

Work

ing G

roup

•

Com

mission e

xperim

enta

l act

ivitie

s in

woodlo

t and fuel su

bst

itute

s (p

erh

aps

thro

ugh a

challenge

fund m

ech

anism

, as w

ith fire c

ontr

ol).

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

I: Im

pro

ve the q

uality

of fire

-aff

ect

ed fore

sts and range

lands

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

Carb

on C

onse

rvin

g Act

ivitie

s

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Reduce the incidence of wildfires and loss of forests due to uncontrolled use of fire.

Fire is w

idely

use

d in a

gricu

ltura

l and liv

est

ock

pro

duct

ion sys

tem

s in

Ghana, and p

rovi

des a n

um

ber of

benefits

(so

il fert

ility,

land c

leara

nce

, disease

contr

ol). Non-a

nth

ropogenic

wildfire

s are

also c

om

mon in

the tra

nsitional and sava

nnah z

ones.

All this is dest

ruct

ive o

f fo

rest

cove

r, a

s w

ell a

s dange

rous to

hum

an

life

. H

ow

eve

r, a

ltern

ative

s are

not re

adily

ava

ilable

that are

feasible

in loca

l co

nditio

ns or co

mpatible

with the labour su

pply

situation. An e

xperim

enta

l appro

ach

is th

us needed if fire

-contr

ol m

eth

ods are

to

be found w

hic

h c

ontr

ibute

effect

ively

to the reduct

ion o

f fo

rest

loss

due to u

nco

ntr

olled w

ildfire

s and

bush

fire

s.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

82

Main Activities:

•

I1. Main

tain

lin

ks w

ith N

ational W

ildfire

Policy

and S

ust

ain

able

Land M

anagem

ent Pro

gra

mm

e

•

I2: Cre

ation o

f a C

hallenge F

und to support

pro

ject

s on fire c

ontr

ol

It is pro

pose

d that a Challenge Fund on Fire Control be e

stablish

ed to support

pro

ject

s to

work

with loca

l

com

munitie

s in

fin

din

g w

ays

to im

pro

ve fire m

anagem

ent.

This C

hallenge F

und m

ight

com

mend its

elf for

NGO m

anagem

ent,

and c

ould

be ideally

be m

anaged b

y one o

f th

e s

tronger

sava

nnah b

ase

d N

GOs

(or

a

conso

rtiu

m o

f part

ners

). Its brief w

ould

be to:

a.

Support

pro

ject

s th

at w

ork

with loca

l co

mm

unitie

s to

addre

ss the c

ause

s of fire

in

agricu

ltura

l are

as,

both

anth

ropogenic

and n

atu

ral;

b.

Fund rese

arc

h initia

tive

s th

at ass

ess

the e

ffect

iveness

of existing m

ech

anism

s to

contr

ol fire

,

and c

om

munity

view

s on their funct

ionin

g, and p

ropose

ways

to im

pro

ve their funct

ionin

g;

c.

Consider th

e p

ote

ntial of oth

er m

ech

anism

s to

subst

itute

for fire

use

in the a

gricu

ltura

l

cycl

e, and their v

iability

in G

hana c

onditio

ns;

also to p

rovi

de support

for pilot in

itia

tive

s in

such

are

as.

d.

Consider (s

imilarly)

fire u

se in the liv

est

ock

pro

duct

ion c

ycle

, and v

iability

in G

hana

conditio

ns (t

akin

g a

ccount of th

e regio

nal dim

ensions of livest

ock

pro

duct

ion; th

e ‘ECOW

AS

Pro

toco

l on F

ree M

ove

ment of People

am

ong the M

em

ber St

ate

s’; etc

.)

•

2: Pilot In

terv

entions and m

easu

res in

Gra

zing sys

tem

s.

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead a

gency

: NGO a

gency

or co

nso

rtiu

m to m

anage the c

hallenge fund

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

Addre

sses th

ree m

ain

pro

xim

ate

DDs:

•

Agricu

ltura

l expansion

•

Rangela

nd d

eple

tion

•

Natu

ral ca

use

s (n

atu

ral fire

eve

nts

)

Lin

ks:

part

icula

rly

with the N

ational Fire P

rogra

mm

e (GoG a

nd N

eth

erlands Em

bass

y)

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

83

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Infe

asible

to s

uppre

ss f

ire u

se i

n t

he a

gricu

ltura

l and l

ivest

ock

cyc

les

without

viable

altern

ative

s;

thus,

heavi

ly d

ependent

on identifica

tion o

f altern

ative

s; d

anger

of

enco

ura

gem

ent

to ‘

rent-

seekin

g

behavi

our’

with n

o c

lear benefits

for th

e reso

urc

e.

•

A m

ajo

r co

nst

rain

t is t

he h

igh m

obility

of

past

ora

list

s (w

ho r

ange a

cross

wid

e a

reas

of

West

Afr

ican

sava

nnah);

ECOW

AS

princi

ple

s disfa

vour bord

er co

ntr

ols.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Sust

ain

ability

heavi

ly d

ependent on b

enefits

in term

s of re

turn

s to

labour and land.

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

Existing n

ational fire

contr

ol policy

•

Oth

er sim

ilar NGO a

nd p

riva

te sect

or m

anaged funds (e

.g. RAVI, G

-RAP) pro

vide m

odels for ch

allenge

fund m

anagem

ent

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Suppre

ssio

n s

trate

gie

s w

ould

need t

o o

ffer

‘win

-win

s’ if

not

mere

ly t

o t

ransf

er

DD t

o n

eig

hbouring

are

as.

•

Stra

tegie

s w

hic

h d

imin

ish retu

rns fr

om

agricu

lture

could

incre

ase

pre

ssure

on o

ther la

nd a

reas.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

NGO c

om

munity;

distr

ict ass

em

blies;

tra

ditio

nal auth

orities;

fire c

ontr

ol co

mm

itte

es;

past

ora

list

s.

Next St

eps:

•

Challenge fund to b

e d

eve

loped;

•

Revi

ew

to b

e c

om

missioned o

f existing fire c

ontr

ol polici

es

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

84

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

J: Addre

ss loca

l m

ark

et dem

and

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

, ca

rbon c

onse

rvin

g act

ivitie

s

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

*See b

ox

‘E: Addre

ss p

roble

m o

f lo

cal m

ark

et su

pply

(above

)

Main Activities:

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation:

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Next St

eps:

•

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

85

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

K:

Expansion

of

agr

ofo

rest

ry,

tree

crops,

bio

fuels

and

agr

o-

indust

ries

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

, ca

rbon c

onse

rvin

g act

ivitie

s

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Analy

se a

nd identify

opport

unitie

s fo

r re

duce

d c

arb

on e

missions fr

om

tre

e c

rops (i.e

. oth

er th

an c

oco

a,

such

as ca

shew

and o

ther beve

rage c

rops)

, bio

fuels a

nd a

gro

indust

ries.

Main Activities:

•

K1: W

ork

ing G

roup o

n low-c

arb

on a

gro

-indust

rial deve

lopm

ent

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation: MoFA

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

Much

of

the in

tere

st here

is pro

spect

ive and pro

tect

ive,

as

the su

b-s

ect

ors

in

quest

ion have

not

yet

deve

loped a

s in

tended b

y th

e G

oG, and thus have

not ye

t co

ntr

ibute

d seriously

to D

D.

•

Policy

gaps le

adin

g to w

eak p

lanta

tions se

ctor

•

Eco

nom

ic forc

es enco

ura

gin

g b

iofu

els, etc

.

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Deve

lopm

ent

of

agro

-indust

ry w

as

a p

riority

of

the last

Gove

rnm

ent,

though t

arg

ets

will not

now

be

met.

•

Experience

to d

ate

has

not

been e

nco

ura

gin

g,

and h

igh p

olitica

l co

mm

itm

ent

is r

equired t

o a

dva

nce

the p

olicy

.

•

Land p

olicy

is a c

onst

rain

t, though b

ein

g a

ddre

ssed b

y th

e L

AP.

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

Pre

sidential Sp

eci

al In

itia

tive

•

Land A

dm

inistr

ation P

roje

ct, MLNR (LAP)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

86

•

National Fore

st P

lanta

tion D

eve

lopm

ent Policy

•

SLM

•

FASD

EP

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Hig

h risk, part

icula

rly

if land p

olicy

is not re

form

ed.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Rele

vant m

inistr

ies,

incl

udin

g M

LNR a

nd M

inistr

y of Tra

de a

nd Indust

ry;

•

COCOBOD

•

Pre

sident’

s Off

ice

•

Farm

ers

, in

vest

ors

, ci

vil so

ciety

.

Next St

eps:

•

Launch

Work

ing G

roup

Collate

rece

nt st

udie

s on b

iofu

els e

tc.

•

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

L:

Impro

ve

regu

lation

of

min

ing

act

ivitie

s to

re

duce

fo

rest

degr

adation;

support

cu

rrent

initia

tives

under

NREG to

bett

er

regu

late

min

ing

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

, ca

rbon c

onse

rvin

g act

ivitie

s

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

Min

ing o

pera

tions dest

roy

and d

egra

de fore

sts either beca

use

(i) larg

e sca

le m

inin

g o

pera

tions do n

ot

com

ply

with re-f

ore

station a

nd rehabilitation requirem

ents

follow

ing m

ine c

losu

re a

nd the c

ess

ation o

f

form

al m

inin

g o

pera

tions,

or (ii) b

eca

use

of th

e im

pact

s of unre

gula

ted a

nd o

ften d

ispers

ed sm

all sca

le

min

ing. B

oth

of th

ese

iss

ues are

bein

g a

ddre

ss w

ithin

the N

REG p

rogra

mm

e in G

hana, but REDD

inve

stm

ents

may

be a

ble

to c

om

ple

ment pla

nned a

ctiv

itie

s/

Main Activities:

•

L:

Support

for

the e

nfo

rcem

ent

of

the im

ple

menta

tion b

y m

inin

g c

om

panie

s of

EIA

requirem

ents

for

fore

st rehabilitation follow

ing the c

losu

re o

f m

inin

g sites

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

87

•

L: S

upport

a p

ack

age o

f m

easu

res to

reduce

fore

st d

egra

dation a

s a resu

lt o

f unre

gula

ted (so

metim

es

ille

gal) s

mall s

cale

min

ing (

e.g

. sm

all s

cale

min

ing lic

ense

s; d

edic

ate

d s

ites

for

small s

cale

min

ers

;

stre

ngth

ened law

enfo

rcem

ent)

.

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

•

Lead organisation: MLNR, M

C

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

•

D&D d

ue to p

oorly

regula

ted m

inin

g o

pera

tions.

Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Feasible

– initia

tive

s in

these

are

as ale

ady

bein

g c

onsidere

d w

ithin

the N

REG p

rogra

mm

e

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

NREG

•

Cham

ber of Min

es

•

MC

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

low

.

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Rele

vant m

inistr

ies,

incl

udin

g M

LNR a

nd M

inistr

y of Tra

de a

nd Indust

ry;

•

Cham

ber of Min

es

•

Min

ing c

om

panie

s, a

rtisanal m

iners

ass

oci

ation

•

Farm

ers

, in

vest

ors

, ci

vil so

ciety

.

Next St

eps:

•

Lia

ise w

ith N

REG.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

88

Candid

ate

Str

ate

gy:

M. Im

ple

ment

act

ions

to a

ddre

ss a

cts

of God (w

ind a

nd n

atu

ral fire

events

, floods,

pest

s and d

isease

s)

Them

e:

Agr

o-f

ore

stry

, ca

rbon c

onse

rvin

g act

ivitie

s

Sum

mary

/Rationale

/Main

Act

ivitie

s

While G

hana d

oes not su

ffer fr

om

the e

xtr

em

e w

eath

er eve

nts

enco

unte

red in som

e c

ountr

ies th

ere

exist

a n

um

ber of natu

ral ca

use

s of defo

rest

ation. These

natu

ral ca

use

s m

ay

resu

lt in d

efo

rest

ation d

esp

ite the

best

policy

of pro

ject

base

d e

ffort

s of th

e c

ountr

y. T

wo a

ppro

ach

es to

addre

ssin

g these

challenges w

ithin

the c

onte

xt of REDDplu

s acc

ounting m

ust

thus be d

eve

loped. Those

that re

duce

the im

pact

of su

ch e

vents

and those

that are

able

to p

rovi

de a

buff

er w

ithin

the n

ational and subnational acco

unting to reduce

the

impact

of eve

nts

fin

anci

ally

at a sin

gle

poin

t in

tim

e.

Main Activities:

•

M. Revi

ew p

erm

anence

and lia

bility

issu

e a

s R-P

P Im

ple

menta

tion D

eve

lops

•

I1. Main

tain

lin

ks w

ith N

ational W

ildfire

Policy

and S

ust

ain

able

Land M

anagem

ent Pro

gra

mm

e

•

I2: Cre

ation o

f a C

hallenge F

und to support

pro

ject

s on fire c

ontr

ol

•

G. St

rength

en loca

l dece

ntr

alise

d m

anagem

ent of natu

ral re

sourc

es

Inst

itutional Arr

ange

ments

:

Lead organisation:

MoFEP w

ill need t

o a

ssess

means

of deve

lopin

g a

n a

ppro

priate

acc

ounting a

nd fin

anci

al buff

er sy

stem

for

REDDplu

s cr

edits

Lin

kage

s w

ith D

rivers

of Defo

rest

ation a

nd F

ore

st D

egr

adation:

Natu

ral Cause

s 1.

Win

d &

natu

ral fire

eve

nts

2.

Flo

ods,

3.

Pest

s and d

isease

s Cost

s & B

enefits

:

•

(To b

e d

ete

rmin

ed) [O

pport

unity

cost

s, tra

nsa

ctio

n c

ost

s, im

ple

menta

tion c

ost

s)

Feasibility:

•

Wildfire

Policy

is

already

in p

lace

and s

eve

ral in

itia

tive

s have

already w

ork

ed o

n a

ddre

ssin

g n

atu

ral

cause

s of defo

rest

ation

•

May

beco

me m

ore

difficu

lt w

ith incr

easing e

xtr

em

es of w

eath

er

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

89

Sust

ain

ability a

nd L

inks w

ith O

ther Se

ctor Policie

s:

Lin

ks in

clude:

•

Existing W

ildfire

Policy

•

SLaM p

roje

ct for re

genera

tion o

f degra

ded lands

•

MoFA E

xte

nsion w

ork

ers

lookin

g a

t su

pport

ing s

ust

ain

able

farm

ing p

ract

ices

reduci

ng t

he lik

ely

hood

of flood e

vents

Risk o

f Dom

est

ic L

eakage

:

•

Low

Key A

ctors

to E

nga

ge:

•

Farm

ers

•

Com

munitie

s

•

MoFA, MLNR, MEST

. MoFEP

•

Civ

il S

oci

ety

•

Priva

te sect

or tim

ber co

ntr

act

ors

Next St

eps:

•

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

90

Annex 2

d: Existing

Pro

ject

s and P

rogr

am

mes

Programme

Institution

Donor

Time

Frame

Overview

Existing / Planned Projects and Programs / Areas of REDD+ Development

Ghana Cocoa Carbon

Initiative

NC

RC

/FT

Ca

db

ury

, N

orw

ay,

R

ain

fore

st

Fo

un

da

tion

, M

oo

re

Fo

un

da

tion

O

ng

oin

g

Pro

ject

loo

kin

g to

cre

ate

first

Co

co

a C

arb

on

Tra

nsactio

ns b

ase

d o

n e

xtr

a c

arb

on

sto

red

in

th

e s

had

e c

oco

a o

ppo

se

d t

o fu

ll su

n m

eth

ods o

f coco

a p

rod

uctio

n.

Th

ey

will

utilis

e a

cad

em

ics (

Re

ad

ing /

Sw

an

se

) to

de

ve

lop

mo

dels

of

ca

rbo

n s

tora

ge

, a

nd

ag

rib

usin

ess to

help

brin

g fa

rme

rs to

ge

the

r

Sustainable Charcoal

Production

NC

RC

EU

(fu

nd

ed

scop

ing

stu

die

s)

Lo

okin

g a

t th

e d

evelo

pm

en

t o

f w

oo

dlo

ts to

in

itia

te s

usta

ina

ble

cha

rcoa

l p

rod

uctio

n

with

in B

ron

gh

afo

re

gio

n.

Cu

rren

tly g

ettin

g in

an

eco

no

mis

t to

do

a s

cop

ing

stu

dy o

f via

bili

ty -

ho

pin

g fo

r so

me

PE

S f

un

ds t

o incre

ase

vila

bili

ty o

f pro

ject

IUCN REDD Study

(LLS)

IUC

N

Stu

dy lo

okin

g into

th

e p

ote

ntia

l b

en

efits

of

RE

DD

on c

oco

a f

arm

ing in

th

e W

assa

A

me

nfi r

egio

n o

f G

han

a.

Th

e s

tud

y u

sed

GIS

ma

ppin

g o

f la

nd

co

ve

r ch

ang

e a

s w

ell

as m

od

elin

g o

f socio

-econ

om

ic s

yste

m to

assess t

he

im

pa

cts

of

RE

DD

CREMAs

FC

On

go

ing

Co

mm

un

ity R

eso

urc

e M

an

ag

em

en

t A

rea

s (

sim

ilar

pro

gs a

lso e

xis

t in

CF

C,

CB

AG

) –

w

hic

h p

rovid

e c

om

mu

nity w

ith

mo

re r

igh

ts t

o n

atu

ral re

so

urc

es a

nd

th

us e

ncou

rage

co

mm

unitie

s' s

usta

inab

le m

ana

ge

me

nt o

f th

em

. T

hese

are

be

ing

im

ple

me

nte

d b

y

the

Wild

life

Div

isio

n o

f F

C a

s w

ell

as s

eve

ral N

GO

's.

Dedicated Forests

FC

D

FID

O

ng

oin

g

An

in

itia

tive

teste

d in

som

e a

rea

s -

de

dic

ate

d f

ore

sts

fu

lly d

evo

lve

man

age

men

t ri

gh

ts t

o c

om

mun

itie

s.

On

e o

f th

e p

ilots

fo

r th

is -

do

ne

in

ea

rly 1

99

0's

has m

ain

tain

ed

a

n a

rea

fo

r tim

be

r use

an

d th

e c

om

mun

ity a

re n

ow

sta

rtin

g to c

ut

(IU

CN

ha

ve

als

o

su

ppo

rte

d a

gro

up

do

ing

this

?)

Amanzuri Ecotourim

Project

Co

mm

un

ity

an

d N

GO

On

go

ing

Co

mm

un

ity b

ased

eco

-tou

rism

pro

ject

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

91

Mt Afadjato

Community Natural

Resource

Management Project

GW

S

GW

S

On

go

ing

Gh

an

a w

ildlif

e s

ocie

ty p

urc

hase

d a

ll h

igh

va

lue

tre

es w

ith

in a

fo

rest

are

a f

rom

the

la

nd

ow

ne

rs in

re

turn

fo

r th

em

no

t se

llin

g th

em

to

com

me

rcia

l o

pe

rato

rs, a

nd t

heir

co

ntin

ued

ma

nag

em

en

t o

f th

e fo

rest a

rea.

Samartex Plantation

Sa

ma

rte

x

Sa

ma

rte

x

On

go

ing

Pri

va

te a

gre

em

en

t b

etw

ee

n S

am

art

ex a

nd

a c

om

mu

nity.

Sam

tex p

rovid

es fin

an

cia

l su

ppo

rt t

o initia

te a

pla

nta

tio

n o

n c

on

ditio

n t

hat

wh

en

it is

re

ad

y t

o h

arv

est

the

y a

re

giv

en

prio

rity

on

con

ce

ssio

n

National Forest

Plantation

Development Program

FC

On

go

ing

Th

ree

su

b c

om

pon

en

ts e

xis

t w

ith

in t

he

pro

gra

m -

Mo

difie

d T

au

ng

ya

Syste

m (

MT

S),

C

om

mun

ity F

ore

st

Ma

na

gem

en

t P

roje

ct

(CF

MP

), a

nd

th

e G

ove

rnm

en

t P

lanta

tio

n

De

ve

lop

me

nt

Pro

gra

m (

GP

DP

) -

all

ha

ve

diffe

ren

t le

ve

ls o

f be

ne

fit

sha

ring

- t

he

se

p

lan

tation

co

mpo

nen

ts w

ork

bo

th w

ith

in a

nd

off

rese

rve

- th

e G

oG

cu

rre

ntly h

as a

big

p

lan

tation

pro

gra

m p

lan

ned

fo

r su

bm

issio

n u

nd

er

the

CD

M b

ut

are

ha

vin

g d

ifficu

ltie

s

ge

ttin

g t

he

definitio

n o

f fo

rests

co

rrect

Conservation

Reserves

FC

T

he

se

ha

ve

be

en in

exis

ten

ce fo

r n

earl

y a

ce

ntu

ry b

ut

po

or

ma

na

gem

en

t h

as le

d to

th

eir

de

gra

da

tio

n a

nd

little

rem

ain

s

Production Reserves

FC

A

s a

bo

ve

ho

we

ve

r it w

as in

tend

ed

tha

t th

ese

rese

rve

s a

lso

be

ha

rve

ste

d -

po

or

ma

nag

em

en

t a

gain

ho

we

ve

r h

as le

d t

o t

heir

deg

rada

tion

.

Afforestation

Mu

ltip

le

Th

ere

are

mu

ltip

le s

ma

ll sca

le a

ctivitie

s b

ein

g c

ond

ucte

d -

the

FC

has a

lso

d

eve

lope

d a

ve

ry la

rge

sch

em

e f

or

imple

me

nta

tio

n t

hro

ug

h th

e C

DM

Ongoing Reviews

Wildlife Sustainable

Financing Study

FC

E

U

By e

nd

of

09

Stu

dy b

ein

g c

on

du

cte

d lo

okin

g a

t th

e s

usta

inab

le fin

an

cin

g o

f w

ildlif

e r

ese

rves t

his

w

ill in

clu

de

a s

ectio

n o

n R

ED

D a

nd

th

e p

ote

ntia

l a

dd

itio

ns it ca

n m

ake

to

fin

ancin

g

A Review of Forestry

and Wildlife Policies

and Laws

FC

N

RE

G

By e

nd

of

ye

ar

A s

tud

y b

ein

g s

up

po

rte

d b

y the

FC

to

re

vie

w F

ore

st a

nd

Wild

life la

ws -

the

la

wye

r in

vo

lve

d s

tate

s t

ha

t th

is is a

wid

e r

each

ing

re

vie

w

Review of 1994

National Forestry

Policy and 1996 Forest

Development Master

Plan

ML

NR

M

LN

R (

NR

EG

)

By

De

ce

mb

er

09

Re

vie

w b

ein

g c

arr

ied

ou

t b

y M

LN

R u

nd

er

NR

EG

id

ea

is to

up

da

te th

e 1

99

4 f

ore

st

po

licy a

nd

co

rre

spo

ndin

g m

aste

r p

lan

to

co

ve

r a

reas s

uch

as c

lima

te c

ha

nge

- n

ow

p

ostp

on

ed

until a

fte

r th

e a

bo

ve

re

vie

w

Legal and Institutional

Review - with regard

to carbon projects

FT

M

oo

re

En

d o

f Ju

ly

Pa

rt o

f a M

oo

re s

upp

ort

ed

pro

ject

to incre

ase

ca

pa

city a

nd

kn

ow

led

ge

aro

un

d R

ED

D

this

wh

at le

gal a

nd

institu

tio

nal ch

an

ges a

re r

eq

uir

ed

fo

r in

clu

sio

n o

f p

roje

cts

with

in a

R

ED

D s

tra

teg

y.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

92

Peoples' Diagnostic

Study

IUC

N

GF

P

Ma

y t

o

Ju

ly 2

00

9

A s

ho

rt d

iag

nostic a

na

lysis

to

id

en

tify

are

as o

f w

ork

th

at

GF

P m

one

y s

hou

ld b

e u

se

d

in s

up

po

rtin

g -

pro

ject

based

on

th

ree r

egio

nal w

ork

sho

ps a

nd

on

e n

atio

nal.

CC DARE – Climate

Change and

Development

Adapting by Reducing

Vulnerability

EP

A

UN

EP

Eig

ht

Mo

nth

s

fro

m M

ay

09

loo

kin

g

to f

ina

lise

str

ate

gy in

N

ove

mb

er

Pro

ject

to s

upp

ort

th

e d

eve

lopm

en

t o

f th

e C

lima

te C

han

ge

Ad

ap

tatio

n S

tra

teg

y

Economics of

Adaptation to Climate

Change (EACC)

EP

A

(Im

ple

men

ted

by P

DA

) W

B

Du

e

Octo

be

r 0

9

To

un

de

rsta

nd

th

e s

ocia

l d

imen

sio

ns o

f clim

ate

cha

ng

e a

dapta

tion

, a

nd

re

late

d

ele

me

nts

of

risk m

an

ag

em

en

t; r

esili

en

ce

; a

nd

socia

l p

rote

ctio

n b

roa

dly

define

d,

thro

ugh

:

§ F

ocu

s o

n c

lima

te c

ha

nge

im

pa

cts

and

resp

on

ses a

t th

e loca

l-le

ve

l §

De

mon

str

ation

of in

ter-

linkage

s b

etw

ee

n s

ecto

rs

§ E

ng

ag

ing v

uln

era

ble

and

dis

ad

va

nta

ge

d s

ocio

eco

no

mic

gro

up

s in

an

an

aly

sis

of

wh

at

ad

ap

tatio

n m

ea

ns in

pa

rtic

ula

r con

texts

fo

r pa

rtic

ula

r g

rou

ps

§ I

de

ntifica

tio

n o

f in

stitu

tio

nal a

nd

po

licy r

efo

rm c

ha

llen

ge

s

§ F

ocu

s o

n “

so

ft”

as w

ell

as “

ha

rd”

ada

pta

tio

n o

ptio

ns

§ B

uild

ing

on

exis

tin

g a

da

ptive r

espo

nse

s

National

Communication

EP

A

Du

e

Se

pte

mb

er

09

Na

tio

nal C

om

mun

ica

tio

n t

o t

he

IP

CC

? T

his

will

pro

vid

e s

om

e in

form

atio

n o

n

lan

dco

ve

r ch

ang

e

National Mitigation

Strategies for Forestry

and Agriciulture

EP

A

UN

DP

O

ng

oin

g

As p

art

of

the

UN

DP

An

nu

al W

ork

Pla

n th

e E

PA

are

de

ve

lop

ing

th

e n

atio

nal

mitig

atio

n s

tra

teg

y -

cu

rre

ntly t

his

co

ve

rs e

ne

rgy (

no

t b

iofu

els

, fu

el w

oo

d o

r ch

arc

oa

l)

bu

t is

lo

okin

g to

be

exp

an

de

d to

ag

ricu

ltu

re a

nd

fo

restr

y t

his

ye

ar.

Technical Support

Available

FT Incubator Project

NC

RC

/FT

U

SA

ID,

Mo

ore

, O

ng

oin

g

Th

e I

ncu

ba

tor

focu

ses o

n c

om

mu

nity a

nd

bio

div

ers

ity c

en

tred

pro

jects

with

th

e

po

ten

tia

l fo

r lo

ng

-te

rm f

ina

ncia

l via

bili

ty a

nd

po

ve

rty r

ed

uction

be

ne

fits

. It in

ve

sts

str

ate

gic

ally

in

the

pro

ject

desig

n a

nd

de

ve

lopm

en

t p

hases b

y p

rovid

ing

ta

rgete

d

techn

ica

l, fin

an

cia

l a

nd

bu

sin

ess m

ana

gem

en

t sup

po

rt to

ena

ble

pro

jects

to

e

ffe

ctive

ly e

ng

ag

e p

riva

te in

vesto

rs o

r bu

ye

rs. W

ork

sh

op

fo

r th

is w

ill b

e r

un

beg

inin

g

of

sep

tem

be

r

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

93

Towards Pro-Poor

REDD

IUC

N

DA

NID

A

20

09

-20

13

Ma

in a

ctivitie

s in

clu

de:

i) S

yn

erg

ies b

etw

ee

n R

ED

D p

ro p

oo

r m

ech

an

ism

s a

nd

goo

d fo

rest g

ove

rna

nce

; ii)

Co

nn

ectio

ns b

etw

ee

n t

he loca

l a

nd

th

e n

atio

na

l le

ve

l fo

r R

ED

D;

iii)

Kn

ow

led

ge

an

d c

om

mu

nic

ation

fo

r bu

ildin

g a

nd

im

ple

men

ting

RE

DD

.

IUCN Growing Forest

Partnership (GFP)

IU

CN

D

AN

IDA

Re

ce

nt d

iag

nostic s

tud

y w

as in

ten

de

d

to h

elp

pa

ve

wa

y f

or

mo

re fin

an

cin

g

Forest investment

Programme(FIP)

Mo

FE

P/M

LN

R/M

ES

T/F

C

WO

RL

D B

AN

K

20

10

-20

12

Ghana has

been se

lect

ed as

pilot

countr

y to

im

ple

ment

measu

res

to

addre

ss t

he d

rive

rs (

direct

and indirect

) of

defo

rest

ation a

nd d

egra

dation

under FIP

of th

e C

lim

ate

Inve

stm

ent Fund.

Supporting integrated

and comprehensive

Approaches to climate

change adaptation in

Africa

ME

ST

/EP

A

Go

ve

rnm

en

t o

f Ja

pan

20

09

-20

11

The A

fric

a A

dapta

tion P

rogra

mm

e(A

AP) in

Ghana w

ill p

rom

ote

sy

stem

atic

change

for

a m

ore

in

tegra

ted a

nd h

olist

ic a

ppro

ach

to c

lim

ate

change

adapta

tion.

GIS Capabilities

CE

RG

IS,

RM

SC

, E

PA

Th

ese

th

ree

in

stitu

ion

s a

ll h

ave

som

e G

IS/R

em

ote

sen

sin

g c

ap

ab

ilitie

s b

ut th

ey a

re

po

orl

y c

oo

rdin

ate

d (

EP

A a

nd

RM

SC

do

on

info

rma

l ba

sis

as k

ey s

taff

kn

ow

ea

ch

oth

er)

, cu

rren

tly R

MS

C w

ork

ing

on

la

ndco

ve

r, C

ER

GIS

on f

ore

st co

ve

r in

re

se

rve

s

an

d E

PA

on

lan

dco

ve

r fo

r n

atio

na

l com

mun

ica

tio

n.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

94

Annex 2c: REDD Implementa

tion Fra

mework

THIS

Page

inte

ntionally left

bla

nk

Annex 2d: Social and Environmenta

l Im

pact Assessment

Socia

l and E

nvironm

enta

l Im

pact

s – Term

s of Refe

rence

(ToR) fo

r Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

1. In

troduct

ion

Soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

ass

ess

ment is a

key

com

ponent of Ghana’s

Readin

ess

Pre

para

tion P

roposa

l (R

-PP) to

the W

orld B

ank F

ore

st C

arb

on P

art

ners

hip

Faci

lity

(F

CPF).

This co

mponent

is ess

ential

for

both

avo

idin

g negative

im

pact

s (“

do no harm

”)

and enhanci

ng positive

or

“additio

nal”

REDD benefits

,

esp

eci

ally in t

erm

s of

socia

l or

live

lihood b

enefits

, gove

rnance

and w

ider

envi

ronm

enta

l or

bio

div

ers

ity b

enefits

. These

TOR r

efe

r prim

arily

to u

ndert

akin

g a

Stra

tegic

Envi

ronm

enta

l and So

cial

Ass

ess

ment

(SESA

) as

part

of

the Phase

d appro

ach

of

the FCPF Readin

ess

Mech

anism

(p

repara

tion of

the R-P

P and

subse

quent

Pre

para

tion f

or

REDD).

The p

ropose

d a

ctiv

itie

s in

the R

-PP w

ill also b

e s

ubje

cted t

o t

he S

trate

gic

Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

(SEA)

pro

cedure

s

deve

loped b

y th

e E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Pro

tect

ion A

gency

(EPA).

2. Obje

ctiv

es

The o

vera

ll o

bje

ctiv

es

of

these

TOR a

re t

o p

rom

ote

due d

ilig

ence

; id

entify

the lik

ely

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s (n

egative

and p

ositive

) of

pro

pose

d

REDD str

ate

gie

s; a

ssess

the p

ote

ntial additio

nal benefits

of REDD (esp

eci

ally

bio

div

ers

ity c

onse

rvation a

nd p

ove

rty

allevi

ation);

and to info

rm the d

esign o

f th

e

national REDD str

ate

gy

so that it a

void

s or m

itig

ate

s negative

soci

al/

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s and e

nco

ura

ges positive

ones.

In a

ccord

ance

with F

CPF g

uid

ance

, sp

eci

al

considera

tion s

hould

be g

iven t

o l

ivelihoods,

rig

hts

, cu

ltura

l herita

ge,

gender,

vuln

era

ble

gro

ups,

gove

rnance

,

capaci

ty b

uildin

g a

nd b

iodiv

ers

ity.

Giv

en that m

any

REDDplu

s act

ivitie

s w

ill be n

eutr

al or positive

as re

gard

s bio

div

ers

ity,

hyd

rolo

gic

al and o

ther envi

ronm

enta

l

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

95

eff

ect

s, t

he r

isks

of

negative

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s appear

to b

e low

er

than n

egative

soci

al im

pact

s. T

here

fore

these

TOR f

ocu

s m

ore

on t

he lik

ely

soci

al

impact

s, w

hile n

ot ig

noring the n

eed to a

ssess

poss

ible

negative

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s (e

.g., d

uring

the sta

kehold

er co

nsu

ltations)

.

3. Com

position o

f Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

The thre

e p

ers

on Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

should

be c

om

pose

d o

f at le

ast

tw

o n

ational te

am

mem

bers

com

bin

ing s

ocia

l (incl

udin

g g

ender)

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l

impact

ass

ess

ment

experience

. One o

f th

ese

should

be f

rom

a c

ivil s

oci

ety

or

NGO b

ack

gro

und;

the s

eco

nd t

eam

mem

ber

can b

e f

rom

a s

tate

or

academ

ic

inst

itutional back

gro

und. They

will be support

ed b

y a p

art

-tim

e n

ational or in

tern

ational advi

sor w

ith h

igher le

vel expert

ise in im

pact

ass

ess

ment and w

ho w

ill

pro

vide tim

ely

discr

eet in

puts

to the p

roce

ss, e.g

., a

t th

e d

esign sta

ge.

4. In

stitutional re

port

ing

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

should

report

to the E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Advi

sory

Counci

l, a

hig

h leve

l in

ter-

Min

iste

rial and sect

ora

l body

com

pose

d o

f th

e M

iniste

rs o

f

Lands

and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

es

(MLNR), E

nvi

ronm

ent,

Sci

ence

and T

ech

nolo

gy,

and F

inance

, w

ith p

ote

ntial co

ntr

ibutions

from

the M

iniste

rs o

f Agricu

lture

and

Loca

l Gove

rnm

ent.

5. Core

task

s and a

ctiv

itie

s

The w

ork

of th

e Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

can b

e b

roken d

ow

n into

fiv

e m

ain

task

s:

•

Initia

l (larg

ely

desk

-base

d) dia

gnost

ic a

naly

sis;

•

Consu

ltative

or field

-base

d sta

kehold

er analy

sis and d

iscu

ssio

ns;

•

Analy

sis of th

e W

orld B

ank S

oci

al and E

nvi

ronm

enta

l St

andard

s;

•

National SE

SA W

ork

shop;

•

On-g

oin

g S

ESA

monitoring.

5.1

In

itia

l Dia

gnost

ic A

naly

sis

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

96

This s

hould

be c

onduct

ed in 3

-4 k

ey

REDD s

ituations

or

are

as

where

defo

rest

ation o

r degra

dation p

ress

ure

s are

hig

h2,

takin

g a

ccount

of

regio

nal diffe

rence

s

and a

llow

ing f

or

natu

ral ove

rlap b

etw

een t

he m

ain

them

es

as

set

out

belo

w.

Pro

viso

nal priority

are

as

are

West

ern

Regio

n,

Bro

ng-A

hafo

Regio

n a

nd A

shanti

Regio

n.

5.1.1

Politica

l eco

nomy context analysis

Analy

sis

of

the politica

l eco

nom

y co

nte

xt

of

defo

rest

ation and id

entifica

tion of

key

challenges

to REDD sh

ould

be undert

aken in

itia

lly

by

revi

ew

ing key

lite

ratu

re or

report

s (s

ee Annex 1 fo

r so

me su

ggest

ed re

fere

nce

s).

Com

ple

mente

d by

discu

ssio

ns

with key in

form

ants

and use

of

rapid

ru

ral

appra

isal

tech

niq

ues (e

.g., focu

s gro

ups)

, th

e p

olitica

l eco

nom

y analy

sis sh

ould

ass

ess

(in

each

REDD a

rea):

•

the role

of fo

rest

s in

loca

l so

cial and e

conom

ic d

eve

lopm

ent;

•

polici

es,

law

s and inst

itutions aff

ect

ing n

atu

ral re

sourc

e m

anagem

ent;

•

land a

nd tre

e rig

hts

/te

nure

3 (de jure

and de facto) and u

se a

naly

sis,

incl

udin

g the p

oss

ible

alloca

tion o

f ca

rbon p

ropert

y rig

hts

;

•

defo

rest

ation a

nd d

egra

dation d

rive

rs n

ot already

ass

ess

ed.

5.1.2

Institutional and govern

ance assessment

An initia

l in

stitutional and g

ove

rnance

ass

ess

ment sh

ould

focu

s firs

tly

on the c

apaci

ty o

f national, d

istr

ict and local in

stitutions to

im

ple

ment REDD p

olici

es and

stra

tegie

s eff

ect

ively

and e

quitably

. This a

naly

sis

should

incl

ude a

map o

f th

e r

ole

s and r

esp

onsibilitie

s, e

speci

ally o

ver

socia

l and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l issu

es,

of

diffe

rent

org

aniz

ations

opera

ting in t

he fore

stry

and land u

se s

ect

ors

(esp

eci

ally

land u

ses

ass

oci

ate

d w

ith d

egra

dation o

r defo

rest

ation),

incl

udin

g t

heir legal

2 A possible framework for selecting key REDD areas is provided by the Ghana ‘REDD Opportunities Scoping Exercise’ conducted by the Katoomba

Group (2009).

3 Special attention must be given to distinctions between forest reserves and off-reserve areas; to issues and potential conflicts associated with

migrant cocoa/food crop farmers holding long-term leases from landowning indigene farmers; and more generally to multiple use rights or claims

in forest areas.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

97

fram

ew

ork

s, h

ow

well t

hey

carr

y out

their rem

its

(e.g

., legal co

mpliance

), a

nd t

ransp

are

ncy

/acc

ounta

bility

mech

anism

s. T

his a

naly

sis

should

incl

ude t

he role

and e

ffect

iveness

of ci

vil so

ciety

org

aniz

ations and loca

l st

akehold

er gro

ups.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

part

icula

rly

dra

w o

n t

he g

ove

rnance

and inst

itutions

analy

sis

undert

aken d

uring t

he V

olu

nta

ry P

art

ners

hip

Agre

em

ent

(VPA)

pro

cess

(discu

ssio

ns

with t

he F

ore

st W

atc

h N

GO N

etw

ork

would

be a

good p

lace

to s

tart

). P

art

icula

r att

ention s

hould

also b

e g

iven t

o a

naly

sis

of

the

likely

REDD ince

ntive

str

uct

ure

s and b

enefit sh

aring m

ech

anism

s. A

t th

e m

acr

o o

r pla

nnin

g leve

l, a

ttention should

be g

iven to inte

r-se

ctora

l co

ord

ination g

iven

the c

ross

-sect

ora

l natu

re o

f th

e m

ain

defo

rest

ation/degra

dation (DD) drive

rs.

