Revised Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant EMP Rev 2

BRONKHORSTSPRUIT BIOGAS PLANT (PTY) LTD

BIOMASS-TO-ELECTRICITY PLANT,

BRONKHORSTSPRUIT

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

GDACE Reference No. Gaut 002/07-08/N1193

JUNE 2013

Prepared for:


P070004 2

Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant

Environmental Management Programme

July 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS


1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Authors Details and Expertise ................................................................................. 5

1.2 Proponents’s Details .............................................................................................. 7

2 Legislative Framework ........................................................................................ 8

2.1 The Constitution of South Africa (No. 108 of 1996) .................................................... 8

2.2 The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) ................................. 8

2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2009 .............................................. 11

2.4 National Heritage Resources Act (No. 25 of 1999) ................................................... 11

2.5 The National Water Act (No 36 of 1998) ................................................................. 11

2.5.1 Water use licensing ........................................................................................ 11

2.5.2 Pollution of water resources ............................................................................. 12

2.6 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (No. 39 of 2004): ..................... 12

2.7 The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act 59 of 2008)....................... 12

3 Project Location ............................................................................................... 14

4 Overview of Affected Environment...................................................................... 15

4.1 Biophysical Environment ...................................................................................... 15

4.1.1 Climate ......................................................................................................... 15

4.1.2 Topography ................................................................................................... 15

4.1.3 Geology ........................................................................................................ 15

4.1.4 Soils ............................................................................................................. 15

4.1.5 Land Use and Surface Infrastructure ................................................................. 15

4.1.6 Flora ............................................................................................................. 15

4.1.7 Fauna ........................................................................................................... 16

4.1.8 Surface Water ................................................................................................ 16

4.1.9 Ground Water ................................................................................................ 16

4.1.10 Air Quality ..................................................................................................... 16

4.1.11 Noise ............................................................................................................ 16

4.1.12 Traffic ........................................................................................................... 16

4.1.13 Archaeology and Heritage................................................................................ 17

4.2 Socio-economic Environment ................................................................................ 17

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5 Project Description ........................................................................................... 19

5.1 Simplified Microbiology of a Anaerobic Digester Plant ............................................... 19

5.2 Proposed Raw Material Waste Streams ................................................................... 20

5.2.1 Cattle Manure .................................................................................................. 20

5.2.2 Abattoir Waste ................................................................................................. 21

5.2.3 Organic food and beverage waste ...................................................................... 21

5.3 Project Infrastructure Components ........................................................................ 21

5.3.1 Slurry tank .................................................................................................... 24

5.3.2 Mixing tank ................................................................................................... 24

5.3.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor- CSTR ............................................................ 24

5.3.4 Biogas Plant Storage structures........................................................................ 27

5.3.5 Solids Treatment for Fertiliser .......................................................................... 27

5.3.6 Aerobic Water Treatment System ..................................................................... 28

a) Sequenced Batch Reactor ..................................................................................... 28

b) Balance Pond ...................................................................................................... 28

5.3.7 Gas Cooling Plant ........................................................................................... 29

5.3.8 Flare ............................................................................................................. 29

5.3.9 Scrubber ....................................................................................................... 30

a) Effects of Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in Biogas .......................................................... 30

b) Biotrickling Filter Biogas Desulphurisation (BRF-BGD) System ................................... 31

5.3.10 Gas Cooling Plant ........................................................................................... 32

5.3.11 Biogas Fired Power Generation ......................................................................... 32

5.3.12 Electricity connection and supply ...................................................................... 33

5.3.13 Stormwater Management ................................................................................ 33

5.3.14 Manure storage area ....................................................................................... 33

6 Project Phases and Proposed Activities ................................................................ 34

6.1 Construction ....................................................................................................... 34

6.2 Operation ........................................................................................................... 34

6.3 Decommissioning ................................................................................................ 35

7 Summary of Potential Impacts Identified ............................................................ 36

7.1 Ecological (Fauna and Flora) impacts ..................................................................... 36

7.2 Impact on Hygiene and Sanitation ......................................................................... 36

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7.3 Socio-economic impacts ....................................................................................... 36

7.4 Impact on Atmospheric emissions ......................................................................... 37

7.5 Impact on heritage resources................................................................................ 38

7.6 Impact on Groundwater ....................................................................................... 39

7.7 Impact on Surface Water ...................................................................................... 39

8 Proponents Commitments Regarding Environmental Management .......................... 41

8.1 Party Responsible for Environmental Management ................................................... 41

8.2 Incident Reporting and Record Keeping .................................................................. 41

8.2.1 Incident Reporting .......................................................................................... 41

8.3 Environmental Monitoring ..................................................................................... 41

8.3.1 Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring ....................................................... 41

8.3.2 EMP Performance Assessment .......................................................................... 42

8.3.3 Health and Safety........................................................................................... 43

9 Environmental Mitigation Measures .................................................................... 44

10 References ................................................................................................... 82

List of Figures

Figure 1 Locality Plan of Proposed Biomass to Electricity Plant, from 1 in 50 000 topographical map

...................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of Biogas Process ............................................................. 20

Figure 4. Process Schematic Diagram ........................................................................... 23

Figure 5. Different structures associated with horizontal, concrete silage pits. Walls are sealed

into the base to prevent leakage. The front remains open to allow front end loader access.

(Example taken from http://www.rebuildings.co.uk/concrete.html) Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 6. Continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) – Basic Flow Diagram ......................... 26

Figure 7. View of a typical flare stack ........................................................................... 30

Figure 7. Biotrickling Filter Biogas Desulphurisation System ............................................ 31

Figure 8: Simplified operational process for Biomass-to-Energy PlantError! Bookmark not

defined.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) comprises a set of procedures to be followed for any

project with the goal of achieving sustainable development1. The most widely recognised

procedure of IEM is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) due to it’s inception as a

legislated process in South Africa since 19971,2. The goal of an EIA is to identify and assess any

possible impacts which a development may have on the surrounding environment, both at the

environmental and at the social/economical level. While the EIA focuses on the assessment phase

of the process of IEM2, the implementation of impact management and monitoring at all stages of

the project life-cycle, as identified in the EIA, is accomplished through the Environmental

Management Programme (EMP)1.

An EMP can be defined as “an environmental management tool used to ensure that undue or

reasonably avoidable adverse impacts of the construction, operation and decommissioning of a

project are prevented; and that the positive benefits of the projects are enhanced”1. This EMP is

thus to serve as a guideline for the owner, contractor and workforce involved with the

development, operation and decommissioning of the Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant (BBP) in

Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng, of their responsibilities with regard to environmental management and

monitoring at the proposed site.

It is the purpose of this EMP to:

• Contribute towards environmental awareness of workforce2,

• Facilitate the prevention of environmental degradation2,

• Minimise impacts of unavoidable environmental degradation2,

• Demonstrate commitment to implementation of mitigation actions by adding value to decision-

making2,

• Facilitate progress towards environmental targets and objectives2 throughout the project-

lifecycle, i.e. at construction, operation and decommissioning1,

• Assist in the continual approval of the company’s environmental performance2,

• Ensure compliance with applicable local and national policies, legislation and guidelines1,

• Ensure that sufficient resources are allocated on the project budget to maintain the scope of

the environmental responsibilities regarding the project1,

• Responding to events and mitigating impacts as they occur even if not necessarily included in

the EIA1,

• Provide details of practical measures specific to the responsible people as well as the relevant

timeframe for reaching said objectives1,

• Clarify organisational roles within the project scope with regard to record keeping, reviewing,

auditing and updating of the EMP1.

1.1 Authors Details and Expertise

This Environmental Management Programme has been compiled by Karen-Dawn Koen and

Jonathan van de Wouw of Core Earth Resources and has been reviewed by Peter Theron for Core

Earth Resources. Core Earth Resources is an independent environmental consultancy that was

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established in 2006. The founding member Karen-Dawn Koen has over 13 years of experience in

the field of environmental management. Below are short Curriculum Vitas of the project team.

Karen-Dawn Koen (BA Hons Environmental Management and PGD: Sustainable Development -

Current)

Karen has over 13 years experience in undertaking environmental impact assessments, ISO 14001

compliant environmental management systems, environmental auditing and environmental

management plans for construction phase. Her project work has focused on undertaking

environmental impact assessments for linear developments such as roads, pipelines and

powerlines, land-use change applications, power generation facilities and telecommunication

towers as well as developing and implementing ISO 14001 compliant environmental management

systems for airports, industrial entities and the Chapmans Peak Toll Road. She has personally

project managed a number of environmental projects, managed specialists and have been involved

in a number of civil engineering projects since 2000 combining aspects of environmental

legislation, environmental management and project management. Key environmental impact

assessment undertaken includes the following:

• Dreamworld Film Studio and house Estate EIA, Cape Town

• Berg River Farm Mix-Use Development EIA, Paarl

• Mossel Bay Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) EIA, Cape Town

• Environmental Impact Assessment and Management Plans for a number of 132kV overhead

powerlines on behalf of Eskom Distribution, Western Cape

• Oudtshoorn Landfill site EIA, Western Cape

Peter Theron – (BSc Civil Engineering, GDE (Hons.) Environmental Engineering)

Peter has over 21 years of experience in environmental management, auditing, due-diligence and

impact assessments as well as civil engineering design, tailings, geotechnics and tunneling.

Recent focus of his project work has been related to project management of environmental

assessments, advising on environmental legislation and permitting, environmental due diligence

investigations and environmental risk assessments. His specialist skills are the integration of the

technical design into the environmental management process. Clients and projects have been

focused around the mining, industrial and government sectors. He has personally project

managed over 200 environmental projects since 1986, combining aspects of environmental

legislation, environmental management, civil engineering and project management. Key

environmental impact assessment undertaken includes the following:

• Uranium Mine EIA , Klerksdorp

• Gold Mine EIA, Springs

• EIA and Environmental contract implementation on behalf of Lebalelo Water Users Association.

• Project manager for the scoping study phase for the conversion of Sasol from coal-fired to

natural gas.

• Southern Era Voorspoed Project Manager for the environmental impact assessment and

subsequent EMPR.

• Potable and TSE water Basic Assessment, Klerksdorp

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Jonathan van de Vouw (BSc (Hons) Microbiology and Biotechnology)

Jonathan has working experience in the field of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology and

has recently shifted his area of focus to Environmental Science and Consulting at his current

position at Prime Resources (Pty) Ltd. He has received experience and training in Environmental

Management in the form of Scoping Reports and Environmental Management Plans and Impact

Assessments for companies in both the mining and industrial sector as well as environmental

auditing of industrial waste-fill sites. He has a working knowledge of the South African

environmental legislation. Key environmental impact assessments undertaken includes the

following:

• Barrick Waste Management Complex Basic Assessment, North West Province

• Johnson Matthey Waste Transfer Facility Basic Assessment, Germiston

• Anglo Platinum – Rustenburg Platinum Mines, Rustenburg Section – Chromite Recovery Facility,

North West Province

1.2 Proponents’s Details

Project Title Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant

Name of Applicant Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant (Pty) Ltd

Contact Person Sean Thomas

Postal Address

P O Box 1068

Lonehill

2062

Location of Project

Beefcor Cattle Feedlot,

Remaining Extent of Farm Boschkop 543

JR,

Boschkop Farm,

Bronkhorstspruit,

Gauteng

Contact Number 079 496 6725

Fax Number 0866485023

Email Address [email protected]

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2 Legislative Framework

In order to protect the environment and ensure that this development is undertaken in an

environmentally responsible manner, there are significant pieces of legislation which focus and

guide this scoping assessment. They are as follows:

2.1 The Constitution of South Africa (No. 108 of 1996)

The Constitution of South Africa took effect in 1997 and is considered the supreme law of South

Africa that cannot be superseded by any other law or government action. According to the

constitution, everyone has the right:

a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and

b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations,

through reasonable legislative and other measures that

i. prevent pollution and ecological degradation;

ii. promote conservation; and

iii. secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while

promoting justifiable economic and social development.

2.2 The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998)

The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) also states that the principles of

Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) should be adhered to in order to ensure sustainable

development. A vital underpinning of the IEM procedure is accountability to the various parties

that may be interested in or affected by a proposed development. Public participation in the

formulation of development proposals is a requirement of the IEM procedure, in terms of the

identification of significant environmental impacts (scoping) by Interested and Affected Parties

(I&APs). The IEM procedure is designed to ensure that the environmental consequences of

development proposals are understood and adequately considered during the conceptual design

process, allowing negative aspects to be resolved or mitigated and positive aspects to be

enhanced. It is thus a code of practice for ensuring that environmental considerations are fully

integrated into all stages of development, by providing a procedural and regulatory mechanism for

EIAs.

