Review Unit One

AP World History

Comparison: Paleolithic vs NeolithicHunter Gatherer Agriculture

-Hunter gather-Women role very important-Everybody required-Small bands, authority based on family-Belief in many spirits, not formal religion-Migrations

-Africa out to middle east, Europe, Asia-Asia to America (land bridge)

-Domesticate animals and develop agriculture-Increase reliable foods supplies-Less nutritious b/c most people each only one or two staples-Stay put-Allow more people to do other stuff- i.e. job specialization-Gender differences-Huge population growth

River Valley CivilizationsBasic characteristics

Location in river valleys - WHY? Complex irrigation Development of legal codes System of writing Use of money (as apposed to barter) Number systems, calendars Social inequality: classes Patriarchal

Early River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia: cuneiform, powerful kings in city-states,

Hammurabi’s code of law, job specialization, merchant class important

Egypt: hieroglyphics, pharaoh as god, centralized, extensive bureaucracy, fewer merchants, priests have high status

Green- Mesopotamia

Red-Egypt

Blue-Indus

Pink-Shang

Gray-Mesoamerica

Early River Valley Civilizations

Indus: complex, centralized, limited information known about them, priests high status

Shang: (Huang He) writing highly valued, geographic separation from others, centralized power in hands of emperor, job specialization

Development of trade routesSilk Road

(blue)

Indian Ocean (green)

Sub-Saharan (red)

Classical Civilizations: Basic Characteristics

PatriarchalAgriculture BasedComplex gov’t, Larger

areasExpanded trading

Classical Civilizations: Greece

1st Democracy - in which city?? Polytheist Divided into city-states (not centralized) Slavery widely practiced Strong military Alexander the Great: Hellenistic age Conquered by Romans

Classical Civilizations: Rome

For the most part conquer but don’t oppress Impressive roman law code Basic social divisions: patricians-aristocrats

and plebeians-free farmers Dependence on slavery Two eras:

Republic: rule by aristocrats, Senate Empire: non-hereditary emperor

Classical Civilizations: China

Highly patriarchal, social divide urban/rural, silk road develops but merchants low class, bureaucracy, wealth based on land ownership

Zhou: slowly deteriorated; Period of Warring States, Confucianism developed to organize

Qin: very harsh, Legalism, construction of Great wall; Shi Huangdi

Han: strong centralized gov’t, great influence of Confucian, scholar-gentry

Classical Civilizations: India

Invaded by Aryans Hinduism based on books Vedas

Caste System- much harsher, rigid than other class systems at the time

Connections to Silk Road and Indian ocean trade Lack of political unity; easily invaded; hard to conquer and

unite small kingdoms; tends not to be centralized or unified Mauryan: Buddhist, bureaucratic, public works ; decline b/c

land returned to locals Gupta: Hinduism, allow local control and administration not

bureaucratic; fall to invaders, rule returned to locals

Classical Civilizations: The Fall

Similarities: Attacks from Huns Deterioration of political institutions Protection maintenance of borders- costly, ineffective Disease followed trade routes Trouble collecting taxes, controlling landowners

Differences: India regional gov’t broke apart Rome gradual, east stayed up (Byzantine) Order least impact to greatest:

India: still had caste system, regional gov’t China: Confucian tradition, problems w/ central power gone Rome: civilization depended on gov’t to keep together,

organized

Common results for fall

Disruption of tradeReliance on religion to organize people

Spread of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam

Political disunityFeudal societies develop