5.1.3

Initial stakeholder and tra

de-off analysis

Base

d in

itia

lly

on discu

ssio

ns

with key

info

rmants

and ava

ilable

lite

ratu

re (s

ee Annex

1),

and using est

ablish

ed so

cial

ass

ess

ment

meth

ods,

th

e Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

should

map o

ut th

e sta

kehold

er gro

ups and sub-g

roups (incl

udin

g w

om

en, la

ndle

ss, m

inorities and o

ther gro

ups,

as w

ell a

s ille

gal opera

tors

),

and for each

sta

kehold

er gro

up s

et

out

the lik

ely

positive

and n

egative

(opport

unitie

s and risks)

REDD im

pact

s. T

his s

hould

be u

ndert

aken in t

hre

e m

ain

REDD

are

as.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

also c

are

fully

analy

se t

he r

esu

lts

of

the v

arious

pre

vious

or

on-g

oin

g m

ultip

le s

takehold

er

consu

ltations

(e.g

., IUCN’s

DANID

A funded R

EDD P

ro-P

oor Pro

ject

4, and the G

row

ing F

ore

st P

art

ners

hip

“People

’s D

iagnost

ics”

stu

dy

imple

mente

d b

y FAO/IIED/IU

CN), in a

dditio

n to the R

-

PP regio

nal st

akehold

er discu

ssio

ns.

Giv

en t

hat

tree c

rops,

esp

eci

ally

coco

a, as

well a

s fo

od c

rops

(also g

row

n in a

ssoci

ation w

ith t

ree c

rops

during t

he e

stablish

ment

phase

) are

key

DD d

rive

rs in

the h

igh fore

st a

reas,

speci

al att

ention s

hould

be g

iven t

o t

he t

rade-o

ffs

betw

een R

EDD, co

coa p

roduct

ion a

nd p

ove

rty

reduct

ion o

bje

ctiv

es

(bearing in m

ind

that

coco

a is

a s

mall f

arm

er’

s cr

op,

esp

eci

ally

gro

wn b

y m

igra

nts

). T

rade-o

ffs

may

be p

art

icula

rly

acu

te in t

he W

est

ern

Regio

n w

here

there

is

an inte

nse

dem

and for la

nd b

y poor

fam

ilie

s (m

igra

nt

or in

dig

ene farm

ers

). R

EDD p

olicy

as

regard

s th

e a

lready

heavi

ly d

egra

ded W

est

ern

Regio

n fore

st rese

rves

will also

be c

ritica

l: to the e

xte

nt th

at th

ey

rest

rict

coco

a p

roduct

ion, th

ere

will be m

ajo

r tr

ade-o

ffs w

ith soci

al and e

conom

ic o

bje

ctiv

es,

incl

udin

g e

xport

earn

ings.

On

the o

ther hand there

are

im

port

ant pote

ntial sy

nerg

ies,

for exam

ple

, if R

EDD c

an b

e u

sed to p

rom

ote

sust

ain

able

shaded c

oco

a sys

tem

s, a

nd e

speci

ally

via o

ff-

rese

rve tre

e tenure

refo

rm w

hic

h c

ould

tra

nsf

orm

the p

rofita

bility

of sh

aded c

oco

a p

roduct

ion incl

udin

g tim

ber tr

ees5

.

4 On-going IUCN work to develop a national field manual based on the Forests-Poverty Toolkit oriented to REDD, and using case study data

around on cocoa and trees in the Western Region should be particularly useful for the SESA stakeholder analysis (ref Gill Shepherd –

[email protected]).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

98

Sim

ilarly

rest

rict

ions

on loggin

g a

ctiv

itie

s6 o

r polici

es

like t

imber in

dust

ry d

ow

nsizi

ng w

ill have

tra

de-o

ffs

with e

mplo

yment

and s

oci

al benefits

, at

least

in t

he

short

term

, as docu

mente

d in the im

pact

ass

ess

ment of th

e V

PA, although soci

al benefits

would

far outw

eig

h the c

ost

s if the full c

ost

s of unsu

stain

able

loggin

g

were

com

pute

d (Maye

rs e

t al, 2

008).

Anoth

er se

t of tr

ade-o

ffs co

uld

be a

round e

ffort

s to

contr

ol unsu

stain

able

charc

oal/

fuelw

ood e

xtr

act

ion a

s poin

ted o

ut in

the R

-PP B

ack

gro

und P

aper (IDL G

roup, 2009).

To t

he e

xte

nt

that

REDD p

olici

es

rest

rict

use

or acc

ess

rig

hts

by

the rura

l poor,

there

will be s

erious

live

lihood

and c

opin

g str

ate

gy

impact

s.

Anoth

er

type o

f tr

ade-o

ff c

ould

be b

etw

een m

itig

ation a

nd a

dapta

tion

7 p

olici

es,

while n

oting t

he inte

rnational

move

ment

tow

ard

s Nationally

Appro

priate

Mitig

ation A

ctiv

itie

s (N

AMAs)

. If G

hana d

eve

lops

a N

AMA t

his m

ay

reduce

this t

ype o

f tr

ade-o

ff.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

also b

ear

in m

ind t

he

poss

ible

pro

ble

m o

f perv

ers

e ince

ntive

s w

here

the ince

ntive

fra

mew

ork

is base

d o

n reduci

ng c

urr

ent defo

rest

ation leve

ls a

s oppose

d to a

syst

em

whic

h rew

ard

s

fore

st m

anagers

or co

mm

unitie

s fo

r histo

rica

lly

good ste

ward

ship

.

5.2

.

Consu

ltative (field

-base

d) St

akehold

er Analy

sis and D

iscu

ssio

ns

The I

mpact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

conduct

a f

ull s

takehold

er

analy

sis

in t

hre

e k

ey

REDD r

egio

ns

with r

epre

senta

tive

s of

stakehold

er

gro

ups

(esp

eci

ally

repre

senting a

ffect

ed c

om

munitie

s, tra

ditio

nal auth

orities/

stools, ci

vil so

cie

ty, Distr

ict Ass

em

blies,

centr

al gove

rnm

ent and the p

riva

te sect

or)

to identify

and

prioritise

the m

ost

im

port

ant

benefits

and c

ost

s, tra

de-o

ffs and risks

ass

oci

ate

d w

ith c

learly

defined R

EDD s

trate

gie

s. T

his requires

deve

lopm

ent of a b

asis fo

r

sele

ctin

g t

he k

ey

gove

rnm

ent,

civ

il s

oci

ety

and N

GO repre

senta

tive

s. It is p

ropose

d t

hat th

e p

roce

ss o

f id

entify

ing o

r poss

ibly

ele

ctin

g t

he v

arious

stakehold

er

repre

senta

tive

s is d

eci

ded b

y t

he E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Advi

sory

Counci

l in

consu

ltation w

ith a

ppro

priate

sta

te a

nd c

ivil s

oci

ety

bodie

s. C

onsidera

tion c

ould

also b

e

giv

en to the form

ation o

f a M

ultip

le S

takehold

er SE

SA W

ork

ing G

roup.

Consu

ltative

sta

kehold

er analy

sis w

ill not be e

ffect

ive u

nle

ss loca

l and o

ther st

akehold

ers

have

a sound u

nders

tandin

g o

f REDD. There

fore

the first

task

should

be t

o b

uild u

p a

good u

nders

tandin

g o

f REDD a

mong loca

l st

akehold

ers

. Care

ful co

nsidera

tion n

eeds

to b

e g

iven a

s to

how

and w

ho is

best

to d

o t

his.

This

5 Many high value timber trees are excellent shade trees, but current tree tenure and lack of compensation for damage by logger concessionaires

means there is a strong disincentive for farmers to keep them (Richards & Asare, 1990).

6 To the extent that logging is restricted there will be a loss of stumpage revenue to the current recipients, especially Forestry Commission. This

needs to be recognized, although it can be argued that the present distribution of timber revenues is inequitable in relation to roles and

responsibilities and itself constitutes a political economy type barrier to reform (see Birikorang, 2007).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

99

incl

udes

gett

ing a

gre

em

ent

about

the m

ain

DD d

rive

rs i

n t

he a

rea,

and u

nders

tandin

g a

s cl

early

as

poss

ible

the p

ropose

d R

EDD s

trate

gie

s and p

olici

es

in

resp

onse

to these

drive

rs.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

then p

rese

nt

in a

hig

hly

acc

ess

ible

way t

he initia

l st

akehold

er/

inst

itutional/

political

eco

nom

y analy

sis

as

a b

asis

for

discu

ssio

n. On the b

asis of th

e subse

quent discu

ssio

ns,

the m

ultip

le sta

kehold

er discu

ssio

ns sh

ould

prioritise

the m

ain

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l co

nce

rns,

risks

and o

pport

unitie

s. T

hey

should

be g

iven t

he o

pport

unity

to s

uggest

modific

ations

to t

he p

ropose

d R

EDD s

trate

gie

s and p

ote

ntial m

itig

ating a

ctio

ns

where

it

appears

difficu

lt to a

void

som

e n

egative

im

pact

s (a

s fo

r so

me o

f th

e lik

ely

tra

de-o

ffs discu

ssed a

bove

).

Giv

en t

he lik

ely

tra

de-o

ffs

betw

een s

takehold

er

inte

rest

s, t

here

will need t

o b

e a

n a

gre

ed u

pon p

roce

ss f

or

prioritizi

ng t

he c

once

rns.

A m

ajo

r ta

sk o

f th

e

Impact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

will

be t

o e

nsu

re t

hat

the c

oncern

s and v

iew

s of

aff

ect

ed s

takehold

ers

are

prioritize

d in t

he a

naly

sis

of

pote

ntial

impact

s, a

nd

appro

priate

ly c

om

munic

ate

d to a

ll sta

kehold

ers

.

Key

outc

om

es fr

om

the sta

kehold

er co

nsu

ltations co

uld

there

fore

incl

ude:

•

a list of priority

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l co

nce

rns expre

ssed, in

cludin

g w

ho (st

akehold

er gro

ups or su

b-g

roups)

expre

ssed them

;

•

single

or m

ultip

le p

roposa

ls for m

odifie

d R

EDD str

ate

gie

s and/or m

itig

ation a

ctio

ns to

counte

r perc

eiv

ed n

egative

im

pact

s;

•

a s

et

of capacity

buildin

g a

ctio

ns

to incr

ease

the v

oic

e a

nd c

om

munic

ation c

hannels for

loca

l act

ors

to e

xert

incr

ease

d u

pw

ard

s so

cia

l acc

ounta

bility

on the n

ational REDD p

roce

ss;

•

a s

et

of

agre

ed loca

l le

vel m

onitoring indic

ato

rs f

or

REDD (

this c

ould

require a

separa

te m

ultip

le s

takehold

er

exerc

ise w

ith t

he a

im o

f agre

ein

g o

n

criteria a

nd indic

ato

rs t

o t

rack t

he p

rogre

ss a

nd ‘

succ

ess

’ of

REDDplu

s (e

.g.,

eff

ect

iveness

and e

quity

of

benefit

sharing;

gender

and m

inority

gro

up

impact

s; im

pact

of REDD o

n loca

l envi

ronm

enta

l se

rvic

es su

ch a

s w

ate

r quality

, etc

.)..

5.3

Analy

sis of W

orld B

ank S

afe

guard

s In

antici

pation of

fundin

g fr

om

th

e Fore

st Carb

on Part

ners

hip

Faci

lity

, th

e Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

m

ust

ca

refu

lly

analy

se each

of

the W

orld Bank

Safe

guard

polici

es

(see h

ttp:/

/go.w

orldbank.o

rg/W

TA1ODE7T0)

in o

rder

to a

ssess

wheth

er

the p

ropose

d R

EDD a

ctiv

itie

s are

com

patible

with t

he

Safe

guard

polici

es8

, esp

eci

ally:

•

Forests:

this incl

ude the rig

hts

and w

elfare

of fo

rest

dependent people

;

8 Other Safeguard Policies which should be checked, but are less likely to be applicable in the Ghana REDD context are Natural Habitats and

Disputed Areas.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

100

•

Environmental Assessment:

this incl

udes so

me soci

al issu

es as w

ell a

s guid

ance

on e

nvi

ronm

enta

l m

itig

ation m

easu

res;

•

Involuntary resettlement:

this c

ould

be t

riggere

d if

an e

xclu

sionary

REDD s

trate

gy

were

adopte

d,

e.g

., e

vict

ing f

arm

ers

/co

mm

unitie

s fr

om

Fore

st

Rese

rves;

•

Indigenous peoples:

while t

he c

once

pt

of

indig

enous

people

s does

not

really

apply

in G

hana,

many

of

the s

afe

guard

s fo

r in

dig

enous

people

can b

e

rela

ted to the rig

hts

of lo

cal co

mm

unitie

s.

The k

ey

issu

es

are

wheth

er

the p

ropose

d R

EDD a

ctiv

itie

s ca

n b

e u

ndert

aken i

n a

way

that

min

imiz

es

harm

ful

impact

s and t

hat

mitig

ate

s any p

ote

ntially

harm

ful eff

ect

s in

a w

ay

that is c

onsist

ent w

ith the safe

guard

s.

5.4

National SE

SA W

ork

shop a

nd B

riefing

Paper

Follow

ing t

he p

revi

ous

stages,

the Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

org

aniz

e,

togeth

er

with t

he r

ele

vant

gove

rnm

ent

bodie

s and c

once

rned N

GOs,

a n

ational

SESA

work

shop a

t w

hic

h the S

ESA

fin

din

gs w

ould

be p

rese

nte

d a

nd d

iscu

ssed w

ith repre

senta

tive

multip

le sta

kehold

ers

with the a

im o

f m

odifyi

ng (as nece

ssary

) cu

rrent REDD str

ate

gie

s so

that th

e p

riority

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l co

nce

rns are

inte

gra

ted. The v

arious st

akehold

er gro

ups w

ould

pre

sent th

eir p

ers

pect

ives

and reflect

ions on the S

ESA

fin

din

gs.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

will also w

rite

a B

riefing P

aper fo

r th

e S

ESA

Work

shop.

5.5

O

n-G

oin

g SE

SA M

onitoring

and A

nnual Update

s

The soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s of REDDplu

s st

rate

gie

s are

to som

e e

xte

nt unpre

dic

table

; dependin

g on the p

olici

es and ince

ntive

s fr

am

ew

ork

, REDDplu

s

could

cause

perv

ers

e i

nce

ntive

s. O

ther

REDDplu

s polici

es

and i

nst

itutional

stra

tegie

s co

uld

pro

ve p

roble

matic

and o

pera

te i

n u

nexpect

ed w

ays

, and t

heir

impro

vem

ent

is likely

to

be an itera

tive

pro

cess

. For

exam

ple

, early

appro

ach

es

to benefit

sharing co

uld

re

quire m

odific

ations

to in

crease

dow

nw

ard

s

acc

ounta

bility

and tra

nsp

are

ncy

, or a fundam

enta

l re

design if th

e ince

ntive

s do n

ot m

ate

rialise

.

The o

n t

he g

round e

ffect

iveness

and e

quity

impact

s of

REDD p

olici

es

must

be f

ed b

ack

to t

he s

takehold

ers

so t

hat

they

can b

e im

pro

ved.

To d

o t

his it

is

ess

ential to

agre

e o

n a

set

of m

onitoring indic

ato

rs a

s already

discu

ssed. The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

will be resp

onsible

for appro

priate

annual re

port

ing t

o

the s

takehold

ers

base

d o

n t

he m

onitoring a

nd f

urt

her

rounds

of

stakehold

er

gro

up d

iscu

ssio

ns

(using t

he 2

010 s

takehold

er

analy

sis

as

a b

ase

line).

Base

d o

n

these

continued c

onsu

ltations and report

s, the Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

would

also w

rite

short

briefing p

apers

on the soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s.

Annex 1

. So

me U

sefu

l Refe

rence

s fo

r SE

SA D

iagn

ost

ic A

naly

sis

Am

anor,

K.S

. & B

row

n, D. (2

006).

Info

rmin

g t

he P

olicy

Pro

cess

: Dece

ntr

alisa

tion a

nd E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Dem

ocra

cy in G

hana. Ove

rseas

Deve

lopm

ent

Inst

itute

and

Univ

ers

ity

of Ghana R

eport

to the D

FID

Natu

ral Reso

urc

e S

yste

ms Pro

gra

mm

e, HTSP

E, UK.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

101

Birik

ora

ng G

, Hanse

n C

P a

nd T

Tre

ue (

2007)

Revi

ew o

f th

e c

urr

ent

taxation r

ele

vant

to t

he f

ore

st s

ect

or

in G

hana. VLTP Background Paper

No.1

, Fore

stry

Com

mission, Acc

ra.

Fore

stry

Com

mission.

(2009).

Brief

ass

ess

ment

of

land u

se a

nd f

ore

st p

olici

es

and g

ove

rnance

in t

he f

ore

st a

rea in G

hana.

R-P

P B

ack

gro

und P

aper.

Fore

stry

Com

mission o

f Ghana, Acc

ra

Fore

st W

atc

h G

hana (2000) Forest Governance in Ghana: An NGO Perspective, FERN. Oxf

ord

and B

russ

els.

Hanse

n, C. P. &

Tre

ue, T. (2

008) Ass

ess

ing Illegal Loggin

g in G

hana. The International Forestry Review

10 (4): 5

73-5

80.

Kato

om

ba G

roup (2009).

REDD O

pport

unitie

s Sc

opin

g E

xerc

ise for Ghana. K

ato

om

ba G

roup &

Natu

re C

onse

rvation R

ese

arc

h C

entr

e. W

ash

ingto

n, D.C

. & A

ccra

Maye

rs, J.

, Birik

ora

ng, G.,

Danso

, E.,

Nketiah, K. & R

ichard

s, M

. (2

008).

Ass

ess

ing t

he P

ote

ntial Im

pact

s of a V

olu

nta

ry P

art

ners

hip

Agre

em

ent

in G

hana w

ith

the E

C o

n F

ore

st G

ove

rnance

. Fin

al Report

. IIED, London.

NCRC (2008).

Tow

ard

s su

stain

able

charc

oal pro

duct

ion in G

hana. Acc

ra.

Shepherd

, G. & N

yam

e, S.

K. (F

ort

hco

min

g).

Fore

sts-

Pove

rty

Toolk

it - N

ational Leve

l Analy

sis and A

ctio

n M

anual. IUCN, Ghana

Tro

penbos (2

004).

Chain

saw

lum

ber:

A n

ece

ssary

evi

l? G

hana W

ork

shop P

roce

edin

gs.

Acc

ra a

nd W

agenin

gen.

Annex 3: Refere

nce

Sce

nario

THIS

PAGE INTENTIO

NALLY L

EFT B

LANK

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

102

Annex 4: Monitoring System

THIS

PAGE INTENTIO

NALLY L

EFT B

LANK

Annex 6: Pro

gra

m M

onitoring and Evaluation

THIS

PAGE INTENTIO

NALLY L

EFT B

LANK

Annex 7: Back

gro

und Paper

‘Brief ass

ess

ment of la

nd u

se a

nd fore

st p

olici

es and g

overn

ance

in the fore

st a

rea in G

hana’

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

103

ToR

s fo

r R

ToR

s fo

r R

ToR

s fo

r R

ToR

s fo

r R- ---P

lan T

ask

A1

Pla

n T

ask

A1

Pla

n T

ask

A1

Pla

n T

ask

A1: <Pre

para

tion

of a b

rief

ass

essm

ent of

land u

se a

nd for

est pol

icie

s and g

over

nance

in the

fore

st a

rea in

: <Pre

para

tion

of a b

rief

ass

essm

ent of

land u

se a

nd for

est pol

icie

s and g

over

nance

in the

fore

st a

rea in

: <Pre

para

tion

of a b

rief

ass

essm

ent of

land u

se a

nd for

est pol

icie

s and g

over

nance

in the

fore

st a

rea in

: <Pre

para

tion

of a b

rief

ass

essm

ent of

land u

se a

nd for

est pol

icie

s and g

over

nance

in the

fore

st a

rea in

Ghana>

Ghana>

Ghana>

Ghana>

“This

brief

analy

tic paper

will m

ap the

rele

vant fo

rest

and land

the

rele

vant fo

rest

and land

the

rele

vant fo

rest

and land

the

rele

vant fo

rest

and land- ---u

se p

olicie

s and thos

e pol

iuse

pol

icie

s and thos

e pol

iuse

pol

icie

s and thos

e pol

iuse

pol

icie

s and thos

e pol

icie

s th

at affec

t fo

rest

s in

direc

tly

cies

that affec

t fo

rest

s in

direc

tly

cies

that affec

t fo

rest

s in

direc

tly

cies

that affec

t fo

rest

s in

direc

tly. It

will

als

o id

entify

know

ledge

gaps

that

nee

d t

o be

analy

zed m

ore

in d

etail

iden

tify

know

ledge

gaps

that

nee

d t

o be

analy

zed m

ore

in d

etail

iden

tify

know

ledge

gaps

that

nee

d t

o be

analy

zed m

ore

in d

etail

iden

tify

know

ledge

gaps

that

nee

d t

o be

analy

zed m

ore

in d

etail. The

paper

, which w

ould

be

lim

ited

[to

] 10-1

5 p

ages

in

length

(si

c), sh

ould

hel

p set

the

stage

for th

e R

hel

p set

the

stage

for th

e R

hel

p set

the

stage

for th

e R

hel

p set

the

stage

for th

e R- ---P

lan p

roce

ssPla

n p

roce

ssPla

n p

roce

ssPla

n p

roce

ss, by p

ointing to

wher

e po

poi

nting to

wher

e po

poi

nting to

wher

e po

poi

nting to

wher

e policy

inte

rven

tion

s fa

iled

and

licy

inte

rven

tion

s fa

iled

and

licy

inte

rven

tion

s fa

iled

and

licy

inte

rven

tion

s fa

iled

and w

hy, and w

hich

inte

rven

tion

s sh

ow s

ome

pro

mis

ein

terv

ention

s sh

ow s

ome

pro

mis

ein

terv

ention

s sh

ow s

ome

pro

mis

ein

terv

ention

s sh

ow s

ome

pro

mis

e base

d o

n p

rior

exper

ience

in the

Ghanaia

n c

onte

xt. T

he

paper

wou

ld thus

esta

blish

the

basi

s The

paper

wou

ld thus

esta

blish

the

basi

s The

paper

wou

ld thus

esta

blish

the

basi

s The

paper

wou

ld thus

esta

blish

the

basi

s

for th

e el

abor

ation

of th

e RED

D str

ate

gy.

for th

e el

abor

ation

of th

e RED

D str

ate

gy.

for th

e el

abor

ation

of th

e RED

D str

ate

gy.

for th

e el

abor

ation

of th

e RED

D str

ate

gy.

Pre

sente

d in a

brief

and a

cces

sible

manner

brief

and a

cces

sible

manner

brief

and a

cces

sible

manner

brief

and a

cces

sible

manner

the

ass

essm

ent will ex

am

ine

stra

tegie

s at lo

cal, n

ation

al and inte

rnation

al le

vel

exam

ine

stra

tegie

s at lo

cal, n

ation

al and inte

rnation

al le

vel

exam

ine

stra

tegie

s at lo

cal, n

ation

al and inte

rnation

al le

vel

exam

ine

stra

tegie

s at lo

cal, n

ation

al and inte

rnation

al le

vel

. It

will en

com

pass

thos

e appro

ach

es t

hat

are

driven

by, or

tec

hnically a

nd f

inancially s

uppor

ted b

y, in

tern

ation

al and n

ation

al

are

driven

by, or

tec

hnically a

nd f

inancially s

uppor

ted b

y, in

tern

ation

al and n

ation

al

are

driven

by, or

tec

hnically a

nd f

inancially s

uppor

ted b

y, in

tern

ation

al and n

ation

al

are

driven

by, or

tec

hnically a

nd f

inancially s

uppor

ted b

y, in

tern

ation

al and n

ation

al

act

ors

act

ors

act

ors

act

ors. It will se

ek to

ass

ess th

e co

mple

x challen

ges

of Ghana’s land ten

ure

syst

em a

nd for

est ow

ner

ship

with p

art

icula

r re

gard

to

the

rela

tion

ship

bet

wee

n n

ation

al and s

tool

lev

el m

anage

men

t. T

hes

e ass

essm

ents

will also

enco

mpass

lev

els

of c

apacity

within

inst

itution

s and the

histo

rica

l and reg

ional ex

per

ience

s of

ref

orm

. All o

f th

ese

fact

ors will also

be

addre

ssed

fro

m the

per

spec

tives

of b

oth c

onse

rvation

and p

over

ty a

llev

iation

to

iden

tify

the

pot

ential im

pact

s of

diffe

rent appro

ach

es o

n b

oth the

poo

r and the

environ

men

t on

which m

any

of them

rel

y. This a

sses

smen

t will th

us

hel

p to

iden

tify

key

succ

ess

stor

ies

iden

tify

key

succ

ess

stor

ies

iden

tify

key

succ

ess

stor

ies

iden

tify

key

succ

ess

stor

ies

that ca

n b

e built on

in

the

subse

quen

t R-P

lan im

ple

men

tation

pro

cess

.”

A.

SUMMARY

Defo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egra

dation a

re ‘slow

drip’ phenom

ena in G

hana, That is, th

e p

roce

ss is la

rgely

one o

f lo

ng-t

erm

and p

rogre

ssiv

e d

egra

dation, w

ithout

any

dom

inant defo

rest

ation d

rive

rs, th

ough fore

st loss

is neve

rthele

ss o

ccurr

ing a

t a sig

nific

ant ra

te. S

om

e e

stim

ate

s fo

r th

e p

eriod 1

900-2

000 p

ut th

is a

s hig

h

as

80%.

By

1993,

only

half (

by

are

a)

of

the c

ountr

y’s

rese

rved f

ore

sts

was

said

to b

e in a

reaso

nable

conditio

n,

and m

any

have

continued t

o d

ete

riora

te.

Degra

dation in t

he o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas

of

the h

igh f

ore

st z

one is

pro

ceedin

g a

t an e

ven g

reate

r pace

. The t

imber

indust

ry is

close

to c

risis

poin

t, w

ith o

ffta

ke

more

than thre

e tim

es th

e sust

ain

able

harv

est

leve

l, a

nd the supply

decl

inin

g rapid

ly in b

oth

quantity

and q

uality

.

A n

um

ber of in

fluence

s acc

ount fo

r th

is situation, both

fore

st sect

or and e

xtr

a-s

ect

ora

l. M

ajo

r in

fluence

s in

clude (a) popula

tion g

row

th a

nd incre

asing d

em

and

for tim

ber and a

gricu

ltura

l pro

duct

s, b

oth

nationally

and inte

rnationally;

(b)t

he p

oor gove

rnance

of th

e fore

st sect

or,

whic

h h

as

led to m

ass

ive o

ver-

capaci

ty,

to a

n indust

ry str

uct

ure

unco

nduci

ve to h

igh v

alu

e a

dded, and to a

thrivi

ng m

ark

et fo

r ‘illegal’ c

hain

saw

lum

ber;

(c)

conve

rsio

n to a

gricu

lture

, part

icula

rly

for

pro

duct

ion o

f coco

a,

the m

ain

cro

p in t

he h

igh f

ore

st z

one;

(d)

bush

fires,

esp

eci

ally in t

he t

ransition a

nd s

ava

nnah z

ones;

(e)

min

era

ls e

xtr

act

ion.

Agro

-

indust

ries

and larg

e s

cale

com

merc

ial pro

duct

ions

have

not

been m

ajo

r ca

use

s hithert

o. How

eve

r, d

em

and is

gro

win

g for oil p

alm

and o

ther oils

and b

iofu

els,

and for export

cro

ps su

ch a

s pin

eapple

.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

104

The p

oor

gove

rnance

of

the f

ore

st s

ect

or

is w

ell d

ocu

mente

d,

and t

here

is

som

e a

gre

em

ent

on t

he r

em

edia

l act

ions

that

are

needed.

A n

um

ber

of

refo

rm

measu

res

have

already

been im

ple

mente

d,

incl

udin

g t

hose

rela

ted t

o F

LEGT a

ctiv

itie

s linked t

o t

he E

U v

olu

nta

ry p

art

ners

hip

agre

em

ent

(VPA)

whic

h h

ave

galv

aniz

ed p

ublic

inte

rest

in f

ore

st g

ove

rnance

on a

national

scale

. Arg

uably

, how

eve

r, t

he m

ost

pre

ssin

g r

equirem

ent,

and t

he f

act

or

likely

to h

ave

the

gre

ate

st im

pact

on f

ore

st c

over,

is

yet

to b

e a

ddre

ssed.

This is

the n

eed f

or

ince

ntive

s fo

r tr

ee c

onse

rvation a

nd p

lanting in t

he h

igh f

ore

st z

one.

A r

adic

al

refo

rm o

f tr

ee tenure

in the o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas co

uld

well b

e required, to

incr

ease

the tenurial rights

of fa

rmers

and land o

wners

. Su

ccess

ive g

ove

rnm

ents

have

been relu

ctant to

conte

mpla

te the surr

ender of th

e S

tate

’s c

ontr

ol, h

ow

eve

r. Im

ple

menting the refo

rm w

ould

also b

e c

hallengin

g, as la

nd m

ark

ets

have

a long

histo

ry in the fore

st a

reas,

and c

onflic

ts a

lready

exist ove

r la

nd c

laim

s in

many

are

as.

Coco

a is sy

nonym

ous w

ith the e

conom

y of th

e h

igh fore

st z

one a

nd its

pro

duct

ion inevi

tably

im

plies

som

e loss

of fo

rest

cove

r, b

ut degra

dation h

as

been m

uch

incr

ease

d in r

ece

nt

years

by

the intr

oduct

ion o

f new

full-s

un h

ybrid v

arieties.

Reve

rsio

n t

o t

he s

hade-d

ependent

traditio

nal va

rieties

would

have

much

to

com

mend i

t, a

s it w

ould

not

only

im

pro

ve t

ree c

ove

r on t

he f

arm

but

mig

ht

also r

evi

ve s

upport

within

the f

arm

ing c

om

munity

for

the p

olicy

of

fore

st

rese

rvation,

with a

ttendant

atm

osp

heric

benefits

. H

ow

eve

r, t

he d

ecl

inin

g a

rea a

vailable

for

food c

rops

is p

ush

ing f

arm

ers

to f

avo

ur

open-f

ield

varieties,

in

part

beca

use

of th

eir inte

r-cr

oppin

g p

ote

ntial, d

esp

ite long-

term

sust

ain

ability

conce

rns.

Oth

er

cause

s of degra

dation a

ssoci

ate

d w

ith r

ura

l live

lihoods,

such

as

shifting c

ultiv

ation a

nd fire in t

he a

gricu

ltura

l and p

ast

ora

l cy

cles,

have

long e

xerc

ised

the a

uth

orities.

How

eve

r, w

ithout vi

able

altern

ative

s w

ell-a

dapte

d to the low

purc

hasing p

ow

er of th

e rura

l m

ajo

rity

, litt

le h

eadw

ay h

as been m

ade o

n fin

din

g

subst

itute

liv

elihoods.

There

is

also s

trong h

ost

ility

to c

harc

oal and f

uelw

ood p

roduct

ion t

hough,

again

, th

e h

igh d

em

and f

rom

consu

mers

cannot

easily

be

ignore

d. Neither sh

ould

it be a

ssum

ed that ch

arc

oal pro

duction sys

tem

s are

univ

ers

ally

dest

ruct

ive o

f fo

rest

cove

r, for so

me sys

tem

s co

uld

well b

e sust

ain

able

,

and m

ay

repre

sent optim

al use

of m

arg

inal sc

rub lands.

Fin

ally,

the m

inin

g sect

or also g

ives ca

use

for co

nce

rn, both

as re

gard

s la

rge-s

cale

indust

rial opera

tions and a

rtisanal ‘g

ala

mse

y’.

This paper

revi

ew

s th

e drive

rs of

defo

rest

ation and (p

art

icula

rly)

degra

dation both

in

th

e fo

rest

se

ctor

and beyo

nd,

considering th

e re

cord

of

policy

inte

rventions and p

roje

ct a

ctiv

itie

s as appro

priate

, and then d

iscu

sses th

e v

arious le

ssons le

arn

t.

Conte

nts

Annexes ..

....

....

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1

Annex 7

: Back

gro

und P

aper ..

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102

A.

SUMMARY ...

....

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.. 103

A.

INTRODUCTIO

N ...

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... 1

07

A.

THE C

ONTEXT ..

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.. 108

B.

DRIV

ERS

OF D

EFOREST

ATIO

N A

ND F

OREST

DEGRADATIO

N ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

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....

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....

.. 111

C.1

De

mo

gra

ph

ic c

ha

ng

es

in G

ha

na

....

....

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....

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....

....

....

11

2

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

105

C.2

Im

me

dia

te d

riv

ers

of

de

fore

sta

tio

n a

nd

fo

rest

de

gra

da

tio

n ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

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....

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....

... 1

13

C.

LESS

ONS

LEARNT ...

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. 129

D.

REFERENCES ..

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132

ANNEX O

NE: Land a

nd T

ree T

enure

in G

hana ..

....

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....

....

....

....

136

List of Acr

onym

s

ASM

Art

isanal and sm

all-s

cale

min

ing

BAU

‘B

usiness

as usu

al’

CREMA

Com

munity

reso

urc

e m

anagem

ent are

a

EU

Euro

pean U

nio

n

FAO

Food a

nd A

gricu

lture

Org

anisation o

f th

e U

N

FLEGT

Fore

st law

enfo

rcem

ent,

gove

rnance

and tra

de

GDP

Gro

ss d

om

est

ic p

roduct

GoG

Gove

rnm

ent of Ghana

GPRS

Ghana p

ove

rty

reduct

ion str

ate

gy

(tw

o v

ers

ions:

GPRS1

(2003) 2004-5

; G

PRSI

I (2

005) 2006-9

.

HFZ

Hig

h fore

st z

one

LAP

Land A

dm

inistr

ation P

roje

ct (of th

e M

LNR)

MDG

Mille

nniu

m d

eve

lopm

ent goal

MLNR

Min

istr

y of Lands and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

es

NDPC

National Deve

lopm

ent Pla

nnin

g C

ounci

l

REDD

Reduce

d e

missions fr

om

defo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egra

dation

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

106

TUC

Tim

ber utilisa

tion c

ontr

act

TUP

Tim

ber utilisa

tion p

erm

it

VPA

Volu

nta

ry p

art

ners

hip

agre

em

ent (w

ith the E

uro

pean U

nio

n)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

107

A.

INTRODUCTION

Fore

st reso

urc

es have

pla

yed a

centr

al part

in G

hana’s

histo

rica

l deve

lopm

ent,

and c

ontinue to d

o so to this d

ay.

T

his is evi

dent not only

in the p

rom

inence

of

fore

st p

roduct

s (c

hie

fly

tim

ber and c

oco

a) in

Ghana’s

export

tra

de, but in

the w

hole

str

uct

ure

of th

e soci

ety

, bein

g reflect

ed in the c

ountr

y’s distinct

ive

soci

al st

ruct

ure

(part

icula

rly

in t

he A

kan a

reas)

and in t

he u

nusu

al com

ple

xity

of

its

land a

nd labour

mark

ets

. H

ow

eve

r, w

ith f

ew

exce

ptions,

Ghana’s

hig

h

fore

st a

reas

are

now

in a

seve

rely

degra

ded c

onditio

n,

and it

is r

eco

gnised t

hat

without

urg

ent

and r

adic

al

rem

edia

l act

ion,

the p

rosp

ect

s fo

r th

e f

ore

st

indust

ry a

re p

oor.

This c

ould

have

majo

r knock

-on e

ffect

s fo

r agricu

lture

and t

he e

nvi

ronm

ent

(volu

me a

nd i

nci

dence

of

rain

fall,

atm

osp

heric h

um

idity,

wate

rsheds,

soil a

nd w

ate

r co

nse

rvation, etc

.) a

nd for th

e c

ountr

y’s ability

to a

dapt to

the p

redic

ted leve

ls o

f cl

imate

change.

Ghana h

as

benefite

d fro

m d

ivers

e m

ulti-donor

support

for

natu

ral re

sourc

e m

anagem

ent

in r

ece

nt

years

, in

reco

gnitio

n o

f th

e c

ruci

al ro

le o

f th

ese

sect

ors

in

the n

ational eco

nom

y a

nd in a

ny

stra

tegy

of pove

rty

allevi

ation. P

rogra

mm

es

have

inclu

ded m

ilest

one inve

stm

ents

such

as

the F

ore

st R

eso

urc

e M

anagem

ent

Pro

gra

mm

e,

Natu

ral Reso

urc

e M

anagem

ent

Pro

gra

mm

e,

and o

thers

. These

pro

gra

mm

es

have

had v

ary

ing leve

ls o

f su

ccess

, both

in s

ub-s

ect

ora

l and r

egio

nal

term

s, r

eflect

ing G

hana’s

unusu

ally

com

ple

x s

ocia

l st

ruct

ure

(part

icula

rly

in t

he H

FZ),

th

e v

ariety

of fo

rces

seekin

g t

o influence

policy

deve

lopm

ent

and t

he

difficu

ltie

s of ensu

ring the e

ffect

iveness

of lo

ng-t

erm

pla

nnin

g in c

onditio

ns of eco

nom

ic inst

ability,

as w

ell a

s a tendency

to o

ver-

centr

alisa

tion. Perf

orm

ance

w

as also a

ffect

ed b

y th

e lim

itations of past

national pla

nnin

g e

xerc

ises (‘

Makin

g P

eople

Matt

er’

[1991];

‘National Dev

elo

pm

ent Policy

Fra

mew

ork

’ [1

994];

and ‘Visio

n 2

020’ [1

995],

late

r deve

loped into

the ‘First

Mediu

m T

erm

Deve

lopm

ent Pla

n’ of 1996),

whic

h w

ere

un-c

ost

ed

and lack

ed t

he d

eta

il n

eeded t

o p

rovi

de e

ffect

ive g

uid

ance

for

sect

ora

l pro

gra

mm

e d

eve

lopm

ent.

The c

urr

ent

‘Ghana P

ove

rty

Reduct

ion S

trate

gie

s’ (GPRS

1,

2003-5

; GPRS

II, 2006-9

) and n

ew

appro

ach

es to

donor su

pport

(aid

harm

oniz

ation a

nd a

lignm

ent,

and a

shift aw

ay fro

m e

ncl

ave

pro

ject

s) o

ffer th

e p

rosp

ect

of

a m

ore

coord

inate

d a

ppro

ach

.

