Review: Early Humans History Review:

Mary Leakey  - Archaeologist that discovered footprints of early hominids suggesting that man walked upright earlier than believed.

Old Stone Age  - Early humans led a nomadic lifestyle; Also known as the Paleolithic Era; Stone, bone, and wood tools for hunting and gathering. Created art such as necklaces, beads, carved sculptures of animals, and cave paintings. 

Neolithic Revolution  - An agircultural revolution meaning a shift from food gatherer to food producer; Caused by warming climate, rich supply of grain, and food demands on population boom; Led to settled communities, slash-and-burn farming, and the domestication of animals.

Civilization  - An advanced civilization consists of five components: Advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.

Artisans  - Skilled workers that make goods by hand. Mesopotamia  - Land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-

day Iraq. Sumerians  - One of the world's earliest civilizations; Mesopotamia. Scribes  - Professional record keepers. Cuneiform  - Systen of writing on clay tablets (3000 BC). Ziggurat  - Massive temple complex used for religion, storage of grain, and

record keeping. Barter Economy  - Trading goods without money. Bronze Age  - Metal workers melt copper and tin together; used for armor

and arrowheads (2500 BC).

Review: River Valley Civilizations Prehistoric  - Before invention of writing Neolithic Revolution  - Agriculture begins Slash-and-Burn Farming  - Clearing land for farming Cultural Diffusion  - Process by which ideas, beliefs, and products of one

people are shared with and accepted by another people Ziggurat  - Sumerian temple used for government, religion, record

keeping, and storage of grain. Natural Barriers  - Geographic features that keep a civilization protected

or isolated; Deserts, mountains, etc.

Tigris & Euphrates Rivers  - Unpredictable flooding  Mesopotamia  - Land between Tigris and Euphrates  Empire  - One ruler over several peoples and areas Sargon of Akkad  - Established the first empire in Southwest Asia Hammurabi's Code  - First written code of laws; by Hammurabi under the

Babylonian Empire Nile River  - Predictable flooding allows Egyptian civilization to thrive Nile River Delta  - Where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea Cataracts  - Rapids Menes (Narmer)  - Unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom Polytheism  - Belief in many gods Old Kingdom  - Period after the unification of Egypt; Pharaohs build

pyramids Pharaoh  - Divine ruler; Believed by the Egyptians to be a god Pyramids  - Tombs for Old Kingdom Pharaohs; Shows mathematical and

engineering skills, a powerful economy, and access to large amounts of stone.

Mummification  - Shows a belief in the afterlife Theocracy  - Civilization governed by religion and a divine ruler Hieroglyphics  - Egyptian writing system; often done on papyrus; pictures

representing ideas Indus & Ganges Rivers  - River valley civilizations in modern day India,

Pakistan, and Bangladesh  Mohenjo-daro  - Little is known about this Indus valley civilization; can't

decipher written language; evidence of urban planning and plumbing! Gobi Desert  - Natural barrier in China Himalaya Mountains  - Natural barrier between India and China Huang He (Yellow) & Yangtze Rivers  - Chinese river valley Shang Dynasty  - One of the first Chinese dynasties; family of rulers Zhou Dynasty  - Overthrows the Shang Dynasty Dynastic Cycle  - Explains how dynasties rise, fall, and are replaced Mandate of Heaven  - Power leader gains this divine approval to rule China Oracle Bones  - Chinese priests write questions into these bones, touch

them with a red hot poker, and read/interpret the cracks Chinese System of Writing  - Thousands of Chinese characters; People can

read the language but don't have to speak it.

Review: Belief Systems Hittites  - Indo-European group that occupied Anatolia; iron weapons.

Aryans  - Indo-European nomadic warriors that invaded the Indus Valley; introduced the Caste System.

Hinduism  - Religion developed in India over a long period of time; no single founder; polytheistic.

Reincarnation  - Belief that one's soul or spirit can be born again in another lifetime; shared by Hindu and Buddhist belief systems.

Karma  - The good and bad deeds that one does in their life. Moksha  - Hindu goal of perfect understanding. Caste System  - Social class system in Hinduism that was arranged

according to occupation. Upanishads  - A Hindu book/conversation between teacher and student;

the Vedas are another writing important to Hinduism.  Buddhism  - Founded by Siddartha Guatama in a small kingdom in Nepal

(northern India); encourages people to seek enlightenment (wisdom); will spread throughout Asia because of trade.

Four Noble Truths  - All life is suffering; overcome selfish desires; follow Eightfold Path

Eightfold Path  - The right conduct to follow in order to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana  - Ultimate goal of Buddhism; release from selfishness and

pain/suffering. Jainism  - Religion founded in India by Mahavira; all living things

considered sacred (even bugs); work in trade/commerce where they can't harm living things.

Judaism  - Monotheistic religion; ethical monotheism is the belief in one God and emphasizing right conduct.

Torah  - Hebrew Bible/holy book of Judaism; also first 5 chapters of Old Testament

Abraham  - Born in Ur; shepard; First Hebrew; covenant (agreement) with God that his descendants would be blessed and faithful.

Moses  - Adopted son of an Egyptian princess; led Hebrews out of Egypt; received the Ten Commandments.

Ten Commandments  - Moral code of Judaism; widely used in western culture to this day.

King David  - Unites the tribes of Israel. King Solomon  - Ruler of Israel that builds massive temple for God

(Yahweh) and the Ark of the Covenant; known for wisdom and use of diplomacy; high taxes and forced labor will lead to a split into two separate kingdoms.