Chapter 2 of NEMA provides a number of principles that decision makers and developers have to

consider when making decisions that may affect the environment. The proposed development as

well as the EIA process being followed takes into account the NEMA principles. The NEMA

principles are the following —

1. The principles set out in this section apply throughout the Republic to the actions of all

organs of state that may significantly affect the environment and —

a) shall apply alongside all other appropriate and relevant considerations, including

the State's responsibility to respect, protect, promote and fulfil the social and

economic rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution and in particular the basic needs

of categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination;

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b) serve as the general framework within which environmental management and

implementation plans must be formulated;

c) serve as guidelines by reference to which any organ of state must exercise any

function when taking any decision in terms of this Act or any statutory provision

concerning the protection of the environment;

d) serve as principles by reference to which a conciliator appointed under this Act

must make recommendations; and

e) guide the interpretation, administration and implementation of this Act, and any

other law concerned with the protection or management of the environment.

2. Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its

concern, and serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social

interests equitably.

3. Development must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable.

a. Sustainable development requires the consideration of all relevant factors including

the following:

i. That the disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity are

avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and

remedied;

ii. that pollution and degradation of the environment are avoided, or, where

they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied;

iii. that the disturbance of landscapes and sites that constitute the nation's

cultural heritage is avoided, or where it cannot be altogether avoided, is

minimised and remedied;

iv. that waste is avoided, or where it cannot be altogether avoided, minimised

and reused or recycled where possible and otherwise disposed of in a

responsible manner;

v. that the use and exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is

responsible and equitable, and takes into account the consequences of the

depletion of the resource;

vi. that the development, use and exploitation of renewable resources and the

ecosystems of which they are part do not exceed the level beyond which

their integrity is jeopardised;

vii. that a risk-averse and cautious approach is applied, which takes into

account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of

decisions and actions; and

viii. that negative impacts on the environment and on people's environmental

rights be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be altogether

prevented, are minimised and remedied.

4. Environmental management must be integrated, acknowledging that all elements of the

environment are linked and interrelated, and it must take into account the effects of

decisions on all aspects of the environment and all people in the environment by pursuing

the selection of the best practicable environmental option.

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5. Environmental justice must be pursued so that adverse environmental impacts shall not be

distributed in such a manner as to unfairly discriminate against any person, particularly

vulnerable and disadvantaged persons.

6. Equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic human

needs and ensure human wellbeing must be pursued and special measures may be taken

to ensure access thereto by categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.

7. Responsibility for the environmental health and safety consequences of a policy,

programme, project, product, process, service or activity exists throughout its life cycle.

8. The participation of all interested and affected parties in environmental governance must

be promoted, and all people must have the opportunity to develop the understanding,

skills and capacity necessary for achieving equitable and effective participation, and

participation by vulnerable and disadvantaged persons must be ensured.

9. Decisions must take into account the interests, needs and values of all interested and

affected parties, and this includes recognising all forms of knowledge, including traditional

and ordinary knowledge.

10. Community wellbeing and empowerment must be promoted through environmental

education, the raising of environmental awareness, the sharing of knowledge and

experience and other appropriate means.

11. The social, economic and environmental impacts of activities, including disadvantages and

benefits, must be considered, assessed and evaluated, and decisions must be appropriate

in the light of such consideration and assessment.

12. The right of workers to refuse work that is harmful to human health or the environment

and to be informed of dangers must be respected and protected.

13. Decisions must be taken in an open and transparent manner, and access to information

must be provided in accordance with the law.

14. There must be intergovernmental coordination and harmonisation of policies, legislation

and actions relating to the environment.

15. Actual or potential conflicts of interest between organs of state should be resolved through

conflict resolution procedures.

16. Global and international responsibilities relating to the environment must be discharged in

the national interest.

17. The environment is held in public trust for the people, the beneficial use of environmental

resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the

people's common heritage.

18. The costs of remedying pollution, environmental degradation and consequent adverse

health effects and of preventing, controlling or minimising further pollution, environmental

damage or adverse health effects must be paid for by those responsible for harming the

environment.

19. The vital role of women and youth in environmental management and development must

be recognised and their full participation therein must be promoted.

20. Sensitive, vulnerable, highly dynamic or stressed ecosystems, such as coastal shores,

estuaries, wetlands, and similar systems require specific attention in management and

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planning procedures, especially where they are subject to significant human resource

usage and development pressure.

2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2009

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations of 2009, the proposed

development evokes listed activities and requires that a Full Scoping and Environmental Impact

Assessment be undertaken and submitted to the Department of Environmental Affairs.

2.4 National Heritage Resources Act (No. 25 of 1999)

The proposed development comprises certain activities that require authorisation in terms of this

Section 38(1) of this Act:

• c) any development or other activity which will change the character of a

site—

o (i) exceeding 5 000 m2 in extent; or

o (ii) involving three or more existing erven or subdivisions thereof;

In addition the Act stipulates management and protection measures associated with heritage

resources such as graveyards, sites of archaeological and heritage significance. However it should

be noted that Section 38(8) of the Act states that if heritage considerations are taken into account

as part of an application process undertaken in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment,

there is no need to undertake a separate application in terms of the National Heritage Resources

Act.

The designated authority administrating this act is the South African Heritage Resources Agency.

2.5 The National Water Act (No 36 of 1998)

The National Water Act plays a crucial in all water related activities, which require an appropriate

license from Department of Water Affairs (DWA). The Act recognises that water is a natural

resource that belongs to all people. The National Water Act regulates the manner in which persons

obtain the right to use water and provides for just and equitable utilisation of water resources.

The designated authority administrating the Water Act is the Department of Water Affairs.

2.5.1 Water use licensing

Under the requirements of the National Water Act, certain water uses requires a licence. For the

purposes of the National Water Act, ‘water use’ includes, among other things: taking water from a

water resource; storing water; impeding or diverting the flow of water in a watercourse; disposing

of waste in a manner that may detrimentally impact on a water resource; and altering the bed,

banks, course or characteristics of a watercourse. With reference to this proposed development,

the irrigation of treated wastewater a water use for which authorisation would be required. The

parameters of the proposed irrigation activity are however covered under a General Authorisation

GN 399. The General Authorisation which is provided for under section 39 of the National Water

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Act and a water use license is not required. The registration of the irrigation activities must

however be undertaken prior to any irrigtaion taking place.

2.5.2 Pollution of water resources

The National Water Act provides for situations where the pollution of a water resource occurs as a

result of activities on land. The person who owns, controls, occupies or uses the land in question

is responsible for taking all reasonable measures to prevent any pollution of a water resource from

occurring, continuing or recurring.

If these measures are not taken, the catchment management agency concerned may do whatever

is necessary to prevent the pollution or to remedy its effects. The catchment management agency

may then recover all the costs incurred as a result of it so acting from such person.

In recovering these costs, the catchment management agency may also claim from any person

who would have benefited from the measures taken by it.

2.6 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (No. 39 of 2004):

The Air Quality Act was promulgated on 24 February 2005. The majority of the provisions laid out

came into force on 11 September 2005. The objective of the Air Quality Act is to protect the

environment by providing reasonable measures for the protection and enhancement of the quality

of air in South Africa; the prevention of air pollution and ecological degradation; and securing

ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

The Air Quality Act requires the establishment of a national framework for achieving the objective

of the Air Quality Act and the adoption of national, provincial and local standards for ambient air

quality. It further requires the formulation of air quality management plans and pollution

prevention plans, the declaration of priority areas, controlled emitters and controlled fuels, and the

preparation of atmospheric impact reports. It is envisaged that, in future, activities that result in

environmentally detrimental atmospheric emissions will be listed and anyone conducting any of the

listed activities will be required to have an emission licence. The Air Quality Act also addresses

issues of trans-boundary air pollution and control of dust, noise and offensive odours.

2.7 The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act 59 of 2008)

This Act serves to reform the laws regulating waste management in order to protect public and

environmental health by providing measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological

degradation and to provide defining requirements for the licensing and control of waste

management activities.

This Act succeeds Section 20 of the Environmental Conservation Act, no. 73 of 1989 and provides

measures for waste management covering the various aspects of activities which generate waste.

The schedules attached to the Act also provide definitions for activities which require a waste

management licence while also identifying the relevant environmental authorisations which are

further required for said activities.

In addition, the Waste Act (No 59 of 2008) allows for the development of a National Waste

Management Strategy. One of the key objectives of the National Waste Management Strategy is

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that municipalities will need to take responsibilities for the diversion of organic material for

composting or for biodigestion as a source of energy. The National Waste Management Strategy

further states target of 25% of recyclables needs to be diverted from landfill for re-use, recycling

or recovery by 2015.

In addition to the above the following legislation and guidelines inform the project:

• EIA Guideline and Information Series: Guide on Alternatives, DEA&DP, 2010

• EIA Guideline and Information Series: Guide on Needs and Desirability, DEA&DP, 2010

• EIA Guideline and Information Series: Guide on Public Participation, DEA&DP, 2010

• Guideline 3: General Guide to Environmental Impact Regulations, DEAT, 2006

• Guideline 4: Public Participation in support of the Environmental Impact Assessment

Regulations, DEAT, 2006

• Guideline 5: Assessment of alternatives and impacts in support of the Environmental Impact

Assessment Regulations, DEAT, 2006

• Integrated Environmental Management Information Series, DEAT, 2002- 2005;

• Land Use Planning Ordinance (Ordinance 15 of 1985);

• National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM: BA) (Act 10 of 2004);

• Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA) (Act 43 of 1983); and

• Electricity Act (Act 41 of 1987).

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3 Project Location

The Biomass-to-electricity plant complex is approximately 2 hectares in extent and will be

located on the Beefcor Bayview farm named Boschkop in Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng.

Figure 1 Locality Plan of Proposed Biomass to Electricity Plant, from 1 in 50 000 topographical

map

TO B

RONKHORSTSPRUI T

NORTH

TO B

RONKHORSTSPRUI T

NORTH

TO B

RONKHORSTSPRUI T

NORTH

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4 Overview of Affected Environment

The baseline information for the affected environment was fully studied and discussed as part

of the Scoping report for the project. Sections 2.1 and 2.2 below are merely summaries of that

information and should further details regarding the local environment for the project area be

required, please refer to the submitted Scoping and EIA reports, reference Gaut 002/07-

08/N1193.

4.1 Biophysical Environment

4.1.1 Climate

The Gauteng Highveld wherein the project is located is characterized by mild weather with cool

(9.80C), dry winters and warm (260C), wet (700mm) summers. The prevailing wind direction is

from the North-West.

4.1.2 Topography

The study area itself is flat and the local topography is best described as gently rolling

countryside with the Magaliesberg quartzite ridge to the north. The regional topography

comprises hills, ridges and undulating plains with low to moderate relief and rising up to 1600

m above sea-level.

4.1.3 Geology

The project location occurs upon shale layer between the quartzite of the Daspoort and

Magaliesberg Formations. Beneath this is a layer of slate and hornfel of the Silverton

Formation although these areas are stable in terms of seismic or tectonic movement.

4.1.4 Soils

The local soil profile comprises thin growing medium or topsoil underlain by a nodular or

hardpan ferricrete transition zone or pebble marker which is of a high quality and is well suited

to agriculture. Regionally, low permeability, yellowish-brown clayey silt to soft rock reside.

4.1.5 Land Use and Surface Infrastructure

The current land-use is zoned as agriculture and locally this is reflected locally by the presence

of grazing livestock and grain crops. The project area is comprised of broadly scattered

homesteads, sheds, silos, storage buildings, paddocks, composting heaps and feedlots and

regionally, single storey structures and gravel roads reside with powerlines to the North and a

national road to the North-West.

4.1.6 Flora

The local area for the proposed project comprises natural grassland of the Transvaal

Bankenveld. Naturally occurring grasses are sour and wiry comprise members of the Narrow

Heart Love Grass, Purple Finger Grass, Creeping Brittle Grass and Wire Grass species. The

vegetation withing the immediate study area has largely been cleared and flattened due to its

primary use as grazing land as well as for the Beefcor surface infrastructure and as such no

conservation areas near the site have been identified.

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4.1.7 Fauna

Aside from the cattle which occur upon the Beefcor feedlots, a number of smaller animals

typically associated with rural areas and land zoned for agriculture are also found on-site, such

rodents i.e. rats and field-mice, lizards, grasshoppers, various beetles and the associated

avifauna which prey upon these. A number of common birds were also noticed within the

vicinity of the stormwater dams.