Experience

has

show

n t

hat

unsu

stain

able

natu

ral re

sourc

e m

anagem

ent

can h

ave

very

negative

eff

ect

s on t

he e

conom

y in

term

s of

envi

ronm

enta

l dam

age,

reduce

d p

roduct

ivity

and e

rosion o

f th

e n

ational ass

ets

base

. Ow

ners

hip

of

natu

ral re

sourc

es

has

been d

ispers

ed (

and t

here

fore

fra

gm

ente

d),

and e

conom

ic

pre

ssure

s have

encoura

ged u

nsu

stain

able

explo

itation. The G

ove

rnm

ent re

cogniz

es th

at,

in term

s of m

ovi

ng the c

ountr

y to

thrivi

ng m

iddle

-inco

me leve

l st

atu

s,

new

ways

of w

ork

ing n

eed to b

e d

eve

loped. New

polici

es and law

s, n

ew

ince

ntive

str

uct

ure

s, a

nd n

ew

gove

rnance

and e

nfo

rcem

ent m

ech

anism

s w

ill all p

lay

a

role

. Ghana s

till h

as

valu

able

natu

ral re

sourc

es

and t

he G

ove

rnm

ent

is d

ete

rmin

ed t

o w

rite

a n

ew

chapte

r in

the u

se o

f its

natu

ral w

ealth in o

rder

to p

rote

ct

and d

eve

lop the a

ssets

base

, and b

uild o

n its

natu

ral ca

pital. An inte

gra

ted e

nvi

ronm

ent and n

atu

ral re

sourc

e p

olicy

is pro

pose

d, under th

e N

atu

ral Reso

urc

es

and E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Gove

rnance

Pro

gra

mm

e (

NREG).

This a

ims

to incr

ease

the c

ontr

ibutions

of

the n

atu

ral

reso

urc

e s

ect

ors

(part

icula

rly

fore

stry

, w

ildlife

,

min

ing)

and t

he e

nvi

ronm

enta

l se

ctors

to t

he s

oci

o-e

conom

ic d

eve

lopm

ent

of

Ghana.

NREG w

ill ensu

re t

hat

resp

onsibilitie

s fo

r su

stain

able

natu

ral re

sourc

e

managem

ent and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l pro

tect

ion a

nd e

nhance

ment are

share

d b

y all, w

ith a

com

mon g

oal of using reso

urc

es

for univ

ers

al public

benefit,

esp

eci

ally

for

the p

oor

and d

isadva

nta

ged.

Ways

of

work

ing w

ithin

gove

rnm

ent

will be im

pro

ved,

with im

pro

ved inte

r-m

iniste

rial co

ord

ination a

nd d

eci

sion m

akin

g w

ill

beco

me m

ore

open a

t all leve

ls (national, regio

nal and local). Com

munic

ations and p

ublic

aw

are

ness

will be im

pro

ved, and a

policy

fra

mew

ork

develo

ped that

enable

loca

l co

mm

unitie

s and h

ouse

hold

s to

benefit fr

om

sust

ain

able

managem

ent.

NREG w

ill pro

vide a

nnual budget su

pport

to sust

ain

the im

ple

menta

tion o

f

the r

efo

rms

pla

nned b

y th

e G

ove

rnm

ent

in t

he a

reas

of

natu

ral re

sourc

es

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l gove

rnance

(2008-1

3).

i R

EDD o

ffera

dditio

nal opport

unitie

s fo

r

more

pre

dic

table

fin

anci

ng, ove

rcom

ing the p

roble

ms of st

op-g

o b

udgeting that underm

ined p

ast

polici

es.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

108

In r

ece

nt

years

, fo

rest

policy

deve

lopm

ent

has

focu

sed p

art

icula

rly o

n F

LEGT iss

ues,

and a

mong t

he b

enefits

of

this initia

tive

has

been incr

ease

d n

ational

dia

logue a

round t

he m

ajo

r gove

rnance

challenges

that

the s

ect

or

confr

onts

(Beeko,

2008).

A

naly

ses

undert

aken f

or

FLEGT s

trate

gy

em

phasize

the n

eed f

or

gove

rnance

im

pro

vem

ents

on seve

ral fr

onts

and o

ffer a road m

ap for gove

rnance

refo

rm w

hic

h h

as co

nsidera

ble

rele

vance

to futu

re R

EDD p

olicy

.

This p

aper m

aps out th

e fore

st a

nd land-u

se p

olici

es th

at are

most

rele

vant to

the them

e o

f REDD. It sets

the sta

ge for th

e R

-Pla

n p

roce

ss b

y desc

ribin

g the

main

policie

s and a

ctiv

itie

s th

at aff

ect

fore

st c

ove

r and lead to d

efo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egra

dation.

A. THE CONTEXT

Ghana’s

land a

rea is 24 m

illion h

a. (s

imilar to

Uganda o

r th

e U

K). The n

atu

ral la

ndsc

ape c

om

prise

s fo

ur m

ajo

r eco

logic

al zo

nes (A

gya

rko, 2007; Kort

ats

i &

Jorg

ense

n, 2001):

tro

pic

al m

oist fo

rest

in the south

and south

west

(th

e h

igh fore

st z

one [HFZ];

8 m

illion h

a.)

; tr

ansitional zo

ne in the m

iddle

belt b

etw

een

nort

h a

nd south

(1 m

illion h

a);

sava

nnah w

oodla

nds in

the n

ort

h (15 m

n. ha); a

nd the A

ccra

coast

al pla

in (0.6

million h

a.)

. T

he g

reate

st a

bove

-gro

und c

arb

on

store

s are

in the H

FZ.

The H

FZ is zo

ned into

fore

st rese

rves (b

oth

pro

duct

ion a

nd p

rote

ctio

n rese

rves,

most

ly g

aze

tted in the 1

920s and ‘30s)

and o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas (T

able

2).

53% o

f

the p

erm

anent fo

rest

est

ate

is outs

ide o

f th

e tim

ber pro

duct

ion c

ycle

. The rem

ain

der of th

e H

FZ is off

-rese

rve (c.

6.5

million h

a).

Most

of th

is is degr

aded in

fore

stry

term

s (b

ut cf

. Fairhead a

nd L

each

, 1998),

and is la

rgely

devo

ted to a

gro

fore

stry

. The residual cl

ose

d c

anopy

off

-rese

rve fore

st a

rea is va

riously

claim

ed to b

e b

etw

een 1

00,0

00 – 3

50,0

00 k

m2 (th

e W

orld B

ank’s

2006 Ghana Country Environmental Assessment,

whic

h d

raw

s on rece

nt sa

tellite im

agery

,

giv

es an e

stim

ate

at th

e low

er end o

f th

is range).

Table

2. Fore

st R

eso

urc

es in

the H

FZ

Forest Type

Area (hectares)

Percentage

Reserve Areas (HFZ)

of which:

20%

Tim

ber Pro

duct

ion A

rea

762,4

00

47

Perm

anent Pro

tect

ion

352,5

00

22

Conva

lesc

ence

122,0

00

7

Conve

rsio

n

127.2

00

8

Not in

vento

ried (co

nve

rsio

n)

270,0

00

16

Tota

l Rese

rve a

rea

1,6

34,1

00

100

Off-reserve area (HFZ)

6,500,100

80%

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

109

Of which:

Clo

sed c

anopy

fore

st

100,0

00 – 3

50,0

00

1.5

– 5

Source: Agyarko (2007)

Table

3 g

ives a b

reakdow

n o

f national la

nd c

ove

r are

as by

vegeta

tion typ

e (ra

ther th

an b

y off

icia

l cl

ass

ific

ation) acc

ord

ing to the 2

000 G

lobal Land C

ove

r

ass

ess

ment.

Table

3. G

hana: National Land C

over Are

as ( ‘0

00 h

a.)

Ghana

Dense

fore

st

Mosa

ic

fore

st /

cropla

nds

Woodla

nds/

shru

bla

nds

Gra

ssla

nds

Agr

iculture

Bare

soil

Wetlands

1,1

93

6,5

25

13,6

17

2

697

5

17

Source: Global Land Cover 2000 map (JRC/EC, 2003)

The role

s pla

yed b

y fo

rest

reso

urc

es in

the G

hana e

conom

y are

a face

t of a w

ider co

nte

xt of hig

h n

atu

ral re

sourc

e d

ependence

(Table

1). Natu

ral re

sourc

es

form

the leadin

g sect

or of th

e e

conom

y. Incl

udin

g m

inin

g, th

ey

curr

ently

pro

vide 4

3% o

f GDP. One c

rop a

lone (co

coa) pro

vides 8% o

f GDP, double

the

contr

ibution o

f fo

rest

ry, and a

lmost

equiv

ale

nt to

gove

rnm

ent se

rvic

es.

Table

1. St

ruct

ure

of Ghana G

DP b

y k

ind o

f eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

ity (Perc

enta

ges)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

110

Eco

nom

ic S

ect

or

2000

2004

Agr

iculture

35

38

Cro

ps and liv

est

ock

22

22

Coco

a sub-s

ect

or

5

8

Fore

stry

and L

oggin

g

4

4

Fishin

g

5

4

Indust

ry

25

25

Min

ing a

nd Q

uarr

ying

5

5

Manufa

cturing, co

nst

ruct

ion

18

18

Ele

ctrici

ty a

nd W

ate

r 3

3

Serv

ices

29

29

Gove

rnm

ent se

rvic

es

10

10

Oth

er (c

om

merc

e, hosp

itality

, tr

ansp

ort

, financi

al, e

tc.)

19

19

Net in

direct

taxes

11

9

GDP in Purchasers Value

100

[101]*

[*All figures rounded to nearest whole number]

Source: GPRSII 2006: p. 16 (NDPC/Ghana Statistical Service)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

111

Desp

ite the h

eavy

histo

rica

l dependence

of th

e c

ountr

y on its

fore

sts,

their e

xplo

itation is in

creasingly

vie

wed a

s unsu

stain

able

. T

he e

xte

nt of defo

rest

ation

and f

ore

st d

egra

dation is

a m

att

er

of

national co

nce

rn,

with m

ajo

r im

plica

tions

for

national in

com

e a

nd e

mplo

yment

as

well a

s envi

ronm

enta

l in

tegrity

and

serv

ices,

and for so

cial w

elfare

.

A third o

f Ghana’s

fore

sts are

said

to h

ave

been lost

in the p

eriod 1

955-7

2 (Kote

y et al 1998, quoting H

all, 1987),

with som

e e

stim

ate

s of fo

rest

loss

in the last

centu

ry b

ein

g a

s hig

h a

s 80% (e.g

. Fore

st W

atc

h G

hana, 2000).

Loss

of natu

ral fo

rest

in t

he d

eca

de t

o 2

000 is

est

imate

d t

o b

e 1

6% (W

RI, 2

009).

By

1993, only

about half o

f Ghana’s

rese

rved fore

sts w

ere

in a

conditio

n d

esc

ribed a

s ‘r

easo

nable

’, w

ith the rest

bein

g d

egra

ded o

r w

ors

e (Agya

rko, 2007, quoting H

aw

thorn

e

and J

uam

, 1993).

ii R

ece

nt

studie

s est

imate

the c

ost

of

envi

ronm

enta

l degra

dation in t

he m

ajo

r natu

ral re

sourc

e s

ecto

rs a

t 5-1

0% o

f GDP.

The f

ore

st s

ect

or

acc

ounts

for 63% o

f th

is c

ost

(c.

US$

500 m

illion) (B

irik

ora

ng e

t al, 2

007 q

uoting C

arr

et et al. 2

006; W

orld B

ank, 2006: 22).

If re

media

l act

ion is not ta

ken, th

is

is lik

ely

to seve

rely

im

pede n

ational gro

wth

. The p

rosp

ect

is already

imm

inent of a tra

nsition fro

m a

bundance

of tim

ber to

sca

rcity

(World B

ank, 2006: pp. 22,

32).

B. DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION

For

the m

ost

part

, defo

rest

ation a

nd f

ore

st d

egra

dation in t

he G

hana s

ituation a

re ‘

slow

drip’

phenom

ena -

that

is,

incr

em

enta

l ra

ther

than d

ram

atic.

The

em

phasis

is v

ery

much

on d

egra

dation,

whic

h r

esu

lts

from

the m

ultip

le a

ctio

ns

of

div

ers

e a

ctors

, w

ith n

o s

ingle

dom

inant

influence

s. T

here

are

none o

f th

e

majo

r in

dust

rial

defo

rest

ation d

rive

rs w

hic

h h

ave

so

radic

ally

changed t

he l

andsc

ape e

lsew

here

the t

ropic

s (a

s in

Bra

zil

and I

ndonesian K

alim

anta

n,

for

inst

ance

).

A range o

f direct

and indirect

influence

s on t

he loss

of fo

rest

cove

r ca

n b

e identified (Contr

era

s-Herm

osilla, 2000; Geist

& L

am

bin

, 2002; Agya

rko, 2007).

The

immediate (proximate) drivers incl

ude:

i.

Tim

ber harv

est

ing (indust

rial lo

ggin

g; c

hain

saw

loggin

g)

ii.

Non-m

ech

anised a

gricu

lture

and a

gricu

ltura

l pra

ctic

es,

incl

udin

g:

a.

Agricu

ltura

l expansion; la

nd c

onve

rsio

n for beve

rage, oil a

nd o

ther cr

ops

b.

small-s

cale

agricu

lture

and p

ast

ora

lism

iii.

Oth

er co

mm

erc

ial agricu

lture

& p

lanta

tions,

incl

udin

g m

ech

anised farm

ing

iv.

Energ

y (f

irew

ood a

nd c

harc

oal)

v.

Min

ing (la

rge-s

cale

and a

rtisanal/

‘gala

mse

y’)

Underp

innin

g these

drive

rs in the G

hana c

onte

xt are

a n

um

ber of underlying causes in

cludin

g:

• Demographic factors

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

112

• Institutional and policy issues

• Economic

The demographic factors

conce

rn t

he s

ubst

antial popula

tion g

row

th w

hic

h h

as

occ

urr

ed in r

ece

nt

years

, m

ost

nota

bly

in t

he m

ajo

r urb

an s

ett

lem

ents

whic

h h

ave

expanded d

ram

atica

lly.

The institutional and policy issues re

late

to thre

e o

verlappin

g a

reas:

a)

Gove

rnance

weakness

es in

cludin

g the c

om

ple

xity

of pro

pert

y and tenurial rights

b)

Mark

et fa

ilure

s, such

as prici

ng o

f fo

rest

goods and serv

ices,

and m

onopso

nistic

mark

et disto

rtio

ns

c)

Extr

a-s

ect

ora

l policy

influences,

chie

fly

rela

ting to a

gricu

ltura

l and m

inin

g p

olici

es

Economic and trade factors

incl

ude p

att

ern

s of

loca

l, r

egio

nal and inte

rnational dem

and f

or

Ghana’s

tim

ber

and o

ther

pro

duct

s, p

art

icula

rly

coco

a a

nd

min

era

ls (Bogete

c et al, 2

007; Bla

ckett

& G

ard

ett

e, 2008).

The inst

itutional, p

olicy

and e

conom

ic f

act

ors

are

clo

sely

inte

rwove

n w

ith t

he p

roxim

ate

cause

s of

defo

rest

ation a

nd t

heir d

iscu

ssio

n w

ill be s

ubsu

med

into

that analy

sis (S

ect

ion C

.2).

The b

roader dem

ogra

phic

cause

s are

briefly

revi

ew

ed b

elo

w.

C.1 Demographic changes in Ghana

Although t

he c

ountr

y had a

n e

nvi

able

inherita

nce

at

independence

in t

erm

s of

fore

ign e

xch

ange r

ese

rves,

an e

stablish

ed s

yste

m o

f sc

hooling,

educa

ted

leaders

hip

and a

str

ong s

oci

al re

form

ist

agenda,

Ghana’s

early

deve

lopm

ent

failed t

o fulfil its

pro

mise,

and t

he f

irst

thre

e d

eca

des

aft

er

independence

were

mark

ed b

y ra

pid

econom

ic d

ecl

ine.

Ove

r-dependence

on t

hre

e p

rim

ary

pro

duct

s –

cocoa,

gold

and t

imber

– le

ft t

he c

ountr

y vu

lnera

ble

to t

he v

agaries

of

inte

rnational m

ark

ets

and the c

urs

e o

f th

e m

ono-c

rop a

gricultura

l eco

nom

y, a

nd the h

oped-f

or div

ers

ific

ation a

nd indust

rialisa

tion failed to m

ate

rialise

. O

nly

in t

he late

1980s

did

the c

ountr

y begin

to r

eco

ver

its

regio

nal pre

-em

inence

, and it

has

ach

ieve

d t

his larg

ely

thro

ugh

risin

g m

ark

ets

and s

table

dem

ocr

atic

gove

rnm

ent,

leadin

g t

o a

n im

pro

ved c

lim

ate

for

eco

nom

ic p

olicy

, in

vest

ment

and a

id,

rath

er

than a

ny

majo

r re

stru

cturing o

f th

e e

conom

y (

Bogete

c et al,

2007).

Sin

ce t

he c

om

mence

ment

of

the e

conom

ic re

covery

, Ghana h

as

purs

ued a st

rate

gy

whic

h c

om

bin

es

a c

om

mitm

ent

to p

ove

rty

reduct

ion a

nd t

he

att

ain

ment

of

the M

DGs

with a

pro

gra

mm

e o

f eco

nom

ic g

row

th t

arg

ete

d o

n a

ttain

ment

of

mid

dle

inco

me s

tatu

s w

ithin

a m

easu

rable

pla

nnin

g p

eriod (

NDPC,

2005).

Popula

tion a

nd u

rbanisation h

ave

both

incr

ease

d r

apid

ly s

ince

independence

, and G

hana i

s w

ell o

n t

he r

oad t

o b

ecom

ing a

pre

dom

inantly

urb

an s

oci

ety

.

Popula

tion h

as

more

than t

riple

d,

from

6 m

illion (

1957)

to 2

0 m

illion (

2002),

and is

expect

ed t

o r

each

31 m

illion b

y 2025 (

WRI, 2

007).

National popula

tion

gro

wth

rate

show

s so

me s

igns

of

dim

inishin

g,

how

eve

r, d

roppin

g f

rom

3% in 1

994 t

o 2

.7% in 2

000 (Ibid

). T

he a

ge s

truct

ure

rem

ain

s th

e p

yram

id t

ypic

al of

deve

lopin

g e

conom

ies,

with 4

3 p

erc

ent

under

the a

ge o

f 15 y

ears

. The p

opula

tion e

mplo

yed in a

gricu

lture

dro

pped fro

m 5

5% in 1

998-9

to 4

5% in 2

003 (Ibid

).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

113

Urb

an p

opula

tion h

as

incr

ease

d fro

m 1

5% in 1

950 to 4

6% in 2

005, and is anticip

ate

d to reach

58% b

y 2030 (UNEP, 2005).

The rate

of urb

an p

opula

tion incr

ease

is c

urr

ently

4.2

%, signific

antly in e

xce

ss o

f ove

rall g

row

th.

Tw

o m

ajo

r co

nurb

ations (A

ccr

a a

nd K

um

asi) acc

ount fo

r a third o

f th

e u

rban p

opula

tion. Acc

ra, th

e c

apital, incr

ease

d t

hre

efo

ld b

etw

een 1

970 a

nd 2

000, w

ith

the p

opula

tion o

f Gre

ate

r Acc

ra n

ow

sta

ndin

g a

t ove

r 2 m

illion. (G

hana S

tatist

ical Se

rvic

e, 2002).

With incr

ease

d u

rbanisation h

as

com

e incr

ease

d d

em

and for

tim

ber,

NTFPs and a

gricu

ltura

l pro

duct

s, incr

easing the str

ess

on fore

st reso

urc

esii

i .

Alo

ng w

ith t

he rapid

rate

of urb

an g

row

th h

as

been a

sig

nific

ant

incr

ease

in rura

l popula

tion, addin

g t

o t

he p

ress

ure

s on p

roduct

ive land. R

ura

l popula

tion is

now

more

than t

wo a

nd a

half t

imes

the 1

950 l

eve

l (a

t 11 m

illion),

although a

gricu

ltura

l pro

duct

ivity

has

not

kept

pace

, and t

here

has

been n

egligib

le

deve

lopm

ent

of

agricu

ltura

l te

chnolo

gie

s.

Burg

eonin

g r

ura

l popula

tion h

as

been p

art

ly a

ccom

modate

d in G

hana b

y exce

ptional le

vels o

f fluid

ity

in land a

nd

labour m

ark

ets

(st

retc

hin

g b

ack

ove

r se

vera

l ce

ntu

ries)

. These

are

discu

ssed furt

her in

subse

quent para

gra

phs (S

ect

ions C.2

.1, C.2

.3 a

nd A

nnex O

ne).

C.2 Immediate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation

C.2

.1 T

imb

er

in t

he

na

tio

na

l e

con

om

y

The f

ore

st s

ect

or

contr

ibute

s 4% o

f th

e G

DP s

hare

of

natu

ral re

sourc

es

and is

the f

ourt

h f

ore

ign e

xch

ange e

arn

er,

support

ing t

he liv

elihoods

of

about

70% o

f

Ghana’s

rura

l popula

tion (Birik

ora

ng e

t al, 2

001),

and p

rovid

ing 1

1% o

f export

earn

ings

(Agya

rko, 2007).

Policy

and p

ract

ice in t

he s

ect

or

are

thus

of ce

ntr

al

inte

rest

in a

ssess

ing the p

ote

ntial fo

r REDD.

The s

ect

or

has

long s

uff

ere

d f

rom

seve

re g

ove

rnance

pro

ble

ms,

and t

hese

have

contr

ibute

d t

o t

he d

egra

ded c

onditio

n o

f th

e f

ore

st e

state

. The p

roble

m is

reco

gnised in n

ational policy

, in

cludin

g the n

ational pove

rty

reduct

ion str

ate

gy,

GPRSI

I:

‘Ghana’s

tim

ber

indust

ry i

s yet

to d

erive

optim

um

valu

e f

or

the n

ation f

rom

the f

ore

st r

eso

urc

es

whic

h a

re in t

he m

eantim

e b

ein

g e

xplo

ited t

o

exhaust

ion’.

(2005:7

)

In the last

few

years

, co

nce

rted e

ffort

s have

been m

ade to a

ddre

ss these

defici

enci

es and these

are

meeting

with som

e succ

ess

, although sig

nific

ant ch

allenges

rem

ain

.

Fore

st p

olicy

in G

hana h

as se

en a

sig

nific

ant sh

ift since

independence

in favo

ur of a c

om

mitm

ent to

the p

rinci

ple

of su

stain

ability

(Kote

y et al,1998:p

p.8

0-8

1).

This is

most

evi

dent

in t

he o

bje

ctiv

es

for m

anagem

ent

of th

e o

ff-r

ese

rve s

tock

. Su

ccess

ive p

olicy

sta

tem

ents

have

move

d fro

m p

rogre

ssiv

e liq

uid

ation, as

the

guid

ing p

rinci

ple

of

the 1

948 p

olicy

, to

one o

f su

stain

able

managem

ent

in t

he 1

994 p

olicy

.iv

The f

ailure

to r

ealise

the latt

er

obje

ctiv

e is

at

the h

eart

of

the

pre

sent cr

isis in the indust

ry.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

114

Pro

cess

ing c

apacity

in t

he t

imber

sect

or

incr

ease

d s

ignific

antly

in t

he 1

990s,

stim

ula

ted p

art

ly b

y th

e a

vailability o

f cr

edit u

nder

the E

conom

ic R

eco

very

Pro

gra

mm

e a

nd b

urg

eonin

g inte

rnational dem

and (

World B

ank,

2006:2

7).

Tim

ber

export

s re

ach

ed a

peak o

f 500,0

00 m

3 o

f finished t

imber

in 2

000.

In 2

005,

export

s of natu

ral tim

ber earn

ed the c

ountr

y €184 m

illion (US$

200 m

illion) in

fore

ign e

xch

ange (Hanse

n a

nd T

reue, 2008).

In b

oth

eco

nom

ic a

nd e

nvi

ronm

enta

l te

rms,

how

eve

r, t

he p

erf

orm

ance

of

the s

ect

or

has

been p

roble

matic.

This is

pre

sente

d in t

he litera

ture

as

larg

ely

a

pro

ble

m o

f poor governance

, im

ply

ing a

series of policy

and m

ark

et fa

ilure

s w

hic

h c

ollect

ively

derive

fro

m the u

se o

f fo

rest

reso

urc

es to

serv

e p

urp

ose

s oth

er

than fore

st c

onse

rvation.

Fore

st Govern

ance

The p

olicy

failure

s ass

ocia

ted w

ith p

oor gove

rnance

incl

ude:

g.

the histo

ric

underv

alu

ation of

the re

sourc

e by

succ

ess

ive gove

rnm

ents

; fa

ctors

su

ch as:

a la

x fisc

al

regim

e excess

ively

fa

voura

ble

to

th

e

opera

tors

, le

adin

g t

o u

nder-

prici

ng a

nd d

epre

ciation o

f st

um

page f

ees;

indust

ry p

rote

ctio

nism

thro

ugh t

he e

ffect

s of

the log e

xport

ban;

low

reve

nue c

aptu

re; in

appro

priate

tax e

xem

ptions.

h.

the h

igh l

eve

ls o

f ille

gality

that

have

deve

loped i

n t

he s

ect

or,

reflect

ed i

n w

idesp

read i

llic

it o

verland t

rade a

nd i

llegal

chain

saw

ing;

such

ille

gality

is

fed b

y fa

ctors

such a

s: indust

rial ove

r-ca

pacity;

poor

superv

isio

n o

f explo

itation a

t field

leve

l; low

dom

est

ic log p

rice

s; inadequaci

es

in the legal re

gim

e.

Paragraphs 25 -36 revi

ew

these

fact

ors

in m

ore

deta

il.

Ov

er-

cap

aci

ty:

As of 2005, w

ood flo

ws in

the G

hana e

conom

y w

ere

est

imate

d to b

e a

s fo

llow

s (F

igure

1):

Fig

ure

1: Tim

ber Flo

ws in

the G

hana E

conom

y

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

115

Source:

Bir

ikora

ng, Hanse

n a

nd T

reue (2007) ‘R

evie

w o

f th

e c

urr

ent

taxa

tio

n s

yste

m r

ele

va

nt

to t

he

fo

rest

secto

r in

Gh

an

a’ VLT

P B

ack

gro

und P

aper # 1

,

Fore

stry

Com

mission, Acc

ra.

The f

orm

al

tim

ber

indust

ry s

uff

ers

fro

m s

erious

ove

r-ca

paci

ty (

Agya

rko,

2007:

3).

Milling c

apaci

ty i

ncr

ease

d b

y 37% b

etw

een 1

997 a

nd 1

999 (

Birik

ora

ng,

2001:1

8).

While t

here

has

been a

sig

nific

ant

reduct

ion in t

he n

um

ber of act

ive independent

loggers

v w

hic

h a

re n

ot

inte

gra

ted w

ith p

roce

ssin

g (dow

n fro

m 3

50

in 1

990, to

70 in 1

999),

the o

ver-

capaci

ty o

f th

e indust

ry is st

ill ve

ry e

vident.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

116

The indust

ry is hig

hly

conce

ntr

ate

d. As of 2001, th

e ten larg

est

opera

tors

acc

ounte

d for 43% e

xport

s, a

nd the top 2

0 o

pera

tors

, 61% o

f export

s (B

irik

ora

ng e

t al,

2001: ix

), a

nd c

onso

lidation is co

ntinuin

g. C

onve

rsio

n rate

s are

low

, on a

vera

ge o

nly

36%, th

ough a

few firm

s ach

ieve

70% (W

orld B

ank, 2006).

Log

exp

ort

su

spe

nsi

on

A s

eries

of

log e

xport

contr

ols w

as

intr

oduce

d b

etw

een 1

979 a

nd 1

995 w

hic

h a

mounte

d t

o t

he c

om

ple

te s

usp

ension o

f export

s of

raw

logs.

vi W

hile t

hese

measu

res

were

inte

nded t

o c

ontr

ol th

e t

imber

harv

est

while a

lso f

avo

uring a

ddin

g v

alu

e d

om

est

ically,

the e

ffect

has

been t

he r

eve

rse.

Alo

ng w

ith t

he h

igh

trade ch

arg

es

impose

d on export

ed vo

lum

e and va

lue b

ut

the under-

prici

ng of

stum

page and oth

er

taxes

on t

imber

harv

est

ing,

the eff

ect

has

been to

disco

ura

ge v

alu

e-a

ddin

g tert

iary

pro

cess

ing. C

ollect

ively

, th

e m

easu

res have

depre

ssed loca

l price

s su

bst

antially

belo

w inte

rnational le

vels, enco

ura

gin

g loca

l

wood p

roce

ssin

g b

ut

also p

rote

ctin

g ineff

icie

nt

opera

tions

and failin

g t

o s

tim

ula

te d

eve

lopm

ent

of th

e indust

ry. V

alu

e-s

ubtr

act

ing o

pera

tions,

such

as

veneer

pro

duct

ion, have

been favo

ure

d t

o t

he d

etr

iment

of th

e h

igh-v

alu

e t

ert

iary

pro

cess

ing (fo

r exam

ple

, co

nsu

mer-

ready

outp

uts

such

as

finished furn

iture

). T

his

would

be m

ore

conduci

ve to the c

reation o

f an inte

rnationally

com

petitive

and g

row

th-o

riente

d fore

st indust

ry (Birik

ora

ng e

t al, 2

001).

vii

Leg

ali

ty o

f su

pp

ly

The ‘

Wood Indust

ry a

nd L

og E

xport

Ban S

tudy’

undert

aken b

y Birik

ora

ng et al

(2001)

est

imate

d t

hat,

of

the t

ota

l lo

g h

arv

est

, only

a t

hird w

as

legal (t

he

distr

ibution b

ein

g:

30% legal and 2

4% illegal; n

on-indust

rial ch

ain

saw

ying c

ontr

ibute

d t

he r

em

ain

ing 4

6%).

The p

roport

ions

of

ille

gal harv

est

sourc

ed o

n-

and

off

-rese

rve a

re n

ot

know

n,

though t

he o

n-r

ese

rve h

arv

est

is

said

to b

e incr

easing (

Mayers

et

al, 2

008:p

.16).

The h

eavy

dependence

of

the s

ect

or

on illegal

tim

ber,

togeth

er w

ith sig

nific

ant encr

oach

ment fo

r sm

all h

old

er agricu

lture

, have

led to the seve

re d

egra

dation o

f m

any

fore

st rese

rves,

and h

ave

acc

ele

rate

d

the str

ess

on the o

ff-r

ese

rve tim

ber re

sourc

e.

Th

e m

ov

e f

rom

ad

min

istr

ati

ve

to

co

mp

eti

tiv

e a

llo

cati

on

of

log

gin

g a

rea

s

A p

art

icula

r co

nce

rn o

f ci

vil so

ciety

has been the failure

of su

ccess

ive g

ove

rnm

ents

to c

onve

rt the c

once

ssio

ns

alloca

ted a

dm

inistr

ative

ly into

the c

om

petitive

timber utilization contracts (T

UCs)

, pre

scribed u

nder th

e 1

997 law

. Pro

vided it is a

cco

mpanie

d b

y tight m

anagerial co

ntr

ols, co

mpetitive

alloca

tion p

rovi

des

a w

ay

to incr

ease

captu

re o

f fo

rest

rents

and im

pro

ve t

ransp

are

ncy

in r

eve

nue c

ollect

ion. It a

lso h

elp

s elim

inate

the u

nder-

prici

ng o

f th

e r

eso

urc

e w

hic

h is

a

majo

r m

oto

r of ille

gality

. A

s of 2006, adm

inistr

ative

conce

ssio

ns acc

ounte

d for c.

50% o

f pro

duct

ion fore

sts w

hile o

nly

4% h

ad b

een a

lloca

ted c

om

petitive

ly a

nd

in full c

onfo

rmity

with t

he law

(W

orld B

ank, 2006: 54).

The v

iew

of so

me c

ivil s

oci

ety

com

menta

tors

is

thus

that

alm

ost

all t

he c

urr

ent

pro

duct

ion is

ille

gal,

not

just

the m

anifest

ly ‘

ille

gally

harv

est

ed’.

An a

ltern

ative

vie

w is

that

the r

ele

vant

Act

(617:

‘Tim

ber

Reso

urc

es

Managem

ent

[Am

endm

ent]

2002’)

gra

nts

discr

etionary

pow

ers

to t

he f

ore

st m

iniste

r in

the a

lloca

tion o

f tim

ber

rights

, and t

hus

the f

ailure

to c

onve

rt c

once

ssio

n t

o T

UCs,

how

eve

r re

gre

ttable

, is a

t

least

legally

defe

nsible

[cf

. Beeko, 2008:1

].

The w

idesp

read lack

of

managem

ent

pla

ns

(a legal re

quirem

ent)

and t

he a

ppare

ntly

frequent

aw

ard

s of

salv

age p

erm

its

and t

imber

utiliza

tion p

erm

its

for

routine indust

rial opera

tions in

off

-rese

rve a

reas are

also o

f co

nce

rn to c

ivil soci

ety

(Ibid

).

Fo

rest

ce

rtif

ica

tio

n a

nd

th

e v

ali

da

tio

n o

f le

ga

l ti

mb

er

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

117

Tim

ber

cert

ific

ation p

rese

nts

a m

ajo

r ch

allenge in t

he G

hana c

onte

xt.

As

yet,

none o

f Ghana’s

fore

st c

once

ssio

ns

is c

ert

ifie

d b

y a

reco

gnised inte

rnational

managem

ent

cert

ifyi

ng b

ody.

The o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas

would

not

qualify

for

cert

ific

ation u

nder

curr

ent

rule

s, b

eca

use

they

lack

the n

ece

ssary

envi

ronm

enta

l

inte

grity

for su

stain

able

managem

ent.

This h

as

majo

r knock

-on e

ffect

s on t

he indust

ry’s

inte

rest

in c

ert

ific

ation b

eca

use

, w

ith a

dw

indling s

tock

, pro

duct

ion

mix

es

on-r

ese

rve a

nd o

ff-r

ese

rve t

imber

acc

ord

ing t

o n

eed.

There

was

discu

ssio

n d

uring t

he V

PA n

egotiations

of

the p

ote

ntial fo

r lim

ited c

ert

ific

ation o

f

tim

ber of m

ixed o

rigin

, although this w

ould

fall short

of fu

ll c

ontr

ol of ch

ain

of cu

stody.

Legality

ve

rifica

tion lo

oks

to be a m

ore

pro

misin

g ro

ute

to

co

ntr

ol

of

the tim

ber

chain

. Gove

rnance

re

form

eff

ort

s have

been galv

aniz

ed aro

und th

e

negotiation o

f a V

olu

nta

ry P

art

ners

hip

Agre

em

ent

(VPA) w

ith t

he E

uro

pean U

nio

n (th

e d

raft

agre

em

ent

bein

g initia

lled in S

epte

mber 2008).

VPA n

egotiations

have

been t

aken f

orw

ard

by

the F

ore

stry

Com

mission’s

‘Validation o

f Legal Tim

ber

Pro

ject

’, w

hic

h h

as

focu

sed o

n t

wo s

ets

of

act

ivitie

s (B

eeko,

2008):

the

technical deliverables,

such

as

the legal definitio

n o

f tim

ber and c

hain

of cu

stody

syst

em

, and t

he wider governance reforms.

A p

ositive

asp

ect

of th

e form

er

is t

he c

om

mitm

ent

to a

sin

gle

national

policy

, co

vering b

oth

inte

rnational

and d

om

est

ic m

ark

ets

, th

us

avo

idin

g t

he t

endency

to b

ifurc

ation w

hic

h m

ight

oth

erw

ise u

nderm

ine the sta

ted e

nvi

ronm

enta

l goals. Regard

ing the w

ider re

form

s, there

has been a

positive

tre

nd in that,

as a resu

lt o

f th

e n

ew

initia

tive

s,

‘challengin

g g

ove

rnance

iss

ues th

at did

not pre

viously

enjo

y su

stain

ed d

ebate

have

clim

bed u

p the V

PA p

roce

ss ladder…

[and] a n

ew

and w

elc

om

e d

ynam

ic o

f

conse

nsu

s-base

d p

olicy

form

ula

tion is em

erg

ing in the fore

st sect

or’

(Beeko, 2008:1

). W

hile the V

PA p

roce

ss is m

ain

ly c

once

rned w

ith legal tim

ber pro

duct

ion,

rath

er

than f

ore

st c

onse

rvation,

its

underlyi

ng inte

rest

s in

sound g

ove

rnance

and s

ust

ain

able

fore

st m

anagem

ent

are

of

imm

edia

te r

ele

vance

to t

he R

EDD

agenda, and the incl

usive

consu

ltation p

roce

ss is part

icula

rly

enco

ura

gin

g.

An a

ssess

ment of th

e p

ote

ntial im

pact

s of th

e G

hana V

PA h

as been c

om

missioned b

y th

e F

ore

stry

Com

mission (Maye

rs e

t al,2008).

This c

om

mends th

e p

roce

ss,

but note

s th

at alo

ne it w

ill not be e

nough to a

ddre

ss the u

nderlyi

ng p

roble

ms of th

e sect

or (d

egra

dation o

f th

e reso

urc

e, decl

inin

g c

ontr

ibution to G

DP, la

ck o

f

public

engagem

ent

in f

ore

st m

anagem

ent)

.viii

Without

rem

edia

l act

ion (

i.e.

in a

‘business

as

usu

al’ s

cenario,

disco

unting t

he e

ffect

s of

the V

PA),

a s

teep

decl

ine in a

ll s

ub-s

ect

ors

of th

e indust

ry is

pre

dic

ted

ix. W

ith a

min

imal le

gitim

ate

regim

e (i.e. th

e V

PA),

turn

over in

all t

he s

ub-s

ect

ors

will st

ill be d

ow

n, but

less

so than in the B

AU sce

nario. T

he stu

dy

arg

ues th

at th

e G

ove

rnm

ent needs to

take the o

pport

unity

off

ere

d b

y th

e V

PA to a

dva

nce

the refo

rms of th

e sect

or

that

have

been m

oote

d f

or

many

years

(Maye

rs e

t al, 2

008:

p.4

9).

Table

4 p

rese

nts

the s

um

mary

fin

din

gs

of

this s

tudy,

and d

eta

ils

the p

ote

ntial gain

s and

loss

es of th

ree a

ltern

ative

sce

narios fo

r fo

rest

sect

or deve

lopm

ent to

2020.

