Review: Test 2

The rate limiting step of a nerve transmission is

a) Electrical synapseb) Action potentialc) Chemical synapsed) Resting potential

Chemical synapse : diffusion of neurotransmitterSlower than the action potential. Unit 2A: synapses

Which neurotransmitter causes hyperpolarization?

a) Acetylcholineb) Norepinephrinec) Glutamic acidd) GABA

GABA – acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter causing hyperpolarization.

Unit 2A: neurotransmitters

All reflexes involve only an afferent and efferent neuron

• True• False

False – reflexes involve an afferent neuron, efferent and a interneurons that process in the sensory information received by afferent neuron and send a response through the efferent neuron.

Match the following

Cerebral Lobe1. Frontal2. Parietal3. Occipital4. Insula5. Temporal

1: b2: e3: a4:c5: d

Functiona) Visual perception and memory;

focusing of the eyesb) Motor control; intellectual processesc) Memory, sensory pain, visceral

integrationd) Interpretation of auditory sensations;

auditory memory. e) Somatesthetic sensations

The reticular activation system (RAS) when inhibited makes you _____

a) Alertb) Sleepc) Concentrated) Wakeful

b) Sleep Unit 2B: Functional System of Brain

The process of linking new facts with old ones already stored in the memory

bank is called:a) Automatic memoryb) Long term memoryc) Short term memoryd) Association

Answer: AssociationReview 2B:Memory and transfer from STM to LTM

The __________ controls the autonomic nervous system as well as releases tropical hormones to control the endocrine system

a) Midbrainb) Pituitary glandc) Hypothalamusd) Limbic system

Hypothalamus – osmoreceptors, thermostatsReview: Unit 2B Functional Systems of brain

The autonomic nervous system has motor neurons innervating

a) Skeletal musclesb) Viscera and glandsc) Myelinated axonsd) Effectors neurons

Answer: Viscera and glandsReview: Unit 2C : ANS vs. SNS

In the autonomic nervous system, norepinephrine is released by

a) Parasympathetic preganglionic neuronsb) Sympathetic preganglionic neuronsc) Sympathetic postganglionic neuronsd) Both a and b

Answer: Sympathetic postganglionic neuronsRelease norepinephrine; the rest release acetylcholineReview: 2C: neurotransmitters released

Nicotinic receptors have an excitatory effect. They bind to the neurotransmitter ___________ and are found in ________________

a) Norepinephrine, preganglionic dendritesb) Norepinephrine, postganglionic dendritesc) Acetylcholine, postganglionic dendritesd) Alpha receptors, postganglionic dendrites

Answer: Acetylcholine – postganglionic dendritesReview: 2C – neurotransmitter receptors

Alpha1 receptors respond to ____________ and increases sweating palms.

a) GABAb) Norepinephrinec) Acetylcholined) Glycine

Answer: NorepinephrineReview: 2C – neurotransmitter receptors

Lying invokes a sympathetic response causing pupils to __________ as mediated by ____ and

____ receptors.a) Constrict, nicotinic and alphab) Constrict, alpha1 and beta2

c) Dilate, nicotinic and muscarinicd) Dilate, alpha1 and beta2

Answer: Dilate, alpha1 and beta2

Review: 2C – neurotransmitter receptors

Acetylcholine is not released by the postganglionic sympathetic nervous

system. a) Trueb) False

True – norepinephrine is released by the postganglionic nervous system.

Review: 2C - neurotransmitters released

Which sensory receptor in the cochlea perceives air pressure changes?

a) Photoreceptorb) Nociceptorsc) Chemoreceptord) Mechanoreceptor

Answer: MechanoreceptorReview: 2D – Senses receptor

Which is not detected by mechanoreceptor?

a) Pressure changesb) Tastec) Touchd) Vibration

Answer: Taste – detected by chemoreceptorReview: 2D Senses – types receptors

Which skin receptor can detect the texture of fine sand?

a) Meissner corpusclesb) Ruffinni endingsc) Merkel’s diskd) Pacinian corpuscles

Answer: Meissner corpuscles – detect texture and vibration

Review: 2D – Cutaneous Sensations

Saccular hair cells respond to ___________ movement and are found near the ____________

a) Horizontal, semicircular canalsb) Horizontal, cochleac) Vertical, cochlead) Vertical, semicircular canals

Answer: vertical, cochleaReview: 2D - Equilibrium

The oval window is directly to which area in the cochlea?

a) Scala tympanib) Scala vestibulic) Scala mediad) Organ of Cort

Answer: Scala vestibuliReview: 2D – Cochlea structure

Center of focus is found in the ____________.

a) Corneab) Bipolar cell layerc) Lensd) Macula lutea

Answer: Macula Lutea – where cones are foundReview: 2D – Cones and Rods

If someone is myopic, their focal point _____________ of the retina and need ____________lens.

a) Back, convexb) Back, concavec) Front, concaved) Front, convex

Answer: Front, concaveReview: 2D - Problems of Refraction

Neurotransmitter is released from rods and cones in the dark.

a) Trueb) False

Answer: TrueReview: 2D Dark current of the eye

Which sense perception doesn’t involve the thalamus

a) Tasteb) Hearingc) Balanced) Smell

Answer: SmellReview: notes - processes

In order to make an effect this type of hormone must enter the cell directly

a) Paracrineb) Autocrinec) Steroidsd) Biogenic Amides

Answer: SteroidsReview: Unit 2E – Chemical Classes of Hormones

Biogenic amides hormones exert their effects on the target cell via

a) Transduction responseb) Chemical synapsec) Second messenger responsed) Translation response

Answer: Second messengerReview: Unit 2E – Chemical Classes of Hormones

Insulin is released as a response to an increase in blood sugar levels. This is an example of

a) Hormonal stimulib) Neural stimulic) Humoral stimulid) Digestion stimuli

Answer: Humoral stimuliReview: 2E – Types of hormonal stimuli

Which is NOT a tropic hormone?

a) Growth hormoneb) Aldosteronec) Luthenizing hormoned) Prolactin

Answer: ProlactinReview: 2E – Anterior Pituitary hormones

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone both control the level of calcium in the blood. ___________ promotes calcium withdrawals; ___________promotes bone mineralization

a) Calcitrol, calcitoninb) Calcitonin, parathyroidc) Parathyroid, calcitrold) Parathyroid, calcitonin.

Answer: Parathyroid, calcitoninReview: Thryorid and parathyroid gland

Match the following zones to the matching corticoids

1. Zona glomerulosa2. Zona fasciculata3. Zona reticularis

a) glucocorticoidsb) gonadocorticoidsc) mineralocorticoids

Answers: 1. C2. A3. BReview: Adrenal Cortex

Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease results due to an imbalance in the

hormonea) Testosteroneb) Thyroidc) Cortisold) Glucagon

Answer: CortisolReview: 2E – Hormones and Conditions