Nebuchadnezzar  - Chaldean king of the Babylonian Empire; war with Israel destroys Solomon's Temple. 

Minoans  - Ancient civilization that thrived on Crete in the Aegean Sea; dominates sea trade in the eastern Mediterranean Sea; mysteriously disappears---volcanic eruption? invasion?

Phoenicians  - Ancient civilization known for expert ship building and Mediterranean trade network; developed symbols/letters to represent sounds; glass and purple dye are highly profitable; modern day Lebanon.

Review: First Empires New Kingdom  - After overthrowing the Hyksos (nomadic invaders who

ruled Egypt from 1640 BC - 1570 BC) pharaohs sought to strengthen Egypt by building an empire;  Egypt enters its third period of glory in the New Kingdom, and reaches greater wealth and more power than ever before.

Queen Hatshepsut  - Declares herself pharaoh around 1472 BC, when her stepson (the male heir to the throne) was a young child. She spent her reign encouraging trade, rather than waging war.

Ramses II  - Pharaoh that finally makes a treaty with a Hittite king (Battle of Kadesh), that states “peace and brotherhood between us forever;” Alliance would last till the end of the century; Rules for approx. 67 years.

Assyrians  - Dominated the Fertile Crescent;  Reaches such great power by a means of a sophisticated military organization and state-of-the-art weaponry;  Greatest power in Southwest Asia at the time. 

Satraps  - A governor installed by Darius.  These governors would rule locally. They checked up on the administration of each province in every corner of the kingdom.

Royal Road  - Unifies the Persian empire; Runs from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia; Distance of 1677 miles. 

Zoroaster  - Religious reformer who offers answer to question “why should so much suffering and chaos exist in the world?;”  Teaches that 2 spiritual armies fight for possession of a person’s soul; The god of truth and light leads one army, and the god of evil and darkness leads the other; At the end of time souls would be judged according to which side they chose.

Confucianism  - Belief in social order, harmony, and good government. Believes in 5 basic relationship:

o Ruler and subjecto Father and Sono Husband and wifeo Older brother and younger brother

o Friend and Friend Analects  - are a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese

thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. The Chinese title literally means "discussion over [Confucius'] words."

Filial Piety  - A teaching of Confucius in which he stressed that children should practice respect for their parents and elders.

Daoism (Taoism)  - “The way guides all things” presented by a 6th century Chinese thinker named Laozi;  Belief that only the natural order was important;  Believed that only humans failed to follow the dao;  Its search for knowledge and understanding of nature led Daoism followers to pursue scientific studies; Daoists made contributions to the sciences of alchemy, astronomy, and medicine.

Legalism  - Believed a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order; Punishments are useful to maintain social order, thinkers and their ideas should be strictly controlled by the government; Qin Dynasty under Shi Huangdi. 

Yin and Yang  - Two powers that together represent the natural rythems of life; Yang - masculine qualities of the universe; Yin - feminine qualities of the universe.

Qin Dynasty  - Short lived dynasty that replaces the Zhou dynasty in the third century BC; Emerges from the western state of the Qin; Legalist ideas were used to subdue warring states and unify the country;  By 202 BC the Qin dynasty gave way to the Han dynasty.

Autocracy  - A government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner.

Ancient Greece is one of the most influential periods in all of World History.

Geography of Greece  - Mountainous; difficult to unite regions under single government.

Mycenaeans  - Preserved and spread Minoan culture. Dorians  - Ruled the Greek world for 400 years but left no written record. Polis  - City-state. Phalanx  - Military formation; spear and shield. Persian Wars  - Greek city-states successfully defend themselves from the

Persians; leads to new sense of confidence and freedom; Athens leads Delian League (allliance of 140 city-states)

Olympics  - Sporting event that city-states could compete in; political event in that city-states put aside any differences to compete.

Sparta  - City-state that values military and the state. Athens  - City-state that incorporates democratic elements and values

education, arts (Classical style), and philosophy; powerful navy.

Direct Democracy  - Citizens propose and vote on laws; executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Pericles  - Leader of the Athenians; Increases pay for public officials; strengthens navy; glorification of Athens (Parthenon)

Socrates  - Philosopher that encourages questioning; condemned to death for "corrupting the youth of Athens."

Plato  - Student of Socrates; Wrote The Republic - ideal society where people fall naturally into 3 groups (farmers/artisans, warriors, ruling class); strongest individual from ruling class is philosopher-king.

Aristotle  - Teachings led to development of scientific method; Alexander the Great's teacher.

Peloponnesian War  - Sparta defeats Athens; Athens severely weakened from plague

King Philip of Macedonia  - Uses heavy phalanx formation and conquers a weakened Greece; Alexander the Great's father; Oracle at Delphi predicts that he would lose his eye and his son would conquer the world.

Alexander the Great  - Military conquests of Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Persia led to spread of Hellenistic culture; Ended era of independent Greek city-states; Died at 32 years old. 

Plutarch  - Roman writer/historian that documented Alexander's life and much of Hellenistic culture.

Hellenistic Culture  - Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Indian, and Persian cultures; Popular spoken language is koine.

Alexandria  - African city that became the major center of commerce and the Hellenistic civilization; Pharos was a 400 foot lighthouse that guided ships into the Egyptian harbor; Other major attractions include a famous museum and the Alexandrian Library.

Archimedes  - Accurately estimated the value of pi (3.14); Pulley and compound lever to lift heavy objects.