Table

4. Pote

ntial Gain

s and L

oss

es to

Ghana u

nder th

ree a

ltern

ative sce

narios fo

r develo

pm

ent of Ghana’s

fore

st sect

or to

2020

Gain

s Loss

es

Without a legitimate

timber

regime

attempted

•

Short

-term

pro

fit fo

r so

me e

xisting

indust

ry

•

Short

-term

benefits

for so

me fro

m

chain

saw

lum

bering

•

Short

-term

em

plo

yment benefits

for

fore

st indust

ry

•

‘Hard

landin

g’ as se

ctor dw

indle

s fa

st,

corr

uption rife

•

Reso

urc

e c

rash

, defo

rest

ation a

nd

degra

ded e

cosy

stem

serv

ices;

fore

gone

carb

on p

aym

ents

; so

il e

rosion a

nd

wate

r quality

pro

ble

ms;

loss

of

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

118

bio

div

ers

ity

With

an

effective

legitimate

timber

regime

•

‘Soft

er la

ndin

g’ fo

r a d

ow

nsize

d

sect

or

•

Impro

ved form

al se

ctor re

sourc

e

managem

ent

•

Incr

ease

d a

ccounta

bility

stim

ula

tes

positive

engagem

ent

•

Low

er re

venues,

continued soci

al/

envi

ronm

enta

l risk

•

Som

e speci

es lo

ss a

nd fore

st

degra

dation

•

Com

munitie

s st

ill disenfr

anch

ised a

nd

som

e socia

l dislo

cation

•

Subst

antial num

bers

of co

mpanie

s disso

lved w

ith e

mplo

yment lo

sses

With sector reform

•

Stabilised p

roduct

ive fore

st sect

or,

healthy

reve

nues

•

Resp

onsible

managem

ent on a

nd o

ff

rese

rve w

ith m

ain

tenance

of

eco

syst

em

serv

ices re

sultin

g in c

arb

on

stora

ge, w

ate

rshed a

nd b

iodiv

ers

ity

pro

tect

ion

•

Rig

hts

, re

sponsibilitie

s and c

apaci

ty in

the b

est

pla

ces fo

r good m

anagem

ent

and loca

l benefit

•

Larg

er sh

are

of ‘t

imber eco

nom

ic

rent’

to reso

urc

e o

wners

•

Smaller fo

rest

sect

or

•

Still lo

wer le

vels o

f fo

rest

goods and

serv

ices (m

ay

regenera

te/ e

xpand

beyo

nd 2

020)

•

Low

er (b

ut su

stain

able

) em

plo

yment

leve

ls

•

Desp

ite g

ain

s – it is to

o little a

nd too

late

for so

me c

om

munitie

s

Source:

‘Ass

ess

ment

of

pote

ntial im

pact

s in

Ghana o

f a V

PA w

ith t

he E

C o

n f

ore

st g

ove

rnance

’ (M

aye

rs e

t al fo

r th

e F

ore

stry

Com

mission,

Ghana,

2008),

p. 3-4

)

Re

me

dia

l a

ctio

ns

In o

rder to

addre

ss such

pro

ble

ms –a

nd w

ithin

the o

vera

ll fra

mew

ork

of NREG th

e G

ove

rnm

ent has put in

pla

ce o

r has pro

pose

d a

series of m

easu

res to

secu

re

the re

sourc

e,

incl

udin

g:

fisc

al

refo

rms;

im

pro

ved lo

cal

part

icip

ation in

re

sourc

e m

anagem

ent

(though co

mm

unity

fore

stry

co

mm

itte

es

and th

e like);

regenera

tion p

rogra

mm

es

(incl

udin

g m

odifie

d taungya,

allow

ing f

or

part

icip

ation o

f th

e p

oor

in r

efo

rest

ation a

ctiv

itie

s);

and e

nco

ura

gem

ent

of

non-f

ore

st

dependent altern

ative

inco

me g

enera

ting a

ctiv

itie

s (o

il p

alm

pro

cess

ing, live

stock

rearing, etc

.). (W

orld B

ank, 2006:3

6).

The tenurial issu

e h

as been a

ddre

ssed

in the w

ildlife

sect

or by

the form

ation o

f co

mm

unity

reso

urc

e m

anagem

ent are

as,

or ‘C

REMAs’

, w

here

by

the W

ildlife

Div

isio

n, in

co-o

pera

tion w

ith the D

istr

ict

Ass

em

bly

and (w

here

appro

priate

) tr

aditio

nal auth

orities,

dele

gate

s auth

ority

in a

designate

d a

rea t

o t

he c

om

munity repre

sente

d b

y a loca

lly

ele

cted N

atu

ral

Reso

urc

e M

anagem

ent

Com

mitte

e (NRMC) to

regula

te a

nd c

ontr

ol acc

ess

to w

ildlife

(W

ildlife

Div

isio

n, MLF, 2000).

This is

in lin

e w

ith t

he c

om

mitm

ent

of th

e

gove

rnm

ent

to c

reating a

fra

mew

ork

whic

h e

nable

s lo

cal

com

munitie

s and h

ouse

hold

s to

have

real

opport

unitie

s to

benefit

more

fro

m f

ore

st r

eso

urc

es,

there

by

enco

ura

gin

g p

ositive

changes in

behavi

our to

ward

s th

e n

atu

ral envi

ronm

ent.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

119

What has not ye

t been a

ddre

ssed, how

eve

r, a

re the u

nderlyi

ng tenurial co

nst

rain

ts a

nd g

enera

l la

ck o

f in

centive

s to

enco

ura

ge tre

e c

onse

rvation a

nd p

lanting,

whic

h c

ontr

ibute

very

sig

nific

antly

to the d

egra

dation o

f th

e fore

st reso

urc

e. These

are

considere

d im

media

tely

belo

w.

Lan

d a

nd

tre

e t

en

ure

an

d i

nce

nti

ve

s fo

r tr

ee

pla

nti

ng

an

d c

on

serv

ati

on

The sys

tem

of ru

ral pro

pert

y rights

has lo

ng b

een reco

gnised a

s pro

ble

matic

in G

hana, in

at le

ast

tw

o d

imensions,

tree tenure a

nd land tenure

, w

hic

h o

pera

te

under co

nce

ptu

ally

separa

ble

regim

es.

�

Tre

e t

enure

is

eff

ect

ively

under st

ate

ow

ners

hip

, although r

eve

nues

are

share

d w

ith c

hie

fs a

nd d

istr

ict

ass

em

blies;

for

most

farm

ers

, rights

ove

r

the tenure

of native

tre

es are

very

lim

ited indeed.

�

Land t

enure

varies

acc

ord

ing t

o t

he c

ultura

l sy

stem

, but

in t

he A

kan a

reas,

the ‘allodia

l title’ to

land (i.e.

form

al adm

inistr

ative

sove

reig

nty

) is

usu

ally

held

by

chie

ftain

cies

(‘th

e s

tool’)

though t

he p

roprieta

ry t

itle

is

oft

en h

eld

by

sub-c

hie

fs a

nd p

rom

inent

fam

ilie

s (O

safo

, 2008).

There

have

been a

ctiv

e land m

ark

ets

for m

any

deca

des,

and lease

hold

s are

com

mon w

ith v

ary

ing d

egre

es of te

nurial se

curity

. Outs

ide o

f th

e A

kan a

reas

(the E

we-s

peakin

g a

reas,

for

exam

ple

), land is

oft

en o

wned b

y fa

milie

s.

As

land p

ress

ure

s have

built

up in t

he A

kan a

reas,

conflic

ts b

etw

een

‘land o

wners

’ and ‘te

nants

’ are

incr

easingly

report

ed.

The tre

e tenure

iss

ue is co

nsidere

d in d

eta

il in A

nnex O

ne, but th

ere

are

tw

o m

ajo

r co

nce

rns.

First

, an im

port

ant co

nse

quence

of th

e e

ffect

ive sta

te m

onopoly

ove

r tr

ee t

enure

is

the lack

of

any

ince

ntive

s to

farm

ers

and landow

ners

to p

lant

and c

onse

rve t

rees

of

tim

ber

valu

e.

This e

nsu

res

that,

whate

ver

the g

ood

inte

ntions

of

the 1

994 F

ore

st P

olicy

as

regard

s th

e p

rom

otion o

f su

stain

able

fore

stry

, th

e r

eality

of

fore

stry

in t

he o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas

rem

ain

s th

e p

rogre

ssiv

e

degra

dation a

nd liq

uid

ation o

f th

e sto

ck.

The land t

enure

iss

ue c

once

rns

the c

once

ptu

al se

para

tion b

etw

een c

ate

gories

of ‘land o

wner’

and ‘fa

rmer’

in t

he A

kan a

reas

(whic

h a

ccount

for

most

of th

e

HFZ),

whic

h incr

ease

s th

e u

ncert

ain

ty a

bout th

e o

wners

hip

of la

nd reso

urc

es.

The e

xte

rnal st

ere

oty

pe o

f th

e h

arm

onio

us Afr

ican v

illa

ge ‘co

mm

unity’

has ve

ry

quest

ionable

meanin

g in t

his e

nvi

ronm

ent.

This iss

ue is

addre

ssed in m

ore

deta

il b

elo

w (

Sect

ion C

.2.3

; Annex O

ne),

but

it n

eeds

to b

e b

orn

e in m

ind w

hen

considering a

ny

pro

posa

l to

confe

r va

luable

carb

on rig

hts

in a

REDD s

trate

gy.

The fact

that

carb

on rig

hts

will be reco

gnised a

t national gove

rnm

enta

l le

vel in

any

inte

rnational

agre

em

ent

does

not

itse

lf r

eso

lve t

his p

roble

m,

for

not

all o

f th

e u

nderlyi

ng c

onflic

ts r

ela

te t

o t

he o

pposition o

f st

ate

and c

om

munity.

Import

ant co

nflic

ts e

xist w

ithin

many

com

munitie

s, a

nd these

conflic

ts a

re o

ften o

f ve

ry long h

isto

rica

l st

andin

g a

nd n

ot to

lia

ble

to reso

lution u

nilate

rally.

C.2

.2 C

ha

insa

w l

og

gin

g

While n

ot nece

ssarily

entire

ly d

ivorc

ed fro

m the form

al in

dust

ry, ch

ain

saw

loggin

g m

erits

independent co

nsidera

tion, as it invo

lves a separa

te set of act

ors

and

has so

mew

hat diffe

rent dyn

am

ics.

Lik

e the indust

rial se

ctor,

it underlin

es th

e w

eakness

es of th

e c

urr

ent te

nurial situ

ation.

As

of 1999, ch

ain

saw

pro

duct

ion s

tood a

t 46% o

f to

tal tim

ber pro

duct

ion a

nd 3

8% o

f lu

mber pro

duct

ion (m

ost

of it d

est

ined for dom

est

ic furn

iture

makin

g),

a

volu

me e

quiv

ale

nt

to t

he f

orm

al se

ctor

export

s of

wood p

roduct

s. It

pro

vided o

ver

30% o

f tim

ber-

rela

ted e

mplo

yment

(Birik

ora

ng e

t al, 2

001).

A s

ignific

ant

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

120

part

of th

e c

hain

saw

pro

duct

ion is dest

ined for lo

cal co

nsu

mers

who lack

the p

urc

hasing p

ow

er to

buy

legal tim

ber and p

roduct

s. T

here

are

also a

llegations of

collusion b

etw

een the form

al in

dust

ry a

nd the c

hain

saw

yers

to feed the m

ills o

uts

ide o

f th

eir q

uota

s, a

t m

inim

um

risk to the o

pera

tors

(Fore

st W

atc

h G

hana,

2006:

9),

though t

he im

port

ance

of

this i

s difficu

lt t

o a

ssess

.

The indust

ry is

theore

tica

lly

required t

o r

ele

ase

a p

roport

ion o

f its

pro

duct

ion o

nto

loca

l

mark

ets

, but

this is

larg

ely

ignore

d b

y th

e o

pera

tors

, w

ho c

ite t

he a

void

ance

of

stum

page a

nd o

ther

taxes

by

chain

saw

yers

and t

he d

epre

ssiv

e e

ffect

s of

chain

saw

pro

duct

ion o

n d

om

est

ic p

rice

s, b

oth

of w

hic

h d

isadva

nta

ge t

he indust

ry (Ibid

). The c

hain

saw

sub-s

ect

or is ineff

icie

nt,

although n

ot

nece

ssarily

less

eff

icie

nt

than indust

rial pro

duct

ion (

Tro

penbos,

2004),

part

icula

rly

when a

ccount

is t

aken o

f th

e g

reate

r pro

port

ion o

f th

e t

ree t

hat

is lik

ely

to b

e h

arv

est

ed

and (giv

en the a

bse

nce

of heavy

mach

inery

) th

e lik

elihood o

f re

duce

d c

ollate

ral dam

age.

Chain

saw

ing h

as

off

icia

lly

been b

anned s

ince

1998, so

that

it is

ille

gal fo

r fa

rmers

to s

ell t

rees

to c

hain

saw

yers

. T

heir readin

ess

to d

isre

gard

the law

reflect

s

their g

enera

l alienation fro

m the form

al in

dust

ry, th

e d

irect

and im

media

te retu

rns th

at th

ey

derive

fro

m the tra

de a

nd the e

xte

nt of th

e o

therw

ise u

nsa

tisf

ied

loca

l dem

and.

Opin

ions are

div

ided a

s to

how

to a

ddre

ss the c

hain

saw

pro

ble

m, w

ith v

iew

s pola

rize

d b

etw

een those

who a

dvo

cate

a repre

ssiv

e p

olicy

(cf

: Tro

penbos,

2004),

and t

hose

who s

ee legaliza

tion a

s th

e o

nly

via

ble

option.

Birik

ora

ng et al (2

001),

for

exam

ple

, advo

cate

legaliza

tion o

f ch

ain

saw

opera

tions

by

registe

ring

com

merc

ial TUPs

(a form

of

explo

itation c

ontr

act

inte

nded for

com

munity

benefits

but

hithert

o larg

ely

enjo

yed b

y th

e indust

ry).

This w

ould

need t

ight

loca

l

managem

ent

and c

ontr

ol, a

nd b

enefici

aries

would

be r

equired t

o p

ay

the r

equisite s

tum

page c

harg

es.

It

would

also b

e d

ependent

on im

pro

ved s

uperv

isio

n o

f

the fore

st rese

rves,

to d

isco

ura

ge ‘le

akage’ fr

om

off

-rese

rve (2001:4

6-7

). S

uch

measu

res

would

rein

forc

e t

he c

urr

ent

experim

enta

l att

em

pts

by

the F

ore

stry

Com

mission t

o b

ring c

hain

saw

loggin

g u

nder

form

al co

ntr

ol. A

n a

dju

nct

to t

his is

the n

eed t

o a

ddre

ss t

he iss

ue o

f in

centive

s to

conse

rve a

nd p

lant

trees

on-

farm

. W

ithout th

is ince

ntive

, le

galiza

tion o

f ch

ain

saw

opera

tions m

ay

serv

e o

nly

to h

ast

en the d

eple

tion o

f th

e o

ff-r

ese

rve sto

ck.

C.2

.3 N

on

-me

cha

nis

ed

ag

ricu

ltu

re a

nd

ag

ricu

ltu

ral

pra

ctic

es

Agricu

ltura

l cr

ops (incl

udin

g a

nnuals, su

ch a

s m

aiz

e a

nd m

ille

t, a

nd tre

e c

rops,

such

as co

coa, co

ffee, ca

shew

and o

il p

alm

) pro

vide m

uch

of th

e n

atu

ral w

ealth

of

Ghana (

on o

ne r

ece

nt

est

imation,

64% o

f all n

atu

ral capital, w

hic

h its

elf r

epre

sents

about

two-t

hirds

of

the t

ota

l w

ealth o

f th

e c

ountr

y),

and a

gricu

ltura

l

land a

ccounts

for m

ore

than h

alf o

f all land u

se (W

orld B

ank, 105-7

). Agricu

lture

is not only

the h

ighest

contr

ibuto

r to

GDP, but also p

rovi

des em

plo

yment fo

r

ove

r 60% o

f th

e p

opula

tion, part

icula

rly

wom

en (NDPC, 2005: p.2

30).

There

is

a r

ange o

f cr

ops

and p

ract

ices

that

would

tend in t

he A

fric

an litera

ture

to b

e v

iew

ed a

s ty

pic

al of

‘sm

all-s

cale

agricu

lture

’, a

lthough t

his c

an b

e

misle

adin

g in the G

hana c

onte

xt w

here

cro

ps su

ch a

s co

coa h

ave

been h

ighly

com

merc

ialise

d for a c

entu

ry o

r m

ore

, on v

ery

variable

scale

s, a

nd a

re o

pera

ted

very

much

as business

ventu

res (H

ill, 1

963).

Co

coa

in

th

e H

FZ

While G

hana is

no longer

the w

orld’s

leadin

g p

roduce

r of

coco

a (

Ivory

Coast

now

acc

ounts

for

38% o

f glo

bal pro

duct

ion w

ith G

hana s

econd a

t 21% [

UNCTAD,

2005])

, th

e c

rop rem

ain

s th

e b

edro

ck o

f th

e a

gricu

ltura

l eco

nom

y in

the H

FZ. T

he o

vera

ll p

roduct

ion tre

nd is rising (Ibid

; Vig

neri, 2007).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

121

For ove

r a c

entu

ry, co

coa h

as

been the m

ajo

r drive

r of la

nd u

se c

hange in the H

FZ. T

he a

rea u

nder co

coa is now

about 1,2

70,0

00 h

a. (i.e

. co

mpara

ble

to the

tota

l are

a o

f fo

rest

under

pro

tect

ion).

Coco

a p

roduct

ion i

n G

hana u

ses

low

-tech

nolo

gy

meth

ods,

with t

he h

eavi

est

inputs

bein

g la

bour

for

clearing a

nd

weedin

g,

and c

hem

icals f

or

spra

ying a

gain

st d

isease

. Coco

a f

arm

hold

ings

are

typ

ically

small (

c. 2

-8 h

a.),

though t

he r

ange is

wid

e,

and s

om

e h

old

ings

are

subst

antial. P

roduct

ivity

is low

by

inte

rnational st

andard

s (V

igneri, 2007).

F

ore

st soils are

late

ritic a

nd a

cidic

, part

icula

rly

in the w

est

ern

regio

n (ph o

f 5.5

or

less

) and for m

ost

pro

duce

rs soil fert

ility

was tr

aditio

nally

main

tain

ed m

ain

ly b

y fa

llow

ing. This w

as dependent on the a

vailability

of signific

ant su

rplu

s la

nd. As

hum

an p

opula

tion d

ensity

has

incr

ease

d, so

il q

uality

has

tended t

o d

ecl

ine, but

no o

ther fe

rtilisers

have

been a

pplied t

o c

om

pensa

te (Gock

ow

ski and S

onw

a,

2008).

Chem

ical fe

rtilisation is ra

rely

applied. R

ece

nt

rese

arc

h indic

ate

s th

at in

crease

s of pro

duct

ion g

enera

lly

derive

fro

m e

xpansion o

f th

e c

ultiv

ate

d a

rea,

extr

a labour

and p

hyt

och

em

ical in

puts

but

not

(exce

pt

with r

egard

to t

he n

ew

varieties

to b

e d

iscu

ssed b

elo

w)

from

incr

ease

s of

pro

duct

ivity

per

unit a

rea

(Vig

neri, 200; Ass

um

ing-B

rem

pong et al, n

.d.). The k

ey

const

rain

ts o

n y

ield

s are

input use

, pest

managem

ent and a

ccess

to w

ork

ing c

apital and c

redit (Vig

neri,

2008).

Th

e c

om

ple

xit

y o

f te

nu

ria

l re

gim

es

Popula

tion m

ove

ment has been a

dyn

am

ic fact

or in

the o

penin

g u

p o

f Ghana’s

fore

sts fo

r fo

ur ce

ntu

ries or m

ore

, and is re

flect

ed in the d

istinct

ive m

atr

ilin

eal

inherita

nce

sys

tem

s of th

e A

kan p

eople

s (W

ilks,

1977).

x Ove

r th

e last

centu

ry, m

igra

ncy

and s

hare

-cro

ppin

g h

ave

pro

vided t

he fra

mew

ork

within

whic

h c

oco

a

pro

duct

ion h

as

been e

xte

nded w

est

ward

s fr

om

the initia

l heart

lands

nort

h o

f Acc

ra t

ow

ard

s th

e Ivo

ry C

oast

bord

er,

(Hill, 1

963;

Am

anor

and K

ude,

2001).

A

good p

roport

ion o

f Ghana’s

coco

a p

roduct

ion is

in t

he h

ands

of

mig

rant

farm

ers

and s

hare

-cro

ppers

. These

have

purc

hase

d,

lease

d o

r ente

red into

share

-

croppin

g a

rrangem

ents

on c

oco

a l

ands

outs

ide o

f th

eir n

ative

terr

itories.

Non-indig

enes

may

const

itute

40-5

0% o

r m

ore

of

the p

opula

tion i

n m

any

are

as

[Bro

wn, 1998])

. W

hile t

his h

as

com

plica

ted t

he land t

enure

situation, it h

as

arg

uably

had m

any

benefici

al eff

ect

s on s

oci

al st

ability

in t

he face

of burg

eonin

g

popula

tion g

row

th.

The n

atu

re o

f th

e l

ease

hold

s obta

ined b

y th

e m

igra

nts

is

now

adays

oft

en a

matt

er

of

som

e c

ontr

ove

rsy,

part

icula

rly

where

land is

beco

min

g s

carc

e.

The

mig

rants

tend to c

laim

they

purc

hase

d their h

old

ings outr

ight (a

lbeit reco

gnisin

g the a

llodia

l auth

ority

of th

e resp

ect

ive sto

ol [s

ee A

nnex O

ne]) w

hile sellers

or

their d

esc

endents

incr

easingly

arg

ue that th

e land in q

uest

ion w

as not so

ld b

ut only

tem

pora

rily

lease

d o

ut.

The p

urp

ose

of th

e tra

nsf

ers

may a

lso b

e d

ispute

d,

with the sellers

or th

eir d

esc

endents

arg

uin

g that th

e o

rigin

al le

ase

hold

s w

ere

for one c

ycl

e o

f coco

a p

roduct

ion o

nly

, and n

ot tr

ansf

era

ble

to a

ny o

ther m

ajo

r

crops,

while p

urc

hase

rs c

laim

that th

e tra

nsf

er w

as fo

r unsp

eci

fied p

urp

ose

s and in p

erp

etu

ity.

Succ

ess

ion o

f ow

ners

hip

on the d

eath

of th

e o

rigin

al purc

hase

r

has also p

rove

n a

n a

rea o

f unce

rtain

ty (Fia

dzi

gbey et al, 2

000).

Tra

dit

ion

al

an

d n

ew

va

rie

tie

s

In rece

nt

years

, th

e fore

st landsc

ape h

as

changed s

ignific

antly

in t

he H

FZ, due larg

ely

to t

he p

rogre

ssiv

e repla

cem

ent

of th

e t

raditio

nal sh

ade-d

ependent

and

tole

rant

‘Tett

eh Q

uars

hie

’ co

coa v

arieties

with n

ew

open-f

ield

hyb

rid v

arieties.

Tra

ditio

nal va

rieties

still need a

bout

30-4

0% a

vera

ge c

row

n c

ove

r, w

hile t

he

hyb

rid v

arieties able

to g

row

in full sun c

onditio

ns.

Cultiv

ation o

f th

e n

ew

varieties has im

plica

tions fo

r REDD in that it n

ot only

enco

ura

ges re

mova

l of st

andin

g

trees fr

om

the farm

, but also u

nderm

ines th

e support

of fa

rmers

for th

e fore

st rese

rve p

olicy

. The e

xtensive

gaze

ttin

g o

f fo

rest

rese

rves had p

revi

ously

help

ed

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

122

to m

ain

tain

the h

igh leve

ls o

f atm

osp

heric

hum

idity

needed for co

coa p

roduct

ion, and t

hus

were

support

ed b

y t

he farm

ing c

om

munity.

With t

he n

ew

full-s

un

varieties,

hig

h h

um

idity

is n

o longer re

quired.

Rece

nt re

searc

h o

n the c

arb

on p

rofile

s of th

e n

ew

and tra

ditio

nal varieties

show

s th

at carb

on sto

res

in tra

ditio

nal co

coa farm

ing syst

em

s are

som

ew

hat lo

wer

than in c

om

para

ble

fore

st a

reas,

though still v

ery

sig

nific

ant,

while inte

nsive

full-s

un c

ocoa p

roduct

ion reduce

s th

e c

arb

on sto

res

in c

ocoa farm

ing s

yste

ms by

about

50% (

Norr

is,

2008).

Giv

en t

he larg

e a

rea u

nder

cocoa,

and t

he o

ften d

egra

ded c

onditio

n o

f th

e f

ore

st r

ese

rves,

the t

ota

l st

ore

s of

carb

on in c

oco

a

farm

ing s

yst

em

s and h

um

id f

ore

sts

are

roughly

equiv

ale

nt

(Ibid

).

In a

dditio

n,

main

tain

ing h

igh p

roduct

ivity

in t

he n

ew

varieties

is h

eavi

ly d

ependent

on

fert

iliser applica

tions,

and the low

leve

l of fe

rtiliser use

on e

xpose

d soils is m

uch

more

dam

agin

g to them

than it is t

o the tra

ditio

nal va

rieties.

Expandin

g the

are

a u

nder th

e tra

ditio

nal co

coa v

arieties w

ould

thus off

er m

ultip

le b

enefits

. Farm

ers

neve

rthele

ss e

xpre

ss a

str

ong p

refe

rence

for th

e n

ew

varieties,

and this

is rela

ted to their h

igher sh

ort

-term

pro

fita

bility

(Dark

o O

biri et al, 2

007),

its

elf lin

ked to the m

uch

short

er gro

win

g c

ycle

(ty

pic

ally

3-5

years

to full b

earing, as

oppose

d to 1

0-1

5 y

ears

with the tra

ditio

nal va

rieties)

and a

lso the g

reate

r pote

ntial off

ere

d for in

ter-

croppin

g w

ith food c

rops (V

igneri, pers.com

.). The d

warf

chara

cter

of

the h

ybrid c

oco

a n

ot

only

short

ens

the p

eriod t

o m

atu

rity

, but

also a

llow

s fo

r a m

uch

longer

period o

f in

ter-

croppin

g p

rior

to c

anopy

closu

re.xi

Giv

en t

he g

row

ing s

hort

ages

of

land f

or

food c

rop p

roduction a

nd t

he d

ecl

ine in a

vailability

and l

ength

of

fallow

s, t

hese

are

majo

r benefits

. The a

lready

degra

ded c

onditio

n o

f th

e f

ore

st landsc

ape m

akes

full c

leara

nce

much

more

feasible

in s

outh

ern

Ghana t

han it

would

be in s

till b

iom

ass

-ric

h a

reas

such

as

south

ern

Cam

ero

on, and h

elp

s to

acc

ount fo

r th

e e

arlie

r upta

ke o

f th

e n

ew

varieties in

the G

hana c

ase

(Gow

kosk

i and S

onw

a, 2008).

Coco

a p

roduct

ion h

as signific

antly

aff

ect

ed fore

st c

ove

r in

the H

FZ, w

ith the m

ost

dra

matic

changes in

rela

tion to the n

ew

hyb

rids th

at are

gra

dually

repla

cing

the o

ld v

arieties (T

able

5). C

ase

stu

dy

evi

dence

suggest

s th

at th

e land for th

e n

ew v

arieties has co

me a

ppro

xim

ate

ly e

qually

from

fore

st c

leara

nce

, re

pla

nting

of co

coa farm

s, a

nd a

gricu

ltura

l fa

llow

s (V

igneri, 2004).

xii

Table

5. Sh

ade levels in the c

ocoa b

elt o

f Ghana

Region:

None to Light Medium to Heavy

Ash

anti

52%

47%

Bro

ng A

hafo

52%

47%

East

ern

50%

49%

West

ern

77%

21%

Ghana tota

l

72%

29%

Source: Adapted from STCP baseline survey, 2001/2002 (Gockowski and Sonwa, 2008)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

123

Various st

udie

s are

under w

ay

in G

hana, to

ass

ess

the p

ote

ntial fo

r m

ore

eco

-friendly

form

s of co

coa p

roduct

ion, nota

bly

an e

conom

ic stu

dy

com

missioned b

y

the K

ato

om

ba G

roup, w

hic

h a

ims to

deve

lop fin

anci

al and e

conom

ic m

odels to a

ssess

pro

duct

ivity

and the e

conom

ic im

pact

s of ca

rbon sin

k a

nd R

EDD o

ptions

from

the p

ers

pect

ives of fa

rmers

and inve

stors

. A sco

pin

g stu

dy

has been u

ndert

aken (Birik

ora

ng, 2009).

Ag

ricu

ltu

re o

uts

ide

of

the

HFZ

Outs

ide o

f th

e H

FZ,

agricu

ltura

l te

chnolo

gie

s are

undeve

loped,

a s

ituation w

hic

h r

eflect

s th

e h

igh p

ove

rty

leve

ls a

nd low

discr

etionary

incom

e in t

he r

ura

l

are

as,

part

icula

rly

in the sava

nnah regio

ns.

The 1

999 G

hana L

ivin

g S

tandard

s Su

rvey

(the late

st for w

hic

h c

onso

lidate

d d

ata

is ava

ilable

)xiii show

s th

at:

�

Pove

rty

is h

igher in

rura

l th

an u

rban a

reas

�

Pove

rty

leve

ls a

re h

ighest

in the sava

nnah regio

ns (N

ort

h, Upper East

, Upper W

est

) and low

est

in the G

reate

r Acc

ra u

rban a

rea (se

e F

igure

1).

�

Pove

rty

is h

ighest

am

ong f

ood c

rop f

arm

ers

; th

e g

reate

st g

ain

s in

liv

ing s

tandard

s in

the s

tudy

period (

1987-9

9)

were

enjo

yed b

y export

cro

p

farm

ers

(in

cludin

g c

oco

a farm

ers

) and b

y w

age

em

plo

yees,

not fo

od c

rop farm

ers

(Eco

nom

y of Ghana N

etw

ork

Sem

inar,

2006: 2).

In b

oth

the c

oco

a p

roduci

ng a

reas

and in t

he t

uber

and g

rain

pro

duci

ng t

ransitional and s

ava

nnah z

ones,

fire is

an inte

gra

l part

of th

e a

gricu

ltura

l cy

cle, and

ess

ential to

main

tain

soil fert

ility.

Sh

ifting c

ultiv

ation is im

port

ant both

to reple

nish the soil a

nd a

lso to suppre

ss n

em

ato

des and o

ther pest

s. W

hile im

pro

ved

agricu

ltura

l te

chnolo

gie

s co

uld

well b

e b

enefici

al

for

soil c

onse

rvation i

n c

arb

on e

missions

term

s, t

he v

ery

low

purc

hasing p

ow

er

of

most

sm

all f

arm

ers

seve

rely

lim

its th

e p

oss

ibilitie

s.

Fig

ure

1: In

cidence

of Povert

y in G

hana

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

124

Fir

e i

n t

he

fa

rmin

g s

yst

em

Off

icia

l policy

has

beco

me incr

easingly

host

ile t

o t

he u

se o

f fire

in a

gricu

ltura

l pro

duct

ion,

and v

illa

ge c

hie

fs h

ave

been m

ade r

esp

onsible

for

fire

contr

ol

within

their o

wn t

err

itories

(Am

anor

and B

row

n,

2003).

W

hile t

he u

se o

f fire

obvi

ously

carr

ies

its

ow

n r

isks

(risks

that

have

to b

e w

eig

hed a

gain

st t

he

altern

ative

s), it is fa

r fr

om

cle

ar th

at re

sponsibility

for cu

rrent haza

rds re

sts only

with the sm

all farm

ers

. A

side fro

m n

atu

ral ca

use

s (o

ne n

ote

s th

at m

ajo

r fire

eve

nts

, su

ch a

s th

at

in 1

984,

aff

ect

ed t

he w

hole

west

Afr

ican r

egio

n,

not

just

Ghana),

there

are

a n

um

ber

of

oth

er

fact

ors

to b

e t

aken into

acco

unt.

For

exam

ple

, off

icia

l co

nse

rvation p

olici

es

tend t

o e

nco

ura

ge b

iom

ass

rete

ntion in a

reas

subje

ct t

o ‘dry

lig

htn

ing’, a

nd p

lanta

tions

policy

in t

he t

ransitional zo

ne

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

125

tends

to f

avo

ur

speci

es

with o

il-r

ich a

nd h

ighly

com

bust

ible

leaf

litt

er

such

as

teak (Tectona grandis).

While t

he m

atu

re t

eak t

rees

are

resist

ant

to f

ire,

the

leaf litt

er act

s as an a

ccele

rant.

This o

nly

incr

ease

s th

e fire h

aza

rd. Att

em

pts

to lim

it b

urn

ing b

y past

ora

list

s and h

unte

rs b

oth

there

and in the savannah m

ay

well h

ave

sim

ilar eff

ect

s, b

uildin

g u

p larg

e v

olu

mes of bio

mass

whic

h then b

eco

mes difficu

lt for fa

rmers

to c

ontr

ol w

hen they

apply

the fire w

hic

h is in

tegra

l to

their land m

anagem

ent st

rate

gie

s.

A c

onsidera

ble

litera

ture

exists

on t

he c

onst

rain

ts t

o a

gricu

ltura

l pro

duct

ivity

in G

hana,

esp

eci

ally

in t

he v

uln

era

ble

nort

hern

are

as,

where

pra

ctic

es

are

chara

cterise

d b

y th

e low

-input te

chnolo

gie

s and risk-a

vers

ion str

ate

gie

s. F

AO identifies decl

inin

g soil fert

ility

as th

e m

ajo

r co

nst

rain

t to

agricu

ltura

l pro

duct

ion

in t

he c

ountr

y (F

AO 2

004, quote

d in W

orld B

ank, 2006:1

06).

The W

orld B

ank C

ountr

y Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

deals in d

eta

il w

ith t

he iss

ues

of pove

rty

and

land d

egra

dation a

nd the reaso

ns fo

r th

e rela

tive

ly low

upta

ke o

f su

stain

able

land u

se tech

nolo

gie

s (2

006: Chapte

r 5).

Liv

est

ock

an

d p

ast

ora

lism

Liv

est

ock

pro

duct

ion is

larg

ely

conce

ntr

ate

d in t

he s

ava

nnah z

one,

contr

ibuting b

etw

een 7

-9% o

f agricu

ltura

l GDP (

World B

ank,

2006:

195).

Lik

e s

mall-s

cale

agricu

lture

, pro

duct

ion s

yste

ms

are

exte

nsive

and t

ech

nolo

gie

s lim

ited.

Fire is

em

plo

yed t

o p

rom

ote

the g

row

th o

f su

ccule

nt

gre

en v

egeta

tion in a

manner

fam

ilia

r in

past

ora

l sy

stem

s th

roughout th

e sem

i-arid tro

pic

s. T

he tra

ns-

national dim

ension is a c

om

plicating fact

or,

with F

ula

ni herd

ers

movi

ng a

cross

national

bord

ers

acc

ord

ing t

o t

he a

vailability

of

past

ure

s. A

s la

nd p

ress

ure

s have

incr

ease

d,

the e

stablish

ed s

ynerg

ies

betw

een a

gricu

ltura

list

s (p

rovi

din

g p

ast

ure

and

crop w

ast

es)

and h

erd

ers

(pro

vidin

g s

oil fert

ility)

have

tended t

o b

reak d

ow

n, le

adin

g t

o g

row

ing c

onflic

ts b

etw

een s

edenta

ry farm

ers

and p

ast

ora

list

s. T

here

have

been a

t le

ast

tw

o s

yste

matic

expulsio

ns

of ‘a

lien h

erd

ers

’ in

rece

nt

years

, under th

e R

aw

lings

gove

rnm

ent

(Opera

tions

‘Liv

est

ock

Solidarity

’ in

1988 a

nd

‘Cow

leg’

in 1

999 [

Tonah,

2000])

. How

eve

r, larg

e-s

cale

seaso

nal m

ove

ments

may

be a

fundam

enta

l re

quirem

ent

for

past

ora

lism

in local co

nditio

ns,

and n

ot

easily

suppre

ssed.

C.2

.4 O

the

r C

om

me

rcia

l A

gri

cult

ure

& P

lan

tati

on

s

Ag

rib

usi

ne

ss

Desp

ite t

he p

rom

inence

of

agricu

lture

in t

he G

hana e

conom

y, agro-industrial enterprise

has

had a

poor

reco

rd t

o d

ate

. A n

ota

ble

featu

re o

f th

e landsc

ape

thro

ughout Ghana is patc

hes of co

mple

tely

defo

rest

ed land, w

hic

h a

re n

ot - as is o

ften a

ssum

ed - the o

utc

om

e o

f unsu

stain

able

sm

all-s

cale

shifting c

ultiv

ation,

but

rath

er th

e t

race

s of fa

iled s

tate

farm

s and p

riva

te m

ech

anised farm

s, irr

eve

rsib

ly d

egra

ded a

nd rendere

d infe

rtile b

y tr

ee s

tum

pin

g a

nd a

ggre

ssiv

e rakin

g

of to

p soils.

A rece

nt FAO report

desc

ribes agribusiness

in G

hana ‘as st

ill ru

dim

enta

ry a

nd a

rtisanal w

ith little g

row

th o

r deve

lopm

ent ove

r th

e last

thre

e d

eca

des’

(Dannso

n

et

al, 2

004).

How

eve

r, t

he last

gove

rnm

ent

was

com

mitte

d t

o t

he d

eve

lopm

ent

of th

e a

gribusiness

sect

or,

and in 2

001, th

e o

bje

ctiv

e w

as

set

for

the c

ountr

y

to b

eco

me a

leadin

g A

fric

an a

gro

-indust

rial pro

duce

r by

2010 (a g

oal w

hic

h w

ill evi

dently

not

now

be m

et)

. G

hana’s

first

pove

rty

reduct

ion s

trate

gy,

GPRSI

,

aim

ed for ra

pid

, priva

te-s

ect

or le

d a

gro

-base

d indust

rial expansion a

s one o

f se

ven m

ajo

r policy

direct

ions.

GPRSI

I (2

006-9

) re

strict

s th

is a

mbitio

n to p

rovi

din

g

a m

ore

modest

‘tr

ansition p

eriod w

hen a

basic

pla

tform

of agro

-indust

rial pro

duct

ion a

nd t

ech

nolo

gy

is b

uilt

up’ (2

005:7

). In t

he p

rese

nt

policy

envi

ronm

ent,

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

126

this w

ill be c

hallengin

g. T

he F

AO s

tudy

poin

ts t

o a

num

ber of co

nst

rain

ts, in

cludin

g: la

ck o

f re

sourc

es,

pro

duct

ion s

kills a

nd info

rmation; abse

nce

of dem

and

for

pro

duct

s both

on t

he inte

rnational m

ark

et

and loca

lly

(the latt

er

due t

o c

om

petition f

rom

cheap r

ice im

port

s etc

.; w

eakness

of

farm

er

org

anisations

(in

rela

tion to o

utg

row

er sc

hem

es,

etc

.); and inadequate

gove

rnm

ent policy

. The latt

er re

late

s to

such

iss

ues as hig

h taxes,

wages and u

nco

nduci

ve tra

de p

olici

es.

The situ

ation re

gard

ing bio

fuels su

ch as

oil palm

and jatropha m

ay

pro

vide so

me poin

ters

as

to th

e positive

pote

ntial

of

agro

indust

ries

in th

e cu

rrent

envi

ronm

ent,

and w

ould

merit

inve

stig

ation;

likew

ise t

he e

xport

fru

it c

rop p

lanta

tions

whic

h h

ave

pro

life

rate

d in t

he s

outh

-east

of

the c

ountr

y in

the last

deca

de.

Pla

nta

tio

ns

The reco

rd o

f tree plantations is u

neve

n. P

lanta

tion c

ove

r (2

000) is record

ed a

s 76,0

00 h

a (W

RI, 2

006) – th

at is, 1.2

% o

f th

e a

rea o

f natu

ral fo

rest

cove

r, a

nd

0.3

% o

f to

tal

land a

rea.