4.1.8 Surface Water

Two surface water bodies lying within 2km of the proposed development serve to drain the

site, namely the Kleinspruit (which is non-perennial) and the Osspruit (which is perennial),

both of which fall in the catchment of the Bronkhorstspruit dam. This water is of a sufficient

quality for human consumption as defined by the SABS potable water quality standards.

4.1.9 Ground Water

The aquifer system underlying the proposed site for development of the biomass-to-electricity

plant is classified as minor, i.e. an aquifer system that is composed of fractured or potentially

fractured rocks not having a high primary permeability. The extent of the aquifer is limited and

the water quality variable, and yet they are usually important for local supplies and in

supplying base flow for rivers, although they seldom produce large quantities of water. The

groundwater flow is linked to regional topography and is thus to the north and northeast.

The groundwater quality of the site expressed elevated to high contents of manganese, iron,

nitrates, ammonia and chemical oxygen demand, all of which are indicative of contamination of

groundwater by feedlots and associated agricultural activities.

4.1.10 Air Quality

Air quality typical of the region occurs on-site, with poor quality winter air with smog and dust

occurring, while a general feature of the site is the odour associated with cattle and cattle

manure.

4.1.11 Noise

Ambient noise levels associated with large-scale farming operations are typical during daylight

hours i.e. engine noise, exhaust reports and reversing alarms from large trucks, tractors,

bulldozers and the like which are associated with agricultural activities like the transport of

animals, feed and stores, the shifting of earth and general upkeep of the operation.

4.1.12 Traffic

Minimal traffic is associated with the area and the nearest main road is the R25 which links to

the site via a 6km gravel road. This road is utilized for the transport of staff to and from

adjacent and surrounding farms as well as the transport of farmed produce or livestock. The

gravel road can become pitter with numerous potholes typically during the rainy season.

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4.1.13 Archaeology and Heritage

The closest heritage site is a monument commemorating the Battle of Bronkhorstspruit of

1886, which is located at the intersection of the R25 and R423. A small graveyard exists near

a smallholding on the gravel road approximately 2km from the site.

Cultural heritage also includes areas set aside for conservation, special or historical landscapes

and areas of archaeological significance, none of which occur upon the farm as well as within

the site where the proposed biomass-to-electricity plant is to be developed.

4.2 Socio-economic Environment

As of 2001, the total population for Kungwini Local Municipal Area was 107 875, and more

locally, the population of Bronkhorstspruit was 4121 with an annual growth rate of 5%. The

gender distribution for Kungwini was 67.4% female and 32.6% and the demographic

distribution for Bronkhorstspruit was 1014 black: 54 coloured: 81 indian/asian: 2973 white.

The level of education in Kungwini is low, with less than 31.6% of the population being in

possession of a Grade 12 or higher qualification, while 20.4% have no education at all. 79.6%

of the population is considered literate. The distribution of qualification in Kungwini is as

follows:

Table 1 Level of Education in Kungwini Local Municipality (Kungwini draft IDP)

The levels of education are directly reflected by employment statistics for the area, with the

majority (36.1%) of the population being employed in low to semi-skilled, elementary

occupations and approximately 12.5% of the working population in Kungwini are trained in a

trade or craft. Further reflecting the employment skills-pool is the distribution of income,

which shows that 15% of Kungwini residents are unemployed while the 64% majority earns

less than R1600 per month, even though 62.32% are formally employed.

Of the population of Kungwini Local Municipality, 7.4% suffer from some disability, while as of

2004, HIV/AIDS was prevalent in 11.9% of the population, which is increasing at an annual

rate of 22.8%.

The largest economic sectors presenting formal employment opportunities within the Kungwini

Local Municipality are, in descending order: Services (33%), manufacturing (19%), trade and

finances (14%) and agriculture (8.8%). Of these sectors, agriculture, tourism, manufacturing

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and mining have been earmarked for development opportunities within the Kungwini Municipal

area. The farms in and around Bronkhorstspruit, such as the one upon which the proposed

biomass-to-electricity plant is to be developed, accounts for the bulk of production in the

district agricultural sector and typically experiences a growth-rate of around 0.5%.

The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for Kungwini has identified the need for poverty

alleviation through job creation. The IDP also recognizes the need for the upgrading of water,

sanitation, electricity, communication, roads and stormwater infrastructure.

As indicated previously, the project will take place adjacent to the Beefcor cattle feedlots,

Beefcor. Beefcor has over 20 thousand cattle in Bronkhorstspruit and a chicken farm with over

1 million chickens is located in close proximity.

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July 2013

5 Project Description

The proponent proposes to erect a 3 MW Biogas Plant. The Biogas plant complex is

approximately 2 hectares in extent and is located on an existing cattle feedlot in

Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng. The intention is to generate electricity through a process of

anaerobic digestion. The intention is to utilise cattle manure, abattoir chicken waste, organic

food and/or beverage waste in order to generate methane gas which in turn will be utilised to

generate electricity. In order to extract the methane gas from the waste products the biogas

plant will utilise a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). The gas produced, comprises of

around 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide, is referred to as biogas. The biogas will then

go through an internal combustion where it will produce electricity and heat at 90ºC will be a

by-product of this process. The electricity will then be loaded onto the existing national grid

and will assist in alleviating Eskom’s load in this area and bringing further stability to the power

supply in the area. Once the waste has been circulated through the Biogas Plant it will be

recycled/ reused for composting purposes by an independent contractor.

From a sustainability l perspective the advantages of the CSTR system are as follows:

• The system is fully enclose, which reduces odour emissions;

• Has a higher gas yield;

• Relatively cheap and easy to construct;

• Fairly easy to maintain; and

• Has an automatic cleaning system.

The plant will be classified as a small industrial plant and would have a lifespan of

approximately 20 years.

5.1 Simplified Microbiology of a Anaerobic Digester Plant

Anaerobic digestion is a multi-stage biological process whereby bacteria, in the absence of

oxygen, decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide, methane and water. In this way the

sludge is stabilised and noxious odours are removed while the organic matter in the sludge is

converted into a combustible gas (Ross et al, 1992).

Ross et al (1992) describes the process as occurring in two stages:

First Stage:

The organic matter in the feed sludge is converted into organic acids (also called volatile fatty

acids) by acid forming bacteria.

Second Stage:

These organic acids serve as the substrate (food) for the strictly anaerobic, methane-

producing, bacteria, which convert the acids into methane and carbon dioxide.

The end result of the process is:

• A well-stabilised sludge in which 40 to 60 % of the volatile solids have been destroyed.

• A combustible gas consisting of 60 to 75 % methane with the remainder being largely

carbon dioxide and a little bit of water vapour.

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July 2013

•

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of Biogas

5.2 Proposed Raw Material Waste Streams

The Biogas Plant project will entail the use of the following waste streams for energy

generation:

5.2.1 Cattle Manure

As indicated previously, Beefcor has approximately 20 000 heads of cattle on located within the

feedlots at any given time. Although the feedlots are not part of this application, the cattle

manure emanating from the feedlots will be utilised as a portion of the waste mixture required

to create the methane gas. The intention is to collect the manure

scrapping the manure to a central collection point. Approximately 360 tonnes (wet) of cattle

manure will be collected and utilised in the process per day.

The manure does not require a pasteurisation step and will be directly fed thro

hopper through a shaft-less screw conveyor into a concrete manure slurry tank. Considering

the capacity of this bin and the transfer rate to the slurry mixing tank cattle manure residence

time is approximately 9hrs allowing for a loading frequen

The manure is mixed with recycled water from the balance pond to form a manure slurry. The

manure slurry will then be channelled to the mixing pond and blended with the

and organic food and beverage waste

from the Biogas Plant.


Schematic diagram of Biogas Process

Proposed Raw Material Waste Streams



eedlots at any given time. Although the feedlots are not part of this application, the cattle


to create the methane gas. The intention is to collect the manure from the feedlot by


manure will be collected and utilised in the process per day.

The manure does not require a pasteurisation step and will be directly fed thro

less screw conveyor into a concrete manure slurry tank. Considering


time is approximately 9hrs allowing for a loading frequency of 2-3 times each day.


manure slurry will then be channelled to the mixing pond and blended with the

and organic food and beverage waste , mixed feed slurry, fresh water and the recycle streams

20



eedlots at any given time. Although the feedlots are not part of this application, the cattle


from the feedlot by


The manure does not require a pasteurisation step and will be directly fed through a feed

less screw conveyor into a concrete manure slurry tank. Considering


3 times each day.


manure slurry will then be channelled to the mixing pond and blended with the abattoir waste

ed slurry, fresh water and the recycle streams

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5.2.2 Abattoir Waste

The abattoir waste will consist of a combination of pasteurised chicken abattoir sludge and

general abattoir sludge (a mixture of beef and sheep waste). Approximately 7 tonnes of

chicken abattoir sludge and 7 tonnes of general abattoir sludge will be used in the digester per

day. Co-digestion of fat waste (chicken abattoir and abattoir sludge) with animal manure has

proven to serve as a “booster” for the methane production from agricultural wastes (CPG,

2011). The intention is to accumulate the chicken abattoir sludge, together with the general

abattoir sludge in a process reception tank, prior to it being fed into the pasteurisation process.

No abattoir waste will be stored for processing on site prior to it being included in the digester

(i.e. abattoir waste will be pumped directly into the digester).

5.2.3 Organic food and beverage waste

The organic food and beverage waste will largely consist of food waste including amongst other

waste streams yoghurt, ice cream, food sludge as well as vegetables and fruit. Approximately

200m3 of food waste will be required on a daily basis. The waste will be transported to the site

via 40 tonne trucks.

The mixed organic and beverage waste feed stream will be fed through a hopper into a

concrete maceration tank where the glycerol and fatty foods are broken down and diluted with

recycled water from the balance pond to form mixed food slurry. The maceration tank has an

effluent overflow to allow for heavy grit to settle out and be cleared during routine

maintenance.

Food and abattoir waste will mainly consist of large fragments. Biodigestion and subsequent

gas yield is enhanced by breaking of these fragments into smaller particles to increase the

available surface area.

The waste stream will then blended with the ; beef manure slurry, fresh water and the recycle

streams from the CSTR in the mixing pond.

A 75m3 concrete tank is to be erected on site to temporarily store ‘buffer’ food waste prior to it

entering the CSTR . It will also allow for continuous feed over weekends and public holidays

when waste companies are off duty.

5.3 Project Infrastructure Components

The fenced–off area of the Biogas plant encompasses approximately 5 hectares in extent. The

main components of the Biogas plant are as follows, although it should be noted that the

feedlots are considered to be part of the existing farming operation and are not located within

the 5 hectare site.

• Feed lot

• Collection storage areas

• Organic food and beverage waste storage facility

• Abattoir waste storage facility

• Slurry tank

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• Mixing tanks

• Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

• Aerobic treatment system (SBR and balance pond)

• Gas Blower

• Scrubber

• Generator

• Flare

• Process water storage dam

Figure 3 below depicts the schematic process flow diagram and each of the components of the

Biogas Plant will be discussed thereafter.

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Figure 3. Process Schematic Diagram

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5.3.1 Slurry tank

The slurry tank is approximately 9m2 in extent and its purpose is to combine diluted cattle manure

from the collection sumps.

5.3.2 Mixing tank

The mixing tanks are approximately 32m2 in extent and their purpose is to thoroughly mix the

cattle manure and abattoir waste as well as the organic food and beverage waste which is then

pumped into the anaerobic reactor.

5.3.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor- CSTR

The Biogas Plant will consist of four (4) CSTRs with an approximate surface area of less than 1ha.

A continuously stirred tank reactor or completely mixed reactor is the most common form of an

anaerobic digester. It is widely used sewage treatment plants and many industrial wastewater

treatment facilities. A completely mixed reactor is known as a low rate digester technology and it

is essentially a tank that is heated and mixed. The advantage of the CSTR is that it is a proven

technology with many biogas plants in Europe and wastewater treatment facilities in the United

States as reference. Another advantage is the ease of operation and its robustness towards solids

loads rating and solids concentration in the feed.

The CSTR is also more tolerant to variations in feed quality because the large hydraulic volume

serves as a buffer for changes in feed pH and temperature.

The stages of the CSTR process are:

• Feed receiving and preparation

All the feed materials are received and treated in this stage to enable optimum operation of the

digester. These include maceration of solids, sand, silt and plastic and wood removal. The mixing

of the feed into the desired ratio takes place in this stage as well.

• Anaerobic digestion (CSTR)

The feed is fed to the digester where the digestion process takes place and where the biogas in

produced.

• Digestate Treatment

After the digestation, the product, called digestate, is fed through a filter process where the

digestate is separated into solid and liquid digestate. The solids are available as compost for

fertilising, and the liquid effluent is available as liquid fertiliser.