Eratosthenes  - Director of the Alexandrian library; computed the Earth's circumference using geometry (within 1%)

Stoicism  - Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno; Emphasizes harmonious life using natural law; Promoted social unity.

Epicureanism  - Hellenistic philosophy founded by Epicurus; Only real objects are those that can be perceived by the 5 senses.

Colossus of Rhodes  - Bronze statue over 100 feet high; According to legend it straddled the harbor on the island of Rhodes; later statues will move away from idealized forms and constructed realistic works

Ancient RomeAncient Rome is one of the greatest and most intriguing areas to study in history.

Republic  - Form of government established in 509 BC after the Romans drove the last Etruscan monarch from power; Power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders; Early power struggles existed between patricians and plebeians.

Patricians  - Aristocratic landowners that held most of the power in the early republic.

Plebeians  - Majority of the population that consisted of farmers, artisans, merchants.

Twelve Tables  - Written code of law displayed in the Roman forum (451 BC); All free citizens had right to protection of the law.

Legion  - Military unit of 5,000 heavily armed infantry; All adult male citizens must serve.

Punic Wars  - Series of wars against Carthage for the control of the western half of the Mediterranean Sea; Roman general Scipio out maneuvers Hannibal of Carthage in 202 BC. 

Triumvirate  - Group of three rulers that ruled Rome following the collapse of the Republic for 10 years; Julius Caesar, Crassus (wealthy), and Pompey (general/Caesar's rival).

Julius Caesar  - Popular general; Conquers Gaul; Defeats Pompey in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt;  Appointed dictator for life by Senate in 44 BC; Assassinated on March 15, 44 BC in the senate chamer.

Second Triumvirate  - Made up of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus.

Battle of Actium  - Naval battle where Octavian (Augustus) defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC.

Augustus  - Formerly Octavian; Most powerful emperor of the Roman Empire; Glorified Rome, established civil service, and stabilized the frontier.

Pax Romana  - 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity. Jesus of Nazareth  - Born around AD 4 - 6; Teachings based on

Judaism; Said to have performed miracles so many believed him to be the Messiah or the son of God; Main historical source consists of the first four books of the New Testament (Gospels).

Paul  - Christian leader that wrote influential letters called epistles to groups of believers.

Christianity  - Based on teachings of Jesus; Embraces all people; Offers personal relationship with loving God; Gave hope to powerless; Promised eternal life after death; Spreads easily because of the Pax Romana, however refusal to worship Roman gods leads to persecution.

Caligula and Nero  - Bad emperors; Mentally ill, persecution of Christians, great fires; Empire still survives because of effective civil service.

Diaspora  - Dispersal of the Jews from their homeland into exile.

Marcus Aurelius  - Emperor that brought Rome to height of economic prosperity; Last emperor of the Pax Romana; wrote Meditations

Diocletian  - Reforming Emperor that divided empire into West and East to make control more efficient.

Constantine  - Reforming Emperor that embraces Christianity (Battle at Milvian Bridge/Edict of Milan) and moves capital to Constantinople (Byzantium) in the east.

Greco-Roman Culture  - Mixture of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture.

Colosseum  - Opens AD 80; Great architectural achievement using the arch, dome, and concrete; A spectator can watch gladiators fight to the death, or watch Christians be devoured by lions, or see wild animals slaughtered.

Bas-relief  - Roman sculptures that told stories to represent crowds of people.

Pompeii  - Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 preserves many great Roman works of art.

Virgil  - Roman poet modeled works after Homer; Wrote the Aeneid. Aqueducts  - Used arches for support; Brought water into towns and

cities. Fall of Western Roman Empire  - Know the political, economic, social,

and military causes; the Eastern portion of the empire becomes the Byzantine Empire.

Review: Indian and Han Dynasties Mauryan Dynasty  - Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 BC after he

overthrew Seleucus (Alexander the Great's General). Asoka  - Chandragupta Maurya's grandson brings empire to its height;

Converts to Buddhism after the mass slaughter of over 100,000 people at the Battle of Kalinga; Edicts promoted religious toleration and nonviolence.

Gupta Empire  - Founded by Chandra Gupta I in AD 320 after 500 years of turmoil in India. 

Chandra Gupta II  - Expanded power by defeating the Shakas on the west coast and trade grows between India and the Mediterranean; Used diplomatic and marriage alliances.

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva  - The three main gods of Hinduism; the creator, the preserver, and the destroyer; New trend is worhip 1 or 2 gods to make religion more personal and increase mass appeal.

Indian Math  - developed modern numerals, concept of "0," the decimal system. 

Indian Astronomy  - Determined the Earth is round by observing a lunar eclipse; solar calendar.

Han Dynasty  - Set up a powerful bureacracy (top-down rule) in China from 202 BC - AD 220; Credited with the invention of paper; Silk production is closely guarded secret.

Empress Lu  - Holds real power in Han China by naming infants as the emperor; lowers taxes.

Wudi  - "Martial Emperor;" sets up civil service exam system to set up powerful bureacracy; expands boundaries to present-day China.

Silk Routes  - Increased cultural diffusion with India and Europe through trade; Imports gold, glass, dyes, Buddhism, perfumes, gems; Exports silk, furs, spices, ceramic, bronze, iron.

Review: Islam Mecca  - Important trading center and pilgrimage site; Site of the Ka'ba

(original house of worship built by Abraham); modern day Saudi Arabia; crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Bedouins  - Nomadic desert tribesmen that began settlements on the Arabian Peninsula.