The W

orld B

ank’s

Countr

y Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

note

s th

at

‘ove

r th

e l

ast

15 y

ears

, th

e G

ove

rnm

ent

of

Ghana’s

policy

on

pla

nta

tions

has

been in d

isarr

ay’

(2006:3

).xi

v More

positive

ly, th

e G

ove

rnm

ent

has

report

ed s

om

e rece

nt

pro

gre

ss in p

lanta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent,

with 1

6,7

54 h

a

of new

pla

nta

tions bein

g e

stablish

ed w

ithin

fore

st rese

rves

in 2

007. The m

ajo

rity

of th

ese

incr

ease

s have

been thro

ugh

the m

odifie

d taungya syst

em

(8,7

11ha)

and G

ove

rnm

ent

pla

nta

tions

(5,3

12ha).

Reve

nue s

haring a

rrangem

ents

for th

e form

er pro

vide 4

0% o

f pro

ceeds

from

tim

ber to

the farm

er,

40% t

o the F

ore

stry

Com

mission,

15% t

o t

he land o

wner

and 5

% t

o t

he c

om

munity.

All n

on-t

imber

agricu

ltura

l pro

duct

s are

also t

he p

ropert

y of

the f

arm

er

until ca

nopy

closu

re,

aft

er a m

axim

um

of 4 y

ears

(GoG B

SA 2

005).

Deve

lopm

ent of pla

nta

tions

off

-rese

rve h

as been m

ore

modest

in term

s of are

a p

lante

d, w

ith a

tota

l are

a o

f 9,7

47ha a

nd the e

ngagem

ent of 2,8

38 indiv

iduals

or gro

ups (N

FPDP, 2008).

The G

ove

rnm

ent has also e

ngaged w

ith the C

DM a

nd a

pla

nta

tion-b

ase

d p

roje

ct d

esign d

ocu

ment is n

ear to

subm

ission. The p

ropose

d p

roje

ct w

ould

refo

rest

an

are

a o

f 1000ha w

ithin

the P

am

u B

ere

kem

Fore

st R

ese

rve, and is in

tended to p

rovi

de b

enefits

to the fringe c

om

munitie

s fr

om

the sale

of ce

rtifie

d e

missions.

The identifica

tion o

f fu

ndin

g thro

ugh C

DM falls w

ithin

the o

bje

ctiv

es of th

e F

ore

st P

lanta

tion D

eve

lopm

ent Fund, and the C

om

merc

ial Pla

nta

tion D

eve

lopm

ent

Pro

gra

mm

e w

hic

h w

ere

initia

ted t

o s

upport

the d

eve

lopm

ent

of

pla

nta

tions.

W

hile t

hese

funds

have

repre

sente

d a

subst

antial in

vest

ment

they

are

yet

to

delive

r su

bst

antial in

cre

ase

s in

priva

te inve

stm

ent

with d

eve

lopers

seekin

g f

urt

her

financi

al su

pport

to m

ake m

eanin

gfu

l pro

gre

ss in p

lanta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent

(Abaid

oo 2

005).

Am

ong t

he iss

ues

of

conce

rn in r

ela

tion t

o p

lanta

tion d

evelo

pm

ent

(aside f

rom

the p

ere

nnia

l quest

ions

about

the s

tandard

isation o

f pla

nta

tions,

their low

soci

al co

-benefits

and p

oor bio

div

ers

ity)

are

secure access to land a

nd tree species selection.

Tenurial unce

rtain

ties

and t

he d

ifficu

lty

of acq

uirin

g land a

re fre

quent

com

pla

ints

of Ghana b

usiness

es,

and a

re m

att

ers

that

the M

LNR’s

Land A

dm

inistr

ation

Pro

ject

(LAP) is inte

nded to a

ddre

ss.

xv

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

127

As

regard

s tr

ee s

peci

es

sele

ctio

n, Ghana s

oils

pre

sent

part

icula

r ch

allenges

to p

lanta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent,

part

icula

rly

where

the g

oals incl

ude e

quity a

s w

ell a

s

inco

me.xv

i

Est

ablish

ing a

pla

nta

tion p

rogra

mm

e w

ith a

ppro

priate

loca

l in

centive

s appears

ess

ential to

help

com

pensa

te f

or

the f

utu

re r

educt

ion in t

imber

supply

fro

m

natu

ral fo

rest

s.

In a

dditio

n t

o f

urt

her

exte

ndin

g t

he taungya p

rogra

mm

e,

the W

orld B

ank E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

reco

mm

ends

the s

ett

ing u

p o

f a c

redit

syst

em

to c

ove

r th

e c

ash

flo

w g

ap in p

lanta

tion inve

stm

ent and rese

arc

h o

n the p

ote

ntial of ca

rbon-b

ase

d sch

em

es (2

006: 36).

C.2

.5 E

ne

rgy

- f

ire

wo

od

an

d c

ha

rco

al

The p

opula

tion o

f Ghana d

epends heavi

ly o

n fuelw

ood a

nd c

harc

oal fo

r its energ

y needs,

and o

n som

e e

stim

ate

s up to 9

0% o

f th

e w

ood h

arv

est

is

dest

ined for

these

use

s (M

aye

rs e

t al, 2

008:

p.

10;

Agya

rko,

2007,

p.3

)).

The m

ain

pro

duct

ion a

reas

are

in t

he t

ransitional zo

ne (

Bro

ng A

hafo

Regio

n)

and t

he n

ort

hern

sava

nnah. In these

are

as,

local co

uncils m

ay d

epend o

n c

harc

oal sa

les ta

xes fo

r 75% o

r m

ore

of th

eir reve

nues (A

manor & B

row

n, 2006:2

4).

Tra

de in c

harc

oal

is o

ne o

f th

e m

ain

pro

duct

ive a

ctiv

itie

s bin

din

g togeth

er Ghana’s

nort

h a

nd south

. xv

ii

Charc

oal is c

laim

ed t

o b

e a

majo

r ca

use

of defo

rest

ation a

s w

ell a

s a s

ignific

ant

sourc

e o

f bush

fire

s, c

arb

on e

missions

and d

am

age t

o w

ate

rsheds

(e.g

. NCRC,

2008).

W

ood e

xtr

act

ion is

oft

en a

lleged t

o b

e indiscr

imin

ate

(NDPC, 2005: 100; W

orld B

ank, 2006: 115; NCRC, 2009: passim

). T

he info

rmation b

ase

for

such

ass

ess

ments

is

not

alw

ays

clear,

although t

he h

igh leve

l of

national dem

and,

and t

he f

act

that

fire

wood a

nd c

harc

oal are

oft

en s

ourc

ed f

rom

what

mig

ht

appear to

be o

pen a

ccess

are

as,

are

intu

itiv

ely

suggest

ive o

f a d

eple

ting

reso

urc

e.

How

eve

r, r

ece

nt

rese

arc

h in t

he t

ransitional zo

ne w

arn

s of

the d

anger

of

treating c

harc

oal pro

duct

ion a

s a s

ingle

tech

nolo

gy,

and c

alls

for

a m

ore

nuance

d

unders

tandin

g o

f th

e e

nvi

ronm

enta

l eff

ect

s (A

manor & B

row

n, 2006).

Considera

tion n

eeds to

be g

iven to such

fact

ors

as:

�

the c

harc

oal pro

duct

ion sys

tem

�

th

e c

ontr

act

ual basis on w

hic

h p

roduct

ion is undert

aken

�

the leve

l of ve

rtic

al in

tegra

tion o

f pro

duce

rs into

national m

ark

eting sys

tem

s �

The p

ote

ntial of th

e land in q

uest

ion to support

oth

er,

poss

ibly

com

peting, eco

nom

ic a

ctiv

itie

s.

There

is

a n

eed t

o s

epara

te o

ut

form

s of

pro

duct

ion t

hat

do e

rode t

he s

tock

and t

hose

that

are

, or

could

readily

beco

me,

sust

ain

able

. N

ot

all c

harc

oal

pro

duct

ion sys

tem

s are

lia

ble

to d

egra

de the fore

st, and the m

ost

im

port

ant fa

ctors

in a

ssess

ing such

eff

ect

s are

as m

uch

the soci

al re

lationsh

ips of pro

duct

ion

as

the bio

phys

ical

eff

ect

s. W

here

th

ere

is a risk

of

dam

age to

th

e fo

rest

co

ver,

th

ere

m

ay

be pote

ntial

to im

pro

ve th

e m

anagem

ent

regim

e,

without

suppre

ssin

g the h

arv

est

entire

ly. x

viii Considera

tion a

lso n

eeds to

be g

iven to the p

ote

ntial of th

e land in q

uest

ion to support

oth

er act

ivitie

s. F

or m

any

cash

-

stra

pped c

om

munitie

s in

the t

ransitional and n

ort

hern

zones,

charc

oal pro

duct

ion m

ay p

rese

nt

the o

nly

pro

fita

ble

activi

ty in a

rid, disease

-pro

ne a

nd infe

rtile

are

as unsu

itable

for se

denta

ry a

gricu

lture

.

Curr

ent

managem

ent

stra

tegie

s (c

hie

fly

at

the leve

l of

distr

ict

bye

law

s) f

ocu

s on a

ttem

pts

to t

ota

lly

suppre

ss t

he t

rade –

an o

dd s

ituation g

iven t

he h

igh

dependence

of m

any

loca

l gove

rnm

ent auth

orities on c

harc

oal re

venues and o

f m

ost

of th

e n

ation’s

popula

tion o

n c

harc

oal fo

r th

eir c

ookin

g n

eeds.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

128

Ghana is on the v

erg

e o

f beco

min

g a

petr

ole

um

pro

duce

r, w

ith the J

ubilee F

ield

due to o

pen in 2

010 (and w

ith a

targ

et pro

duct

ion o

f 500,0

00 b

arr

els a

day

for

the c

ountr

y by

2014),

and t

his m

ay o

ffer

altern

ative

energ

y so

urc

es

to s

ubst

itute

for

fuelw

ood a

nd c

harc

oal. O

n t

he p

ositive

sid

e,

liquid

petr

ole

um

gas

is a

majo

r byp

roduct

of

oil p

roduct

ion,

but

is g

enera

lly

uneco

nom

ic t

o e

xport

, and w

ill th

us

more

lik

ely

targ

ete

d o

n d

om

est

ic p

ow

er

genera

tion a

nd loca

l use

.xix

On the n

egative

sid

e, liquid

gas pro

duct

ion d

em

ands expensive

tech

nolo

gy,

and p

urc

hasing p

ow

er co

nst

rain

ts m

ay

lim

it the loca

l dem

and.

C.2

.6 M

inin

g S

ect

or

Min

ing h

as a long h

isto

ry in G

hana, ch

iefly

gold

(w

hic

h g

oes back

many

centu

ries)

. M

anganese

, bauxite a

nd d

iam

onds are

also m

ined, th

ough in m

uch

sm

aller

am

ounts

. Min

era

ls p

roduct

ion a

ccounts

for 4% o

f GDP a

nd 9

% o

f gove

rnm

ent re

venues,

gold

makin

g u

p 9

3% o

f m

inin

g e

xport

s (W

orld B

ank, 2006: 72) Ghana’s

gold

pro

duct

ion ranks se

cond in A

fric

a a

nd 1

1th in the w

orld. The form

al in

dust

ry e

mplo

yed 1

5,0

00 w

ork

ers

in 2

004, th

ough the M

inera

ls C

om

mission e

stim

ate

s

that

art

isanal

and s

mall-s

cale

min

ing (ASM

, also k

now

n in G

hana a

s ‘G

ala

mse

y’)

acc

ount

for

a f

urt

her

200,0

00-5

00,0

00 p

eople

(W

orld B

ank,

2006:

75,

cf.

Hilso

n,

2001).

Gold

pro

duct

ion incr

ease

d s

eve

n-f

old

betw

een 1

985 a

nd 2

000,

rising f

rom

300,0

00 o

z. t

o 2

,500,0

00 o

z.

There

are

curr

ently

ten larg

e-s

cale

opera

tions,

one o

f w

hic

h (

the A

shanti G

old

field

s’ d

eep m

ine a

t Obuasi)

com

mence

d its

opera

tions

as

early

as

1907.

58 m

inin

g l

ease

s fo

r gold

and o

ther

min

era

ls h

ave

been a

ppro

ved b

y th

e G

ove

rnm

ent,

ove

r a tota

l are

a o

f c.

300,0

00 h

a. – 1.3

% o

f th

e n

ational te

rritory

(Ghana M

inera

ls C

om

mission, 2009; W

orld

Bank, 2006).

Gold

pro

duct

ion is in

a p

hase

of expansion, and a

num

ber of new

opera

tions are

openin

g u

p, in

cludin

g A

hafo

and A

kye

m w

ith c

om

bin

ed rese

rves

of 16 m

illion o

zs.

At

national le

vel, a

multi-angency

Min

ing R

evu

e T

ask

Forc

e h

as

been e

stablish

ed, and a

revi

ew

of th

e m

inin

g fisca

l fr

am

ew

ork

undert

aken. T

hese

will in

form

the d

eve

lopm

ent

of

legisla

tive inst

rum

ents

in s

upport

of

the 2

006 M

inera

ls a

nd M

inin

g A

ct,

whic

h is

curr

ently

under

revi

ew

. So

cial co

nflic

t is a

key

are

a o

f

conce

rn,

and th

e Min

era

ls Com

mission has

undert

aken a se

ries

of

consu

ltations

on key

soci

al

issu

es

such

as

com

pensa

tion policy

, so

cial

resp

onsibility

guid

elines,

and m

ine c

losu

re.

Ghana i

s co

mm

itte

d t

o t

he m

ajo

r in

tern

ational

transp

are

ncy

initia

tive

s to

im

pro

ve g

ove

rnance

in t

he s

ect

or,

incl

udin

g t

he

Extr

act

ive Indust

ries

Tra

nsp

are

ncy

Initia

tive

(EIT

I) a

nd t

he K

imberly

Pro

cess

for

dia

monds.

The G

ove

rnm

ent

is a

lso c

om

mitte

d t

o e

xte

ndin

g t

he E

ITI to

the

petr

ole

um

sect

or.

Ind

ust

ria

l m

inin

g

Larg

e-s

cale

indust

rial gold

min

ing h

as

until re

cently b

een m

ost

ly u

nderg

round,

but

with d

eve

lopm

ents

in t

ech

nolo

gy

and n

ew

legisla

tion,

openca

st (

surf

ace

)

min

ing h

as co

me to p

rom

inence

. S

urf

ace

min

ing is part

icula

rly

intr

usive

in the landsc

ape, pote

ntially

requirin

g land o

n a

vast

sca

le for explo

itation p

its,

wast

e

dum

ps/

tailin

gs,

acc

ess

roads and sett

lem

ents

, m

ost

ly in the H

FZ.

xx

In additio

n to

th

e im

media

te lo

ss of

agricu

ltura

l and fo

rest

la

nd due to

th

e direct

m

inin

g opera

tions,

oth

er

negative

eff

ect

s in

clude pollution of

the

envi

ronm

ent

from

toxic

meta

ls (

cyanid

e is

routinely

use

d f

or

the r

eco

very

of

gold

in indust

rial opera

tions)

; ch

em

ical pollution o

f gro

undw

ate

r; s

ilta

tion o

f

wate

rways

; dust

and n

oise p

ollution; and a

ssoci

ate

d detr

imenta

l health e

ffect

s (Ibid

).xx

i

‘Ga

lam

sey

’

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

129

Gala

mse

y (a

rtisanal and sm

all sca

le m

inin

g, or ‘A

SM’)

is also lik

ely

to b

e h

ighly

polluting, and suff

ers

fro

m the a

dditio

nal pro

ble

m that only

5-1

5% o

f opera

tors

are

work

ing o

n l

egal

conce

ssio

ns,

with m

ost

opera

ting o

uts

ide t

he p

lannin

g a

nd e

nvi

ronm

enta

l m

anagem

ent

fram

ew

ork

s w

hic

h a

re m

eant

to g

ove

rn s

uch

haza

rdous

act

ivitie

s. T

he o

rganisation a

nd o

pera

tions

of

the s

ub-s

ect

or

are

matt

ers

of

conce

rn.

Merc

ury

is

wid

ely

use

d a

nd m

erc

ury

pollution is

a s

erious

pro

ble

m, w

ith d

etr

imenta

l effect

s both

for th

e h

ealth o

f th

ose

work

ing in c

lose

pro

xim

ity to the c

hem

icals a

nd o

n the w

ider envi

ronm

ent (H

ilso

n 2

001).

Giv

en t

he favo

ura

ble

outlook for gold

price

s and t

he p

rosp

ect

of a s

ignific

ant

expansion in t

he d

em

and for m

inera

ls c

once

ssio

ns,

pre

ssure

s fr

om

min

ing in t

he

fore

st a

reas are

set to

incr

ease

, and b

oth

the larg

e sca

le indust

ry a

nd the A

SM sub-s

ect

or have

beco

me h

igh p

rofile

iss

ues in

the m

edia

.

The G

ove

rnm

ent of Ghana h

as re

sponded b

y deve

lopin

g a

new

dra

ft M

inin

g P

olicy

with speci

fic

pro

visions fo

r m

inin

g in fore

st a

reas.

These

incl

ude:

•

A lim

it o

f 2% [

cum

ula

tive

] co

nve

rsio

n o

f la

nd a

rea t

o m

inin

g in p

roduct

ion r

ese

rves,

with n

o p

roce

ssin

g f

aci

lities

or

buildin

gs

allow

ed.

(This

contr

ast

s w

ith the 1

999 L

and P

olicy

, Se

ctio

n 4

.4b o

f w

hic

h p

rohib

ited c

learing o

f la

nd in a

reas of prim

ary

fore

st c

ove

r fo

r re

fore

station, tr

ee

crop p

lanta

tion o

r m

inin

g’ (W

orld B

ank, 2006:3

2])

.

•

Applica

tion of

guid

elines

for

min

ing in

pro

duct

ion re

serv

es

to be su

bje

ct to

re

gula

r re

view

, and m

ain

tenance

of

a st

rong re

gula

tory

fram

ew

ork

and m

onitoring regim

e, in

lin

e w

ith the E

xtr

act

ive Indust

ries Tra

nsp

are

ncy

Initia

tive

and the K

imberley

Pro

cess

.

•

Revi

ew

of benefit

sharing a

rrangem

ents

in t

he s

ect

or,

with a

vie

w t

o a

fair a

nd e

quitable

distr

ibution o

f m

inera

l w

ealth in a

pers

pect

ive o

f

pre

sent and futu

re e

quity.

•

Bett

er re

gula

tion o

f th

e A

SM sect

or,

though in a

support

ive fra

mew

ork

, and o

ngoin

g registr

ation o

f sm

all-s

cale

min

ers

.

C. LESSONS LEARNT

The a

bove

para

gra

phs have

laid

out so

me o

f th

e influence

s co

ntr

ibuting to the h

igh leve

ls o

f defo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egra

dation in G

hana. This sect

ion seeks

to d

raw

out

the m

ajo

r le

ssons

learn

t. T

he e

mphasis

is o

n t

he s

ucc

ess

es

and failure

s of re

cent

polici

es

and initia

tive

s, c

onsidere

d larg

ely

in t

heir o

wn t

erm

s. A

subse

quent discu

ssio

n p

aper (‘Implications for REDD Strategy’) w

ill build o

n these

concl

usions to

begin

to sco

pe o

ut th

e p

ote

ntial ele

ments

of a R

EDD str

ate

gy.

Defo

rest

ation a

nd f

ore

st d

egra

dation h

ave

long b

een p

ublic

pre

occ

upations

in G

hana,

independently

of

REDD p

olicy

deve

lopm

ent.

The d

iscu

ssio

n a

bove

has

subst

antiate

d t

he c

ase

for

considering t

hem

as

‘slo

w d

rip p

henom

ena’ in

Ghana in t

hat

that

they

derive

fro

m t

he a

ctivi

ties

of

multip

le a

nd d

ispers

ed a

ctors

.

(They

are

not

entire

ly d

ivorc

ed f

rom

the p

olicy

deci

sions

of

gove

rnm

ent,

how

eve

r; f

or

exam

ple

, until 1994 it

was

offic

ial policy

to a

llow

for

the p

rogre

ssiv

e

conve

rsio

n o

f th

e o

ff-r

ese

rve a

reas

to v

arious

form

s of agricu

lture

). A

ddre

ssin

g t

hem

at th

is late

sta

ge is

likely

to b

e c

hallengin

g, and n

ot

am

enable

to s

imply

‘turn

ing o

ff the tap’,

as w

ould

be p

oss

ible

were

, sa

y, the m

ajo

r drive

r to

be o

f a p

oin

t-so

urc

e n

atu

re, su

ch a

s agro

-indust

rial deve

lopm

ent or la

rge-s

cale

catt

le

ranch

ing.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

130

The p

roce

ss is

larg

ely

one o

f pro

gre

ssiv

e d

egra

dation, and t

he d

rive

rs d

erive

fro

m a

mix

of fo

rest

sect

or and e

xtr

ase

cto

ral fo

rces.

An o

bvi

ous

concl

usion to b

e

dra

wn is th

at

any

att

em

pts

to a

rrest

them

must

prioritise

inte

r-se

ctora

l policie

s and inte

rventions.

To d

ate

, th

is h

as pro

ven d

ifficu

lt in the a

dm

inistr

ative

set-

up, th

ough rece

nt deve

lopm

ents

both

in n

ational pla

nnin

g (fo

r exam

ple

, th

e N

DPC’s

role

in the G

PRS)

and in d

onor re

lations (f

or exam

ple

, donor co

mm

itm

ent

to the sect

ora

l pla

nnin

g p

olicy

) enco

ura

ge a

more

inte

r-se

ctora

l appro

ach

.

The fate

of th

e fore

st h

as

been m

uch

influence

d b

y in

dust

rial tim

ber

polici

es,

and t

here

is

now

bro

ad r

ecognitio

n t

hat

these

have

not

serv

ed t

he n

ation w

ell

and n

eed t

o b

e s

ubst

antially

refo

rmed.

A m

ajo

r re

view o

f fo

rest

policy

is

curr

ently

underw

ay.

The f

act

ors

whic

h h

ave

led t

o t

hese

policy

failure

s are

fairly

typic

al

of

post

-colo

nia

l pro

duce

r nations

that

are

heavi

ly d

ependent

on n

atu

ral

reso

urc

e r

ents

, in

whic

h i

ndust

rial

inte

rest

s are

clo

sely

inte

rtw

ined w

ith

national politics

.

By

and larg

e,

the p

roble

matic

polici

es

are

well-k

now

n a

nd a

lready

in t

he p

ublic

dom

ain

. Deve

lopm

ent

of

FLEGT p

olicy

has

help

ed t

o r

ein

forc

e t

he c

once

rns.

The failure

to reso

lve som

e o

f th

em

ow

es m

ore

to the lack

of politica

l w

ill th

an o

f te

chnic

al unders

tandin

g. As th

e indust

ry a

ppro

ach

es cr

isis p

oin

t, there

may

be n

ew

poss

ibilitie

s fo

r ch

ange. The ineff

icie

nt opera

tors

are

exitin

g the indust

ry, and the c

hallenge b

eco

mes how

best

to support

the m

ore

effic

ient ones.

Such

policy

refo

rms

and inte

rventions

as

have

been im

ple

mente

d a

re v

uln

era

ble

to t

he a

ccusa

tion t

hat

they

addre

ss t

he s

ym

pto

ms

more

eagerly

than t

he

cause

s. The c

urr

ent

FLEGT d

iscu

ssio

ns

ack

now

ledge t

his d

anger,

and t

he V

PA Im

pact

Stu

dy

((Maye

rs e

t al, 2

008)

sets

out

very

cle

arly t

he r

isks

to t

he s

ect

or

and soci

ety

fro

m h

alf-h

eart

ed a

ctio

ns w

hic

h leave

unto

uch

ed the m

ajo

r gove

rnance

challenges.

Impro

ving t

he c

onditio

n o

f th

e o

ff-r

ese

rve r

eso

urc

e is

fundam

enta

l, b

ut

succ

ess

ive g

ove

rnm

ents

have

been s

ingula

rly u

nw

illing t

o t

ake t

his o

n. Arg

uably

, th

is

can o

nly

com

e a

bout

thro

ugh a

radic

al ch

ange o

f policy

regard

ing t

ree t

enure

as

an a

spect

of

pro

pert

y rights

. W

ithout

it,

it is

difficu

lt t

o im

agin

e a

ny

real

ince

ntive

s fo

r re

genera

tion in t

he o

ff-r

ese

rve e

nvi

ronm

ent.

The p

roble

m o

f ch

ain

saw

loggin

g is

likely

to p

ers

ist,

for

this is

larg

ely

a c

ontingent

issu

e,

and

reflect

s th

e p

ola

risa

tion o

f w

ealth in t

he s

oci

ety

and t

he lack

of

eco

nom

ic inte

gra

tion o

f th

e t

imber

indust

ry m

uch

more

than a

ny

syst

em

atic

‘crim

inality

’.

Sim

ilarly,

unle

ss t

hey

have

the o

pport

unity

to r

ealise

the p

ote

ntial - and r

eta

in m

uch

of th

e t

rue v

alu

e o

f - th

eir o

wn e

ndeavo

urs

, Ghana’s

sm

all farm

ers

are

unlikely

to b

e a

ble

to inve

st in t

he n

ew

tech

nolo

gie

s w

hic

h c

ould

pro

vide t

he k

ey

to lowere

d d

ependence

on t

he n

atu

ral envi

ronm

ent.

The c

urr

ent st

rate

gy

is

to favo

ur a p

iece

meal appro

ach

to tenurial re

form

, th

rough sm

all-s

cale

and g

eogra

phic

ally

bounded e

xperim

ents

on a

site-b

y-site

basis (C

REMAs,

for exam

ple

,

and t

he p

ropose

d b

ut

since

reje

cted ‘dedic

ate

d fore

sts’

). An a

ltern

ative

appro

ach

would

seek a

more

radic

al re

vision o

f pro

pert

y rights

in t

rees

in favo

ur

of

the direct

pro

duce

rs.

W

hile th

is w

ould

re

quire a lo

nger

tim

e-f

ram

e,

it m

ight

ultim

ate

ly st

imula

te a m

uch

m

ore

signific

ant

impro

vem

ent

in re

sourc

e

ava

ilability.

Pro

min

ent

am

ong t

he e

xtr

ase

ctora

l drive

rs o

f fo

rest

degra

dation h

as

been t

he g

row

th o

f th

e c

oco

a s

ect

or.

This is

in m

any

ways

a g

reat

succ

ess

sto

ry,

both

enrich

ing G

hana s

ocie

ty a

nd p

rovi

din

g m

uch

of

its

national w

ealth.

The e

xpansion o

f th

e s

ect

or

has

help

ed t

o a

ccom

modate

the h

uge g

row

th in r

ura

l and

urb

an p

opula

tions

in a

reaso

nably

equitable

and s

oci

ally

acce

pta

ble

fash

ion,

though it

has

incr

ease

d t

he c

om

ple

xity

of

the land-h

old

ing s

yste

m a

nd a

dded t

o

the c

hallenge o

f ru

ral

tenurial

refo

rm.

Succ

ess

ive g

ove

rnm

ents

have

been r

elu

ctant

to t

ake u

p t

his c

hallenge,

although t

he g

ove

rnm

ent’

s cu

rrent

‘Land

Adm

inistr

ation P

roje

ct’

is m

andate

d t

o a

ddre

ss it,

and t

his incl

udes

a c

om

ponent

work

ing w

ith C

ust

om

ary

Land S

ecre

tariats

(Gove

rnm

ent

of

Ghana,

2009;

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

131

Toulm

in e

t al, 2

004).

To b

e e

ffect

ive,

com

pensa

tion f

or

land u

se w

ould

need t

o b

e o

ffere

d t

o f

arm

ers

as

much

as

land-o

wners

and r

ule

s w

ould

need t

o b

e

est

ablish

ed t

o r

eco

gnise lease

hold

as

well a

s pro

prieta

ry r

ights

. E

xperience

with b

enefit-

sharing a

rrangem

ents

under

modifie

d taungya m

ay p

rovi

de a

model

for

this.

New

inst

itutions

could

be r

equired t

o m

anage c

onflic

ting c

laim

s, t

hough a

rguably

such

inst

itutions

already

exist

in t

he c

ust

om

ary

auth

orities,

Oth

er

inst

itutions (f

or exam

ple

, The C

om

mission o

n H

um

an R

ights

and A

dm

inistr

ative

Just

ice [CHRAJ]

) m

ight also h

ave

pote

ntial w

ith regard

to d

ispute

reso

lution.

Taken t

ogeth

er,

the inadequaci

es

of tr

ee t

enure

and t

he c

om

ple

xity

of la

nd h

old

ings

pre

sent

signific

ant

challenges.

How

eve

r, t

here

is

a c

om

pellin

g v

iew

that

they

do n

eed to b

e a

ddre

ssed, and u

rgently,

if pro

gre

ss is to

be m

ade o

n R

EDD.

The failure

to a

ddre

ss t

he t

enurial pro

ble

m m

ay

help

to a

cco

unt

for th

e s

low

pro

gre

ss o

f agro

-indust

rial deve

lopm

ent,

part

icula

rly

the p

lanta

tions

sub-s

ect

or,

although o

ther

fact

ors

may

also b

e r

esp

onsible

for

the

low

leve

ls o

f priva

te s

ect

or

inve

stm

ent

to d

ate

. So

me c

om

merc

ial pla

nta

tions

have

been s

ucc

ess

fully

est

ablish

ed,

part

icula

rly in t

he t

ransitional and s

ava

nnah z

ones.

Sm

all-s

cale

deve

lopm

ent

may

also p

rove

a v

iable

str

ate

gy

in t

he longer

term

. Experience

elsew

here

(Uganda, fo

r exam

ple

) off

ers

inte

rest

ing m

odels o

f sm

all farm

er-

led p

lanta

tions deve

lopm

entxx

ii, w

ith p

ositive

gender dim

ensions,

but th

ese

have

as

yet att

ract

ed little inte

rest

in G

hana.

Energ

y policy

is anoth

er are

a w

hic

h lack

s co

here

nce

and is

sore

ly in n

eed o

f a m

ore

positive

str

ate

gy.

Lik

e tim

ber policy

in the H

FZ, fu

elw

ood in the sava

nnah

suff

ers

fro

m the c

olo

nia

l le

gacy

whic

h saw

the S

tate

as th

e p

rote

ctor of th

e n

atu

ral envi

ronm

ent and v

illa

gers

as its desp

oilers

. Curr

ent att

em

pts

to c

ontr

ol th

e

trade a

re c

learly

not

work

ing –

and a

rguably

could

n’t

work

, giv

en t

he e

xte

nt

of

loca

l dem

and –

and w

arn

of

the d

anger

that

inappro

priate

managem

ent

stra

tegie

s w

ill m

ere

ly u

nderm

ine p

ublic

gove

rnance

, pre

senting o

pport

unitie

s fo

r re

nt-

seekin

g b

y off

icia

ls a

nd u

nderm

inin

g rela

tions betw

een g

ove

rnm

ent and

gove

rned b

ut w

ithout signific

antly

impro

ving the c

onditio

n o

f th

e reso

urc

e.

Fin

ally,

th

e m

inin

g se

ctor,

like tim

ber

under

FLEGT,

pre

sently

benefits

fr

om

good public

aw

are

ness

w

ithin

th

e so

ciety

as

well as

from

a hig

h pro

file

inte

rnationally.

The key

to pro

gre

ss lies

in th

e deve

lopm

ent

of

transp

are

nt

and accounta

ble

in

stitutions

to ass

ess

and m

anage th

e tr

ade-o

ffs

betw

een

eco

nom

ic a

nd s

ocia

l in

tere

sts.

These

inst

itutions

are

arg

uably

already

in p

lace

, in

the str

uct

ure

s of dem

ocr

atic

national and loca

l gove

rnm

ent.

The c

hallenge

lies in

makin

g them

fully

opera

tional.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

132

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g C

ust

om

ary

Land S

ecr

eta

riats

, MLF/DFID

, Acc

a.

Tro

penbos (2

004) ‘C

hain

saw

lum

ber:

A n

ece

ssary

evi

l?’, G

hana W

ork

shop P

roce

edin

gs,

Acc

ra a

nd W

agenin

gen.

Tro

penbos

(nd –

believe

d 2007)

‘Deve

lopin

g altern

ative

s fo

r ille

gal

chain

saw

lu

mbering th

rough m

ulti-st

akehold

er

dia

logue in

Ghana and Guya

na’,

Pow

erp

oin

t pre

senta

tion &

ww

w.c

hain

saw

milling.o

rg .

UNCTAD (2005) ‘M

ark

et in

form

ation: co

coa’,

ww

w.u

nct

ad.o

rg/in

foco

mm

/angla

is/co

coa/m

ark

et.

htm

.

Vig

neri M

(2004)

‘Pro

duct

ion c

hanges

in G

hana c

oco

a f

arm

ing h

ouse

hold

s under

mark

et

refo

rms’

, Oxf

ord

Centr

e f

or

the S

tudy

of

Afr

ican E

conom

ies,

Oxfo

rd.

Vig

neri, 2007 ‘Drive

rs o

f co

coa p

roduct

ion g

row

th in G

hana’ ODI Pro

ject

Briefing N

o.4

, Dece

mber,

London.

Vig

neri, M (200) ‘D

rive

rs o

f Change in G

hana’s

Coco

a S

ect

or,

IFPRI, W

ash

ingto

n D

C.

Wildlife

Div

isio

n, Min

istr

y of Lands and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

es (2

000) ‘W

ildlife

Div

isio

n P

olicy

for Collabora

tive

Com

munity

Base

d W

ildlife

Managem

ent’

, Acc

ra.

Wilks

I (1

997)

‘Land,

labour,

capital and t

he f

ore

st s

yste

m o

f Asa

nte

: A m

odel of

early

change’,

in j

Friedm

an a

nd m

j Row

lands

(eds)

The Evolution of

Social Systems,

Duck

wort

h, Lo

ndon.

World B

ank (2006) Ghana C

ountr

y Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment , Acc

ra a

nd W

ash

ingto

n, DC.

World R

eso

urc

es In

stitute

(2007) ‘E

art

h T

rends:

The e

nvi

ronm

enta

l in

form

ation p

ort

al’, htt

p:/

/eart

htr

ends.

wri.o

rg/te

xt/

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

136

On-Reserve

Revenue Distribution

ANNEX ONE: Land and Tree Tenure in Ghana

1.

Land tenure systems

vary

sig

nific

antly

from

are

a t

o a

rea in G

hana, w

ith m

ajo

r re

gio

nal diffe

rence

s betw

een n

ort

h a

nd s

outh

, and b

etw

een t

he A

kan a

nd

rela

ted p

eople

s of

south

and s

outh

-west

Ghana a

nd t

he n

eig

hbouring E

we-s

peakin

g p

opula

tions

in t

he s

outh

-east

. These

variations

are

com

ple

mente

d b

y

diffe

rent in

herita

nce

sys

tem

s, the A

kan b

ein

g m

atr

ilin

eal (i.e

. pro

pert

y pass

es fr

om

moth

er’

s bro

ther to

siste

r’s so

n),

while m

ost

oth

ers

- incl

udin

g the G

a-

Adangbe g

roup o

f th

e A

ccr

a P

lain

s, the E

we a

nd m

ost

of th

e n

ort

hern

people

s - a

re p

atr

ilin

eal (p

ropert

y pass

es fr

om

fath

er to

son).

T

he b

rief su

mm

ary

whic

h follow

s applies m

ain

ly to the A

kan, as th

eir terr

itories are

alm

ost

co-t

erm

inous w

ith the H

FZ.

2.

All land in G

hana is under so

me form

of ow

ners

hip

, and m

ost

lands in

the A

kan a

reas are

under th

e a

llodia

l auth

ority

of th

e c

hie

ftain

cy (th

e ‘st

ool’).

This

is a

titula

r auth

ority

, and c

onfe

rs t

he r

ight

to t

ribute

and,

in a

ppro

priate

inst

ance

s, a

share

of

land-b

ase

d r

eve

nues.

It

is n

ot

a f

ull p

roprieta

ry inte

rest

(Osa

fo, 2008).

Su

ch lands

may

be m

anaged d

irect

ly b

y th

e s

tool, o

r by

sub-c

hie

fs a

nd o

ther ‘c

apta

ins’

who h

ave

either th

em

selv

es

or via

their a

ncest

ors

obta

ined a cl

aim

ove

r part

icula

r blo

cks

of

land w

ithin

th

eir nata

l ch

ieft

ain

cie

s (Ibid

). So

me are

as

have

been acq

uired by

the gove

rnm

ent,

th

ough

ultim

ate

ly ‘o

wned’

by

the ch

ieft

ain

cy;

these

are

re

ferr

ed to

as

‘vest

ed la

nds’

. They

incl

ude th

e re

serv

ed fo

rest

s. Landow

ners

have

been fr

ee fo

r

genera

tions to

tra

nsf

er usu

fruct

rig

hts

to o

thers

, fo

r an a

gre

ed ‘sa

le p

rice

’, a

nd this h

as

been a

com

mon w

ay for Ghanaia

n n

on-indig

enes to

gain

acce

ss to

land (th

ere

are

sett

lers

in the A

kye

m A

buaka c

hie

ftain

cy n

ort

h o

f Acc

ra, fo

r exam

ple

, w

ho o

bta

ined their land in the 1

850s,

and w

ho a

re still reco

gnised a

s

‘sett

lers

’ to

this d

ay

[Am

anor and K

ude, 2001])

. Outs

ide o

f th

e A

kan a

reas,

part

icula

rly in the E

ast

ern

Regio

n, th

ere

is a long h

isto

ry o

f tr

ue land sale

s in

to

freehold

ow

ners

hip

, so

metim

es

goin

g b

ack

a c

entu

ry o

r m

ore

, and o

ften i

nvo

lvin

g p

urc

hase

of

subst

antial

blo

cks

of

land b

y ‘c

om

panie

s of

farm

ers

’,

subse

quently

div

ided into

str

ips

betw

een m

em

bers

of th

e p

atr

ilin

y (H

ill, 1

963).

In t

he A

kan a

reas,

land h

as

usu

ally

been a

cquired in s

maller

units,

in a

form

of

lease

hold

. T

he n

atu

re o

f su

ch t

ransf

ers

is

oft

en - a

nd incr

easingly

- d

ispute

d, part

icula

rly

in t

he A

kan a

reas,

with d

ebate

focu

sing o

n t

he t

erm

s

and length

of th

e tra

nsf

ers

, and the e

xte

nt to

whic

h such ‘le

ase

hold

s’ c

onfe

r so

meth

ing c

lose

to full ‘ow

ners

hip

’.

3.

Post

-independence

gove

rnm

ents

have

follow

ed a

nd c

onso

lidate

d the c

olo

nia

l policy

that fa

voure

d c

entr

alisa

tion o

f contr

ol ove

r m

ajo

r st

rate

gic

reso

urc

es.