• Gas purification

The biogas produced is taken through a gas purification plant which comprises a Sulphide scrubber

to remove sulphur from the gas, then through a dehumidifier and chilling stage to ensure the input

gas is at the right temperature and humidity for turbines.

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• Combined heat and power

The gas fed into the gas turbines are used in a Combined Heat and Power process to generate

electricity as well as heat from the jacket water of the turbines.

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Figure 4. Continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) – Basic Flow Diagram

FEED COMPOSITION • Cattle Manure Chicken

Manure

• Mixed Organic Waste

Mixing Vessel

Make-up water

supply

Anaerobic digester Vendor Package

Gas Handling

Gas treatment Gas

generators

Electrical power and heat water supply

Solids Treatment plant

Screen Filter or Screw

press Dryer

Fertiliser

Effluent Handling

Effluent Treatment

Recycled process water Clean water discharge to

environment

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5.3.4 Biogas Plant Storage structures

Hopper Foundations - A raft foundation set at 4.6 m long x 3.6 m wide shall be provided to support

the hoppers.

Beef Manure Hopper - A raft foundation set at 5 m long x 4 m wide shall be provided to support the

hopper.

Beef Manure Slurry Mixing Tank - Construct a reinforced concrete tank set at 5 m long x 5 m wide

x 2 m deep.

Mixing Pond - Construct a reinforced concrete pond set at 13.6 m long x 8.9 m wide separated by a

dividing wall along the length of the pond. The ponds foundation slab is set to slope towards the

dividing wall with the maximum depth set at 4.9 m.

Maceration Tank - Construct a reinforced concrete pond set at 6.6 m long x 3.6 m x wide. The

tanks foundation slab is set to slope towards hopper resulting in an overall tank depth of 3.05 m. A

perforated sheet metal 304 SS insert shall be provided by others.

SBR Pond - This area comprises of an earth pond, excavated into the existing ground. The pond size

is set at 50 m long x 20 m wide x 6 m deep at the bottom of the pond. Provision is made for the side

walls to slope including for an earth berm to be constructed along perimeter of the pond and a 6 mm

rubber membrane to cover the ponds surface.

Balance Pond - This area comprises of an earth pond, excavated into the existing ground. The pond

size is set at 50 m long x 20 m wide x 6 m deep at the bottom of the pond.

Provision is made for the side walls to slope including for an earth berm to be constructed along

perimeter of the pond and a 6 mm rubber membrane to cover the ponds surface

5.3.5 Solids Treatment for Fertiliser

The total solids and carbon content are reduced during anaerobic digestion in the CSTR , enhancing

the fertiliser value of the effluent compared to the original manures and wastes.

The sludge (liquid fertiliser) will be partially further treated by pumping a portion of this stream

through a dewatering unit to produce compostable fertiliser that contains approximately 35% solids

(w/w).

The sludge dewatering is achieved by using a 4.8m3/h Läckeby LSSP 260 shaftless screw press. This

application is used in various industries including dewatering of slaughterhouse waste; municipal and

industrial waste water; fruit and vegetable waste; and brewery waste dewatering.

The dewatering plant will receive sludge from the CSTR via the Biodigester Sludge Dewatering Pump.

Sludge enters the first stage of dewatering at ambient pressure. The first stage of dewatering is a

Rotating Sieve Drum consisting of a perforated drum with an internally fixed screw. The screw

transports separated particles out of the drum. The drum rotates on trunnion wheels and is driven by

a cog gear motor. Incoming liquid is fed into the drum through an inlet pipe configured to equally

distribute the sludge over a large area of the drum’s interior. As the sludge is transported through the

drum, water is screened through suitably sized perforations into a collection trough bellow.

Dewatering continues over the full length of the drum with dewatered solids exiting the unit via the

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screenings outlet. A rotating brush and spray header with nozzles continuously unclog any blocked

perforations thereby maintaining a consistent dewatering efficiency at all times. All the internal

components mentioned above are enclosed in a removable splash guard and equipped with a

ventilation exhaust to improve the working environment.

It is estimated that the rotating sieve drum will provide a low energy solution with a capability of

removing water from the sludge, resulting in a proportionate sludge mass reduction. Solids moisture

content can therefore be reduced even further by adding a second dewatering stage with a

proportionately lower throughput capacity.

The liquid effluent after dewatering (filtrate) will be recycled back to the mixing pond and also used for

irrigation.

5.3.6 Aerobic Water Treatment System

a) Sequenced Batch Reactor

Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) is an aerobic treatment process for the treatment of wastewater.

Oxygen is bubbled through the wastewater to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen

and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to make suitable for irrigation purposes. It is likely that much of

the water recycled to slurry the incoming wastes will come from the SBR to help keep ammonia and

salts concentrations in the reactors to non-toxic levels.

The Aerobic Treatment system will have the capacity to treat up to 2,400 m3 effluent water per day.

The aerobic system will consist of two passive aeration ponds in series, treating liquid from the top of

the CSTR settling zones. The first pond is an aerated 6750m3 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) pond

that overflows into the second balance pond (6750m3).

b) Balance Pond

The balance pond is approximately 1 000m2 in extent and the objective of the balance pond is to

remove any manure solids carried from the feedlot by stormwater. Solids settled in the balance pond

will be pumped to the anaerobic reactor, while the clarified water will either be discharged via

irrigation (20%) or recycled back to the biogas process plant (80%).

Excess water will be irrigated onto the adjacent lands.

According to the Government Notice No 339, prior to the use of effluent to irrigate agricultural land,

the effluent water needs to meet the standards indicated below:

(ii) irrigate up to 500 cubic metres of domestic or biodegradable industrial wastewater on any

given day, provided the-

(a) electrical conductivity does not exceed 200 milliSiemens per metre (mS/m);

(b) pH is not less than 6 or more than 9 pH units;

(c) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) does not exceed 400 mg/l after removal of algae;

(d) faecal coliforms do not exceed 100 000 per 100 ml; and

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(e) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) does not exceed 5 for biodegradable industrial

wastewater;

the irrigation of wastewater-

(aA) does not impact on a water resource or any other person’s water use, property or land; and

(aB) is not detrimental to the health and safety of the public in the vicinity of the activity.

It is anticipated that approximately 58 tons of effluent water will be irrigated daily.

5.3.7 Gas Cooling Plant

The off-gas system consists of a blower, flame arrestor, filter and enclosed flare to ensure maximal

carbon destruction in the event of biogas flaring during genset maintenance.

Biogas can exit the Sulphide Scrubber at elevated temperatures with proportionate amounts of

entrained vapour. Reducing the entrained vapour content by chilling the Biogas will enhance engine

performance. A 22kW electrically driven chiller coupled to a plate and shell heat exchanger will provide

sufficient cooling to a temperature suitable for condensation of entrained vapour as well as volumetric

reduction of the Biogas.

In the event that downstream equipment fails or gas production exceeds the maximum permissible

feed rate to the generator’s, it is an express requirement that emission levels are kept within current

environmental regulations. Environmental damage caused by vented Biogas is mitigated by

combusting it in a suitably designed and approved flare. This allows for a continuance of any benefits

associated with CDM agreements and also mitigates any fines that may be imposed by the local

authorities in upset conditions.

The flare will be connected in a bypass stream and isolated from the normal operation by means of a

manual butterfly valve. In the event of critical faults or alarms a pneumatically actuated slam shut

valve automatically isolates the flow of gas to the flare. A flame arrestor is positioned just prior to the

stack and burner to in the unlikely event of gas stream back ignition from the burner down the supply

pipeline. A pressure switch initiates all the relevant control and safety systems relevant to low

pressure conditions at the inlet manifold. An injector burner positioned at the stack base mixes biogas

and ambient air by means of a manually set natural draught created by gas flow. An ignition burner

(Pilot Flame) positioned above the injector burner consists of an electrical ignition device, manual and

solenoid valve piped to the inlet manifold between the manual isolation valve and slam shut valve. A

UV Probe and Thermocouple mounted in the side of the stack monitors the flame and stack

temperature continuously communicating with the field mounted control system. The control system

allows operators to control ignition and gas flow either manually or automatically and provides visual

alarm indication and identification provided by the monitoring devices described above.

5.3.8 Flare

Where there is more gas than can be used in the energy recovery system (through unusually high gas

production rate or through breakdown/maintenance of the energy recovery system) then flaring will

be necessary to eliminate the safety risks and protect the environment.

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The gas which would be emitted into the atmosphere via a flare would predominantly be carbon

dioxide, potentially with trace levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons.

Flaring of the gas will only be undertaken in emergency situations as the methane gas is the product

required in order to generate electricity. Therefore the emission of methane gas into the atmosphere

would strictly monitored and only undertaken when required.

The height of the flare above ground level is approximately 15m, on a 64m2 concrete base.

Figure 5. View of a typical flare stack

5.3.9 Scrubber

A scrubber and dehumidifier are included to reduce the hydrogen sulphide content and the moisture

content of the biogas prior to the emission of any gas into the Gen Set.

a) Effects of Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in Biogas

“Biogas” is formed by anaerobic fermentation in landfills, sewage sludge digesters, or anaerobic

bioreactors for high-strength wastewater. It typically consists of 50~65% CH4, 25~45% CO2, 5~6%

H2O, and up to 0.5% (5,000 ppmv) of H2S. The gas is saturated with water vapour at the operating

temperature of the source (typically around 35°C for digesters or bioreactors). H2S is formed by the

action of sulphate-reducing bacteria, so H2S levels will be higher if the wastewater or sludge being

treated contains more sulphates.

When biogas is burned as fuel, the H2S will be converted to SO2 that causes enhanced corrosion to

combustion equipment. If the combustion equipment does not have corrosion problems, it is normally

easier to scrub SO2 out of the combustion exhaust than to remove H2S from the fuel gas.

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July 2013

H2S, mercaptans, and chlorinated mixtures will form acidic Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Sulphuric acid

(H2SO4) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) when the biogas is burned as fuel. High levels of hydrogen

sulphide are detrimental to genset performance and longevity.

b) Biotrickling Filter Biogas Desulphurisation (BRF-BGD) System

The BTF-BGD (See Figure 6 ) system consists of insulated Bio-tricking filters complete with HD QPAC®

structure packing. The air stream is introduced into the bio-trickling filter below the packing.

The gas pressure from the digester forms the feeding velocity of gas into the filter. As the biogas flows

through the packed section of the filter, the air stream comes into intimate contact with the biofilm.

The biofilm consists of anaerobic Thiobacillus bacteria that serve as H2S scavengers. As these

scavengers absorb the H2S from the air stream, H2SO4 is released. These scavengers usually function

in an environment with a pH of 1.5, but it is recommended that the pH in the sump should be

maintain above pH >2.5 so to ensure that the bacterial activity in the filter is not reduced. The pH

levels of the re-circulated sump water will therefore be monitored continuously.

Figure 6. Biotrickling Filter Biogas Desulphurisation System

When the pH set point is reached, a solenoid valve on the fresh water inlet will be opened to permit

fresh water into the sump. This valve will be opened for a set period of time, causing the sump liquor

to overflow and be removed from the sump. This addition and removal of water will raise the pH of the

re-circulated liquor in the sump. The removed liquor will be a mild acidic (max 3 % H2SO4) solution,

which may be collected and reused in another part of the plant or neutralised and disposed of.

Due to the live bacteria used in the filter, the biofilm will take a few days to stabilise in terms of

efficiency with a typical average efficiency of +94%. The design and construction of the HD QPac® is

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July 2013

such that, as the biofilm grows and becomes too heavy, it sloughs off and new biofilm growth start.

This sloughing off maintains active growth on the packing and thus maintains an overall high

efficiency of H2S removal from the air stream.

5.3.10 Gas Cooling Plant

The off-gas system consists of a blower, flame arrestor, filter and enclosed flare to ensure maximal

carbon destruction in the event of biogas flaring during genset maintenance. Biogas can exit the

Sulphide Scrubber at elevated temperatures with proportionate amounts of entrained vapour.

Reducing the entrained vapour content by chilling the Biogas will enhance engine performance. A

22kW electrically driven chiller coupled to a plate and shell heat exchanger will provide sufficient

cooling to a temperature suitable for condensation of entrained vapour as well as volumetric reduction

of the Biogas.

In the event that downstream equipment fails or gas production exceeds the maximum permissible

feed rate to the generator’s, it is an express requirement that emission levels are kept within current

environmental regulations. Environmental damage caused by vented Biogas is mitigated by

combusting it in a suitably designed and approved flare. This allows for a continuance of any benefits

associated with CDM agreements and also mitigates any fines that may be imposed by the local

authorities in upset conditions.