Muhammad  - Prophet and messenger of Allah in the Islamic faith. Hijrah  - Muhammad and followers move to Yathrib; Muhammad gains a

stronger following and city is renamed Medina. Qur'an  - Holy book of Islam; Revelations of Muhammad; Written in Arabic;

spreads the language.  Five Pillars  - Religious duties that practicing Muslims must perform.

o Faith  - There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah

o Prayer  - Five times a day facing Meccao Alms  - Giving money to the pooro Hajj  - Pilgrimage (religious journey) to Meccao Fasting  - No food or drink from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

Caliph  - Successor of Muhammad. Caliphate  - "rightly guided Caliphs" or first four successors of

Muhammad; Abu-bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali; Spread Islam with military conquest and tolerance.

People of the Book  - Jews and Christians were protected and allowed to follow their faith under Muslim rule.

Shi'a  - "Party of Ali;" Group that resisted Umayyad rule; Believed that the successor of Muhammad should be a descendant.

Sunni  - Group that believed successor could be a follower of Muhammad's example.

Shari'a  - System of law; alternate spelling is Shariah Sunna  - Muhammad's proper example of living; source of authority under

Islam. Social Classes  - Upper consisted of Muslims by birth; then converted

Muslims; then "protected people;" Lowest class consists of slaves. Al-Khwarizmi  - Developed al-jabr (Algebra!) Calligraphy  - Fine artistic handwriting; against Muslim law to draw

pictures of living beings.

Review: Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire  - Name for the Eastern Roman Empire; Capital at

Constantinople; used diplomacy to hold empire together. Justinian  - Most poweful Byzantine ruler; set up legal code using the

Roman model and it ruled the Byzantines for 900 years; creates massive public works projects.

Hagia Sophia  - Most splendid Eastern Orthodox Christian chirch built by Justinian; later convinces the Russians to adopt Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Church Schism  - Division within Christian church; separates into Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox; Byzantine emperors begin to reject the Pope's authority; the Patriarch becomes head of Eastern Christianity.

Ivan III  - First Russian ruler to call himself "czar" which translates to "caesar."

Mamelukes  - Turkish military slaves who became a powerful force in the Abbasid empire.

Asian Empires Dynastic Cycle  - Explains why Chinese dynasties are overthrown and

replaced throughout history; This year we studied the Shang - Zhou - Qin - Han - Sui - Tang - Song - Yuan.

Tang Taizong  - Founder of the Tang Dynasty that restores order and lowers taxes.

Empress Wu Zhao  - Tang ruler that conquers Korea.

China's Golden Age  - Under Tang & Song rule movable type, mechanical clock, magnetic compass (Song Dynasty will become great sea power), paper money, and porcelain were all invented.

Movable Type  - Chinese invention that used printing blocks which could be used again to print something else; Technology will eventually be applied to the invention of the Printing Press.

Steppes  - Central Asia; People are nomadic because of the extreme climate changes; Little rainfall with short-hardy grass.

Pastoralist  - Nomads of the steppe that make a living by herding domesticated animals.

Clan  - Mongols were nomadic and lived in a clan which was determined by kinship (ancestry).

Genghis Khan  - Unites the Mongols and expands power east and west; Had brilliant military strategy and organization; Terror used as a weapon; Successors will continue to expand rule following his death.

Mongol Empire  - The largest unified land empire in history. Pax Mongolica  - Mogolian peace; Ideas and inventions spread with trade

throughout Asia and Europe. Khanates  - Following the death of Ogadai Mongolians divided power into

four Khanates; Golden Horde in Russia; Chagatai in central Asia; Ilkhanate in Persia; Great Khan in China.

Kublai Khan  - Rules China (Yuan Dynasty); Employs foreigners such as Marco Polo in gov't because he found them more trustworthy than the Chinese; Ditches the nomadic lifestyle; Internal family struggles will help the Chinese overthrow Khan rule following Kublai's death.

Kamikaze  - To the Japanese this "divine wind" or typhoon saved them from a Mongolian invasion via Korea.

Shinto  - Early Japanese religion that revolved around nature; "way of the gods;" When Buddhism arrives from Korea they will combine the two religions.

Feudalism  - Form of gov't in which people give up their land in exchange for protection.

Samurai  - Protectors of the land. Bushido  - Code of the Samurai; Eventually all peasants are required to

live by this code.

Middle AgesThe Middle Ages of Europe or "The Dark Ages" is the period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Changes in Western Europe (following the fall of Rome) - Disruption of trade, downfall of cities, population shifts, decline of learning, and loss of a common language.

Clovis  - Unites the Franks into one kingdom after converting to Christianity.

Benedict  - Italian monk that writes a book of strict of rules for monasteries in 520.

Gregory I  -  Becomes Pope in 590; expands papal power by making it a worldly (secular) force in politics.

Charles Martel  - Defeats Mulsim raiding party at the Battle of Tours in 732; extends Frankish rule.

Pepin the Short  - Fights off Lombards for the Pope; "King by the grace of God;" Begins Carolingian Dynasty.

Charlemagne  - Unifies most of Western Europe; Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III; spreads Christianity; encourages learning.

Treaty of Verdun  - Ended civil war between Charlemagne's grandsons (Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German).

Vikings  - Caused disruption in Northwestern Europe with raids; terror fades away after they accept Christianity and a warming climate change.