In G

hana, te

nure

of in

dig

enous

eco

nom

ic t

rees

is v

est

ed in t

he P

resident

in t

rust

for

the land-o

wnin

g c

om

munitie

s, a

nd reve

nues

from

tim

ber

pro

duct

ion

(net

of Fore

stry

Com

mission c

harg

es)

are

distr

ibute

d a

ccord

ing t

o a

form

ula

whic

h is

underw

ritt

en b

y a C

onst

itutional pro

vision (1992, Art

. 267).

xxiii Aft

er

paym

ent of m

anagem

ent fe

es to

the F

ore

stry

Com

mission (cu

rrently

60% o

n fore

st rese

rves and 4

0% o

n o

ff-r

ese

rve lands)

, and a

n a

dm

inistr

ative

charg

e to

the A

dm

inistr

ato

r of

Stool

Lands

(10% o

f th

e r

em

ain

der)

, th

e r

esidual

reve

nues

are

share

d a

ccord

ing t

o t

he f

orm

ula

: 25% t

o t

he c

hie

ftain

cy ‘

for

the

main

tenance

of

the s

tool

in k

eepin

g w

ith its

sta

tus’

; 20% t

o t

he t

raditio

nal

auth

ority

; 55% t

o t

he D

istr

ict

Ass

em

bly

(th

e l

oca

l gove

rnm

ent

auth

ority

).

Additio

nal

paym

ents

(c

urr

ently

5% of

stum

page)

are

also re

quired to

be m

ade by

tim

ber

opera

tors

to

lo

cal

com

munitie

s as

‘soci

al

resp

onsibility

agre

em

ents

’. Ove

rall d

istr

ibution o

f re

venues on/off

-rese

rve is th

us as fo

llow

s:

Off Reserve

Revenue Distribution

Fo

restr

y C

om

mis

sio

n

OA

SL

Chie

fta

ncy

Tra

ditio

na

l Auth

ori

ty

Dis

tric

t A

sse

mb

ly

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

137

4.

These

paym

ents

are

a s

ourc

e o

f co

nsidera

ble

contr

ove

rsy.

The F

ore

stry

Com

mission h

as

a h

isto

ry o

f poor

reve

nue c

aptu

re,

and t

his h

as

led t

o low

and

irre

gula

r tr

ansf

ers

‘dow

n the lin

e’.

The rig

ht of th

e sto

ol to

use

its

share

mere

ly ‘in

keepin

g w

ith its

sta

tus’

is quest

ioned b

y m

any.

Tra

ditio

nal auth

orities

would

also q

uest

ion the larg

e share

cla

imed b

y th

e D

istr

ict Ass

em

blies,

while the latt

er w

ould

cite their d

em

ocra

tic

auth

ority

as ju

stifyin

g a

n e

ven b

igger

share

(t

he Ass

em

bly

is tw

o-t

hirds

ele

cted by

popula

r vo

te;

chie

ftain

cy titles

are

in

herite

d,

alb

eit th

rough a se

lective

m

ech

anism

w

ith so

me public

acc

ounta

bility)

.

5.

In a

ny

eve

nt,

the m

ain

benefici

aries

of

the r

eve

nue t

ransf

ers

are

the c

hie

ftain

cies

and D

istr

ict

Ass

em

blies,

rath

er

than t

he im

media

te m

anagers

of

the

land.

Indiv

idual la

nd o

wners

benefit

main

ly f

rom

the p

roceeds

of

chain

saw

loggin

g,

though t

his is

off

icia

lly

ille

gal (s

ee t

he t

able

belo

w).

This h

as

many

negative

eff

ect

s on p

ublic

com

mitm

ent

to f

ore

st c

onse

rvation a

nd t

o t

ree-p

lanting a

nd r

egenera

tion.

The o

utc

om

e is

a landsc

ape in w

hic

h t

imber

tree

loss

is not m

atc

hed b

y any

signific

ant te

ndency

for tr

ee regr

ow

th.

Distr

ibution o

f Reso

urc

e R

ent and O

ther Paym

ents

, 1999

(x C

edis m

illion)

Beneficiary

Institution

Amount

% of total

Gove

rnm

ent

Fore

stry

Com

mission

9,4

25*

28

Gove

rnm

ent

Adm

inistr

ato

r of St

ool Lands

749

2

Gove

rnm

ent

Distr

ict Ass

em

bly

3,7

98

11

Tra

ditio

nal auth

orities

Tra

ditio

nal Counci

l 1,3

48

4

Tra

ditio

nal auth

orities

Chie

fs

1,6

86

5

Com

munitie

s So

cial Resp

onsibility

Agre

em

ents

785

2

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

138

Indiv

iduals

Of which:

4,6

77

48

Chain

saw

11,8

14

35

Com

pensa

tion fro

m loggers

4,6

77

14

Tota

l 34,1

93

* This repre

sents

60% o

f to

tal st

um

page c

ollect

ed in 1

999

Source: Birik

ora

ng e

t al, 2

001: 22.

6.

Lack of incentives to nurture and preserve trees on-farm:

An im

port

ant

eff

ect

of

the lack

of

clarity

in land a

nd t

ree t

enure

, and t

he e

ffect

ive s

tate

monopoly

ove

r th

e latt

er,

is th

e a

bse

nce

of in

centive

s to

farm

ers

and landow

ners

to p

lant and c

onse

rve tre

es on the land. Indeed, fo

r m

ost

farm

ers

in the

HFZ, th

e tendency

has been in the reve

rse d

irect

ion – a

ctiv

e w

eedin

g o

ut of tim

ber sp

eci

es,

exce

pt fo

r th

ose

of agricu

ltura

l in

tere

st.

7.

The i

mm

edia

te f

arm

ers

/la

nd m

anagers

rece

ive l

ittle b

y w

ay

of

benefit

from

tre

e h

arv

est

opera

tions.

The l

oca

l re

venue c

ontr

ibutions

acc

rue t

o t

he

traditio

nal auth

orities and to the D

istr

ict Ass

em

blies (w

hic

h o

pera

te a

t a leve

l quite far re

move

d fro

m the indiv

idual fa

rm o

wner)

. Off

-rese

rve, fa

rmers

are

meant

to re

ceiv

e co

mpensa

tion fo

r dam

age to

cr

ops.

These

are

negotiate

d direct

ly w

ith th

e tim

ber

opera

tor,

and are

a so

urc

e of

considera

ble

dissa

tisf

act

ion. E

ven w

here

the identity

of th

e rele

vant benefici

ary

is cl

ear – th

ough, as w

ill be d

iscu

ssed b

elo

w (Se

ctio

n C

.2.3

), this is not alw

ays

the c

ase

- th

e s

ize o

f th

e p

aym

ent

is r

are

ly a

dequate

to c

om

pensa

te f

or

the d

am

age c

ause

d.

The p

aym

ent

is g

eare

d m

ere

ly t

o c

om

pensa

ting f

or

the im

media

te

dam

age o

n t

he f

arm

and is

unre

late

d t

o t

he e

conom

ic v

alu

e o

f th

e t

ree.

In a

dditio

n,

the f

arm

er

is u

sually

not

well p

lace

d t

o d

efe

nd h

is/her

inte

rest

again

st t

he o

pera

tor

on-s

ite.

The n

et

eff

ect

is

that

farm

ers

are

oft

en loath

to p

rese

rve t

rees

on-f

arm

. As

tree r

egenera

tion is

anyw

ay

pro

ble

matic

off

-

rese

rve,

due t

o incr

easing d

ispers

al, o

penin

g u

p o

f th

e l

andsc

ape a

nd c

om

petition w

ith c

rops

(Eve

rts,

1997),

an i

nevi

table

conse

quence

of

the h

eavy

sourc

ing o

f tim

ber tr

ees

off

-rese

rve is

a p

rogre

ssiv

e d

imin

ution o

f th

e s

tock

. The 1

948 F

ore

st P

olicy

thus

rem

ain

s th

e o

pera

tive

one (liquid

ation),

desp

ite

the 1

994 P

olicy

’s c

om

mitm

ent

to s

ust

ain

able

managem

ent.

W

ere

the o

n-r

ese

rve s

tock

to b

e in b

ett

er

conditio

n, th

is m

ight

not

be s

o p

roble

matic.

As

it

is, how

eve

r, the p

oor co

nditio

n o

f th

e rese

rves has in

crease

d the str

ess

on the o

ff-r

ese

rve sto

cks.

Much

of th

e indust

ry supply

has had to b

e h

arv

est

ed o

ff-

rese

rve in r

ece

nt

years

(in

som

e y

ears

, th

e m

ajo

rity

of th

e s

upply

com

es

from

off

-rese

rve s

tock

s), and t

hus

the s

upply

situation is

beco

min

g incr

easingly

ble

ak.

i The r

efo

rms

envi

saged u

nder

NREG r

ela

te t

o t

he s

ect

ors

of

fore

stry

and w

ildlife

, m

inin

g,

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l pro

tect

ion, and t

he f

irst

round

are

inte

nded to:

a)

Ensu

re p

redic

table

/su

stain

able

fin

anci

ng o

f th

e fore

st sect

or and e

ffective

fore

st law

enfo

rcem

ent;

b)

Addre

ss soci

al issu

es in

fore

st a

nd m

inin

g c

om

munitie

s;

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

139

c)

Impro

ve m

inin

g secto

r re

venue c

ollection, m

anagem

ent,

and tra

nsp

are

ncy

;

d)

Main

stre

am

envi

ronm

ent in

to g

row

th thro

ugh str

ate

gic

envi

ronm

enta

l and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

ass

ess

ment;

e)

Ass

ist th

e d

evelo

pm

ent of a c

lim

ate

change str

ate

gy.

A c

ivil s

oci

ety

faci

lity

will be inclu

ded, su

pport

ed b

y a n

um

ber of bilate

ral donors

, w

hic

h w

ill cre

ate

a p

latf

orm

for m

ulti-st

akehold

er dia

logue

enabling c

ivil s

oci

ety

to e

ngage w

ith a

nd h

elp

ach

ieve

the o

bje

ctiv

es

under

both

NREG a

nd G

hana’s

Gro

wth

and P

ove

rty

Reduct

ion S

trate

gy

(GPRSI

I). Co-fin

anci

ng for capaci

ty b

uildin

g a

nd tech

nic

al ass

ista

nce

act

ivitie

s in

the thre

e sect

ors

will also b

e support

ed.

The p

ropose

d p

rogra

mm

e is antici

pate

d to p

rovi

de a

range o

f benefits

; fo

r exam

ple

: i.

im

pro

ved m

anagem

ent of gove

rnm

ent re

venues and fin

ance

s in

the fore

stry

and m

inin

g sect

ors

;

ii.

reduced illegal lo

ggin

g;

iii.

re

duced soci

al co

nflic

t in

fore

stry

and m

inin

g c

om

munitie

s;

iv.

inte

gra

tion o

f envi

ronm

enta

l co

nsidera

tions in

to p

olicy

form

ula

tion a

nd im

ple

menta

tion a

cross

gove

rnm

ent

v.

addre

ss the risks ass

oci

ate

d w

ith c

lim

ate

change.

By

incl

udin

g c

ontr

ibutions

from

multip

le D

Ps

and h

arm

oniz

ing c

ontr

ibutions

at

the s

ect

or

level (in lin

e w

ith t

he P

aris

Decla

ration), t

he N

REG

should

allow

the G

oG to im

ple

ment th

e n

atu

ral re

sourc

e-r

ela

ted refo

rms

outlin

ed in t

he G

PRSI

I polici

es,

as

well a

s st

rength

en the m

ech

anism

s fo

r pla

nnin

g a

nd a

ccounta

bility

acr

oss

sect

ora

l m

inistr

ies and a

genci

es and the M

inistr

y of Fin

ance

and E

conom

ic P

lannin

g (MoFEP).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

140

Term

s of Refe

rence

(ToR) fo

r St

rate

gic

Environm

enta

l and S

oci

al Ass

ess

ment fo

r th

e R

EDD+ M

ech

anism

in G

hana.

1.

0 Intr

oduct

ion

Reduci

ng

Em

issions

from

Defo

rest

ation and Fore

st Degr

adation (R

EDD+)

is a pro

pose

d gl

obal

mech

anism

to

m

itig

ate

cl

imate

change

, w

hile m

obiliz

ing

financi

al re

sourc

es

for

soci

o-e

conom

ic d

eve

lopm

ent

in f

ore

st c

ountr

ies.

The F

ore

st C

arb

on P

art

ners

hip

Faci

lity

(FCPF),

faci

lita

ted b

y th

e W

orld B

ank,

brings

toge

ther 50 d

onors

and fore

st c

ountr

ies w

ith the a

im to support

these

fore

st

countr

ies in

the p

repara

tion a

nd subse

quent im

ple

menta

tion o

f th

eir R

EDD+ S

trate

gies.

Ghana is

a k

ey

part

icip

ant

countr

y in

the F

CPF.

The G

ove

rnm

ent

of

Ghana is

curr

ently

im

ple

menting

its

Readin

ess

Pre

para

tion

Pro

posa

l (R

-PP) w

ith r

ega

rds

to F

CPF R

EDD+ R

eadin

ess

phase

s, a

nd h

as

request

ed a

FCPF R

eadin

ess

Pre

para

tion G

rant

to s

upport

the d

esign

of its

REDD S

trate

gy. T

his S

trate

gy a

ims

to c

ontr

ol defo

rest

ation a

nd d

egr

adation in o

rder

to r

educe

gre

en h

ouse

gas

em

issions in

to the a

tmosp

here

.

Stra

tegi

c envi

ronm

enta

l and s

oci

al ass

ess

ment

(SESA

) is a

key

com

ponent

of

Ghana’s

Readin

ess

Pre

para

tion P

roposa

l

(R-P

P)

to t

he W

orld B

ank

Fore

st C

arb

on P

art

ners

hip

Faci

lity

(FCPF).

This c

om

ponent

is e

ssential

for

both

avo

idin

g

nega

tive

im

pact

s (“

do n

o h

arm

”) and e

nhanci

ng

positive

or “additio

nal”

REDD b

enefits

, esp

eci

ally

in t

erm

s of so

cial or

live

lihood benefits

, go

vern

ance

and w

ider

envi

ronm

enta

l or

bio

div

ers

ity

benefits

. The SE

SA is part

of

the phase

d

appro

ach

of

the F

CPF R

eadin

ess

Mech

anism

(pre

para

tion o

f th

e R

-PP a

nd s

ubse

quent

Pre

para

tion f

or

REDD+).

The

pro

pose

d a

ctiv

itie

s in

the R

-PP w

ill

also b

e s

ubje

cte

d t

o t

he S

trate

gic

Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

(SEA)

pro

cedure

s

deve

loped b

y th

e E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Pro

tect

ion A

gency

(EPA).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

141

2.0

Obje

ctiv

es

The o

vera

ll o

bje

ctiv

es

of th

ese

TOR a

re t

o p

rom

ote

due d

ilig

ence

; id

entify

the inst

itutional arr

ange

ments

and g

ove

rnance

needed fo

r th

e im

ple

menta

tion of

REDD+ Readin

ess

st

rate

gy;

to

id

entify

th

e like

ly so

cio-e

conom

ic and envi

ronm

enta

l risk

s

ass

oci

ate

d w

ith R

EDD s

trate

gies/

polici

es;

and t

o o

utlin

e p

oss

ible

mitig

ation o

ptions;

ass

ess

the p

ote

ntial additio

nal benefits

of REDD+ (esp

eci

ally

bio

div

ers

ity

conse

rvation a

nd p

ove

rty

allevi

ation);

and to info

rm the d

esign

of th

e n

ational REDD+

stra

tegy

so that it a

void

s or m

itig

ate

s nega

tive

soci

al/

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s and e

nco

ura

ges positive

ones.

In a

ccord

ance

with F

CPF g

uid

elines,

speci

al

considera

tion s

hould

be g

iven t

o l

ivelihoods,

rig

hts

, cu

ltura

l herita

ge,

gender,

vuln

era

ble

gro

ups,

gove

rnance

, ca

paci

ty b

uildin

g and b

iodiv

ers

ity.

3.0

Lin

ks betw

een the T

ORs

and the R

-PP C

om

ponents

THE L

INKS

OF T

HE R

-PP T

EM

PLATE T

O T

HE S

ESA

ELEM

ENTS

R-P

P

TEMPLATE

ELEMENTS

STRATEGIC

ENVIR

ONMENTAL A

ND S

OIC

IAL E

LEMENTS

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

142

1b. St

ake

hold

er

Consu

ltation a

nd

Part

icip

ation

(Consu

ltation P

lan)

2a. Ass

ess

ment of Land

Use

, Fore

st P

olicy

and

Gove

rnance

(underlyi

ng

cause

s of defo

rest

ation

and fore

st d

egr

adation,

majo

r la

nd u

se tre

nds,

fo

rest

policy

and

gove

rnance

iss

ues)

2b. Pre

lim

inary

REDD

Stra

tegy

options

2c.

REDD

Imple

menta

tion

Fra

mew

ork

2d. So

cial and

Envi

ronm

enta

l Im

pact

s

Stra

tegi

c co

mponent

•

Stake

hold

er and

politica

l eco

nom

y analy

ses

• Id

entify

envi

ronm

enta

l and soci

al

considera

tions tied to

defo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st

degr

adation

• Prioritize

the iss

ues –

key

envi

ronm

enta

l and

soci

al co

nsidera

tions

• Gap a

naly

sis - ass

ess

exi

stin

g ca

paci

ties and

syst

em

s to

manage

th

ese

iss

ues

Pro

pose

policy

, in

stitutional,

lega

l, r

egu

lato

ry a

dju

stm

ent

&

capaci

ty buildin

g m

easu

res

for

the R

EDD S

trate

gy

ESM

F c

om

ponent

• Base

line

• Ass

ess

the

pote

ntial risk

s and im

pact

s of

that pro

pose

d

adju

stm

ents

, in

terv

entions

and p

roje

cts

within

the

REDD str

ate

gy

• Sc

enario

analy

sis

• Define the

inst

itutional,

policy

, le

gal

and c

apaci

ty

requirem

ents

3.1

Drivers

of defo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egr

adation

In Ghana,

the pro

ble

m is ess

entially,

one of

gradual

‘degr

adation’

rath

er

than ‘d

efo

rest

ation’,

and is in

crem

enta

l ra

ther

than

dra

matic,

with n

o s

ingl

e d

om

inant

drive

r. T

he u

nderlyi

ng

cause

s are

those

typ

ical

of

degr

adation i

n t

he m

ore

heavi

ly p

opula

ted

countr

ies

of

the t

ropic

s, a

nd invo

lve a

com

ple

x of

dem

ogr

aphic

, eco

nom

ic a

nd p

olicy

influence

s. T

he im

media

te d

rive

rs incl

ude:

fore

st indust

ry o

ver-

capaci

ty; policy

/m

ark

et fa

ilure

s in

the tim

ber se

ctor;

burg

eonin

g popula

tion in b

oth

rura

l and u

rban a

reas,

whic

h

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

143

incr

ease

s lo

cal dem

and for

agr

icultura

l and w

ood p

roduct

s; h

igh d

em

and f

or

wood a

nd f

ore

st p

roduct

s on t

he inte

rnational m

ark

et;

heavy

dependence

on c

harc

oal and fuelw

ood for ru

ral and u

rban e

nerg

y; lim

ited tech

nolo

gy

deve

lopm

ent in

farm

ing

syst

em

s, a

nd the

continued reliance

on c

yclica

l ‘s

lash

and b

urn

’ m

eth

ods

to m

ain

tain

soil fert

ility.

The p

rom

inence

of one fore

st c

rop in the n

ational

eco

nom

y (c

oco

a),

and rece

nt va

rieta

l ch

ange

s (f

rom

shade to full-s

un),

have

also e

xert

ed a

majo

r in

fluence

on tre

nds in

fore

st c

ove

r.

Min

ing

(indust

rial and a

rtisanal/

small s

cale

) is a

conce

rn in s

om

e a

reas,

as

is t

he u

se o

f fire

in liv

est

ock

manage

ment.

These

drive

rs

whic

h a

re fully

discu

ssed in the R

EDD+ R

eadin

ess

Pre

para

tion P

roposa

l (R

-PP), a

re sum

marize

d b

elo

w:

3.2

Policy

drive

rs

a.

Imbala

nce

s of fo

rest

exp

loitation in favo

ur of la

rge sca

le tim

ber in

dust

ry

b.

Under-

price

d g

oods and serv

ices

c.

Weak

regu

lato

ry m

ech

anism

s and reso

urc

e rig

hts

d.

Weak

law

enfo

rcem

ent

3.3

Dem

ogr

aphic

drive

rs

e.

Popula

tion g

row

th a

nd u

rban e

xpansion

f.

Slash

and b

urn

agr

icultura

l pra

ctic

es

3.4

Eco

nom

ic d

rive

rs

g.

Hig

h inte

rnational dem

and for prim

ary

pro

duct

s

h.

Low

price

s fo

r lu

mber on the d

om

est

ic m

ark

et

2.

3.5

Natu

ral fo

rces

a.

Wild fires

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

144

b.

Flo

ods

c.

Pest

s and d

isease

s

3.6

REDD+ str

ate

gy o

ptions

Addre

ssin

g defo

rest

ation a

nd f

ore

st d

egr

adation p

rese

nts

a n

um

ber

of

challenge

s in

Ghana’s

conditio

ns,

though

succ

ess

in R

EDDplu

s

policy

would

off

er

sign

ific

ant

benefits

for

the s

oci

ety

not

only

in t

he a

rea o

f ca

rbon e

missions

reductions

but

also i

n r

ela

tion t

o

bio

div

ers

ity

conse

rvation, fo

rest

indust

ry, agr

iculture

and rura

l live

lihoods.

Belo

w is a list of pro

pose

d str

ate

gy o

ptions fo

r addre

ssin

g

the identified d

rive

rs.

•

Impro

ve p

art

icip

ation o

f st

ake

hold

ers

in p

olicy

dia

logu

e a

nd d

eci

sion m

aki

ng

•

Cla

rify

natu

ral re

sourc

e rig

hts

•

Impro

ve fore

st law

enfo

rcem

ent,

gove

rnance

and tra

de

•

Rehabilitation o

f degr

aded fore

st rese

rves

•

Fore

st p

lanta

tion d

eve

lopm

ent

•

Pro

moting

REDD+-f

riendly

Coco

a

•

Impro

ve p

roduct

ivity

of fa

rmla

nds

•

Stre

ngt

hened d

ece

ntr

alize

d m

anage

ment of natu

ral re

sourc

es

•

Sust

ain

able

fuelw

ood p

roduct

ion a

nd im

pro

ved e

ffic

iency

of fu

elw

ood u

se

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

145

•

Supply

wood lega

lly

to the d

om

est

ic m

ark

et

4.

0 M

eth

odolo

gy: Am

ong

oth

ers

this sect

ion should

art

icula

te h

ow

the c

onsu

ltation p

roce

ss w

ould

pro

gress

Tools and M

eth

ods use

d in the Consu

ltation and Participation during R-PP Implementa

tion w

ill be employed for the SESA

To c

onduct

eff

ect

ive info

rmation s

haring

and c

onsu

ltation,

a r

ange

of

tools w

ill be u

sed t

o e

nsu

re a

bro

ad r

each

and e

ffect

ive

enga

gem

ent.

Such

tools incl

ude:

4.1

. In

form

ation S

haring

and A

ware

ness

Raisin

g •

Main

tain

& c

ontinuously

update

FC a

nd o

ther w

ebsite

s to

post

info

rmation &

solici

t in

put

•

Pro

duct

ion o

f policy

briefs

and info

rmation n

ote

s appro

priate

to d

iffe

rent audie

nce

s th

at ca

n b

e d

istr

ibute

d in b

oth

hard

and

soft

copy

•

New

s bulletin o

f th

e F

C

•

Pro

paga

te thro

ugh

loca

l FM &

Com

munity

Radio

•

Stake

hold

er gr

oup m

anage

d info

rmation sharing

4.2

. C

onsu

ltation

Consu

ltations

will

occ

ur

at

diffe

rent

leve

ls f

rom

sm

all s

cale

exp

ert

consu

ltations

to b

roader

national

consu

ltations.

Key

tools

within

this p

roce

ss w

ill in

clude:

•

Form

al and S

em

i St

ruct

ure

d Inte

rvie

ws

•

Focu

s Gro

up M

eetings

with S

take

hold

er gr

oups

•

Self A

dm

iniste

red q

uest

ionnaires th

at anyo

ne c

an c

om

ple

te a

nd subm

it

•

Work

shops

•

Stake

hold

er gr

oup m

anage

d c

onsu

ltation

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

146

4.3

. Part

icip

ation

Stru

cture

s fo

r part

icip

ation h

ave

been d

iscu

ssed w

ithin

com

ponent

1a,

but

will in

clude t

he N

RSC

, as

well a

s st

ake

hold

er

groups

utilize

d for co

nsu

ltation info

rmation sharing.

For th

e d

eta

iled sta

kehold

ers

to b

e c

onsu

lted o

n S

ESA

see a

nnex

IV b

elo

w.

The S

ESA

report

will be inte

grate

d into

the N

ational Consu

ltation p

rogr

am

me a

nd d

eta

iled c

om

munic

ation s

trate

gy

deve

loped a

nd

rolled o

ut th

e n

ational st

ake

hold

er co

nsu

ltation a

nd p

art

icip

ation thro

ughout th

e lifesp

an o

f th

e p

roje

ct a

nd b

eyo

nd.

Table

1:

Ta

sk #

T

ask

De

scri

pti

on

A

pp

rox

ima

te

wo

rk e

ffo

rt (

in

%

) o

r in

pe

rso

n/d

ay

s?

Ex

pe

cte

d

wo

rkin

g p

eri

od

(mo

nth

o

f

ass

ign

me

nt)

Sp

eci

fic

de

liv

era

ble

s e

xp

ect

ed

fro

m c

on

sult

an

ts

Re

late

d

on

go

ing

a

nd

pla

nn

ed

a

ctiv

itie

s

carr

ied

ou

t a

s p

art

of

R-

PP

im

ple

me

nta

tio

n

Ne

cess

ary

se

qu

en

cin

g

an

d

tim

ing

wit

h o

the

r a

ctiv

itie

s;

Ma

in

resp

on

sib

ilit

ies

for

coo

rdin

ati

on

w

ith

p

ara

lle

l

wo

rk.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

147

1

Ide

nti

fica

tio

n

of

issu

es

rele

va

nt

to

SE

SA

- 9

mo

nth

s (

Acc

om

pli

she

d b

y R

-PP

Te

am

)

R-P

P

Do

cum

en

t in

dic

ati

ng

can

did

ate

R

ED

D+

S

tra

teg

y

op

tio

ns)

,

On

-go

ing

S

tak

eh

old

er

Co

nsu

lta

tio

ns

an

d

Pa

rtic

ipa

tio

n

20

10

-20

13

,

NLB

I

VP

A/F

LEG

T

NR

EG

( a

nd

it

s su

b w

ork

ing

gro

up

,)

EN

RA

C

FIP

Na

tio

na

l F

ore

st F

oru

ms

GF

P

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

148

2

De

ve

lop

me

nt

of

SE

SA

To

R

- 3

Mo

nth

s D

iscl

osu

re o

f S

ES

A T

oR

N

ati

on

al

RE

DD

+

/SE

SA

Co

nsu

tati

on

, a

nd

form

ati

on

o

f m

ult

i-

sta

ke

ho

lde

r w

ork

ing

gro

up

.

1)

Se

lect

ion

o

f

can

did

ate

R

ED

D+

pil

ot

pro

ject

s

2)

Te

stin

g

the

ca

nd

ida

te

RE

DD

+

stra

teg

ies

in

th

e

pil

ot

ph

ase

3)C

on

tin

ue

d

aw

are

nss

rais

ing

d

uri

ng

co

nsu

lta

tio

n

an

d

info

rma

tio

n

dis

sem

ina

tio

n

4)

On

-go

ing

re

vie

w o

f p

ilo

t

pro

ject

s

5)

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r le

d a

nd

fo

cus

gro

up

co

nsu

lta

tio

n o

n l

eg

al

an

d i

nst

itu

tio

na

l ch

an

ge

s

6)

Co

nsu

lta

tio

n

wit

h

ke

y

de

cisi

on

m

ak

ers

o

n

ma

in

ou

tpu

ts o

n R

ED

D+

act

ivit

ies

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

149

3

Sit

ua

tio

na

l A

na

lysi

s

: A

na

lyti

cal

an

d

pa

rtic

ipa

tory

pro

cess

o

f

en

vir

on

me

nta

l a

nd

soci

al

con

sid

era

tio

ns

32

%

4 m

on

ths

Str

ate

gic

C

om

po

ne

nt

of

SE

SA

To

R

Ba

seli

ne

in

form

ati

on

An

aly

tica

l w

ork

ca

rrie

d

ou

t d

uri

ng

th

e

R-P

P

Fo

rmu

lati

on

At

the

sta

rt a

nd

du

rin

g t

he

pil

oti

ng

ph

ase

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r le

d

an

d

focu

s

gro

up

co

nsu

lta

tio

n o

n l

eg

al

an

d i

nst

itu

tio

na

l ch

an

ge

s

Co

nsu

lta

tio

n

wit

h

ke

y

de

cisi

on

m

ak

ers

o

n

ma

in

ou

tpu

ts o

n R

ED

D+

act

ivit

ies

4

Pri

ori

tiza

tio

n

of

issu

es

4%

2

we

ek

s P

rio

rity

po

licy

iss

ue

s Id

en

tifi

cati

on

of

RE

DD

+

stra

teg

ies

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r le

d

an

d

focu

s

gro

up

co

nsu

lta

tio

n o

n l

eg

al

an

d i

nst

itu

tio

na

l ch

an

ge

s

Co

nsu

lta

tio

n

wit

h

ke

y

de

cisi

on

m

ak

ers

o

n

ma

in

ou

tpu

ts o

n R

ED

D+

act

ivit

ies

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

150

5

Ga

p A

na

lysi

s 2

4%

3

mo

nth

s In

stit

uti

on

al,

re

gu

lato

ry

an

d

cap

aci

ty r

eq

uir

em

en

ts

Sit

ua

tio

na

l a

na

lysi

s S

tak

eh

old

er

led

a

nd

fo

cus

gro

up

co

nsu

lta

tio

n o

n l

eg

al

an

d i

nst

itu

tio

na

l ch

an

ge

s

Co

nsu

lta

tio

n

wit

h

ke

y

de

cisi

on

m

ak

ers

o

n

ma

in

ou

tpu

ts o

n R

ED

D+

act

ivit

ies

6

Ide

nti

fica

tio

n

of

po

ten

tia

l ri

sks

an

d

op

po

rtu

nit

ies

(im

pa

cts)

16

%

2 m

on

ths

Ca

nd

ida

te R

ED

D+

Str

ate

gie

s S

itu

ati

on

al

an

aly

sis

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r le

d

an

d

focu

s

gro

up

co

nsu

lta

tio

n o

n l

eg

al

an

d i

nst

itu

tio

na

l ch

an

ge

s

Co

nsu

lta

tio

n

wit

h

ke

y

de

cisi

on

m

ak

ers

o

n

ma

in

ou

tpu

ts o

n R

ED

D+

act

ivit

ies

7

Sce

na

rio

An

aly

sis

16

%

2m

on

ths

Dra

ft E

SM

F r

ep

ort

Imp

act

a

na

lysi

s(

see

6

ab

ov

e)

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r le

d

an

d

focu

s

gro

up

co

nsu

lta

tio

n o

n l

eg

al

an

d i

nst

itu

tio

na

l ch

an

ge

s

Co

nsu

lta

tio

n

wit

h

ke

y

de

cisi

on

m

ak

ers

o

n

ma

in

ou

tpu

ts o

n R

ED

D+

act

ivit

ies

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

151

8

Va

lid

ati

on

/p

ub

lic

he

ari

ng

8%

1

mo

nth

F

ina

l E

SM

F r

ep

ort

R

ED

D+

pil

ots

P

ub

lic

he

ari

ng

/ m

ult

i-

sta

ke

ho

lde

r w

ork

sho

ps

5.0

) St

rate

gic

Environm

enta

l and S

oci

al Ass

ess

ment (S

trate

gic

Com

ponent)

This a

ssig

nm

ent is to c

arr

y out a s

trate

gic

envi

ronm

enta

l and s

oci

al ass

ess

ment (S

ESA

) of th

e s

trate

gy o

ptions.

The s

peci

fic

act

ivitie

s

are

: • Se

lect

ion o

f SE

SA p

riorities

–

Carr

y out

eco

nom

ic v

alu

ation s

tudie

s of

loss

of

bio

div

ers

ity,

degr

adation o

f w

ate

r bodie

s, a

nd d

ecl

ine in

agr

icultura

l pro

duct

ivity

ass

oci

ate

d w

ith d

efo

rest

ation

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

152

–

Carr

y out

case

st

udie

s of

loca

l co

mm

unitie

s aff

ect

ed by

defo

rest

ation:

situ

ation of

eld

ers

, yo

ungs

ters

,

childre

n,

wom

en d

ue t

o loss

of

live

lihoods,

rest

rict

ed a

ccess

to p

ublic

serv

ices

and im

pact

s fr

om

oth

er

non

agr

icultura

l act

ivitie

s (i.e

. m

inin

g) a

nd h

ealth situation.

–

Com

ple

ment st

ake

hold

er analy

sis ca

rrie

d o

ut during

RPP p

repara

tion

–

Conduct

politica

l eco

nom

y analy

sis base

d o

n the sta

kehold

er analy

sis.

–

Sele

ct p

riorities th

rough

cultura

lly

sensitive

consu

ltation p

roce

sses

–

Pre

pare

a p

rogr

ess

report

5.1

SESA

GAP A

NALYSIS

Ass

ess

ment of underlyi

ng

cause

s in

rela

tion to the p

riority

iss

ues:

•

Inst

itutional: A

re the p

roper in

stitutions in

pla

ce? Do inst

itutions have

the c

apaci

ty to d

elive

r: h

um

an c

apital,

financi

al re

sourc

es,

lega

l and regu

lato

ry fra

mew

ork

consist

ent w

ith their m

andate

? Are

there

mech

anism

s fo

r in

ter-

inst

itutional co

ord

ination?

•

Policy

and lega

l

•

Soci

oeco

nom

ic a

nd c

ultura

l

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

153

5.2

RECOM

MENDATIO

NS:

TO W

HAT E

XTENT D

O T

HE R

EDD O

PTIO

NS

ADDRESS

THE G

APS?

•

Analy

sis of pote

ntial im

pact

s of exi

stin

g REDD S

trate

gy o

ptions on the identified g

aps

–

What ga

ps w

ill be a

ddre

ssed b

y th

e p

ropose

d R

EDD str

ate

gy o

ptions?

–

What sh

ould

be d

one w

ith those

gaps th

at are

not addre

ssed b

y th

e R

EDD str

ate

gy o

ptions?

• Reco

mm

endations fo

r in

clusion o

f additio

nal REDD str

ate

gy o

ptions

• Reco

mm

endations fo

r adju

stm

ents

outs

ide the p

urv

iew

of th

e R

EDD str

ate

gy

• Validate

the reco

mm

endations of st

rate

gic

com

ponent fo

llow

ing

cultura

lly

sensitive

consu

ltation p

roce

sses

6.0

) E

NVIR

ONM

ENTAL A

ND S

OCIA

L M

ANAGEM

ENT F

RAM

EW

ORK (ESM

F C

om

ponent)

Pre

pare

a fra

mew

ork

to m

anage

the e

nvi

ronm

enta

l and soci

al risk

s ass

oci

ate

d w

ith the R

EDD str

ate

gy o

ptions:

• Define inst

itutional arr

ange

ment fo

r im

ple

menting

EMSF

base

d o

n e

xist

ing

inst

itutions fo

r envi

ronm

enta

l and soci

al risk

manage

ment

• Ass

ess

exi

stin

g te

chnic

al, fin

anci

al, h

um

an reso

urc

e c

apaci

ties and identify

pote

ntial ga

ps

• Pro

pose

a sys

tem

to scr

een, ass

ess

, and m

itig

ate

the p

ote

ntial envi

ronm

enta

l and soci

al risk

s and

impact

s of th

e R

EDD str

ate

gy o

ptions,

considering:

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

154

•

Ghana’s

lega

l fr

am

ework

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l and soci

al re

gula

tions

•

Applica

ble

World B

ank’

s polici

es,

and

•

Best

inte

rnational pra

ctic

es

o

The p

ropose

d sys

tem

should

diffe

rentiate

betw

een:

�

Policy

and lega

l adju

stm

ents

�

Inst

itutional adju

stm

ents

�

Pro

gram

matic

and p

roje

ct inte

rventions

o

Pro

pose

a m

ech

anism

for m

onitoring

com

pliance

of th

e p

ropose

d E

SMF invo

lvin

g ke

y st

ake

hold

ers

6.1

SESA

outp

uts

•

Phase

1: SE

SA report

on a

ssess

ment ca

rrie

d o

ut on d

raft

REDD str

ate

gy. Outp

uts

would

be u

sed to refine the c

andid

ate

st

rate

gies and fin

alise

the R

EDD str

ate

gy for Ghana

•

Phase

2: ass

ess

ment of th

e fin

alize

d str

ate

gy. Outp

uts

of th

is w

ould

be u

sed to d

raft

the E

SMF for m

anagi

ng

the residual

impact

s

•

Phase

3: Dra

ft E

SMF to b

e refined a

t th

e R

eadin

ess

pack

age

sta

ge. The d

raft

ESM

F c

ould

be test

ed o

n p

ilot pro

ject

s in

the

countr

y during

the p

repara

tion sta

ge.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

155

7.0

Com

position o

f Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

The t

hre

e p

ers

on I

mpact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

be c

om

pose

d o

f at

least

tw

o n

ational

team

mem

bers

com

bin

ing

soci

al (incl

udin

g ge

nder)

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

ass

ess

ment exp

erience

. One o

f th

ese

should

be fro

m a

civ

il soci

ety

or

NGO b

ack

ground; th

e s

eco

nd t

eam

mem

ber

can b

e fro

m a

sta

te o

r aca

dem

ic inst

itutional back

ground. They

will be

support

ed b

y a p

art

-tim

e n

ational or

inte

rnational advi

sor

with h

igher

leve

l exp

ert

ise in im

pact

ass

ess

ment

and w

ho

will pro

vide tim

ely

discr

eet in

puts

to the p

roce

ss, e.g

., a

t th

e d

esign

sta

ge.

7.1

Inst

itutional re

port

ing

The t

eam

of

Consu

ltants

shall w

ork

clo

sely

with t

he S

ESA

Com

mitte

e a

nd s

hall r

eport

thro

ugh

the N

ational

REDD

Steering

Com

mitte

e to

th

e Natu

ral

Reso

urc

es

and Envi

ronm

enta

l Advi

sory

Counci

l (E

NRAC),

a hig

h le

vel

inte

r-

Min

iste

rial and s

ect

ora

l body

com

pose

d o

f th

e M

iniste

rs o

f La

nds

and N

atu

ral Reso

urc

es

(MLNR), E

nvi

ronm

ent,

Sci

ence

and T

ech

nolo

gy, and F

inance

, w

ith p

ote

ntial co

ntr

ibutions fr

om

the M

iniste

rs o

f Agr

iculture

and L

oca

l Gove

rnm

ent.