The flare will be connected in a bypass stream and isolated from the normal operation by means of a

manual butterfly valve. In the event of critical faults or alarms a pneumatically actuated slam shut

valve automatically isolates the flow of gas to the flare. A flame arrestor is positioned just prior to the

stack and burner to in the unlikely event of gas stream back ignition from the burner down the supply

pipeline. A pressure switch initiates all the relevant control and safety systems relevant to low

pressure conditions at the inlet manifold. An injector burner positioned at the stack base mixes biogas

and ambient air by means of a manually set natural draught created by gas flow. An ignition burner

(Pilot Flame) positioned above the injector burner consists of an electrical ignition device, manual and

solenoid valve piped to the inlet manifold between the manual isolation valve and slam shut valve. A

UV Probe and Thermocouple mounted in the side of the stack monitors the flame and stack

temperature continuously communicating with the field mounted control system. The control system

allows operators to control ignition and gas flow either manually or automatically and provides visual

alarm indication and identification provided by the monitoring devices described above.

5.3.11 Biogas Fired Power Generation

A GE’s Jenbacher gas-fueled reciprocating engines, packaged generator set and cogeneration unit will

be used for power generation. The gen set is designed to run on biogas and the patented combustion

system, engine control, and monitoring enable power generation to meet stringent emission

standards, while offering high levels of efficiency, durability, and reliability.

3MW Electrical power at 11kV and 50Htz will be achieved by the conversion of biogas thermal energy

via internal combustion engines to mechanical energy, transferred to the rotor and stator coils of an

AC alternator, step up transformers and finally the output terminals of the plant medium voltage

circuit breaker.

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5.3.12 Electricity connection and supply

There will be a single OH line that will be utilised to draw power from the grid at start-up and then

once the plant is running to generate power to the grid. Once the methane gas has passed through

the Gen Set, the electricity will be placed on a newly built 22kV line connecting to the Tweedracht

Substation.

The Biogas Plant will utilise approximately 2250KWh electricity per day. The electricity will largely be

utilised at the following locations:

• Sumps

• Small office use

The Biogas plant will be able to source electricity off the newly built 22kV powerline which will be built

adjacent to the Biogas Plant site.

5.3.13 Stormwater Management

The intention is to keep clean stormwater separate from any effluent polluted stormwater. To this

end, the Biogas plant will be surrounded by a stormwater drainage channel that will ensure that all

clean stormwater does not come into contact with any effluent polluted stormwater. All effluent

polluted stormwater runoff (i.e. run-off water emanating from the Biogas Plant area) will be channeled

to a lined effluent retention dam. If there is “dirty” water available for use in the detention pond this

water will be recycled into the process. The stormwater berm, which will be located on the Biogas site

perimeter, will be approximately 1m high in extent.

Excess water emanating from the Biogas Plant (approximately 58tons per day) is to irrigate farming

land in summer and stored over rainy winter months.

5.3.14 Manure storage area

Once the methane gas has been extracted via the CSTR System, the water logged waste material

(consisting of cattle manure, abattoir chicken waste, organic food and/or beverage waste and) will be

drained/ dried out and water recovered from this process will be directed back into the Biogas Plant.

Prior to collection, the manure will be stored on an impermeable concrete slab. The manure storage

area will be located within the bermed-off area and all stormwater emanating from this site will be

channeled to the effluent contaminated lined retention dam.

The dried manure will then be collected by the property owner (Beefcor). Approximately 200m3 of

manure will be stored in this area prior to collection on a weekly basis.

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6 Project Phases and Proposed Activities

6.1 Construction

The construction phases will involve the erection of infrastructure directly related to the technological

process involved. This includes:

• Collection sumps,

• Silage pits,

• Slurry tanks,

• Mixing tanks,

• CSTR,

• Aerobic treatment systems,

• Blowers,

• Scrubbers,

• Generators,

• Flares,

• Settling Ponds, and

• Administration Offices

The development of this infrastructure will involve the removal off al topsoil, grading and flattening of

land, the establishment of foundations as well as the erection of structures.

6.2 Operation

During the operational phase, manure from the 20 000 cattle located on the Beefcor feedlots will be

flushed into one of seven 9m2 collection sumps, at a rate of 360 tonnes per day. Additionally organic

food and beverage waste as well as abattoir waste will be delivered to the Biogas for inclusion in the

plant. No abattoir waste will be stored on site but pumped directly into the biogas plant.

The mixed cattle manure, organic food and beverage waste and abattoir waste digested by bacteria in

an anaerobic environment where by-products in the form of biogas (60% methane and 40% CO2) and

heat at 90°C are generated. The Biogas produced will then be pumped to the GE Jenbacher gas-

fuelled reciprocating engine, package generator and cogeneration unit (Gen Set) at a rate of

1500m3/hour, where it will be converted into electricity and transferred to the existing electricity grid

via the existing 11kV Eskom powerline. A 15m gas flare based upon a 64m2 concrete slab will be

utilized for the flaring of any gas which may be unable to enter the Gen Set system, while a scrubber

and de-humidifier will be installed to reduce hydrogen-sulphide and moisture content of the biogas

before it enters the Gen Set.

Finally, water-logged manure which has passed through the Biogas system will be stored upon an

impermeable concrete block within a bermed-off stormwater control area where it will be dehydrated

with the excess water being returned to the plant and the manure residue being collected by a

contractor for treatment and utilization as compost off-site.

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July 2013

A schematic diagram summarising the above process is depicted in Error! Reference source not

found. below.

6.3 Decommissioning

The decommissioning phase will entail the removal of the concrete and steel structures, which will

either be recycled or disposed of at a suitably landfill site. Thereafter the rehabilitation plan as

detailed in Section 9 will be implemented.

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July 2013

7 Summary of Potential Impacts Identified

The following section is a summary of the potential impacts for the proposed Biomass to Energy

Plant as assessed in the Environmental Impact Assessment report associated with this project.

This report contains appendices with all specialist reports.

7.1 Ecological (Fauna and Flora) impacts

The site for the proposed development has been completely transformed by its use as a manure

and paper waste stockpiling area, and is therefore of no conservation significance. The habitats of

the entire area situated within a 500m radius of the site have either been completely transformed,

or heavily degraded by the establishment and operation of the Beefcor Feedlot infrastructure such

as cattle holding pens, manure stockpiles, manure dams (dams that capture runoff heavily

contaminated by organic waste), planted pastures, dirt roads, offices and residential dwellings. The

areas immediately adjacent to the study site (within a 500m radius) are therefore also of little or

no significance in terms of the conservation of threatened habitats or species, and no threatened

species were recorded or a considered likely to occur.

Although no potentially suitable breeding habitat for the Giant Bullfrog occurs within the 2ha site

for the proposed development or its immediate vicinity (within a 500m radius of the site), a

potentially suitable breeding habitat for this species does occur in the ‘channelled valley-bottom

wetland’ situated approximately 200m to the north of the study site (ie. 200 m away from the

proposed site and its 500m buffer area). In the event that Bullfrogs do indeed occur here, they

may utilise the areas situated between the 2ha study site and the wetland for foraging and

breeding purposes. The development of the 2ha proposed development site (study site) will,

however, not lead to any reduction in available foraging areas or the obstruction of any potential

migratory routes. The only concern with regards to the proposed development is that nutrient

laden runoff or seepage from the proposed plant may enter the wetland and lead to habitat

deterioration. The proposed development will not, however, lead to any significant impact on

potential Bullfrog habitat if the proposed ‘biomass-to-energy’ plant is designed and operated in

such a way as to ensure that no nutrient enriched surface water runoff or seepage enters this

wetland.

Based on the ecological screening undertaken the impact of the proposed development on the

ecology of the proposed site and the immediate surrounds is considered to be Low in significance

with the implementation of the management measures presented in Section 9.

7.2 Impact on Hygiene and Sanitation

The storage of the waste products, prior to being fed into the digester as well as after it exits the

plant could potentially have negative hygiene and sanitary impacts. This impact will however be

limited to the operational phase. With the implementation of the appropriate management

measures the impact is considered to be medium.

7.3 Socio-economic impacts

The proposed development would result in the creation of 10 permanent employment opportunities

during the operational phase. It is the Applicant’s intention to source labour from the immediate

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July 2013

surrounding communities. With an average multiplier effect of 1:6 the potential beneficiaries of

the project would be 60 during the operational phase.

In addition, the proposed bio-energy plant will contribute to ensuring the efficient energy supply,

as the energy generated will be fed into the Eskom transmission grid.

The proposed development would thus evoke a positive socio-economic impact during the

construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The employment opportunities associated

with the proposed development is therefore considered to be Medium.

7.4 Impact on Atmospheric emissions

Cattle manure that is left on the surface which decomposes aerobically releases a complex cocktail

of gases into the atmosphere. Primary among these is carbon dioxide, mixed with a number of

organic odorants and ammonia. In the environment of a feedlot, the constantly disturbed surface

can also become a significant dust source.

Emission Likely emissions from feedlot manure management (US EPA,

2001)

Ammonia (NH3) Major contributor to regional levels but

has minor local impact

Atmospheric

deposition, haze

Nitrous oxide

(N2O)

Significant contributor to regional levels

but has insignificant local impact

Global climate

change

Nitric oxide (NOx) Significant contributor to regional levels


Atmospheric

deposition, haze,

smog

Methane (CH4) Significant contributor to global levels


Global climate

change

Volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) Minor local impacts

Quality of human

life

Hydrogen sulphide

(H2S) Significant local impacts

Quality of human

life

Particulate matter

(PM10, PM2.5) Significant local impacts Haze, health

Odour Major local impact Quality of human

life

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July 2013

However with the collecting of the manure and storage thereof in the sealed digesters, a number

of changes are made to the emissions profile of this waste:

• Carbon dioxide emissions decrease as aerobic decomposition is replaced by anaerobic

processes which release methane,

• Odorants, dust and other pollutants are trapped by the high moisture content and are

unlikely to make as significant a contribution to future emissions, and

• Anaerobic decomposition results in a decrease in expected nitric oxide and dust emissions

and an increase in VOCs, methane and hydrogen sulphide.

With reference to the Biomass-to-electricity plant the following impacts have thus been identified:

• Dust and associated emissions during building and decommissioning phases.

• Fugitive dust emissions associated with the wind entrainment of large areas of exposed

earth and dry manure, particularly associated with the increased activity in clearing and

transporting manure from the pens to the digester

• Increased emissions of ammonia, VOCs, hydrogen sulphide and methane, associated with

anaerobic decomposition

• Increased odour impacts associated with anaerobic decomposition.

The impact on the ambient air emissions during the construction and decommissioning phases is

considered to be limited to the dust emissions from civil, demolishing and excavation activities.

The impact of the construction of the Biomass-to-electricity plant is therefore expected to be Very

Low in significance with the implementation of mitigation measures detailed in Section 9.

With reference to the operational phase, the impact of the Biomass-to-electricity plant on the

ambient the air quality is expected to be Low in significance with the implementation of mitigation

measures detailed in Section 9. This is largely due to the fact that the plant is considered to be a

very clean looking process. The modelling is assuming upset conditions where the scrubber and

the flares aren’t working and therefore stresses the importance of the equipment.

7.5 Impact on heritage resources

According to a heritage specialist study, the fieldwork undertaken revealed one feature of cultural

heritage significance on the area to be developed on the property. This feature consists of

remains of bottles, porcelain, bottle stoppers etc. These are typical of refuse middens from the

Late 19th to Early 20th Century. Maker’s marks that could be identified include SA Breweries and

Goldberg of Johannesburg. These are typical beer and soda water or mineral water bottles from

the time. The latter had a marble bottle stopper inside.

According to the Heritage Specialist, there are two possibilities in explaining this site. It may be a

midden dating to the time period indicated or it may be part of refuse brought in at some stage

during current activities on the site.

During the construction phase, the impact of the proposed development on heritage resources is

considered to be Low in significance with the implementation of the mitigation measures detailed

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July 2013

in Section 9. As no heritage resources are located within the immediate study area other than the

potential middens, the impact on heritage resources during the operational phase is considered to

be Very low.

7.6 Impact on Groundwater

The storage and handling of waste poses a potential risk to the groundwater quality. The risk is

associated with the production and release of leachate into the groundwater system.

Based on the Waste-Aquifer Separation Principle (WASP) the appointed Groundwater Specialist

concluded that the site for the proposed Biomass-to-electricity plant has a marginal suitability

rating. What this implies is that although the site (from a groundwater perspective) is not

considered perfect, with the implementation of the mitigation and management measures detailed

in Section 9 below, the risks to the groundwater quality are greatly reduced.