Manor  - Self-sufficient lord's estate in feudal Europe; serfs tend the land and knight's protect the land.

Lord  - Landowner that grants a fief (land) to vassals (lesser lords). Serf  - peasant; couldn't lawfully leave their place of birth. Knight  - Received land in exchange for their protective services;

fought bravely for their eartly feudal lord, heavenly Lord, and his lady.

Chivalry  - Code of the knight. Tithe  - Tax paid to the church; 1/10 of income. Troubadors  - Poet-musicians that often sang about romance. Clergy  - religious officials; Pope - Bishops - Priests. Sacraments  - To achieve salvation a good Roman Catholic will take

part in these; ex. baptism and confirmation. Holy Roman Empire  - By 1100 consisted of present day Germany;

named by Frederick I "Barbarosa." Canon Law  - Law of the church. Excommunication  - When the clergy banishes one from the church;

wields power over political rulers such as Henry IV.

Interdict  - When sacraments or religious services are banned from a King's land by the clergy; dooms King's subjects to hell.

Lay Investiture  - Ceremony in which the king and nobles appoint church officials.

Concordat of Worms  - Church appoints bishops but king holds veto power.

Middle Ages Problems in the church  - Village priests got married and started

families;Simony or when Bishops sell church positions; Lay investiture. Cathedral  - Gothic style of Church architecture; High vaulted ceilings and

large stained-glass windows; Ex. Cathedral of Notre Dame; Old style was Romanesque which were dark and gloomy on the inside. 

Crusades  - Holy war between Christian European knights and Muslim Turks; Goal is to recover Jerusalem and holy land from Muslim Turks.

Effects of the Crusades  - Lessened the power of the Pope; Weakens feudal nobility; Weakens the Byzantine Empire; Bitterness and hatred between Muslims and Christians

Craft Guild  - Trained apprentices; Power over wages and prices; Set standards for quality; Similar to a labor union.

Usury  - Lending money for interest payments considered a sin by the Roman Catholic church.

Vernacular  - Common language. Dante Alighieri  - Epic poet that wrote The Divine Comedy which included

theInferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Geoffrey Chaucer  - Poet that wrote The Canterbury Tales; a collection of

stories about pilgrims on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.

Thomas Aqunias  - Scholastic that combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thought of the Middle Ages.

Serfs  - Peasant farmers that can win freedom by living in a town for one year and one day.

William The Conqueror  - Led a conquest of England; Defeated Godwinson and claimed England his personal private property.

Magna Carta  - Document written by nobles in 1215 that forced King John to limit his powers; Included principles such as no taxation without representation and right to a fair trial.

Common Law  - Major principle based on England's royal court of justice; Used precedents (old court decsions) to decide matters dealing with the law.

Parliament  - England's legislative (law-making) body; Developed out of the need to raise money for war; Bicameral (two house) legislature that consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

Great Schism  - Dispute between the French monarch and the Pope; Papacy moves to France for 67 years; Ended up with multiple popes.

Bubonic Plague  - Mysterious disease that claimed the lives of about 40 million people (25 million in Europe); The Black Death spread through trade; Leads to the collapse of the manorial system; Church loses power and prestige due to millions of prayers going unaswered.

Hundred Years War  - England vs. France (1337-1453); England has many sucessful battle victories because of the longbow; France wins the war marking an end to chivalrous warfare and the Middle Ages.

Renaissance & Reformation Renaissance  - Rebirth of classical Greek & Roman art & learning in

Europe lasting from 1300 to 1600. Florence  - Origin of the Renaissance due to thriving trade, wealthy

merchant class, and access to classical manuscripts. Medici  - Florentine family of rulers that offer financial support to artists;

patron of the arts. Niccolo Machiavelli   - Author of The Prince; Advises rulers to do whatever

is necessary to achieve their goals; Humanism  - The focus on human potential & achievement; Brings about a

decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church. Secular  - Worldly. Realism  - Art technique giving figures very real and lifelike qualities. Perspective  - Art technique that uses an origin point and horizon line. Leonardo da Vinci  - Ideal Renaissance Man that was proficient in many

areas of study; Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper; Invented early parachute, airplane, & tank; Famous notebook easily read through a mirror.

Christian Humanists  - Renaissance authors that incorporated Christian themes; Thomas Moore wrote Utopia and Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly.

Johann Gutenberg  - Invents the printing press; Leads to rise in vernacular, literacy, learning, cheaper books, and the questioning of the Roman Catholic Church.

Vernacular  - Again, it means the common language! Martin Luther  - German monk that leads the Protestant Reformation after

bishop Johan Tetzel sold indulgences (passports to Heaven); Taught that faith alone gets one into Heaven and all church teachings should be based on the Bible.

Ninety-Five Theses  - Martin Luther's arguments that he posted on the Wittenberg church door in 1517; Ideas spread because of the printing press.

Peace of Augsburg  - Truce between German Emperor Charles V and Protestant German Princes; German princes can decide that practiced religion in their region.

Act of Supremacy  - When the Reformation Parliament made Henry VIII head of the English Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Anne Boleyn  - Henry VIII's second wife who is executed; Daughter is Elizabeth I. 

Edward I  - Henry VIII's only son and the first of Henry's children to rule England.

Mary  - Nicknamed "Bloody" Mary after her extremely harsh policy towards English Protestants; Dies childless.  

Elizabeth I  - Mary's Protestant half-sister that rules after Mary; Establishes the Anglican Church which incorporates Protestant and Catholic ideas; Establishes England as a supreme naval force with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.