7.2

. Core

task

s and a

ctiv

itie

s

The w

ork

of th

e Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

can b

e b

roke

n d

ow

n into

fiv

e m

ain

task

s:

•

Initia

l (larg

ely

desk

-base

d) dia

gnost

ic a

naly

sis;

•

Consu

ltative

or field

-base

d sta

kehold

er analy

sis and d

iscu

ssio

ns;

•

Analy

sis of th

e W

orld B

ank

Soci

al and E

nvi

ronm

enta

l St

andard

s;

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

156

•

National SE

SA sensitiza

tion/va

lidation W

ork

shop;

•

On-g

oin

g SE

SA m

onitoring

and test

ing

of ESM

F o

n p

ilots

.

For th

e b

udge

t and tim

elines

see a

nnex V

I belo

w.

Som

e U

sefu

l Refe

rence

s fo

r SE

SA D

iagn

ost

ic A

naly

sis

Am

anor,

K.S

. & Bro

wn,

D.

(2006).

In

form

ing

the Policy

Pro

cess

: Dece

ntr

alisa

tion and Envi

ronm

enta

l Dem

ocr

acy

in

Ghana.

Ove

rseas

Deve

lopm

ent

Inst

itute

and Univ

ers

ity

of

Ghana Report

to

th

e DFID

Natu

ral

Reso

urc

e Sy

stem

s

Pro

gram

me, HTSP

E, UK.

Birik

ora

ng

G,

Hanse

n C

P a

nd T

Tre

ue (

2007)

Revi

ew

of

the c

urr

ent

taxa

tion r

ele

vant

to t

he f

ore

st s

ect

or

in G

hana.

VLTP Background Paper No.1

, Fore

stry

Com

mission, Acc

ra.

Fore

stry

Com

mission.

(2009).

Brief

ass

ess

ment

of

land u

se a

nd f

ore

st p

olici

es

and g

ove

rnance

in t

he f

ore

st a

rea i

n

Ghana. R-P

P B

ack

ground P

aper.

Fore

stry

Com

mission o

f Ghana, Acc

ra

Fore

st W

atc

h G

hana (2000) Forest Governance in Ghana: An NGO Perspective, FERN. Oxf

ord

and B

russ

els.

Hanse

n, C. P. &

Tre

ue, T. (2

008) Ass

ess

ing

Ille

gal Logg

ing

in G

hana. The International Forestry Review

10 (4):

573-5

80.

Kato

om

ba G

roup (

2009).

REDD O

pport

unitie

s Sc

opin

g Exe

rcise f

or

Ghana.

Kato

om

ba G

roup &

Natu

re C

onse

rvation

Rese

arc

h C

entr

e. W

ash

ingt

on, D.C

. & A

ccra

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

157

Maye

rs, J.

, Birik

ora

ng,

G.,

Danso

, E.,

Nke

tiah, K. & R

ichard

s, M

. (2

008).

Ass

ess

ing

the P

ote

ntial Im

pact

s of a V

olu

nta

ry

Part

ners

hip

Agr

eem

ent in

Ghana w

ith the E

C o

n F

ore

st G

ove

rnance

. Fin

al Report

. IIED, Lo

ndon.

NCRC (2008).

Tow

ard

s su

stain

able

charc

oal pro

duct

ion in G

hana. Acc

ra.

Shepherd

, G. & N

yam

e, S.

K. (F

ort

hco

min

g). Fore

sts-

Pove

rty

Toolk

it - N

ational Leve

l Analy

sis

and A

ctio

n M

anual. IUCN,

Ghana

Tro

penbos (2

004).

Chain

saw

lum

ber:

A n

ece

ssary

evi

l? G

hana W

ork

shop P

roce

edin

gs. Acc

ra a

nd W

age

nin

gen.

Ghana’s

REDD+ R

eadin

ess

Pre

para

tion P

roposa

l (R

-PP) 2010.

ANNEX I: Core

Sust

ain

ability Iss

uesi

The S

ESA

will allow

for th

e identifica

tion o

f ke

y issu

es cr

itic

al fo

r su

stain

ability,

whic

h m

ay

incl

ude the follow

ing:

Stakehold

er

Analy

sis

considers

ke

y st

ake

hold

ers

and deci

sion m

ake

rs in

re

lation to

th

e REDD st

rate

gy,

and pro

vides

a fu

ll

acc

ounting

of

both

cultura

l div

ers

ity

and g

ender.

St

ake

hold

er

analy

sis

is a

llow

s fo

r deve

lopin

g an e

ffect

ive p

ublic

part

icip

ation

pro

cess

of

the SE

SA and enhance

aw

are

ness

of

politica

l eco

nom

y co

nsidera

tions

that

are

like

ly to

in

fluence

how

SE

SA’s

reco

mm

endations are

inco

rpora

ted in the R

EDD str

ate

gy a

nd subse

quently

shape the im

ple

menta

tion o

f th

e R

EDD str

ate

gy.

Key

Quest

ionsi

•

What are

the role

s, resp

onsibilitie

s, a

nd inte

rest

s of ke

y st

ake

hold

ers

?

•

Are

there

any

vuln

era

ble

gro

ups am

ong

the sta

kehold

ers

? W

hat is the n

atu

re a

nd e

xtent of th

eir v

uln

era

bility?

•

What are

the g

endere

d c

hara

cterist

ics of fo

rest

reso

urc

es use

?

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

158

•

What have

been the p

att

ern

s and tre

nds of st

ake

hold

ers

’ ow

ners

hip

and u

se o

f fo

rest

reso

urc

es?

•

How

do the sta

kehold

ers

inte

ract

(acr

oss

various le

vels)?

Where

do str

onge

st a

llia

nce

s lie (at th

e m

acro

leve

l)?

•

Where

are

the m

ost

lik

ely

poin

ts o

f fr

iction/co

nflic

t?

Sugg

est

ed T

ools (le

vels o

f analy

sis)

•

Pow

er analy

sis (m

acr

o)

•

Stake

hold

er m

atr

ices (m

acr

o/m

eso

/m

icro

)

•

Politica

l m

appin

g (m

acr

o/m

eso

/m

icro

)

•

Vuln

era

bility

analy

sis (m

icro

)

•

Key

Pers

on I

nte

rvie

ws (

KP

Is)

•

Focus G

roup D

iscussio

ns (

FG

Ds)

•

Sem

inars

•

Work

shops

Citiz

en E

nga

gem

ent

is c

once

rned w

ith:

1)

identify

ing

the k

ey

conce

rns

of

various

stake

hold

er

groups;

and,

2)

putt

ing

in p

lace

bro

ad-b

ase

d c

onsu

ltation a

nd p

art

icip

ation a

rrange

ments

.

Key

Quest

ions

•

What are

the m

ain

const

rain

ts a

nd o

pport

unitie

s fo

r co

nsu

ltation w

ith a

nd p

art

icip

ation b

y ke

y st

ake

hold

ers

?

•

What ki

nds of m

ech

anism

s fo

r in

form

ation d

iscl

osu

re a

nd d

isse

min

ation a

re m

ost

lik

ely

to w

ork

?

•

Of th

e c

ivil soci

ety

sta

kehold

ers

identified (in

cludin

g in

tern

ational NGOs)

, w

hic

h a

re lik

ely

to p

art

icip

ate

in the tw

o m

ain

phase

s pro

ject

(e.g

. Readin

ess

Pack

age

pre

para

tion, and p

aym

ent fo

r em

issions re

duct

ions)

?

•

How

will th

ey

part

icip

ate

?

•

What ty

pes of gr

ieva

nce

redre

ss m

ech

anism

s are

most

appro

priate

?

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

159

Sugg

est

ed T

ools (le

vels o

f analy

sis)

•

Arr

ay

of co

nsu

ltation e

vents

and fora

org

aniz

ed a

t diffe

rent le

vels, w

hic

h c

an b

e a

dapte

d to the p

art

icula

r purp

ose

of th

e

consu

ltation, th

e targ

ete

d a

udie

nce

s, a

nd c

ountr

y chara

cterist

ics.

•

Mic

ro-p

olitica

l m

appin

g (m

eso

/m

icro

)

•

PLA such

as SW

OT a

naly

sis (f

or su

ch thin

gs a

s th

e p

ropose

d reve

nue sharing

arr

ange

ments

) (m

icro

)

Key E

nvironm

enta

l Issu

es

considers

key

envi

ronm

enta

l and n

atu

ral

reso

urc

es

manage

ment

issu

es

in r

ela

tion t

o t

he p

ropose

d

stra

tegy

.

Key

Quest

ions

•

What are

the m

ain

goods and serv

ices pro

vided b

y fo

rest

s (t

imber,

fuelw

ood, m

edic

ines,

conse

rvation o

f bio

logi

cal div

ers

ity,

w

ate

rshed p

rote

ctio

n, non-t

imber fo

rest

s pro

duct

s, e

tc.)?

•

What are

the m

ain

thre

ats

aff

ect

ing

fore

sts and h

ow

vuln

era

ble

are

to them

?

•

What are

the m

ain

cause

s le

adin

g to

fore

st d

egr

adation a

nd fore

st fra

gmenta

tion?

•

What is the e

stim

ate

d e

conom

ic v

alu

e o

f fo

rest

goods and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l se

rvic

es lo

st b

y defo

rest

ation a

nd d

egr

adation

annually?

•

What are

the e

nvi

ronm

enta

l health risks

lik

e m

ala

ria, m

aln

utr

itio

n, and o

thers

aff

ect

ing

fore

st p

opula

tions,

in g

enera

l, a

nd

childre

n in p

art

icula

r?

Sugg

est

ed T

ools

•

Key

info

rmant in

terv

iew

s (f

rom

main

sta

kehold

er gr

oups)

and sect

or le

vel data

on e

xport

s, fuelw

ood c

onsu

mption, etc

. •

Ove

rlappin

g of pro

tect

ed a

reas m

aps,

bio

div

ers

ity

maps and p

ove

rty

maps using

GIS

tech

niq

ues

•

Cost

of degr

adation e

stim

ate

s; A

nnual co

sts of defo

rest

ation a

nd fore

st d

egr

adation b

y m

ain

cost

cate

gories,

such

as

morb

idity,

mort

ality

and p

hys

ical co

sts

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

160

•

Epid

em

iolo

gica

l evi

dence

and e

stim

ation o

f th

e im

pact

s in

term

s of m

ort

ality

, m

orb

idity,

and D

isability

Adju

sted L

ife Y

ears

(D

ALYs)

•

Case

stu

die

s of se

lect

ed fore

st a

reas and p

rote

cted a

reas

•

Price

tra

nsf

er m

odels to look

at direct

and indirect eff

ect

s of policy

measu

res

•

Sust

ain

ability

test

•

Opport

unity

and risk

analy

ses

•

Com

pound m

atr

ix

•

Com

patibility

matr

ix

Inst

itutions

and o

rganiz

ational ca

paci

ty w

ill ass

ess

form

al and info

rmal in

stitutions.

Key

Quest

ions

•

What ty

pes of fo

rmal and info

rmal fo

rest

manage

ment in

stitutions exi

st in the c

ountr

y?

•

What are

the c

ust

om

ary

and lega

l righ

ts o

f acc

ess

to land, fo

rest

s, a

nd rela

ted reso

urc

es?

•

Are

ince

ntive

sys

tem

s fo

r pro

tect

ing

fore

sts,

bio

div

ers

ity,

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l se

rvic

es fr

om

fore

sts in

corp

ora

ted into

fore

st

righ

ts fra

mew

ork

s?

•

How

have

beliefs

, norm

s, a

nd b

ehavi

ors

rela

ted to fore

st reso

urc

es use

inte

ract

ed w

ith e

nvi

ronm

enta

l and soci

o-c

ultura

l ch

ara

cterist

ics in

pote

ntial are

as of act

ivity?

•

How

do the p

ropose

d inst

itutional arr

ange

ments

aff

ect

asp

ect

s of eff

icie

ncy

and e

quity

in the a

lloca

tion o

f fo

rest

reso

urc

es?

•

What ki

nds of sk

ills/ca

paci

ties exi

st for ca

rryi

ng

out pre

scribed role

s and resp

onsibilitie

s am

ong

the v

arious fo

rmal

inst

itutions?

Where

are

the g

aps?

•

What are

the h

um

an, financi

al, a

nd tech

nic

al ca

paci

ty g

aps aff

ect

ing

fore

st-d

wellin

g and fore

st-d

ependent gr

oups?

•

What are

the c

ust

om

ary

and lega

l righ

ts to a

ccess

to land, fo

rest

s re

sourc

es and b

iodiv

ers

ity?

•

What are

the h

um

an, financi

al and tech

nic

al ca

paci

ty g

aps w

ith rega

rds to

fore

st c

om

munitie

s?

Sugg

est

ed T

ools (le

vels o

f analy

sis)

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

161

•

Org

aniz

ational m

appin

g (m

acr

o/m

eso

)

•

Part

icip

ato

ry L

earn

ing

& A

ctio

n tech

niq

ues (P

LA)1

8 (m

icro

)

•

Case

stu

die

s of se

lect

ed fore

st a

reas and fore

st-d

wellin

g co

mm

unitie

s

Impact

s (D

irect

and Indirect

) and R

isks co

nsider pote

ntial risk

s of th

e R

EDD str

ate

gy.

Key

Quest

ions

•

What site

-speci

fic

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l risk

s are

lik

ely

to a

rise

in the c

ours

e o

f im

ple

menting

the p

ropose

d str

ate

gy?

•

Will th

e d

iscr

ete

fore

st c

onse

rvation/defo

rest

ation a

void

ance

act

ivitie

s have

a n

ega

tive

direct

or in

direct

im

pact

on the

envi

ronm

ent (e

.g. cr

itic

al and n

on-c

ritica

l natu

ral habitats

, non-t

imber fo

rest

pro

duct

s (N

TFPs)

, w

ildlife

, or dislo

cation o

f defo

rest

ation a

nd d

egr

adation a

ctiv

itie

s fr

om

on a

rea to a

noth

er)

? If so, how

can these

be

avo

ided/m

inim

ized/m

itig

ate

d/m

anage

d?

•

Will th

e d

iscr

ete

fore

st c

onse

rvation/defo

rest

ation a

void

ance

act

ivitie

s have

a n

ega

tive

im

pact

on indig

enous people

s, fore

st-

dependent gr

oups,

or any

oth

er vu

lnera

ble

gro

ups?

If so

, how

can these

be a

void

ed/m

inim

ized/m

itig

ate

d/m

anage

d?

•

What sp

eci

fic

safe

guard

polici

es are

trigg

ere

d?

•

What are

the identified n

eeds and o

ptions fo

r altern

ative

liv

elihoods deve

lopm

ent?

What opport

unitie

s, risks

, and im

pact

s are

in

here

nt in

these

?

Sugg

est

ed T

ools (le

vels o

f analy

sis)

•

Arr

ay

of part

icip

ato

ry m

eth

ods2

0 (m

icro

)

•

Scenario a

naly

sis (m

acr

o/m

eso

/m

icro

)

•

Gender analy

sis (m

icro

)

•

PLA such

as SW

OT a

naly

sis (f

or su

ch thin

gs a

s th

e a

ltern

ative

liv

elihoods options)

(m

icro

)

ANNEX II: W

orld B

ank S

afe

guard

Inst

rum

ents

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

162

Giv

en t

he p

ote

ntial im

pact

s th

at

may

resu

lt f

rom

the im

ple

menta

tion o

f th

e R

EDD s

trate

gy,

and b

ase

d o

n a

n initia

l ass

ess

ment,

the follow

ing

World B

ank

safe

guard

polici

esi a

ppear applica

ble

at th

is tim

e to the p

ropose

d R

EDD o

pera

tion for [Countr

y X]:

i

a.

Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment (O

P/BP 4

.01)

b.

Natu

ral Habitats

(OP/BP 4

.04)

c.

Fore

sts (O

P/BP 4

.36)

d.

Phys

ical Cultura

l Reso

urc

es (O

P/BP 4

.11)

e.

Indig

enous People

s (O

P/BP 4

.10)

f.

Invo

lunta

ry R

ese

ttle

ment (O

P/BP 4

.12)

a.

Safe

ty o

f Dam

s (O

P 4

.37) (T

BD)

b.

Pro

ject

s on Inte

rnational W

ate

rways

(OP 7

.50 ) (TBD)

c.

Pro

ject

s in

Dispute

d A

reas (O

P 7

.60)

a. Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01).

The E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

(EA)

is a

n inst

rum

ent

that

will exa

min

e t

he s

peci

fic

envi

ronm

enta

l issu

es

and im

pact

s ass

oci

ate

d w

ith t

he f

orm

ula

tion o

f th

e R

EDD S

trate

gy.

It

eva

luate

s and c

om

pare

s th

e im

pact

s

aga

inst

those

of altern

ative

options;

ass

ess

es

lega

l and inst

itutional asp

ect

s re

leva

nt

to t

he iss

ues

and im

pact

s; a

nd r

eco

mm

ends

bro

ad m

easu

res

to s

trengt

hen e

nvi

ronm

enta

l m

anage

ment

in t

he c

ountr

y as

part

icula

r att

ention t

o p

ote

ntial cu

mula

tive

im

pact

s

of

multip

le a

ctiv

itie

s is p

aid

to.

The E

A w

ill

need t

o i

ncl

ude:

(a) executive summary

; (b

) policy, legal, and administrative

framework

; (c

) project description; (d

) baseline data

; (e

) environmental impacts;

and (f) Analysis of alternatives.

b. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04).

The c

onse

rvation o

f natu

ral habitats

should

take

into

acc

ount

the p

rote

ctio

n,

main

tenance

,

and re

habilitation of

natu

ral

habitats

and th

eir fu

nct

ions

in its

eco

nom

ic and se

ctor

work

, pro

ject

financi

ng,

and policy

dia

logu

e. A

pplica

tion o

f a p

reca

utionary

appro

ach

to n

atu

ral re

sourc

e m

anage

ment

to e

nsu

re o

pport

unitie

s fo

r envi

ronm

enta

lly

sust

ain

able

deve

lopm

ent is str

ess

ed.

c. Forests

(OP/BP 4

.36).

The p

olicy

aim

s to

reduce

defo

rest

ation,

enhance

the e

nvi

ronm

enta

l co

ntr

ibution o

f fo

rest

ed a

reas,

pro

mote

aff

ore

station, re

duce

pove

rty,

and e

nco

ura

ge e

conom

ic d

eve

lopm

ent.

The w

orld’s

fore

sts

and fore

st d

ependent

people

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

163

continue t

o e

xperience

unacc

epta

bly

hig

h r

ate

s of

fore

st l

oss

and d

egr

adation.

The B

ank

is,

there

fore

, cu

rrently

finalizi

ng

a

revi

sed appro

ach

to

fo

rest

ry issu

es,

in

re

cogn

itio

n of

the fa

ct th

at

fore

sts

pla

y an in

creasingl

y im

port

ant

role

in

pove

rty

allevi

ation, eco

nom

ic d

eve

lopm

ent,

and for pro

vidin

g lo

cal as w

ell a

s gl

obal envi

ronm

enta

l se

rvic

es.

d. Physical Cultural Resources

(OP/BP 4

.11).

The o

bje

ctiv

e o

f th

is p

olicy

is

to a

void

, or

mitig

ate

, adve

rse im

pact

s on c

ultura

l

reso

urc

es

from

deve

lopm

ent

pro

ject

s. Cultura

l re

sourc

es

are

im

port

ant

as

sourc

es

of

valu

able

histo

rical

and sc

ientific

info

rmation, as ass

ets

for eco

nom

ic a

nd soci

al deve

lopm

ent,

and a

s in

tegr

al part

s of a p

eople

’s c

ultura

l id

entity

and p

ract

ices.

(OP/BP 4

.10).

This p

olicy

contr

ibute

s to

the B

ank’

s mission o

f pove

rty

reduct

ion a

nd s

ust

ain

able

deve

lopm

ent by

ensu

ring

that

the d

eve

lopm

ent

pro

cess

fully

resp

ect

s th

e d

ignity,

hum

an r

ights

, eco

nom

ies,

and c

ulture

s of

Indig

enous

People

s. F

or

all

pro

ject

s th

at

are

pro

pose

d f

or

Bank

financi

ng

and a

ffect

Indig

enous

People

s, t

he B

ank

requires

the b

orr

ow

er

to e

nga

ge i

n a

pro

cess

of

free,

prior,

and i

nfo

rmed c

onsu

ltation. T

he B

ank

pro

vides

pro

ject

fin

anci

ng

only

where

fre

e,

prior,

and i

nfo

rmed

consu

ltation r

esu

lts

in b

road c

om

munity

support

to t

he p

roje

ct b

y th

e a

ffect

ed Indig

enous

People

s. Su

ch B

ank-

finance

d p

roje

cts

incl

ude m

easu

res

to (

a)

avo

id p

ote

ntially

adve

rse e

ffect

s on t

he Indig

enous

People

s’ c

om

munitie

s; o

r (b

) w

hen a

void

ance

is

not

feasible

, m

inim

ize,

mitig

ate

, or

com

pensa

te fo

r su

ch eff

ect

s. Bank-

finance

d pro

ject

s are

also design

ed to

ensu

re th

at

the

Indig

enous

People

s re

ceiv

e so

cial

and eco

nom

ic benefits

th

at

are

cu

ltura

lly

appro

priate

and ge

nder

and in

ter-

genera

tionally

incl

usive

. T

he Indig

enous

People

s Pla

nnin

g Fra

mew

ork

(IP

PF)

consist

s of

the f

ollow

ing:

(a)

pro

gram

desc

ription;

(b) p

ote

ntial

positive

and adve

rse eff

ect

s of

the pro

gram

on In

dig

enous

People

s; (c

) a pla

n fo

r ca

rryi

ng

out

the so

cia

l ass

ess

ment;

(d

) a

fram

ew

ork

for ensu

ring

free, prior,

and info

rmed c

onsu

ltation w

ith the a

ffect

ed Indig

enous People

s’ c

om

munitie

s at each

sta

ge o

f

pro

ject

pre

para

tion a

nd i

mple

menta

tion;

(e) in

stitutional

arr

ange

ments

(in

cludin

g ca

paci

ty b

uildin

g as

needed);

(f)

monitoring

and report

ing

arr

ange

ments

; (g

) discl

osu

re a

rrange

ments

for IP

Ps to

be p

repare

d u

nder th

e IPPF.

f. Involuntary Resettlement

(OP/BP 4.1

2).

This policy

is tr

igge

red in

situ

ations

invo

lvin

g in

volu

nta

ry ta

king

of

land and

invo

lunta

ry re

strict

ions

of

acc

ess

to

le

gally

designate

d park

s and pro

tect

ed are

as.

The policy

aim

s to

avo

id in

volu

nta

ry

rese

ttle

ment

to t

he e

xtent

feasible

, or

to m

inim

ize a

nd m

itig

ate

its

adve

rse s

oci

al and e

conom

ic im

pacts

. F

or

pro

ject

s in

volv

ing

rest

rict

ion o

f acc

ess

, th

e b

orr

ow

er

pro

vides

the B

ank

with a

dra

ft p

roce

ss fra

mew

ork

that

confo

rms

to t

he r

ele

vant

pro

visions

of

this p

olicy

as

a c

onditio

n o

f appra

isal. In a

dditio

n, during

pro

ject

im

ple

menta

tion a

nd b

efo

re t

o e

nfo

rcin

g of th

e r

est

rict

ion, th

e

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

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-PP

(A

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)

164

borr

ow

er

pre

pare

s a p

lan o

f act

ion,

acc

epta

ble

to t

he B

ank,

desc

ribin

g th

e s

peci

fic

measu

res

to b

e u

ndert

ake

n t

o a

ssist

the

displa

ced p

ers

ons

and t

he a

rrange

ments

for

their im

ple

menta

tion. The p

lan o

f act

ion c

ould

take t

he form

of a n

atu

ral re

sourc

es

manage

ment pla

n p

repare

d for th

e p

roje

ct.

g. Safety of Dams (O

P/BP 4

.37) (T

BD).

The safe

opera

tion o

f dam

s has sign

ific

ant so

cial, e

conom

ic, and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l re

leva

nce

.

When the W

orld B

ank

finance

s new

dam

s, this p

olicy

requires

that exp

erience

d a

nd c

om

pete

nt pro

fess

ionals d

esign

and s

uperv

ise

const

ruct

ion,

and t

hat

the b

orr

ow

er

adopts

and i

mple

ments

dam

safe

ty m

easu

res

thro

ugh

the p

roje

ct c

ycle

. The p

olicy

also

applies

to e

xist

ing

dam

s w

here

they

influence

the p

erf

orm

ance

of

a p

roje

ct.

In t

his c

ase

, a d

am

safe

ty a

ssess

ment

should

be

carr

ied o

ut and n

ece

ssary

additio

nal dam

safe

ty m

easu

res im

ple

mente

d. OP 4

.37 reco

mm

ends,

where

appro

priate

, th

at Bank

staff

discu

ss w

ith the b

orr

ow

ers

any

measu

res nece

ssary

to str

engt

hen the inst

itutional, legi

slative

, and regu

lato

ry fra

mew

ork

s fo

r dam

safe

ty p

rogr

am

s in

those

countr

ies.

h. Projects on International Waterways

(OP/BP 7.5

0)

(TBD).

Pro

ject

s on In

tern

ational

Wate

rways

m

ay

aff

ect

th

e re

lations

betw

een t

he W

orld B

ank

and its

borr

ow

ers

, and b

etw

een r

iparian s

tate

s. T

here

fore

, th

e B

ank

att

ach

es

great

import

ance

to t

he

riparians m

aki

ng a

ppro

priate

agr

eem

ents

or arr

ange

ments

for th

e e

ntire

wate

rway,

or part

s th

ere

of,

and sta

nds re

ady

to a

ssist in

this r

ega

rd.

In t

he a

bse

nce

of

such

agr

eem

ents

or

arr

ange

ments

, th

e B

ank

requires,

as

a g

enera

l ru

le,

that

the p

rosp

ect

ive

borr

ow

er

notifies

the o

ther

riparians

of

the p

roje

ct.

The P

olicy

lays

dow

n d

eta

iled p

roce

dure

s fo

r th

e n

otifica

tion r

equirem

ent,

incl

udin

g th

e role

of th

e B

ank

in a

ffect

ing

the n

otifica

tion, period o

f re

ply

and the p

roce

dure

s in

case

there

is an o

bje

ctio

n b

y one

of th

e rip

arians to

the p

roje

ct.

i. Projects in Disputed Areas

(OP/BP 7

.60)

(TBD).

Pro

ject

s in

Dispute

d A

reas

may

aff

ect

the r

ela

tions

betw

een t

he B

ank

and its

borr

ow

ers

, and b

etw

een the c

laim

ants

to the d

ispute

d a

rea. There

fore

, th

e B

ank

will only

fin

ance

pro

ject

s in

dispute

d a

reas w

hen

either th

ere

is

no o

bje

ctio

n fro

m t

he o

ther cl

aim

ant to

the d

ispute

d a

rea, or w

hen t

he s

peci

al ci

rcum

stance

s of th

e c

ase

support

Bank

financi

ng,

notw

ithst

andin

g th

e o

bje

ctio

n. The p

olicy

deta

ils th

ose

speci

al ci

rcum

stance

s.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

165

ANNEX III: St

akehold

ers

to B

e C

onsu

lted d

uring

the S

ESA

Pro

cess

Key S

takehold

ers

Issu

es re

lating

to R

EDD-p

lus aff

ect

a w

ide range

of st

ake

hold

ers

and a

re p

art

icula

rly

rele

vant w

ithin

Ghana w

here

ove

r 70% o

f th

e

popula

tion is direct

ly d

ependant on n

atu

ral re

sourc

es fo

r th

eir liv

elihoods.

Stake

hold

er gr

oups id

entified for enga

gem

ent w

ithin

consu

ltation incl

uded:

•

Gove

rnm

ent – St

ate

leve

l and sta

tuto

ry leve

l w

ith a

focu

s on c

ross

-sect

ora

l linka

ges

•

Priva

te S

ect

or – in

cludin

g tim

ber in

dust

ry, agr

icultura

l and fin

anci

al in

stitutions.

•

Civ

il S

oci

ety

– incl

udin

g lo

cal and inte

rnational NGOs,

com

munity

base

d o

rganisations acr

oss

all rele

vant th

em

atic

are

as

•

Deve

lopm

ent Part

ners

Table

2: List of st

akehold

ers

identified d

uring

R-P

P d

evelo

pm

ent

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

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ex

es

)

166

Govern

ment

•

Off

ice o

f Pre

sident

/ O

ffic

e o

f Vic

e

Pre

sident

•

Min

istr

y of Land &

Natu

ral Reso

urc

es

•

Min

istr

y of Fore

ign A

ffairs

•

Min

istr

y of

Fin

ance

&

Eco

nom

ic

Pla

nnin

g

•

Min

istr

y of Food &

Agr

iculture

•

Min

istr

y of

Envi

ronm

ent,

Sc

ience

&

Tech

nolo

gy

•

Min

istr

y of

Loca

l Gove

rnm

ent

&

Rura

l Deve

lopm

ent

•

Min

istr

y of Educa

tion

•

Min

istr

y of Energ

y •

Fore

st C

om

mission

•

Min

era

l Com

mission

•

Lands Com

mission

•

Wate

r Reso

urc

es Com

mission

•

Energ

y Com

mission

•

Inte

rnal Reve

nue S

erv

ice

•

National Deve

lopm

ent Pla

nnin

g Com

mission

•

Envi

ronm

enta

l Pro

tect

ion A

gency

•

Sava

nnah A

ccele

rate

d D

eve

lopm

ent

Auth

ority

•

Ghana N

ational Fire S

erv

ice

•

Cust

om

s Exc

ise &

Pre

ventive

Se

rvic

es

•

Imm

igra

tion S

erv

ice

•

The J

udic

iary

•

Off

ice o

f th

e A

dm

inistr

ato

r of St

ool

Lands

•

Ghana Inve

stm

ent Pro

motion C

entr

e

•

Coco

a B

oard

•

Mete

oro

logy

Serv

ice

•

National Disast

er Managem

ent

P

rivate

Sect

or

•

AGI Ass

oc

of Ghana indust

ries

•

Wood

Indust

ry-

GTMO,

DOLTA,

GTA,

GATEX, FOW

AG, Sm

all sca

le c

arp

ente

rs

•

Min

ing

Indust

ry

– Cham

ber

of

Min

es,

ga

lam

sey

•

Fuel

wood

&

charc

oal

Burn

ers

Ass

oci

ations

(pro

duce

rs,

transp

ort

ers

, co

nsu

mers

) •

NTFP ga

there

rs (H

unte

rs,

Fishers

, Fuel

wood c

ollect

ors

•

Farm

ers

Larg

e &

sm

all sca

le

•

Serv

ices

- In

vest

ors

/Buye

rs,

tech

nic

al

exp

ert

s – co

nsu

ltants

Civ

il S

oci

ety

•

CBOs

(e.g

. Fire

volu

nte

ers

, eco

nom

ic

groups)

•

Com

munity

Reso

urc

e

Manage

ment

Com

mitte

es,

Fore

st F

oru

ms

•

National & Inte

rnational NGOs

•

Tra

ditio

nal Auth

orities – Chie

fs, etc

. •

Pro

fess

ional

Ass

oci

ations

– Ghana

Inst

itute

of Fore

sters

,

•

Tra

de

Unio

ns,

Ass

oci

ations,

FOSS

A,

Students

’ Unio

ns,

•

Rese

arc

h &

Aca

dem

ic o

rganisations

•

Religi

ous bodie

s Develo

pm

ent

Part

ners

–b

ilate

ral

and

multilate

ral d

onors

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

167

ANNEX IV: Required P

rofe

ssio

nal Expert

ise

The pro

fess

ional

exp

ert

ise re

quired fo

r th

e co

nduct

of

the SE

SA and th

e re

quired sa

fegu

ard

s in

stru

ments

w

ill

inclu

de th

e

follow

ing.

1.

Natu

ral re

sourc

e E

xpert

ise

a)

Fore

stry

Speci

alist

b)

Non-T

imber Fore

st P

roduct

Speci

alist

c)

Envi

ronm

enta

l Sp

eci

alist

with G

IS e

xpert

ise

Environm

enta

l Sp

eci

alist

The e

nvi

ronm

enta

l sp

eci

alist

must

be a

ble

to c

ove

r all e

nvi

ronm

enta

l issu

es

of

the p

roje

ct.

As

with o

ther

key

exp

ert

s, i

t is

desira

ble

for

the e

xpert

to h

ave

a m

ast

er’

s degre

e o

r equiv

ale

nt

in t

he r

ele

vant

disci

pline.

They

must

be f

luent

in b

oth

spoke

n

and w

ritt

en E

ngl

ish. A

t le

ast

15 y

ears

exp

erience, of w

hic

h 1

0 y

ears

are

rele

vant exp

erience

in d

eve

lopin

g co

untr

ies,

is exp

ect

ed.

It is

ess

ential fo

r th

e e

xpert

’s e

xperience

to b

e in t

he fie

ld o

f SE

A p

art

icula

rly

in G

hana w

ith a

t le

ast

5ye

ars

exp

erience

. Priority

will be g

iven first

to e

xperience

in G

hana a

nd then in the regi

on.

2.

Soci

al Deve

lopm

ent Exp

ert

ise

a)

Soci

al sc

ientist

s/Anth

ropolo

gist

s w

ith e

xpert

ise o

n fore

sts people

and Indig

enous People

s and iss

ues of re

strict

ion o

f acc

ess

to n

atu

ral re

sourc

es

b)

Part

icip

ato

ry R

ura

l Appra

isal (P

RA) sp

eci

alist

s c)

In

stitutional Analy

sis expert

s d)

Politica

l sc

ientist

s

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

168

3.

Eco

nom

ics Exp

ert

ise

a)

Envi

ronm

enta

l Eco

nom

ist

b)

Eco

nom

ist

4.

Lega

l Exp

ert

ise

a)

National Law

yer w

ith e

xpert

ise in R

EDD rela

ted iss

ues and the n

ational and subnational la

ws and regu

lations.

The

Law

yer needs to

be w

ell im

mers

ed in the C

ountr

y’s Readin

ess

Pro

posa

l and a

ll rela

ted p

roposa

ls a

nd str

ate

gies,

in

cludin

g, w

here

rele

vant,

the L

ow

Carb

on D

eve

lopm

ent St

rate

gy (LCDS)

and str

ate

gies re

late

d to land, fo

rest

s,

min

ing,

deve

lopm

ent and A

merindia

n P

eople

.

b)

Inte

rnational Law

yer w

ith str

ong

fam

ilia

rity

with the p

olici

es,

rule

s and p

roce

dure

s pert

ain

ing

to R

EDD that em

anate

fr

om

the inte

rnational nego

tiation p

roce

ss for th

e U

N C

lim

ate

Change

Conve

ntion. A

dditio

nally,

the law

yer sh

ould

have

exp

ert

ise in land a

nd n

atu

ral re

sourc

es la

w, as w

ell a

s th

e law

rela

ted to A

merindia

n p

eople

.

5.

Consu

ltants

on W

orld B

ank

Safe

guard

s

a)

Envi

ronm

enta

l Sa

fegu

ard

s Consu

ltant w

ith k

now

ledge

and e

xperience

in w

ork

ing

with W

orld B

ank e

nvi

ronm

enta

l sa

fegu

ard

s as w

ell a

s dra

ftin

g Envi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ments

. b)

Soci

al Sa

fegu

ard

s Consu

ltant w

ith k

now

ledge

and e

xperience

in w

ork

ing

with W

orld B

ank

soci

al sa

fegu

ard

s (Indig

enous

People

s and Invo

lunta

ry R

ese

ttle

ment)

as w

ell a

s dra

ftin

g IP

PFs and P

roce

ss F

ram

ew

ork

s to

addre

ss rest

rict

ion o

f acc

ess

to n

atu

ral re

sourc

es.

5.

Com

munic

ations and O

utr

each

Exp

ert

a)

Exp

ert

in o

utr

each

and c

om

munic

ations.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

169

ANNEX V

: Tim

eline (Tenta

tive)

YEAR 1

YEAR 2

ACTIV

ITIE

S

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

ANALYTIC

AL

AND

CONSULTATIV

E P

ROCESS

Pre

para

tion o

f SE

SA T

oR

*

*

Validation o

f dra

ft S

ESA

tOr

**

Discl

osu

re o

f S

ESA

ToR

**

Hirin

g of SE

SA C

onsu

ltant

**

Com

ple

te S

ESA

deve

lopm

ent

Pro

cess

**

SESA

Consu

ltation

**

**

**

**

INPUTS

TO

THE

REDD

STRATEGY

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

170

ANNEX V

I: B

udge

t

VIa

. Tenta

tive A

ssess

ment of Tim

e N

eeded for Expert

ise

Studie

s/Act

ivitie

s Needed E

xpert

s

Required

Tim

e

(Month

s)

Environm

enta

l St

udie

s

3m

onth

s

Fore

stry

Speci

alist

Envi

ronm

enta

l Eco

nom

ist

Non-T

imber Fore

st P

roduct

Speci

alist

Envi

ronm

enta

l Sp

eci

alist

with G

IS e

xpert

ise

Soci

al St

udie

s

3m

onth

s

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

171

Anth

ropolo

gist

s w

ith

exp

ert

ise

on

fore

sts

people

and Indig

enous People

s

Part

icip

ato

ry rura

l appra

isal sp

eci

alist

s

In

stitutional Analy

sis expert

s

Politica

l Sc

ientist

Lega

l and

Policy

Revie

w

2m

onth

s

In

tern

ational Law

yer

National Law

yer

Safe

guard

s

Inst

rum

ents

1m

onth

So

cial Sa

fegu

ard

s Consu

ltant

Envi

ronm

enta

l Sa

fegu

ard

s Consu

ltant

Consu

ltative P

roce

ss

6m

onth

s

Com

munic

ations and O

utr

each

Speci

alist

TOTAL

6 m

onth

s

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

172

Most

act

ivitie

s w

ill be c

arr

ied o

ut co

ncu

rrently

to c

ove

r a p

eriod o

f six

month

s fo

r th

e c

om

ple

tion o

f SE

SA d

ocu

ment.

VIb

. Tenta

tive O

vera

ll B

udge

t fo

r SE

SA*

Act

ivitie

s

Consu

ltancy

(fees,

inte

rnational

travels, per

die

m)

Consu

ltation w

ith K

ey

Stakehold

ers

(work

shops,

tra

vel,

logi

stic

s, incl

udin

g GoG

off

icia

ls tra

vel)

TOTAL

1. Envi

ronm

enta

l St

udie

s 25,0

00

30,0

00

55,0

00

2. So

cial St

udie

s 25,0

00

30,0

00

55,0

00

3. Lega

l and P

olicy

Revi

ew

20,0

00

30,0

00

50,0

00

4. Sa

fegu

ard

s In

stru

ments

5,0

00

12,0

00

17,0

00

TOTAL

$75,0

00

$102,0

00

$177,0

00

*A b

udget of $177,0

00 w

ill be set aside to c

ove

r th

e c

ost

s of SE

SA w

ork

shops,

com

munity

consu

ltations,

outr

each

and c

om

munic

ation.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

173

ANNEX V

II: Use

ful in

form

ation for th

e c

onsu

ltant in

deve

lopin

g th

e S

trate

gic

Com

ponent of SE

SA

7.1

In

itia

l Dia

gnost

ic A

naly

sis

This s

hould

be c

onduct

ed in 3

-4 k

ey

REDD s

ituations

or

are

as

where

defo

rest

ation o

r degr

adation p

ress

ure

s are

hig

hi ,

taki

ng

acc

ount

of

regi

onal diffe

rence

s and a

llow

ing f

or

natu

ral ove

rlap b

etw

een t

he m

ain

them

es

as

set

out

belo

w.