The impact on groundwater during the construction and decommissioning phases are considered to

be Very Low in significance with the implementation of the management measures. The impact

on groundwater during the operational phase is considered to be Medium in significance with the

implementation of management measures as detailed in Chapter 9.

It should be noted that the storage of the cattle manure is currently taking place on unlined/

compacted surfaces and thus the implementation of the Biomass-to-electricity plant will therefore

reduce the potential for groundwater contamination through the lining of surfaces for storage.

7.7 Impact on Surface Water

Currently the removal of the cattle manure is based on a dry removal principle, the proposed

development would necessitate altering the collection of manure to a water borne system. The

additional water required for the Biomass-to-electricity plant would increase the potential for

accidental spillages. The Biogas Plant installation will be operated as a semi-closed circuit, i.e.

where possible water will be recycled and discharges will be avoided. However, ammonia and other

salts will eventually build up in the continuously recycled streams through the plant and for this

reason an amount of water will have to be wasted daily to counter this salt build-up.

According to a suface water specialist, it is not envisaged that the build-up of inorganic salts are

likely to pose a problem, as the intake water is of a high quality with low salt loads (rainwater and

borehole water from Pretoria Group aquifers). The greater problem would be related to the build-

up of organic products and by-products of anaerobic digestion.

It should be noted that the aerobic treatment plant layout is so that the treatment of the water

occurs prior to its discharge into the environment or its recycle back to the anaerobic section of

the plant. Many of the potential contaminants (such as COD, ammonia, H2S and a lower pH) can

be removed through aeration, either by physical removal (“blowing off” or “stripping”) or by

aerobic bacteriological action where harmful metabolic products are converted to less harmful

products.

In addition, it is the intention of BBP is to irrigate the treated water onto pastures in the area to

the north and northeast of the Biogas plant. This area locates in the catchment of the Kleinspruit

and surface run-off from this area has the potential to contaminate water in the Bronkhorstspruit

P070004 40



July 2013

Dam via the Kleinspruit, hence the inclusion of an aerobic treatment plant. The main contaminants

in this water would be of organic origin in the form of biodegradable matter (COD), while the

breakdown products of anaerobic digestion such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and a lowered pH

may also be present.

With reference to the operational phase, the accidental spillages from the plant is not expected to

have a significant impact on the surface water as the plant will have a detailed stormwater

management system which will separate the clean and dirty stormwater as well as contain any

spillages emanating from the plant. All stormwater that falls within the plant area will be directed

back to the plant process water.

With reference to the storage of waste on site, the intention is to store all waste on concrete

bases.

Based on the above the impact of the proposed plant on surface water during the operational

phase is considered Medium in significance with the implementation of mitigation measures

detailed in Section 9.

The impacts on surface water during the construction phase are considered to be Low in

significance with the implementation of the mitigation measures detailed in Section 9.

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July 2013

8 Proponents Commitments Regarding Environmental Management

8.1 Party Responsible for Environmental Management

The designated person responsible for overseeing environmental control and management as a

whole on the site of the proposed project, from construction to operation and closure, will be the

Resident Engineer as appointed by Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant (Pty) Ltd (BBP). According to

Section 2 (h) and 2 (j) of NEMA, it will be the duty of the proponent to ensure that all parties

(including contractors and casual labour) involved throughout the project lifecycle are familiar with

BBP’s environmental policy from the onset as well as to negotiate specific roles of the various

parties in this regard and subsequent penalties for failure to comply.

As such, this EMP will be included as part of the terms of reference for all workers, contractors and

appointed parties related to planning and construction, operation and closure. It will then be the

responsibility of the appointed parties to ensure that all members of their staff are familiar with

the environmental policy and deal with issues which may arise in this regard.

8.2 Incident Reporting and Record Keeping

The community in the area surrounding the project and all interested and affected parties (IAPs)

and stakeholders (members of the local government and the various government agencies) have

been identified during compilation of both the scoping report and the EIA (refer to section 6 of the

EIA). Any complaints or concerns can be directed to the proponent who will ensure that these

issues are addressed within a period of a month. These concerns will be recorded in a register

which includes such information as date and time of receipt, person whom the query is directed to

and the necessary action taken.

8.2.1 Incident Reporting

• Any environmentally significant contamination and/or pollution must be reported to the

Department of Water Affairs within 24 hours.

• Should any condition of the NEMA: RoD be contravened, the Gauteng Department of

Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) needs to be notified within 24 hours. The

notification must include the reason for the non-conformance.

8.3 Environmental Monitoring

8.3.1 Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring

In order to monitor the impact (or lack thereof) of the proposed Biomass to Energy plan during the

life of the project on the ground- and surface water resources, it is recommended that a

monitoring system be set up whereby sampling of the following monitoring points are undertaken

bi-annually:

Groundwater

• Boreholes BC1 and BC4, which are located up-gradient of the proposed Biogas Plant and

represents the receiving water quality. These boreholes can be used as reference

boreholes.

P070004 42



July 2013

• Borehole BC3 is located down-gradient and could monitor potential contamination from the

Biogas Plant.

• At least one additional borehole, but preferably two, is required between the pollution

control dams and the Kleinspruit.

• It is further recommended that this be a borehole pair consisting of a shallow borehole

(±10m) to monitor the weathered formation and a deep borehole (±30m) to monitor the

fractured formation.

• The northern boundary of the Biogas Plant is virtually on the contact between shale and

dolerite. Such a contact provides a conduit for contaminants to enter the aquifer. One

monitoring borehole is recommended on either side of the proposed Biogas Plant along this

contact.

Surface Water

The existing monitoring points can be utilised.

8.3.2 EMP Performance Assessment

During the construction phase of the development, BBP will monitor the contractors’ compliance

with the EMP during the construction phase on a daily basis by means of a checklist, and the

results fed back to the contractors at the monthly construction project meetings. In addition, an

independent Environmental Consultant will undertake compliance audits every second week. The

results there will be fed back to the contractors at the monthly construction project meetings.

BBP will compile an inspection checklist for the operational phase which will be modified as and

when required by the relevant government department. During the operational phase, inspections

will be undertaken every two weeks.

An annual EMP audit will also be undertaken, a report for which will be submitted to GDARD

detailing the plant’s compliance with the EMP. In addition, the audit report should include

conformance to the requirements associated with -

• The Occupational Heath and Safety Act

• Any addition environmental permits issued.

The annual audit is to include proof of the following:

• Emissions associated with the operation do not exceed occupational exposure limits.

• An emergency response plan has been approved by Kungwini.

• The relevant permits have been received from the Department of Water Affairs regarding

the project water uses.

• That the effluent quality is tested prior to discharge.

• Update of the emergency response plan and drills undertaken.

• All construction activities was undertaken as per the relevant SANS code

• Basic fire fighting equipment available on site.

• All permits applicable to the operations were obtrained.

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July 2013

8.3.3 Health and Safety

Undertake monthly health and safety inspections. Any faults detected must be immediately

repaired.

Maintain an inspection register, which must be included in the annual audit to GDARD.

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July 2013

9 Environmental Mitigation Measures

This section details the mitigation and management measures identified for the impacts associated

with the Biogas Plant.

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July 2013

No. Activity Aspect Impact Mitigation Measure Timeframe Responsible

Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Environmental Management Measures for –Design and Planning–

Air Quality

EM 1. Installation of the flare Air

Emissions Air Quality

Ensure that a scrubber is installed in

the plant prior to the emission on any

gases.

Design Phase BBP

Surface Water Management

EM 2. Stormwater management

Water

quality

deterioration

Surface and Ground

water quality

Ensure that a suitable stormwater

management system is deigned which

will ensure that dirty and clean

stormwater is kept separate.

The stormwater management system

should ensure that all dirty

stormwater is directed back to the

digesters.

Design Phase BBP

Environmental Management Measures for –Construction–

Land and Soil Capability

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

EM3.

Construction activities

related to development of

infrastructure for plant,

i.e. the sinking and/or

erection, construction and

installation of collection

sumps, silage pits, slurry

tanks, mixing tank, CSTR,

aerobic treatment

systems, blowers,

scrubbers, generators,

flares, settling ponds and

administration offices

Removal of

Topsoil1

Potential to impact

on fertility of topsoil

Potential loss of

topsoil

Potential for erosion

of topsoil

The topsoil will be removed as per the

Double strip method2, for the

preservation of seeds, nutrients and

micro-organisms that are found

within the top 15cm of topsoil.

Double strip method:

Remove the top 15cm of topsoil

(sandy and silty loams) and use to

create berms upslope of the plant.

Remove the remaining 15 to 30cm of

topsoil and place on a separate

stockpile close to areas intended for

revegetation. These will be available

for use as backfill materials prior to

the topdressing and vegetation of the

rehabilitated areas.

Soils should be stripped intact with all

vegetation other than large trees,

while grasslands and transitional zone

soils will be treated with sulphur

phosphate prior to stripping in order

to ensure proper soil-mixing and to

lower the requirement for fertiliser

during rehabilitation.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

Environmental

Control

Officer

(identified in

section 8.1

above)3

1 The term “topsoil” refers to the “A” horizon of the soil. It is usually darker than the underlying material owing to the accumulation of organic material and usually comprises the top 10 to 30 cm of soil. 2 Mitigation measures sourced from the Topsoil and Landscaping Sections of the Mine Rehabilitation for Environment and Health Protection Training Manual developed by the WHO and UNEP, 1998. 3 The Environmental Control Officer mentioned is Section 6.1 will hereafter be referred to as the “ECO”.

P070004 47



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Soils should not be stripped when

they are wet. This can lead to

compaction and loss of the structure

of the soil.

Stockpiles should be re-vegetated

and slopes kept to less than 1:3 to

protect the topsoil from erosion, to

discourage weeds and to maintain the

active populations of the beneficial

micro organisms. The use of legumes

for this temporary vegetation is

recommended as they will maintain

the nitrogen content in the soil.

No stockpiles are to be placed within

20m of any drainage lines on site

The stockpiles will be located where

they will not be disturbed by future

activities or the development of

buildings or infrastructure, and where

possible, upstream of the area’s

natural stormwater flow path.

Disturbing the topsoil within the

stockpiles can further damage the soil

structure prior to final re-use.

Stockpiles will be no more than 1 to

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

2m high to ensure the best retention

of the organic components of the

topsoil.

If not previously fertilised, soils will

need to be treated with commercial

fertilisers (sulphur phosphate) prior

to the removal of large vegetation.

Regular re-inspection will be

necessary to ascertain whether

further fertilisation is required.

Any contaminated soil must be

removed to a suitable licensed landfill

site and the site rehabilitated to the

approval of the DWA.

The opportunity for onsite

rehabilitation and reuse of

contaminated soil must be

investigated prior to disposal. The

DWA should be notified of this regard.

Nuisance

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

EM4.



infrastructure for plant4

Noise

nuisance

resulting

from

construction

activities

Disturbance of

neighbours and

surrounding

communities from

nuisance noise.

Construction activities will be

undertaken during working hours

(8am to 5pm).

Any change in the noise

characteristics of a particular piece of

equipment will serve as an indicator

of potential mechanical failure which

will immediately be investigated and

rectified by the ECO.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

A complaints

register will be kept

on-site which will

contain a section

specific to noise

issues. The EM will

maintain register

and address noise

complaints within

48 hours of them

being lodged.

Heritage

EM5.



infrastructure for plant

Disturbance

of sub-

surface

heritage

resources

due to

construction

activities

Disturbance of sub-

surface heritage

resources.

If any unmarked archaeological

findings are discovered during

excavation activities, the excavation

must stop and the ECO must be

notified immediately. The ECO must

then contact the South African

Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA)

to investigate the archeological

findings.

Should the site be identified as a

historical refuse midden, an

archaeologist should be called in to

collect a representative sample from

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

by means of a

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly

construction project

meetings.

4 Construction activities refers to the development of infrastructure related to the proposed Biomass-to-Energy plant and includes the sinking and/or erection, construction and installation of collection

sumps, silage pits, slurry tanks, mixing tank, CSTR, aerobic treatment systems, blowers, scrubbers, generators, flares, settling ponds and administration offices

P070004 50



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

the site. This can then be studied in

order to obtain more information in

this regard.

Activities at the unmarked

archaeological sensitive area will be

allowed to recommence once SAHRA

has investigated the site and given

their permission to remove the

findings and/or to allow the

continuation of the proposed

operations.

Stormwater Management

EM6.




Storm water

arising

during

construction

phase

activities

Potential

deterioration in

surface water and

groundwater quality.