John Calvin  - Protestant reformer taht believed in the concept of predestination; All humans are sinful by nature therefore god has known since the beginning of time who will be saved; Followers become Calvinists.

John Knox  - Founds the Presbyterian Church which are basically Scotish Calvinists.

Huguenots  - French Calvinists. Ignatius of Loyola  - Founds the Jesuit order ("society of Jesus") in reaction

to the Protestant Reformation. Council of Trent  - Pope Paul III declares that the Church's interpretation of

the Bible is FINAL; Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. DON'T FORGET TO KNOW YOUR NINJA TURTLES AND THEIR FAMOUS

ARTWORK!

Review: Age of Exploration & the Atlantic Causes of European Exploration  - Desire to spread Christianity; Desire for

new sources of wealth; Technological advances; Competitive spirit of European nations; "God, glory, and gold."

Prince Henry  - Opens a navigation school in Portugal that taught mapmaking, shipbuilding, scientists, sea captains, and instrument making. 

Bartolomeu Dias  - Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa after a storm blew his ships around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

Vasco da Gama  - Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa to reach India in 1498.

Christopher Columbus  - Seeking alternate route to the riches of Asia, sails west and ends up in the Bahamas; He thinks he is in the East Indies; 1492.

Treaty of Tordesillas  - Agreement between Spain and Portugal; Dividing line (Line of Demarcation) in the Atlantic Ocean that decided ownership of land; Moderated by Pope Alexander IV in 1493.

Ferdinand Magellan  - Portuguese explorer that reached the Pacific Ocean by sailing around South America in 1519.

Conquistadors  - Successful conquerors from Spain; Brought armor, horses, guns, diseases, and exploitation to the Americas.

Hernando Cortes  - Spanish conquistador that conquered the Aztecs led by Montezuma II in 1521 (Mexico).

Francisco Pizarro  - Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire led by Atahualpa in 1532 (Peru). 

Encomienda  - System where Native Americans were forced to work on farms and dangerous mines for their Spanish landlords. 

Atlantic Slave Trade  - Buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.

Triangular Trade  - Slaves to America from Africa; Sugar, molasses, wood, fur, timber from America to Europe; Guns, cloth, iron from Europe to Africa; Manufactured goods from Europe to Americas; Gold, ivory, spices from Africa to Europe.

Middle Passage  - Extremely harsh journey that brought African slaves across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

Effects of the Slave Trade  - Africa loses its strongest members of society; Africa introduced to guns; Mixed-race populations throughout the Americas; Economic growth from the back-breaking labor of slaves.

Columbian Exchange  - Exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe, Africa, Asia.

Mercantilism  - Economic policy where nations use colonies to increase their wealth by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver.

Dutch East India Company  - Most powerful trading company in Asia; Minted money, made treaties, and raised armies.

Zheng He  - Chinese Muslim admiral that sailed under the Ming Dynasty; Beginning in 1405 (before the Europeans)Zheng He set sail to Southeast Asia and India, then later to Arabia and Eastern Africa.

Review: Absolute Monarchs Divine Right  - Absolute monarchs in Europe claimed that their powers

came from God and controlled all aspects of society including politics, the economy, religion, and the military. They developed in response to territorial and religious disputes that led to rebellions within their empires.

Philip II  - Absolute monarch of Spain from the Hapsburg Dynasty that felt it was his duty to expand the Spanish empire and defend Catholicism. During his reign, Spain experienced high inflation and taxes.

Spanish Armada  - Philip II sent this massive fleet of ships to attack Elizabeth's England in 1588. England was victorious in part to favorable winds and the use of "fire ships."

Don Quixote de la Mancha  - Spain experienced a Golden Age of art. This work by Miguel de Cervantes featured a man whose imagination runs wild after reading too many books about Medieval knights.

Religious Wars in France  - During the mid-late 1500's, France experienced eight civil wars due to religious differences between Huguenots and Catholics.

30 Years War  - Fought between Spanish Hapsburgs (Catholics) and German princes (protestants) who had aid from France. Even though Spain loses, the war results in great population loss in Germany.

Louis XIV  - The "Sun King" forced nobles to live in his grand palace at Versailles thus making them completely dependent on him. France becomes cultural envy of Europe during his rule. Famous saying: "I am the state."

War of the Spanish Succession  - Charles II made Louis XIV's grandson heir to Spain which would have expanded Bourbon rule in Europe.

Frederick the Great  - King of Prussia that believed a good ruler should be a father to his people. Fought War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War with Maria Theresa's Austria.

Ivan the Terrible  - Overthrows boyars and proclaims himself Czar at the age of 16. He organized secret police to terrorize and murder suspected traitors. 

Peter the Great  - Russian czar that visits Western Europe in order to learn and eventually modernize (Westernize) Russian military and society. Wins warm water port on the Baltic Sea which he names St. Petersburg and it keeps Russia in better contact with the West. Policies leave a large gap between the rich and the poor.

Petition of Right  - Signed and ignored by King Charles I of England, this document aimed to limit the king's power. Can't imprison subjects w/out due cause, can't levy taxes w/out Parliament consent, etc.

English Civil War (1642-1649)  - Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell defeat Royalists, hold King Charles I prisoner, and have Charles I publicly trialed and executed.

Parliament  - Legislative body in England that struggles for political power with monarchs during the Age of Absolutism.

English Restoration  - Following the totalitarian rule of Cromwell, England asked Charles II to rule as a limited monarch.