Pro

visional priority

are

as are

West

ern

Regi

on, Bro

ng-

Ahafo

Regi

on a

nd A

shanti R

egi

on.

7.1.1 Politica

l eco

nomy conte

xt analysis

Analy

sis

of

the p

olitica

l eco

nom

y co

nte

xt o

f defo

rest

ation a

nd i

dentifica

tion o

f ke

y ch

allenge

s to

REDD s

hould

be

undert

ake

n initia

lly

by

revi

ew

ing

key

lite

ratu

re o

r re

port

s (s

ee A

nnex

1 for so

me sugg

est

ed refe

rence

s). Com

ple

mente

d

by

discu

ssio

ns

with ke

y in

form

ants

and use

of

rapid

ru

ral

appra

isal

tech

niq

ues

(e.g

., fo

cus

groups)

, th

e politica

l

eco

nom

y analy

sis sh

ould

ass

ess

(in

each

REDD a

rea):

•

the role

of fo

rest

s in

loca

l so

cial and e

conom

ic d

eve

lopm

ent;

•

polici

es,

law

s and inst

itutions affect

ing

natu

ral re

sourc

e m

anage

ment;

•

land a

nd t

ree r

ights

/te

nure

i (de jure

and de facto) and u

se a

naly

sis,

incl

udin

g th

e p

oss

ible

alloca

tion o

f ca

rbon

pro

pert

y righ

ts;

•

defo

rest

ation a

nd d

egr

adation d

rive

rs n

ot already

ass

ess

ed.

7.1.2 Institutional and govern

ance

assessment

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

174

An initia

l in

stitutional and g

ove

rnance

ass

ess

ment

should

focu

s firs

tly

on t

he c

apaci

ty o

f national, d

istr

ict

and loca

l

inst

itutions

to im

ple

ment

REDD p

olici

es

and s

trate

gie

s eff

ect

ively

and e

quitably

. This a

naly

sis

should

incl

ude a

map o

f

the r

ole

s and r

esp

onsibilitie

s, e

speci

ally

ove

r so

cia

l and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l issu

es,

of

diffe

rent

org

aniz

ations

opera

ting

in

the f

ore

stry

and land u

se s

ect

ors

(esp

eci

ally

land u

ses

ass

oci

ate

d w

ith d

egr

adation o

r defo

rest

ation),

incl

udin

g th

eir

lega

l fr

am

ew

ork

s, how

w

ell th

ey

carr

y out

their re

mits

(e.g

., le

gal

com

pliance

), and tr

ansp

are

ncy

/acc

ounta

bility

mech

anism

s. T

his a

naly

sis

should

incl

ude the role

and e

ffect

iveness

of ci

vil so

ciety

org

aniz

ations and loca

l st

ake

hold

er

groups.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

part

icula

rly

dra

w o

n t

he g

ove

rnance

and inst

itutions

analy

sis

undert

ake

n d

uring

the V

olu

nta

ry P

art

ners

hip

Agr

eem

ent

(VPA) pro

cess

(discu

ssio

ns

with t

he F

ore

st W

atc

h N

GO N

etw

ork

would

be a

good

pla

ce to sta

rt).

Part

icula

r att

ention should

also b

e g

iven to a

naly

sis of th

e lik

ely

REDD ince

ntive

str

uct

ure

s and b

enefit

sharing

mech

anism

s. A

t th

e m

acr

o o

r pla

nnin

g le

vel, a

ttention s

hould

be g

iven to inte

r-se

ctora

l co

ord

ination g

iven the

cross

-sect

ora

l natu

re o

f th

e m

ain

defo

rest

ation/degra

dation (DD) drive

rs.

7.1.3 Initial stakeholder and tra

de-off analysis

Base

d initia

lly

on d

iscu

ssio

ns

with k

ey

info

rmants

and a

vailable

litera

ture

(se

e A

nnex

1),

and u

sing

est

ablish

ed s

oci

al

ass

ess

ment

meth

ods,

the Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

map o

ut

the s

take

hold

er

groups

and s

ub-g

roups

(incl

udin

g

wom

en, la

ndle

ss, m

inorities and o

ther gr

oups,

as w

ell a

s ille

gal opera

tors

), a

nd for each

sta

kehold

er gr

oup set out th

e

like

ly p

ositive

and n

ega

tive

(opport

unitie

s and r

isks

) REDD i

mpact

s. T

his s

hould

be u

ndert

ake

n i

n t

hre

e m

ain

REDD

are

as.

The I

mpact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

also c

are

fully

analy

se t

he r

esu

lts

of

the v

arious

pre

vious

or

on-g

oin

g m

ultip

le

stake

hold

er

consu

ltations

(e.g

., I

UCN’s

DANID

A f

unded R

EDD P

ro-P

oor

Pro

ject

i , a

nd t

he G

row

ing

Fore

st P

art

ners

hip

“People

’s D

iagn

ost

ics”

stu

dy

imple

mente

d b

y FAO/IIED/IU

CN),

in a

dditio

n to the R

-PP regi

onal st

ake

hold

er discu

ssio

ns.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

175

Giv

en t

hat

tree c

rops,

esp

eci

ally

coco

a,

as

well a

s fo

od c

rops

(also g

row

n in a

ssoci

ation w

ith t

ree c

rops

during

the

est

ablish

ment

phase

) are

key

DD d

rive

rs in t

he h

igh f

ore

st a

reas,

speci

al att

ention s

hould

be g

iven t

o t

he t

rade-o

ffs

betw

een R

EDD,

coco

a p

roduct

ion a

nd p

ove

rty

reduct

ion o

bje

ctiv

es

(bearing

in m

ind t

hat

coco

a i

s a s

mall f

arm

er’

s

crop,

esp

eci

ally

grow

n b

y m

igra

nts

). T

rade-o

ffs

may

be p

art

icula

rly

acu

te i

n t

he W

est

ern

Regi

on w

here

there

is

an

inte

nse

dem

and f

or

land b

y poor

fam

ilie

s (m

igra

nt

or

indig

ene f

arm

ers

). R

EDD p

olicy

as

rega

rds

the a

lready

heavi

ly

degr

aded W

est

ern

Regi

on fore

st r

ese

rves

will also b

e c

ritica

l: t

o t

he e

xtent

that

they

rest

rict

coco

a p

roduct

ion, th

ere

will be m

ajo

r tr

ade-o

ffs

with s

oci

al and e

conom

ic o

bje

ctiv

es,

incl

udin

g exp

ort

earn

ings

. On t

he o

ther

hand t

here

are

import

ant

pote

ntial sy

nerg

ies,

for

exa

mple

, if R

EDD c

an b

e u

sed t

o p

rom

ote

sust

ain

able

shaded c

oco

a s

yste

ms,

and

esp

eci

ally

via off

-rese

rve tr

ee te

nure

re

form

w

hic

h co

uld

tr

ansf

orm

th

e pro

fita

bility

of

shaded co

coa pro

duct

ion

incl

udin

g tim

ber tr

eesi .

Sim

ilarly

rest

rict

ions

on lo

ggin

g act

ivitie

si or

polici

es

like

tim

ber

indust

ry dow

nsizi

ng

will

have

tr

ade-o

ffs

with

em

plo

yment

and s

oci

al

benefits

, at

least

in t

he s

hort

term

, as

docu

mente

d i

n t

he i

mpact

ass

ess

ment

of

the V

PA,

although

soci

al benefits

would

far

outw

eig

h t

he c

ost

s if t

he full c

ost

s of unsu

stain

able

logg

ing

were

com

pute

d (Maye

rs

et al, 2

008).

Anoth

er se

t of tr

ade-o

ffs co

uld

be a

round e

ffort

s to

contr

ol unsu

stain

able

charc

oal/

fuelw

ood e

xtra

ctio

n a

s

poin

ted o

ut

in t

he R

-PP B

ack

ground P

aper

(IDL G

roup,

2009).

To t

he e

xtent

that

REDD p

olici

es

rest

rict

use

or

acc

ess

righ

ts b

y th

e rura

l poor,

there

will be serious live

lihood a

nd c

opin

g st

rate

gy im

pact

s.

Anoth

er

type of

trade-o

ff co

uld

be betw

een m

itig

ation and adapta

tion

i polici

es,

while noting

the in

tern

ational

move

ment to

ward

s Nationally

Appro

priate

Mitig

ation A

ctiv

itie

s (N

AMAs)

. If G

hana d

eve

lops a N

AMA this m

ay

reduce

this

type o

f tr

ade-o

ff.

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

also b

ear

in m

ind t

he p

oss

ible

pro

ble

m o

f perv

ers

e ince

ntive

s

where

the ince

ntive

fra

mew

ork

is base

d o

n reduci

ng

curr

ent defo

rest

ation leve

ls a

s oppose

d to a

sys

tem

whic

h rew

ard

s

fore

st m

anage

rs o

r co

mm

unitie

s fo

r histo

rica

lly

good ste

ward

ship

.

7.2

.

Consu

ltative (field

-base

d) St

akehold

er Analy

sis and D

iscu

ssio

ns

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

176

The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

should

conduct

a full sta

kehold

er analy

sis in

thre

e k

ey

REDD regi

ons w

ith repre

senta

tive

s

of

stake

hold

er

groups

(esp

eci

ally

repre

senting

affect

ed co

mm

unitie

s, tr

aditio

nal

auth

orities/

stools,

civi

l so

ciety

,

Distr

ict

Ass

em

blies,

centr

al go

vern

ment

and t

he p

riva

te s

ect

or)

to identify

and p

rioritize

the m

ost

im

port

ant

benefits

and c

ost

s, tra

de-o

ffs and risks

ass

oci

ate

d w

ith c

learly

defined R

EDD str

ate

gies.

This requires deve

lopm

ent of a b

asis fo

r

sele

ctin

g th

e k

ey

gove

rnm

ent,

civ

il s

oci

ety

and N

GO r

epre

senta

tive

s. It

is p

ropose

d t

hat

the p

roce

ss o

f id

entify

ing

or

poss

ibly

ele

ctin

g th

e va

rious

stake

hold

er

repre

senta

tive

s is deci

ded by

the Envi

ronm

enta

l Advi

sory

Counci

l in

consu

ltation w

ith a

ppro

priate

sta

te a

nd c

ivil s

oci

ety

bodie

s. C

onsidera

tion c

ould

also b

e g

iven t

o t

he f

orm

ation o

f a

Multip

le S

take

hold

er SE

SA W

ork

ing

Gro

up.

Consu

ltative

sta

kehold

er

analy

sis

will not

be e

ffective

unle

ss loca

l and o

ther

stake

hold

ers

have

a s

ound u

nders

tandin

g

of REDD. There

fore

the first

task

should

be to b

uild u

p a

good u

nders

tandin

g of REDD a

mong

loca

l st

ake

hold

ers

. Care

ful

considera

tion n

eeds

to b

e g

iven a

s to

how

and w

ho is

best

to d

o t

his. This incl

udes

gett

ing

agr

eem

ent

about

the m

ain

DD d

rive

rs in t

he a

rea, and u

nders

tandin

g as

clearly

as

poss

ible

the p

ropose

d R

EDD s

trate

gies

and p

olici

es

in r

esp

onse

to these

drive

rs.

The

Impact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

sh

ould

th

en

pre

sent

in

a

hig

hly

acc

ess

ible

w

ay

the

initia

l

stake

hold

er/

inst

itutional/

politica

l eco

nom

y analy

sis

as

a basis

for

discu

ssio

n.

On th

e basis

of

the su

bse

quent

discu

ssio

ns,

the m

ultip

le s

take

hold

er

discu

ssio

ns

should

prioritise

the m

ain

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l co

nce

rns,

risks

and o

pport

unitie

s. T

hey

should

be g

iven t

he o

pport

unity

to s

ugg

est

modific

ations

to the p

ropose

d R

EDD s

trate

gies

and

pote

ntial m

itig

ating

act

ions

where

it

appears

difficu

lt t

o a

void

som

e n

ega

tive

im

pact

s (a

s fo

r so

me o

f th

e lik

ely

tra

de-

off

s discu

ssed a

bove

).

Giv

en the lik

ely

tra

de-o

ffs betw

een sta

kehold

er in

tere

sts,

there

will need to b

e a

n a

greed u

pon p

roce

ss for prioritizi

ng

the c

once

rns.

A m

ajo

r ta

sk o

f th

e Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

will be t

o e

nsu

re t

hat

the c

once

rns

and v

iew

s of aff

ect

ed

stake

hold

ers

are

prioritize

d in the a

naly

sis of pote

ntial im

pact

s, a

nd a

ppro

priate

ly c

om

munic

ate

d to a

ll sta

kehold

ers

.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

177

Key

outc

om

es fr

om

the sta

kehold

er co

nsu

ltations co

uld

there

fore

incl

ude:

•

a list

of priority

soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l co

nce

rns

exp

ress

ed, in

cludin

g w

ho (st

ake

hold

er

groups

or

sub-g

roups)

exp

ress

ed them

;

•

singl

e or

multip

le pro

posa

ls fo

r m

odifie

d REDD st

rate

gies

and/or

mitig

ation act

ions

to co

unte

r perc

eiv

ed

nega

tive

im

pact

s;

•

a s

et

of

capaci

ty b

uildin

g act

ions

to incr

ease

the v

oic

e a

nd c

om

munic

ation c

hannels f

or

loca

l act

ors

to e

xert

incr

ease

d u

pw

ard

s so

cial acc

ounta

bility

on the n

ational REDD p

roce

ss;

•

a s

et

of

agr

eed loca

l le

vel m

onitoring

indic

ato

rs f

or

REDD (

this c

ould

require a

separa

te m

ultip

le s

take

hold

er

exe

rcise w

ith t

he a

im o

f agr

eein

g on c

rite

ria a

nd i

ndic

ato

rs t

o t

rack

the p

rogr

ess

and ‘

succ

ess

’ of

REDDplu

s

(e.g

., e

ffect

iveness

and e

quity

of

benefit

sharing;

gender

and m

inority

gro

up im

pact

s; im

pact

of

REDD o

n loca

l

envi

ronm

enta

l se

rvic

es su

ch a

s w

ate

r quality

, etc

.)..

7.3

Analy

sis of W

orld B

ank S

afe

guard

s In

antici

pation o

f fu

ndin

g fr

om

the F

ore

st C

arb

on P

art

ners

hip

Faci

lity

, th

e Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

must

care

fully

analy

se each

of

the W

orld Bank

Safe

guard

polici

es

(see htt

p:/

/go

.worldbank.

org

/W

TA1ODE7T0)

in ord

er

to ass

ess

wheth

er th

e p

ropose

d R

EDD a

ctiv

itie

s are

com

patible

with the Sa

fegu

ard

polici

esi ,

esp

eci

ally:

• Forests:

this incl

ude the rig

hts

and w

elfare

of fo

rest

dependent people

;

• Environmental Assessment:

this i

ncl

udes

som

e s

oci

al

issu

es

as

well a

s gu

idance

on e

nvi

ronm

enta

l m

itig

ation

measu

res;

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

178

• Involuntary resettlement:

this c

ould

be t

rigg

ere

d if an e

xclu

sionary

REDD s

trate

gy w

ere

adopte

d, e.g

., e

vict

ing

farm

ers

/co

mm

unitie

s fr

om

Fore

st R

ese

rves;

• Indigenous peoples:

w

hile th

e co

nce

pt

of

indig

enous

people

s does

not

really

apply

in

Ghana,

many

of

the

safe

guard

s fo

r in

dig

enous people

can b

e rela

ted to the rig

hts

of lo

cal co

mm

unitie

s.

The k

ey

issu

es

are

wheth

er

the p

ropose

d R

EDD a

ctiv

itie

s ca

n b

e u

ndert

ake

n in a

way

that

min

imiz

es

harm

ful im

pact

s

and that m

itig

ate

s any

pote

ntially

harm

ful effect

s in

a w

ay

that is c

onsist

ent w

ith the safe

guard

s.

7.4

National SE

SA W

ork

shop a

nd B

riefing

Paper

Follow

ing

the p

revi

ous

stage

s, t

he Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

should

org

aniz

e,

toge

ther

with t

he r

ele

vant

gove

rnm

ent

bodie

s and c

once

rned N

GOs,

a n

ational SE

SA w

ork

shop a

t w

hic

h t

he S

ESA

fin

din

gs w

ould

be p

rese

nte

d a

nd d

iscu

ssed

with repre

senta

tive

multip

le sta

kehold

ers

with the a

im o

f m

odifyi

ng

(as nece

ssary

) cu

rrent REDD str

ate

gies so

that th

e

priority

so

cial

and envi

ronm

enta

l co

nce

rns

are

in

tegr

ate

d.

The va

rious

stake

hold

er

groups

would

pre

sent

their

pers

pect

ives and reflect

ions on the S

ESA

fin

din

gs. The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

will also w

rite

a B

riefing

Paper fo

r th

e

SESA

Work

shop.

7.5

O

n-G

oin

g SE

SA M

onitoring

and A

nnual Update

s

The s

oci

al

and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s of

REDD-p

lus

stra

tegi

es

are

to s

om

e e

xtent

unpre

dic

table

; dependin

g on t

he

polici

es

and in

centive

s fr

am

ew

ork

, REDD-p

lus

could

ca

use

perv

ers

e

ince

ntive

s. Oth

er

REDD-p

lus

polici

es

and

inst

itutional st

rate

gies co

uld

pro

ve p

roble

matic

and o

pera

te in u

nexp

ect

ed w

ays

, and their im

pro

vem

ent is lik

ely

to b

e

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

179

an itera

tive

pro

cess

. For

exa

mple

, early

appro

ach

es

to benefit

sharing

could

re

quire m

odific

ations

to in

crease

dow

nw

ard

s acc

ounta

bility

and tra

nsp

are

ncy

, or a fundam

enta

l re

design

if th

e ince

ntive

s do n

ot m

ate

rialise

.

The o

n t

he g

round e

ffect

iveness

and e

quity

impact

s of

REDD p

olici

es

must

be f

ed b

ack

to t

he s

take

hold

ers

so

that

they

can b

e i

mpro

ved.

To d

o t

his i

t is e

ssential

to a

gree o

n a

set

of

monitoring

indic

ato

rs a

s already

discu

ssed. The Im

pact

Ass

ess

ment Team

will be resp

onsible

for appro

priate

annual re

port

ing

to the sta

kehold

ers

base

d o

n the m

onitoring

and furt

her ro

unds of st

ake

hold

er gr

oup d

iscu

ssio

ns (u

sing

the 2

010 sta

kehold

er analy

sis

as

a b

ase

line). B

ase

d o

n t

hese

continued c

onsu

ltations

and r

eport

s, t

he I

mpact

Ass

ess

ment

Team

would

also

write

short

briefing

papers

on the soci

al and e

nvi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s.

ENDNOTES

ii In

19

80

, o

nly

16

of

the

26

6 d

esi

gn

ate

d f

ore

st r

ese

rve

s (6

%)

we

re s

aid

to

be

in

a h

ea

lth

y s

tate

(H

all

an

d S

wa

ine

, 1

98

1).

iii A

long w

ith this p

rocess

of urb

aniz

ation h

ave

com

e som

e o

f th

e b

enefits

of co

ncentr

ation o

f popula

tion, in

cludin

g a

cce

ss to safe

wate

r (8

7% in

the u

rban a

reas,

as

oppose

d t

o 6

3% in t

he r

ura

l), health faci

lities

(79% o

f th

e u

rban p

opula

tion h

avi

ng a

ccess

within

30 m

inute

s as

oppose

d t

o

43% in rura

l are

as)

and h

igh litera

cy (70% a

s oppose

d to 4

0%). [N

DPC, 2005: 4).

iv

Th

us

(Ko

tey

et

al,

19

98

:pp

.80

-81

) th

e 1

94

8 p

oli

cy c

all

ed

fo

r ‘c

on

tro

lle

d,

pro

gre

ssiv

e u

tili

sati

on

wit

ho

ut

rep

lace

me

nt

of

the

re

ma

ind

er

of

the

fo

rest

re

sou

rce

s

no

t p

erm

an

en

tly

de

dic

ate

d t

o f

ore

stry

….

pri

or

to t

he

ir d

est

ruct

ion

by

fa

rmin

g’,

wh

ile

th

e 1

99

4 p

oli

cy e

mp

ha

sise

d ‘

ma

na

ge

me

nt

an

d u

tili

sati

on

[o

f o

ff-r

ese

rve

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

180

fore

sts

sha

ll b

e]

un

de

r F

ore

stry

De

pa

rtm

en

t m

an

ag

em

en

t sy

ste

m f

or

reg

ula

tio

n o

f u

nco

ntr

oll

ed

ha

rve

stin

g,

exp

ed

itio

us

coll

ect

ion

of

rele

van

t fe

es

an

d u

ltim

ate

con

form

ity

wit

h c

rite

ria

fo

r su

sta

ina

ble

re

sou

rce

de

velo

pm

en

t’).

(I

bid

)

v ‘In

de

pe

nd

en

t lo

gg

ers

’ a

re l

og

ge

rs w

ho

se o

pe

rati

on

s a

re n

ot

inte

gra

ted

wit

h t

imb

er

pro

cess

ing

, u

nli

ke

th

e m

ajo

r co

nce

ssio

na

ire

s. T

he

y a

re m

em

be

rs o

f th

e

Gh

an

a

Tim

be

r A

sso

cia

tio

n.

(Bir

iko

ran

g,

pe

rs.c

om

.)

vi

A b

an

on

exp

ort

of

bo

ule

s (r

ou

gh

-cu

t a

nd

un

trim

me

d p

lan

ks)

wa

s in

tro

du

ced

in

20

01

(B

irik

ora

ng

et

al,

20

01

: 1

9).

vii I

n t

he

sa

me

pe

rio

d a

s th

e n

um

be

r o

f lo

gg

ers

ha

s re

du

ced

fro

m 3

50

to

70

(1

99

0-1

99

9),

th

e n

um

be

r o

f sa

w m

ille

rs h

as

incr

ea

sed

fro

m 1

02

to

10

4,

an

d v

en

ee

r

an

d p

lyw

oo

d p

rod

uce

rs f

rom

9 t

o 2

1 (

Bir

iko

ran

g,

20

01

, 1

7;

Wo

rld

Ba

nk

, 2

00

6:

37

). B

irik

ora

ng

no

tes

tha

t th

ere

ha

s b

ee

n a

co

nve

rge

nce

of

op

era

tio

ns

in t

his

pe

rio

d,

so t

ha

t m

an

y o

f th

e p

roce

sso

rs a

re a

lso

dir

ect

fo

rest

op

era

tors

.

viii T

he

VP

A I

mp

act

s S

tud

y p

rese

nts

de

tail

ed

pro

ject

ion

s, u

nd

er

the

th

ree

sce

na

rio

s, o

f li

ke

ly c

ha

ng

es

in t

he

wo

od

su

pp

ly u

p t

o 2

02

0 (

Ma

ye

rs e

t a

l, 2

00

8,

pa

ssim

).

ix F

or exam

ple

: sawmills: tu

rnove

r dow

n fro

m $

115 m

n. to

$35 m

n; plywood: dow

n fro

m $

25 m

n. to

$7m

n; veneers

: dow

n fro

m $

55 m

n. to

$17

mn.

x In

ter

ali

a,

ma

tril

ine

al

inh

eri

tan

ce (

wh

ich

sh

ou

ld n

ot

be

mis

un

de

rsto

od

as

ma

tria

rch

y)

all

ow

s fo

r th

e r

ete

nti

on

of

con

soli

da

ted

la

nd

ho

ldin

gs

in t

he

fa

ce o

f

sig

nif

ica

nt

lev

els

of

ou

t-m

arr

iag

e b

y f

em

ale

s o

f th

e l

an

dh

old

ing

fa

mil

ies,

an

d i

s fa

vou

red

in

sit

ua

tio

ns

of

hig

h m

ale

in

-mig

rati

on

in

to a

rea

s w

ith

sig

nif

ica

nt

na

tura

l ca

pit

al.

xi

Th

e a

uth

ors

th

an

k M

ace

lla

Vig

ne

ri,

of

OD

I, J

im G

ok

ow

ski

of

IIT

A,

an

d F

ran

cois

Ru

f o

f C

IRA

D,

for

inp

uts

to

th

is s

ect

ion

.

xii I

n i

nst

an

ces

wh

ere

pro

du

cers

ha

ve s

hif

ted

ou

t o

f co

coa

alt

og

eth

er,

th

e e

nv

iro

nm

en

tal

eff

ect

s a

re e

ven

mo

re e

vid

en

t.

Fo

r e

xam

ple

, in

pa

rts

of

the

Ea

ste

rn

Re

gio

n,

the

ori

gin

al

coco

a h

ea

rtla

nd

s w

ere

co

nv

ert

ed

fir

st t

o i

nte

r-cr

op

pe

d m

aiz

e a

nd

ca

ssa

va f

or

the

lo

cal

ma

rke

t st

art

ing

in

th

e 1

93

0s,

to

esc

ap

e t

he

de

vast

ati

on

of

swo

lle

n s

ho

ot

dis

ea

se,

bu

t la

ter

(sta

rtin

g i

n t

he

19

90

s) t

o p

ine

ap

ple

s fo

r th

e i

nte

rna

tio

na

l tr

ad

e,

as

ne

w m

ark

et

op

po

rtu

nit

ies

ha

ve

op

en

ed

up

(Go

ldst

ein

an

d U

dry

, 1

99

9).

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

181

xiii T

he

re h

as

be

en

a s

ub

seq

ue

nt

Co

re W

elf

are

In

dic

ato

rs Q

ue

stio

nn

air

e S

urv

ey

(C

WIQ

S)

in 2

00

3,

bu

t d

istr

ict

leve

l d

ata

fro

m t

his

do

es

no

t y

et

see

m t

o h

ave

be

e

con

soli

da

ted

at

reg

ion

al

leve

l.

Ap

ply

ing

sim

ple

av

era

ge

s to

th

e p

erc

en

tag

es

by

dis

tric

t, h

ow

eve

r, t

he

fo

llo

win

g r

eg

ion

al

inci

de

nce

s o

f p

ove

rty

are

in

dic

ate

d:

Gre

ate

r A

ccra

[3

2%

]; W

est

ern

[2

9%

]; A

sha

nti

[4

5%

]; B

ron

g A

ha

fo [

59

%];

Vo

lta

[5

0%

]; E

ast

ern

[4

1%

]; C

en

tra

l (5

5%

]; N

ort

he

rn [

78

%];

Up

pe

r W

est

[8

9%

]; U

pp

er

Ea

st [

95

%].

In

on

ly 1

4 c

ase

s o

ut

of

11

1,

wa

s u

rba

n p

ove

rty

hig

he

r th

an

ru

ral

po

vert

y (

in d

istr

icts

wit

h b

oth

ty

pe

s o

f se

ttle

me

nt)

. T

he

bro

ad

po

licy

me

ssa

ge

s th

us

ap

pe

ar

to b

e v

ery

sim

ila

r.

xiv T

he

stu

dy

cit

es:

a f

ail

ed

pla

nta

tio

n p

riva

tisa

tio

n p

rog

ram

me

in

19

95

; t

he

Su

bri

Pla

nta

tio

n,

a j

oin

t ve

ntu

re b

etw

ee

n t

he

Go

G a

nd

th

e p

riva

te s

ect

or

in 1

98

5,

wh

ich

co

nve

rte

d h

igh

bio

div

ers

ity

na

tura

l fo

rest

to

pla

nta

tio

ns,

fo

r a

sti

ll u

nre

ali

sed

pu

lp s

che

me

; th

e u

nd

er-

fun

de

d ‘

Fo

rest

Pla

nta

tio

n D

eve

lop

me

nt

Fu

nd

’; a

nd

the

HIP

C p

lan

tati

on

op

era

tio

n.

Th

e s

che

me

op

era

ted

by

th

e P

lan

tati

on

s D

ep

art

me

nt

of

the

Fo

rest

ry C

om

mis

sio

n t

o e

nri

ch d

eg

rad

ed

fo

rest

re

serv

es

thro

ug

h

mo

dif

ied

ta

un

gya

usi

ng

in

dig

en

ou

s tr

ee

s a

pp

ea

rs t

o h

av

e b

ee

n m

ore

su

cce

ssfu

l.

xv W

hile the land a

ccess

iss

ue is re

cognised a

s a p

ere

nnia

l pro

ble

m in the G

hana e

nvi

ronm

ent,

the c

hallenge is not ju

st o

ne w

ay,

and there

is a

distinct

risk t

hat att

em

pts

to a

ddre

ss the inte

rest

s of in

dust

rial deve

lopers

will privi

lege the indiv

idual business

hold

ings

that

are

att

ract

ive to

the b

ankin

g c

om

munity,

to t

he d

etr

iment

of

all t

he s

mall f

arm

ers

who d

epend f

or

their liv

elihoods

and s

ecu

rity

of

acc

ess

to land h

eld

under

form

s of co

mm

unal te

nure

.

xvi C

urr

en

t p

ract

ice

fa

vou

rs t

ea

k a

nd

Gm

eli

na

, b

ut

ne

ith

er

of

the

se t

hri

ves

in c

om

pa

cte

d a

cid

an

d s

ton

y s

oil

s, w

hic

h a

re c

om

mo

n i

n G

ha

na

. T

ea

k i

s a

lso

susc

ep

tib

le t

o f

loo

din

g i

n t

he

so

il p

rofi

le (

ag

ain

, a

fre

qu

en

t fe

atu

re o

f G

ha

na

ian

so

ils)

. W

hil

e m

atu

re t

ree

s a

re r

esi

sta

nt

to f

ire

, y

ou

ng

te

ak

is

no

t, a

nd

wo

od

qu

ali

ty c

an

be

ba

dly

aff

ect

ed

by

fir

e d

am

ag

e i

n t

he

ea

rly

ye

ars

of

gro

wth

. T

he

re i

s a

t p

rese

nt

litt

le a

lte

rna

tiv

e f

or

mo

st f

arm

ers

bu

t to

use

fir

e i

n t

he

ag

ricu

ltu

ral

cycl

e.

Eu

caly

pts

are

mo

re p

rom

isin

g,

pe

rha

ps,

in

th

e s

ea

son

al

clim

ate

s o

uts

ide

of

the

HF

Z,

an

d c

an

re

ach

ca

no

py

clo

sure

in

on

ly 6

mo

nth

s w

ith

ra

infa

ll o

f 8

00

mm

or

mo

re.

Ho

we

ve

r, t

he

y r

eq

uir

e h

ea

vy i

np

uts

of

lab

ou

r fo

r w

ee

din

g a

s w

ell

as

ph

osp

ha

te a

pp

lica

tio

ns

in t

he

fir

st s

ea

son

. T

he

y c

an

be

irr

ev

ers

ibly

da

ma

ge

d

by

co

mp

eti

tio

n w

ith

oth

er

veg

eta

tio

n i

n e

arl

y g

row

th.

A

s th

e t

imin

g o

f th

eir

re

pro

du

ctio

n m

ea

ns

tha

t th

ey

co

mp

ete

fo

r la

bo

ur

wit

h a

gri

cult

ura

l cr

op

s, t

he

ir

cult

iva

tio

n m

ay

on

ly b

e f

ea

sib

le w

he

re s

ub

sta

nti

al

am

ou

nts

of

fre

e l

ab

ou

r a

re a

vail

ab

le,

as

we

ll a

s fi

na

nce

an

d c

red

it f

or

inp

uts

. (S

ou

rce

: P

D H

ard

cast

le,

pe

rs.

com

.)

xvii Dom

est

ic u

se o

f ele

ctrici

ty is re

cord

ed a

s re

lative

ly h

igh b

y re

gio

nal st

andard

s, sta

ndin

g a

t 48% n

ationally

(as of 2003; NDPC, 2005: 5)). This

could

indic

ate

that hig

h c

harc

oal use

has a c

ultura

l as w

ell a

s eco

nom

ic rationale

.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

182

xviii For exam

ple

, in

the B

rong A

hafo

Regio

n, th

ere

are

a n

um

ber of diffe

rent pro

duct

ion sys

tem

s pra

ctic

ed v

ariously

by

gro

ups of in

dig

enes and

outs

iders

, itin

era

nts

and sett

led farm

ers

, opport

unists

and p

rofe

ssio

nal pro

ducers

. T

hese

sys

tem

s va

ry in their e

nvi

ronm

enta

l eff

ect

s. Thus,

in

som

e a

reas

loca

l pro

ducers

explo

it rapid

coppic

ing a

nd p

yrogenic

shru

b a

nd tre

e s

peci

es

on land u

nsu

itable

for agricu

lture

, w

ith a

hig

h d

egre

e

of

sust

ain

ability.

Lik

ew

ise,

there

are

distinct

ive a

nd s

peci

alise

d inte

gra

ted y

am

-charc

oal sy

stem

s, in w

hic

h t

he s

tem

s (b

ut

not

the r

oots

) of

young t

rees

are

kille

d o

ff e

xpre

ssly

to b

e u

sed a

s su

pport

s fo

r th

e n

ew

sto

ck o

f light-

dependent

yam

vin

es,

and s

ubse

quently

convert

ed into

charc

oal at

the e

nd o

f th

e y

am

cro

ppin

g c

ycle

. These

also s

how

a h

igh d

egre

e o

f su

stain

ability

pro

vided t

hat

(as

is p

rese

ntly

the c

ase

) fa

llow

cycl

es

of

5 y

ears

or

more

can b

e s

ust

ain

ed.

More

opport

unistic

pro

duct

ion u

sing t

rees

of

tim

ber

quality

and g

irth

purc

hase

d b

y i

tinera

nt

pro

duce

rs f

rom

loca

l chie

fs t

o b

e c

ut

dow

n a

nd m

ade into

charc

oal is m

uch less

lik

ely

to b

e s

ust

ain

able

, part

icula

rly

where

the p

roduct

ion

inte

rest

is

only

short

-term

(fo

r exam

ple

, in

div

iduals s

eekin

g t

o g

enera

te r

eady c

apital to

be r

e-inve

sted e

lsew

here

). Inte

rest

ingly

, w

hile less

sust

ain

able

, su

ch s

yste

ms

tend t

o b

e m

ore

favo

ure

d b

y th

e r

esident

chie

fs a

nd landow

ners

, as

cash

paym

ents

can o

nly

be d

em

anded b

y ch

iefs

where

outs

iders

are

invo

lved.

That

said

, w

here

the i

tinera

nts

are

them

selv

es

full-t

ime p

rofe

ssio

nal

charc

oal

pro

ducers

, th

ere

is

a g

reate

r

likelihood o

f co

mm

itm

ent

to s

ust

ain

able

pro

duct

ion,

so t

hat

an a

ssoci

ation b

etw

een s

oci

al

origin

and s

ust

ain

ability

cannot

necess

arily

be

ass

um

ed.

Such

gro

ups

(for

exam

ple

, ‘S

isala

’ pro

ducers

fro

m t

he n

ort

h w

est

of

the c

ountr

y) a

re o

ften w

ell-inte

gra

ted into

eth

nic

ally-b

ase

d

com

merc

ial ch

annels, and this m

ay

incr

ease

their long-t

erm

inte

rest

in the v

iability

of th

eir tra

de.

xix S

ee

: h

ttp

://w

ww

.blo

om

be

rg.c

om

/ap

ps/

ne

ws?

pid

=2

06

01

20

7&

sid

=a

F5

kF

CN

oiY

Lg

xx C

ase

stu

dy

evi

de

nce

fro

m t

he

Bo

gu

su-P

rest

ea

are

a o

f th

e W

est

ern

Re

gio

n i

llu

stra

tes

the

sca

le o

f la

nd

co

nve

rsio

n.

Th

is i

s a

su

rfa

ce o

pe

rati

on

wh

ich

acc

ou

nts

for

just

un

de

r 1

0%

of

na

tio

na

l g

old

pro

du

ctio

n (

c.2

40

-26

0,0

00

oz.

in

20

07

[S

pil

pu

nt,

20

09

]).

Be

twe

en

19

86

an

d 2

00

6,

an

are

a o

f 6

61

.54

ha

wa

s lo

st f

rom

ag

ricu

ltu

re i

n t

he

vic

init

y o

f th

e m

ine

(a

n o

vera

ll r

ed

uct

ion

of

15

.5%

). T

he

la

nd

are

a l

ost

wa

s co

nve

rte

d t

o m

inin

g a

ctiv

itie

s in

th

e p

rop

ort

ion

s: p

rod

uct

ion

pit

s

(20

%);

wa

ste

du

mp

s (3

0%

); s

ett

lem

en

ts (

30

%);

an

d r

oa

ds

(20

%).

(D

un

can

et

al,

20

09

). I

n t

he

ne

igh

bo

uri

ng

Ta

rkw

a D

istr

ict,

su

rfa

ce m

inin

g c

on

cess

ion

s a

re s

aid

to h

ave

ta

ke

n o

ve

r 7

0%

of

the

to

tal

lan

d a

rea

, 4

0-6

0%

of

wh

ich

is

for

the

min

ing

act

ivit

ies.

T

he

re

ma

inin

g a

gri

cult

ura

l la

nd

is

mo

re r

ap

idly

de

gra

de

d,

wit

h a

de

cre

ase

in

fa

llo

w p

eri

od

, le

ad

ing

to

a d

ow

nw

ard

sp

ira

l o

f p

rod

uct

ivit

y (

Ak

ab

zaa

an

d D

arm

an

i, 2

00

1,

qu

ote

d i

n W

orl

d B

an

k,

20

06

:74

).

xxi The W

orld B

ank’s

Countr

y E

nvi

ronm

enta

l Ass

ess

ment

(2006:7

5) note

s: ‘In

Pre

stea… r

oast

ing o

f co

nce

ntr

ate

cause

d s

evere

air p

ollution; th

e

resu

ltin

g a

cid r

ain

pre

vente

d t

he r

evegeta

tion o

f su

rroundin

g h

ills e

ven a

fter

the c

losu

re o

f th

e m

ines’

. The s

cale

of th

e d

e-v

egeta

tion is

not

indic

ate

d b

y th

is sourc

e.

xxii P

D H

ard

cast

le,

pe

rs.c

om

.

Re

vis

ed

Gh

an

a R

-PP

(A

nn

ex

es

)

183

xxiii

Th

e 1

99

7 T

imb

er

Re

sou

rce

s M

an

ag

em

en

t A

ct s

tate

s: <

Th

e M

inis

ter

sha

ll o

n t

he

ba

sis

of

the

re

com

me

nd

ati

on

s o

f th

e C

om

mis

sio

n g

ran

t th

e t

imb

er

rig

hts

an

d s

ha

ll f

or

tha

t p

urp

ose

en

ter

into

a t

imb

er

uti

liza

tio

n c

on

tra

ct o

n b

eh

alf

of

the

Pre

sid

en

t w

ith

th

e s

ucc

ess

ful

ap

pli

can

t.>

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