The plant site will have a storm water

berm of a minimum height of 0.5m

around it to separate the dirty storm

water within the site footprint from

the clean storm water outside of it.

The plant will ensure that there is a

storm water berm of a minimum

height of 0.5m around the topsoil

stockpile.

The plant will manage and maintain

the dirty water collection sumps

within the plant footprint so that they

do not overflow.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

by means of a

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly


meetings.

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

The waste storage areas and the

manure drying areas must be

designed with a stormwater system

which will utilise bunds for the

separation of the clean and dirty

stormwater.

Trenches are to be constructed

between the areas to be irrigated

with the treated effluent and the

Kleinspruit.

All hazardous waste are to be

disposed off at a suitably licensed

landfill site.

All hazardous substances to be stored

in SANS compliant bunding.

Fauna and Flora

EM7.




Loss of

faunal and

floral habitat

due to the

construction

phase

activities

Migration of fauna

from the area

Increase in animal

mortality

The construction site will be fenced to

prevent large fauna from accessing

the site.

The poaching of fauna by contracting

staff is illegal and will not be allowed.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

by means of a

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

The site will be monitored for alien

invasive species and a weed

eradication program will be

implemented

The proposed biomass-to-electricity

plant should be designed in such a

way as to ensure that no nutrient

enriched surface water runoff or

seepage leaves the 2ha footprint of

the site, and that all polluted water is

treated to DWAF standards on site.

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly


meetings.

Air Quality

EM8.




Creation and

dispersion of

dust during

construction

phase

activities

Deterioration in air

quality.

Deterioration in the

quality of

surrounding arable

land.

Potential impact on

human health due to

presence of

inhalable particles

All dirt access roads on the Beefcor

site will be adequately maintained to

minimise dust, erosion or undue

surface damage.

BBP will stabilize all surface areas,

which are exposed for longer than

two weeks, with dusticide or suppress

dust with water.

The speed of construction vehicles on

dirt roads will be restricted to a

maximum speed of 20-40 km/h to

avoid excessive dust being generated

or deterioration of the road surface.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Wind breaks will be established

around soil stockpiles, taking into

account prevailing wind direction

Fire Hazards

EM9.

Smoking and open fires

on-site by contracting staff

during construction

activities related to

development of


Increase risk

of fire

hazards from

smoking and

open fires.

Land degradation

Loss of vegetation


quality.

Fire breaks will be in place around the

construction site and will be

maintained for the life of the

operation.

No open fires will be permitted on

site.

No waste will be allowed to be burned

on site.

Induction sessions for employees and

visitors will include fire prevention/

safety precautions, actions and

contacts in the event of a fire.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

by means of a

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly


meetings.

Ablution Facilities

EM10.

Construction staff

ablutions during

construction activities



Utilisation of

non-

commissione

d,

unauthorised

or sensitive

Potential

deterioration of

surface water and


Potential

Contractors will provide construction

staff with chemical toilets during the

construction phase.

The chemical toilets will be serviced

and emptied weekly.

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

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July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

areas for

ablutions

deterioration of

surrounding soil and

land.

No sanitary facilities will be located

within 100 m of a watercourse

by means of a

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly


meetings.

Concrete On-site

EM11.

Construction material used

in the development of


Use and

mixing of

concrete on

site

Land degradation.

Potential

deterioration in

surface and ground

water quality.

BBP will ensure that the batching of

concrete will be undertaken on a hard

impermeable surface where possible,

or else inside a concrete mixer since

the cement used in making concrete

can potentially affect the pH of storm

water.

The cement will be delivered in bags

and will be stored on pallets in a dry

covered area within the bunded storm

water area.

No concrete mixing will take place

outside the stormwater bunded area.

Wash water from the mixing of

concrete will be allowed to settle or

evaporate from impermeable

concrete slabs with excess or waste

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

by means of a

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly


meetings.

P070004 55



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

aggregate being disposed of at a

suitable landfill site.

Hydrocarbons

EM12.

Utilisation of hydrocarbon-

containing materials

during the development of


Diesel and

oil spills from

equipment

Contamination of

topsoil and subsoil.

Potential

contamination of

surface water.

Potential

contamination of

groundwater.

All equipment will be kept in good

working condition and all leaks

repaired immediately.

All maintenance work will be done

over a plastic tarpaulin or steel drip

tray to catch all spills and leaks.

All operator and contractor-owned

generators will be placed on drip

trays to catch all spills and leaks.

Spilt oils and fuels will be stored in

210 ℓ drums within the service bay

area until the drums are collected by

a certified oil recycler.

In the event of an accidental spill

where the oil or transmission fluid is

spilled directly onto the ground, the

operator will either:

Treat the spill in situ using

bioremediation measures; or

Use a commercially available

hydrocarbon spill kit to absorb the

The

construction

phase is

projected to

begin and end

in 2009

ECO

BBP will monitor

the contractors’

compliance with the

EMP during the

construction phase

on a weekly basis

by means of a

checklist, and the

results fed back to

the contractors at

the monthly


meetings.

P070004 56



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

spilt hydrocarbons and then dispose

of the used spill kit and spoilt soil at a

certified landfill.

The ECO must keep copies of the

disposal certificates on-site.

Above surface diesel tanks and their

associated bund walls will be

constructed, operated and maintained

according to the South African

National Standards for the “storage

and distribution of petroleum

products in above ground bulk

installations” (SANS 10089-1:2003,

edition 4.1).

P070004 57



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Environmental Management Measures for –Operation–

Access and Security

EM Site access Unauthorised

access Security

Erect appropriate access controls.

No waste not reflected on the Waste

License may be stored on site.

A weather proof durable sign in three

official language (appropriate to the

area) needs to be erected at the

entrance indicating – the hours of

operations, the name, address and

contact number of the license holder

and the Responsible Person on site.

On completion

of the

construction

phase

BBP

Hydrocarbons

EM13.

Pumping of manure from

feedlots to collection sump

Diesel and

oil spills

from

equipment,

pumping

mechanisms.

Contamination of

topsoil and subsoil.

Potential

contamination of

surface water.

Potential

contamination of

BBP will install storm water

management systems at the plant,

which include oil separators/ grease

traps.

Above surface diesel tanks and their

associated bund walls will be

constructed, operated and maintained

according to the South African

National Standards for the “storage

The Biogas

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

waste

ECO

BBP will compile an

inspection checklist

for the operational

phase which will be

modified as and

when required by

the relevant

government

department.

Delivery of waste to the

plant

Transfer of waste from the

storage facilities to the

mixing tank.

Pumping of cattle manure

from storage silo to slurry

P070004 58



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

tank groundwater. and distribution of petroleum

products in above ground bulk

installations” (SANS 10089-1:2003,

edition 4.1).

The oil separator will be emptied by a

certified contractor and will not be

allowed to overflow.

The plant will store oils and other

lubricants in a bunded storeroom with

a capacity of 110%.

To prevent diesel and oil spills, all

equipment is to be kept in good

working condition and all leaks

repaired immediately.

All maintenance work will be done

over a plastic tarpaulin or steel drip

tray to catch all spills and leaks.

All plant and contractor-owned

generators will be placed on drip

material. Inspections during

the operational

phase will be

undertaken every

two weeks.

A bi-annual EMP

audit will be

undertaken, a

report for which

will be submitted

to GDACE detailing

the plant’s

compliance with

the EMP.

Mixing of contents of

slurry tank and pumping

to CSTR

Pumping of biogas

released from CSTR

through scrubber and

dehumidifier to Gen Set

Pumping of digested slurry

by-products from Biogas

Plant to storage area

Pumping of water to

digested solids storage

area and dehydration

Collection of dehydrated

slurry solids by contractor

P070004 59



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

trays to catch all spills and leaks.

Spoilt oils and fuels will be stored in

210 ℓ drums within the service bay

area until the drums are collected by

a certified oil recycler.

In the event of an accidental spill

where the oil or transmission fluid is

spilled directly onto the ground, the

plant will either:

Treat the spill in situ using

bioremediation measures; or

Use a commercially available

hydrocarbon spill kit to absorb the

spilt hydrocarbons and then dispose

of the used spill kit and spoilt soil at a

certified landfill.

The Environmental Control Officer

(ECO) must keep copies of the

disposal certificates on file at the

plant.

No waste will be buried or burned on

P070004 60



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

site.

The plant will ensure that all

transformers are surrounded by

reinforced concrete bunds.

The transformers will be serviced in

situ by a certified company.

Air-quality Management

EM14.

Delivery of waste material

to the plant Creation and

dispersion of

dust by

delivery and

collection

vehicles

Odour from

storage and

pumping of

chicken litter

and cattle

manure


quality (emissions,

odour).

Deterioration of

working conditions

of the plant staff.

Deterioration in the

quality of

surrounding arable

land.

All dirt access roads will be

adequately maintained to minimise

dust, erosion or undue surface

damage.

The speed of delivery/collection

vehicles on dirt roads will be

restricted to a maximum speed of 20-

40 km/h to avoid excessive dust

being generated or deterioration of

the road surface.

The gas flare will be maintained in

The Bio-2-

Watt Biomass

to Energy

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

cattle manure

and chicken

litter

ECO

A inspection

checklist for the

operational phase

has been compiled

and will be

modified as and

when required by

the relevant

government

department.

Inspections during

the operational

phase will be

Storage of waste material

on site

Transfer of waste material

to the mixing tank

Storage of cattle manure

in storage silo

Anaerobic digestion of

slurry in CIGAR

Pumping of biogas

P070004 61



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

released from CIGAR



Emission of

methane gas

into air

following

breakdown

of

CSTR/flare

Carbon

emissions

from diesel-

driven

generating

and pumping

equipment

Storage of

slurry solids

post-

digestion

good working order

The pumping system will be fitted

with a pressure monitor to detect for

leaks from the Gen Set

All storage and silage pits will be

sealed with concrete covers whose

seals will be intermittently checked

for leaks to ensure that odours are

contained

Complaints from neighbours

regarding odours will be recorded in

the complaints register which will be

monitored by the ECO

The generating equipment will be

kept in good working order and will

be services regularly to minimise the

release of harmful carbon emissions

Windbreaks will be erected at

stockpiles

undertaken every

two weeks.

A bi-annual EMP

audit will be

undertaken, a

report for which

will be submitted

to GDACE detailing

the plant’s

compliance with

the EMP.

The complaints

register will be

monitored

Service records of

equipment will be

maintained

Flaring of excess gas

Storage of slurry solids

post-digestion

Pumping of water to



Collection of dehydrated

slurry solids by contractor

P070004 62



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

The functionality of the scrubber will

be monitored to ensure the gas

thresholds are maintained.

The pH of the manure will be

managed through balancing between

high ammonia (alkali) and high

hydrogen sulphide (acidic) emissions

through the addition of pH lowering

compounds such as base precipitating

salts.

Water Quality Management

EM15.

Pumping of liquid manure

from feedlots to collection

sump

Potential

stormwater

runoff which

has been in

contact with

litter or

manure

Breakdown

Potential

deterioration in

quality of ground

and surface water

Clean and dirty water will be

separated on-site

The plant footprint will have

stormwater berms of a minimum

height of 0.5m for the separation of

dirty stormwater (that which has

contacted manure) within the plant

footprint from the clean stormwater

The Biogas

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

waste material

ECO

BBP will compile an


for the operational

phase which will be

modified as and

when required by

the relevant

government

department.

Storage of waste material

P070004 63



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Transfer of waste material

to the mixing tank

of system or

leakage of

liquids from

pipes

throughout

system

Potential

mixing of

clean and

dirty water

through

breaching of

bunds in

excessively

wet weather

Irrigation of

land with

excess

system

water

outside of the footprint.

The plant will ensure that there is

sufficient drainage and berms

surrounding manure storage areas

The applicant will obtain a permit

from the Department of Water Affairs

and Forestry in order to use treated

effluent stormwater for irrigation

purposes

Water will be treated in an aerobic

treatment system to ensure the

quality of effluent being used for

irrigation meets DWAF standards

The plant will monitor water quality in

the clean and dirty water systems

and the results will form part of the

EMP compliance checklist

The plant is to maintain at least 0.8m

freeboard of the effluent stormwater

Inspections during

the operational

phase will be

undertaken every

two weeks.

A bi-annual EMP

audit will be

undertaken, a

report for which

will be submitted to

GDACE detailing

the plant’s

compliance with

the EMP.

Bi-annual water

monitoring of the

groundwater

boreholes and

surface water on-

site will be

undertaken, with

the results being



tank

Mixing of contents of slurry

tank and pumping to CSTR




Pumping of water to



P070004 64



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Collection of stormwater

effluent in retention dam

retention dam.