Habeas Corpus (1679)  - Prisoner must be brought before a judge, monarch could not jail someone for opposing the ruler, and could not hold people indefinitely without trials.

Glorious Revolution  - The bloodless overthrow of King James II in 1688. William and Mary rule as limited monarchs and England becomes a constitutional monarchy.

Constitutional Monarchy  - Governmental system in which laws limit the ruler's power.

English Bill of Rights  - Drafted by Parliament in 1689 to state the rights of Parliament and individuals.

Science, Enlightenment, French Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus  - Polish astronomer that introduced the sun-centered

or heliocentric planetary theory during the Scientific Revolution. Johannes Kepler  - Used mathematics to show that planets revolve around

the sun in elliptical orbits. Galileo Galilei  - Italian astronomer that defends the heliocentric model

before the Catholic church; also observed Jupiter's moons.

Isaac Newton  - British scientist that discovered the law of gravitation during the Scientific Revolution.

Scientific Method  - Francis Bacon helped to develop this method for solving problems during the Scientific Revolution.

John Locke  - British thinker that discussed the concept of natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and that the government's job is to protect these rights.

Thomas Hobbes  - British thinker that argued that an absolute monarch is the best form of government due to peoples selfish behavior in work known as Leviathan. 

Philosophe  - French word that means philosopher during the Enlightenment period; Believed in progress and the relationship between people and the government.

Baron de Montesquieu  - Enlightenment philosopher that stressed the idea of separation of powers in the government. ex. Three branches of government.

Baroque  - A grand style of art and music in the 1600s-early 1700s. ex. Haydn, Bach, Mozart.

Enlightened Despot  - An absolute ruler that is inspired by Enlightenment philosophies. ex. Catherine the Great applies ideas to Russia's laws.

Third Estate  - Approximately 98% of France's population that paid high taxes under the Old Regime of King Louis XVI; consists of the bourgeoisie, urban class, peasants.

Bourgeoisie  - France's middle class that embraces Enlightenment ideals leading up to the French Revolution; gained influence during the Revolution.

Fall of the Bastille  - Symbolizes beginning of the French Revolution; mob storms political prison and looks for gunpowder on July 14, 1789.

Declaration of the Rights of Man  - Statement of rights that the French people feel entitled to during the Revolution; Similar to the American Declaration of Independence; the slogan of the revolution is "liberty, equality, and fraternity (brotherhood)."

Reign of Terror  - Time period following the overthrow of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilien Robespierre sentences thousands to die, often by the guillotine. Eventually, Robespierre is sent to guillotine by his fellow revolutionaries, ending the terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte  - Military leader that seized power in France through a coup d'etat; set up lycees (gov't run schools), national bank, fairer tax

code, and code of law that limited individual freedoms; Crowns himself Emperor of France with the support of the Pope.

Plebiscite  - vote of the people; military used this vote to approve the new French constitution which granted him dictatorial powers.

Louisiana Purchase  - Napoleon sold territory to USA in order to hurt the British and cut some of France's debt.

Battle of Trafalgar  - British navy led by Horatio Nelson defeats French navy by splitting the French fleet; Nelson also had success against Napoleon in Egypt 1790s.

Continental System  - French blockade to hurt British economy; Britain responds with blockade of their own.

Scorched-Earth Policy  - Czar Alexander I of Russia burned all resources and livestock during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

Congress of Vienna  - Meeting of European powers to establish a balance of power in Europe after the Age of Napoleon; results in peace and stability but ignores nationalistic feelings in areas under foreign control; Austrian prince Metternich was the most influential participant.

Review: Nationalism Latin American Revolutions  - Caused by social class divisions in the early

1800s as well as the spread of the Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution, and French Revolution; Independence movements lead to increased poverty, cities devastated by war, and disruption of trade.

Peninsulares  - Born in Spain; hold highest gov't positions in Latin American colonies.

Creoles  - Born in Latin America to European parents; well-educated but could not hold high gov't positions.

Mulatto  - Mixed European and African ancestry. Mestizo  - Mixed European and Native American ancestry. Nationalism  - a feeling of extreme pride that invokes a sense of unity;

links people of the same language, history, culture, customs, religion, and territory; leads to movements of independence, unification, and revolution in the 1800s.

Haiti  - First Latin American colony to win independence; revolt began with African slaves that made up most of Haiti's population.

Simon Bolivar  - Wealthy Venezuelan creole that led independence movements throughout South America in the 1800s; known as The Liberator.

Lord Byron  - English poet that provides monetary aid to Greek fleet during independence movement from Ottoman Empire.

Crimean War  - Russia's failed attempt to take over part of the Ottoman Empire; Russia lacked adequate supplies and transportation.

Edict of Emancipation  - Czar Alexander II issued this decree which freed serfs in Russia; unfortunately, high debts kept the serfs tied to the land.

Conservative  - One that believes in the political ideology that supported having a strong monarch in the 1800s; most of Europe was under the control of conservatives in the mid-1800s (following the Congress of Vienna).

Franco Prussian War  - Prussia defeats France under Napoleon III to gain support of Southern Germany.

Wilhelm I  - Prussian king that takes on the title of Kaiser (Caesar) as first ruler of a unified Germany; empire known as the Second Reich.

Romanticism  - Movement in art that shows deep admiration and appreciation of nature.

Impressionism  - Artwork that tries to catch a specific moment. Realism  - artwork that displays realities of life such as a poor worker or

slave performing back-breaking labor. Mary Shelley  - Gothic Horror author that wrote Frankenstein.

Review: Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution  - Increased output of machine-made goods that

began in Great Britain during the late 1700's. Agricultural Revolution  - Increased food production leads to growing

population and industrialization; as a result, landowners experiment with new farming methods, small farmers become tenant farmers or move to the cities.

Enclosure Movement  - Wealthy landowners fenced in farms and increased farming efficiency; smaller farmers pushed out of business and some become tenant farmers.

Crop Rotation  - Improvements made on the 3-field system from the Middle Ages; some farmers experiment with a 4-field system which increased the nutrients in the soil.

Textile Production  - The first area to undergo industrialization. Spinning Mule  - Invention that made textile production more efficient;

housed in factories.

Factors of Production  - Economic resources that include land (natural resources), labor (workers), capital (machinery & tools), and entrepreneurship (business owner).

Urbanization  - The growth of cities or urban areas as a result of industrialization; people moved to cities because that is where the jobs were; in the beginning there was a shortage of housing, diseases such as cholera spread, lack of sanitation, and public education.

Railroads  - growth of railway lines created jobs, easier and cheaper to transport raw materials and final goods, and increased transportation between countryside and cities.

US Industrialization  - Initially Britain kept industry secrets from spreading and also blockaded U.S. ships during the War of 1812; U.S. forced to use their own economic resources to eventually industrialize.

Industrialization in Continental Europe  - French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Unifications of Italy and Germany, rising inflation, disrupted communication, and halted trade slowed industrialization from spreading throughout Europe.

Corporation  - Business owned by stockholders who share in company profits; stockholders are not personally responsible for the debts of the business.

Imperialism  - Business competition leads to industrialized nations taking advantage of non-industrialized nations; the stronger country seeks to dominate weaker countries economically, politically, socially, and militarily.

Adam Smith  - English economist that defended free markets (Capitalism) inThe Wealth of Nations  in 1776; the selfish behavior of businesses and consumers through the "invisible hand" promotes the advancement of society as a whole.

Thomas Malthus  - Argues that the population was growing too rapidly and therefore wars and epidemics are needed to kill off the extra people.

Laissez-faire  - Belief that the government should not intervene in the economy.

Jeremy Bentham  - Utilitarian that argues that the purpose of the government is to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Socialism  - In the 19th century, socialists argued that the gov't should own the factors of production and plan the economy for the welfare of all.

Karl Marx  - Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Engels, arguing that the growing class differences will lead to a violent revolution; the "have-nots" will overthrow the "haves" and the gov't en route to a communist society;

Marx's work inspires 20th century communist movements in Russia, China, Cuba, and Korea, and Vietnam.

Proletariat  - Working classes ("have-nots") that would eventually overthrow the business owners ("haves).

Communism  - A state in which the people own and share the economic resources equally (like on "The Smurfs").

Labor Union  - Association of workers that fights for higher wages and better working conditions; tactics include going on strike against factory owners.

Review: Imperialism Imperialism  - control by a industrialized nation over a weaker non-

industrialized nation; the desire for economic resources, new markets to sell goods, nationalism, racism, and Social Darwinism are factors that led to European imperialism in Africa, India, and South East Asia.

Berlin Conference  - The discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa led to increased European interest in the continent, also known as the "scramble for Africa"; European leaders met in Berlin in 1884-1885 to prevent them from fighting for the land.

Boer War  - conflict between Dutch settlers and the British in South Africa; the Dutch Boers were forced onto Zulu territory which led to further conflict against Shaka's army; eventually the Boers join British-run Union of South Africa.

Cash Crop  - an agricultural product grown for profit rather; leads to famine and starvation in colonized territories.

Colony  - form of imperialism in which the conquered area is governed by a foreign power; ex. French control of Algeria.

Protectorate  - form of imperialism in which the conquered area is allowed its own government but under the control of a foreign power; ex. British in Nigeria.

Economic Imperialism  - controlled by private businesses rather than by a foreign government; ex. British in India (prior to Sepoy Mutiny).

Sphere of Influenc e  - claimed as exclusive investment or trading realm of a foreign power; ex. USA with Liberia

Direct Rule  -  favored by France; European powers govern all affairs. Indirect Rule  - favored by Britain and the US; local rulers govern internal

affairs. Paternalism  - governing as a parent; provide for needs of people while

restricting rights.

Assimilation  - policy of absorbing colonized people into the culture of the imperialist; tools include setting up European-styled schools, establishing an official language, and forming policies that alter the native culture.

Crimean War  - conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over control of the Black Sea; Russia loses after Britain and France join the Ottoman Empire; this war represents the beginning of battlefield nurses and war correspondents used in modern wars.

Suez Canal  - built to connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea; Egypt could not repay its loans so the British took control of debt and canal.

Muhammad Ali  - Egyptian leader that broke away from Ottoman control and instituted a series of reforms and joined the French to build the Suez Canal.

Raj  - time period of British rule in India. Sepoy Mutiny  - bloody uprising of Indian soldiers in British India that

began after a new rifle was introduced to the military; beef and pork fat was used to grease the new guns which went against the Hindu and Muslim cultures.

Pacific Rim  - South East Asia and the islands on the edge of the Pacific Ocean.

King Mongkut  - leader of Siam that maintained independence by modernizing and playing the British and French rivals against each other.

Emilio Aguinaldo Queen Liliuokalani