The plant will fence and sign the

effluent stormwater dam.

The plant will be responsible for the

clearing of storm water culverts.

The stormwater control area will be

lined with impermeable concrete and

will be bermed-off

The effluent stormwater dam will be

able to retain a 1:50 year flood event

within 24 hours

No ablution facilities will be located

within 100 m of a borehole

Groundwater resources will be

protected through monthly

monitoring of the integrity of the

digester lining

submitted to DWAF

Use of treated effluent

stormwater for irrigation

P070004 65



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

A leakage detection system will be

installed

Collection trenches to be installed

between the land being irrigated and

the Kleinspruit must be regularly

maintained.

All hazardous material to be stored

on site in bunded areas as per the

relevant SANS requirements.

Waste Management

EM16.

Production of general,

domestic and industrial

waste during operation of

the plant.

Incorrect

disposal of

waste

Land degradation.

Surface water and

groundwater quality

deterioration.

Deterioration of

working conditions.

Adequate and covered waste drums

will be provided at the plant within

the stormwater control area.

No waste will be allowed to be buried

or burned.

Waste drums will be emptied

regularly at a suitably licensed landfill

The Biogas

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

waste material

ECO

BBP will compile an


for the operational

phase which will be

modified as and

when required by

the relevant

government

department.

P070004 66



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

site.

Copies of the certificate of safe

disposal of all waste must be retained

by BBP.

Industrial waste is to be handled at a

designated waste area.

All scrap metal should be sorted and

sold to scrap metal dealers.

Wastes such as paper and fluorescent

tubes should be sorted for recycling

at source.

The waste storage area will be

demarcated according to each waste

type (colour coded and labelled). The

design ensures environmental risks

are minimised by incorporating

impermeable surfaces and polluted

water separation systems.

The facility will also contain covered

hazardous waste storage area.

Inspections during

the operational

phase will be

undertaken every

two weeks.

A bi-annual EMP

audit will be

undertaken, a

report for which

will be submitted

to GDACE detailing

the plant’s

compliance with

the EMP.

Water and Energy Consumption

EM17. Pumping of manure from Consumption Conservation of The plant will investigate reducing The Biogas ECO Energy accounting

P070004 67



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

feedlots to collection sump of water and

energy

water and energy electricity consumption on an annual

basis as soon as full capacity is

reached

Where possible energy efficient light

bulbs will be used on site.

The mine will aim to reduce water

consumption on an annual basis as

soon as full capacity is reached, with

water from the system being recycled

wherever possible.

No washing of clothing, lunch dishes

or vehicles is permitted in natural

water systems.

It must be ensures that energy

production is always greater than

energy consumption

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

waste material

will be done

annually according

to the GHG

protocol5 to

investigate

possible

reductions.

BBP will register

with the South

African Clean

Development

Mechanism in

order to register

for the selling of

carbon credits



tank

Mixing of contents of

slurry tank and pumping

to CSTR

Anaerobic digestion of

slurry in CSTR

Pumping of biogas

released from Biogas Plant






Pumping of water to



5 The GHG Protocol is a Greenhouse Gas Accounting framework which was developed the World Resource Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and

which conforms to almost every international standard including the International Standards Organization (ISO). The GHG protocol provides a complete set of tools, guidelines and

worksheets for GHG accounting across sectors, thereby enabling the creation of a narrow scope by which to inventory GHG emissions.

P070004 68



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Any leaks in the water system will be

attended to rapidly so as to avoid

excessive wasting of water

Non-essential machinery will be shut-

down when not in use.

Socio-economic impacts

EM18. Operation of plant

Staff

requirement

for running

and

maintenance

of plant

Employment

opportunities

(positive impact)

Increase in supplier

opportunities to the

plant (positive

impact)

Increase in the skills

in the local area

BBP will endeavour to employ

workers from the Bronkhorstspruit

area.

Procure material, goods and products

required for operations from local

companies where feasible

Promote workers horizontally to

become proficient in another type of

activity

Ensure that skill transfer takes place

should the required technical skills

not be available within the local

The Biogas

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

waste material

ECO

P070004 69



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

community.

Increase opportunities for local

residents to be employed during the

life of the plant

Fauna

EM19. Operation of plant

Operation

phase

activities

resulting in

nuisance to

fauna and

flora and

potential

killing of

species

Migration of fauna

from the area.

Loss of conservation

important species

Increase in animal

mortality

Employees will be educated to

minimise the incidental killing and to

prevent intentional killing (hunting) of

animals.

The plant site will be fenced to

prevent large fauna from accessing

the site.

The killing of fauna by staff is illegal

and will not be allowed.

Movements of any animals intending

to flee the impacted area will not be

impeded

The Biogas

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

waste material

ECO

BBP will compile an


for the operational

phase which will be

modified as and

when required by

the relevant

government

department.

Inspections during

the operational

phase will be

undertaken every

two weeks.

A bi-annual EMP

P070004 70



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

The site will be monitored for alien

invasive species and a weed

eradication program will be

implemented

The proposed biomass-to-electricity

plant should be designed and

operated in such a way as to ensure

that no nutrient enriched surface

water runoff or seepage leaves the

2ha footprint of the site, and that all

polluted water is treated to DWAF

standards on site.

audit will be

undertaken, a

report for which

will be submitted

to GDACE detailing

the plant’s

compliance with

the EMP.

Hygiene and Sanitation

P070004 71



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

EM20.

Utilisation of manure

(bovine and fowl) for plant

operation

Pumping of

manure from

feedlots to

collection

sump

Storage of

waste

material

Potential

deterioration of

surface water and


Land contamination.

Ablutions at the plant will preferably

be connected to the municipal

sewage system

Should connection to municipal

sewage works not be feasible, septic

tanks will be provided for use by staff

The Biogas

plant will

operate for as

long as is

required in

terms of

demand for

electricity or

supply of

ECO

BBP will compile an


for the operational

phase which will be

modified as and

when required by

the relevant

government

department.

P070004 72



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Staff complement for

operating plant

Storage of

cattle

manure in

silos

Storage of

digested

manure

solids

Ablution

facilities for

staff

Handling of

manure

Nuisance odours

Potential for

diseases arising from

inherent

microorganisms in

manure

The ECO will check the pipes at the

ablution facilities monthly. If there

are blockages or leaks in the

ablutions, they will be repaired by

the plant within 24 hours.

The plant will perform proactive

monthly checks and will undertake

immediate action to prevent the

deterioration of the surface and

ground water quality.

The collection and storage pits will be

lined with concrete and will be

routinely cleaned with an

antimicrobial sanitizing agent.

Should any diseases amongst poultry

or cattle in surrounding areas arise,

all manure exposed to air will be

sterilised and disposed of.

Notification reminding staff to wear

PPE will be maintained at all time and

will be clearly visible.

Monitoring of exposure of employees

waste material

Inspections during

the operational

phase will be

undertaken every

two weeks.

A bi-annual EMP

audit will be

undertaken, a

report for which

will be submitted

to GDACE detailing

the plant’s

compliance with

the EMP.

P070004 73



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

to air pollutants must be undertaken

within one month of commissioning

the plant and thereafter as per the

requirements of the Occupational

Health and Safety Act.

Staff will be required to wash their

hands with sanitizing handwash

intermittently throughout the day,

while masks, gloves and overalls will

be worn at all times.

P070004 74



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

Environmental Management Measures for –Decommissioning–

Restoration of Land Post-closure

EM21.

Demolition/

Decommissioning

of plant

Removal of

concrete

foundations

Land restoration

The plant will dispose of

any concrete foundations

at a suitably licensed

landfill.

Prior to the resale or

scrapping of any concrete

from foundations, the

plant will undertake high

pressure washing and any

contamination testing

required prior to disposal /

sale.

Any potentially

contaminated concrete

(i.e. that which was in

The Biogas plant

decommissioning

phase is

estimated to last

for approximately

6 months

ECO

Weekly inspections

of

decommissioning

activities will be

undertaken to

ensure compliance

with the EMP

P070004 75



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

direct contact with

manure) will be sanitized

prior to resale, scrapping

or landfilling

The plant will ensure that

that no contaminated

concrete items are

released into the public

domain.

EM22.

Demolition/

Decommissioning

of plant

Removal and

disposal of steel Land restoration

The mine will dispose of all

steel with a certified

trader.

Prior to any resale or

scrapping of the plant

equipment, the plant will

undertake high pressure

washing and any

contamination testing

required prior to the

disposal / sale of the

equipment.

The Biogas plant

decommissioning

phase is

estimated to last

for approximately

6 months

ECO

Weekly inspections

of

decommissioning

activities will be

undertaken to

ensure compliance

with the EMP

P070004 76



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

All metal piping which has

been in direct contact with

manure will be sterilized

prior to scrapping or sale.

EM23.

Demolition/

Decommissioning

of plant

Removal of all

electrical cabling,

transformers and

power generating

equipment

Land restoration

Where possible,

infrastructure will be re-

used rather than

demolished.

Infrastructure can possibly

be sold to Eskom.

All copper cabling will be

stripped and sold to a

certified scrap dealer,

plastic coatings will be

recycled.

Oil filled transformers will

be re-used and where not

possible, oil will be bled

from the transformers for

disposal at a suitable

landfill site and the

transformers will be sold

The Biogas plant

decommissioning

phase is

estimated to last

for approximately

6 months

ECO

Weekly inspections

of

decommissioning

activities will be

undertaken to

ensure compliance

with the EMP

P070004 77



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

as scrap.

EM24.

Demolition/

Decommissioning

of plant

Ploughing,

compacting and

re-application of

topsoil

(Rehabilitation of

topsoil)

Reduction in

compaction of soils

Amelioration and

replacing topsoil on

disturbed areas for re-

vegetation

The plant will till all hard

standing areas

Before placing or re-

spreading topsoil two

factors must be

considered:

First, that the locations for

the spreading of the

available topsoil are

chemically compatible with

the available topsoil.

Second, that there is

sufficient topsoil to

complete the planned task.

The thickness of topsoil

placed will be sufficient for

grazing, 500mm

Where there are only

The Biogas plant

decommissioning

phase is

estimated to last

for approximately

6 months

ECO

Weekly inspections

of

decommissioning

activities will be

undertaken to

ensure compliance

with the EMP

P070004 78



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

limited supplies of topsoil

the following should be

considered:

Topsoil and the vegetation

should be laid in strips

alternating with areas on

which there has been no

placement of topsoil. This

will increase the coverage.

With limited supplies of

topsoil, an underlying layer

of subsoil will commonly

produce better results than

a thin layer of topsoil

alone. This will serve to

“stretch” the supply of

topsoil. Also, in the

application of topsoil, even

if there is very little

available, the smallest

quantities will commonly

introduce essential micro-

organisms and seeds into

the growth region.

P070004 79



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

The plant will carry out

testing of the topsoil prior

to replacing the topsoil.

The plant will test the

chemistry of the topsoil.

The plant will note the

results of the tests,

ameliorate, and seed the

topsoil accordingly.

It is recommended that

placing subsoil or topsoil

near a surface which

contains the following

constituents be avoided:

Soils that have sand or

gravel content of 70% or

more. However, where

soils are excessively

clayey, melding or mixing

granular material with the

P070004 80



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

clay material can produce

acceptable subsoil.

If material has a pH of less

than 5 or a pH of more

than 8.5, avoid or pre-

treat these areas.

The material should not

have a chloride content of

3% or more. If the soils

contain more they should

be treated in another

manner prior to the laying

of subsoil.

The plant will utilise the

recommended species list

for re-vegetation.

The plant will monitor the

re-vegetation process.

Vehicle access onto

rehabilitated land will be

P070004 81



July 2013


Person

Proposed

Monitoring

limited

Soils will not be placed on

slopes with a gradient

greater than 6 % in order

to limit erosion- potential

Adequate sub-surface

drainage will be catered

for so as to limit the

potential for salinisation of

the soils and enhancement

of the arable potential of

the soils

Fauna

EM25.

Demolition/

Decommissioning

of plant

Preservation of

habitats

Re-integration of

fauna onto site

Boundary fences around

plant area will be removed

The Biogas plant

decommissioning

phase is

estimated to last

for approximately

6 months

ECO

Weekly inspections

of

decommissioning

activities will be

undertaken to

ensure compliance

with the EMP

P070004 82



July 2013

10 References

1Lochner, P. 2005. Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-

S-C2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape,

Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.

2DEAT (2004) Environmental Management Plans, Integrated Environmental Management,

Information Series 12, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), Pretoria.

Revised Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant EMP Rev 2

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Transcript of Revised Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant EMP Rev 2