Review Sheet Chemistry Intro Chemistry of Matter

Matter is made up of particles whose properties determine the observable characteristics of matter and its reactivity.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

A. Matter is made of elements Elements cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 100 known elements. Most elements are solids at room temperature. Elements are combined together to create compounds that make up non-living and living substances. Few elements are found in their pure form.

1. Elements _________________be broken down by chemical or physical means.

2. Few __________________ are found in their pure form.

3. Most elements are _________________ at room temperature.

4. Matter has ____________ and occupies ______________.

B. Structure of an Atom The atom consists of a nucleus at the center of the atom and subatomic particles.

Subatomic particle Location in the Atom Charge RepresentsProton Inside the nucleus Positive Represents the atomic number, part of the atom’s

atomic massElectron Outside the nucleus Negative Number of electrons = the number of protonsNeutron Inside the nucleus Neutral Part of the atom’s atomic mass

There must be an equal number of protons and electrons to keep the charge of the whole atom at zero. Atom of Helium

1. Complete the following chart.

Subatomic particle Location in the Atom Charge RepresentsProton Inside the nucleus Represents the atomic number, part of the atom’s

atomic massOutside the nucleus Number of electrons = the number of protons

Electron

Neutron

Proton

Nucleus

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Neutron Neutral

2. Label the atom below

D. Periodic Table

The periodic table is one useful model for classifying elements. The period table is the arrangement, by atomic number, of elements into groups with similar chemical properties.

The first letter of the symbol of an element is a capital letter.

Periods of Elements represent horizontal rows. Increase in Atomic number from left to right.

Groups or Families of Elements represents vertical columns. Elements in the same group contain common characteristics and properties. Such as Lithium (Li) and Sodium (Na) are solids.

The Periodic Table can be useful to predict properties of elements (metals, nonmetals, noble gases).

Noble Gases are represented in the last column of the Periodic Table and they usually do not react with any other elements.

Zigzag on Periodic Table represents the separations between Metals and Non-metals. Metals – are represented to the left of the zigzag and exhibit a shiny luster, malleable, solid, good conductors of

electricity. Non-Metals – are represented to the right of the zigzag and exhibit a dull luster, brittle, and poor conductors of

electricity. 1. Noble gases are represented in the _________________column of the Periodic Table.2. Elements in the same family have common _________________________ and properties.3. The symbol representing each element starts with a _____________________ letter.4. The Periodic Table is the arrangement, by _________________, of elements into groups with similar

________________ properties.5. The zigzag line on the Periodic Table represents the separation between _____________ and ________________.6. The elements that do not react with other elements are the ____________________.7. Label a and b.

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8. Color in the metals, metalloids and nonmetals.

Chemistry of solutions and pH

Compound – the chemical combination of two or more elements. Mixture – the physical combination of two or more substances. Solution – one substance is evenly mixed with another. Solute - part of a solution that dissolves. Solvent - part into which that dissolves the solute. Soluble – Substance will dissolve in solution Insoluble- Substance will not dissolve and make a solution.

Characteristic properties can be used to identify different materials, and separate a mixture of substances into its components.

Example – An insoluble substance can be separated from a soluble substance through filtration, settling, and evaporation.

Solubility can be affected by the nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and pressure. The rate of solution can be affected by the

a) size of the particlesb) stirringc) temperatured) the amount of solute already dissolved.

1. The two parts that make up a solution are the _____________ and the ________________.

2. An insoluble substance can be separated from a soluble substance through_______________.

3. The part of the solution which dissolves is the _____________

4. Salt is the ________ in a salt water solution.

5. Water is a good _______________.

6. If the solvent is cold, the solute will dissolve _________________-

pH A solution can be classified as acidic, basic or neutral. The strength of acids and bases is measured on a pH scale. The scale ranges from 0-14 A neutral solution has a pH of 7. Acids have a pH below 7. Bases have a pH above 7

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7. On the scale below, add labels to show the approximate pH of these substances: vinegar, baking soda, water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and drain cleaner (NaOH).Label the range of strength of the pH solutions as strong acid, weak acid, neutral, strong base and weak base.

Separation ScienceYou have learned that a mixture is a combination of two or more puresubstances, and that these substances do not combine to form new material.

Therefore, you should be able to separate a mixture into the substances that make it. There are several ways to separate mixtures. Figure 1 shows a mixture of sand and water being separated by filtration. The salt in a solution of salt water can be separated by evaporation, shown in Figure 2. When you let the sand particles in a mixture of sand and water settle to the bottom of a container, then carefully pour the water off into another container, you are using a method called decanting, shown in Figure 3.

1. Using Figure 1, explain the process of filtration.

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________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Discuss a use for evaporation.

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__________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What types of mixtures could be separated by decanting?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Would a separation of the types described above, cause a chemical change or a physical change? Explain your answer.

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5. A student mistakenly dumped iron filings and sand into a beaker of salt that the teacher needed for a salt water fish tank. Devise a procedure that the student could use to separate the materials.

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________6. A student is mixing a sugar cube in 100 mL of water. What would be three ways he could make the sugar cube

dissolve faster?

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Review Test

1. As the water temperature increases from 20°C to 90°C, how many more grams of substance Copper Sufate will dissolve in 100 grams of water?

(1) 30 g (2) 40 g (3) 50 g (4) 90 g

2. How many more grams of potassium bromide than copper sulfate can dissolve at 50 °C

(1) 40 g (2) 45 g (3) 50 g (4) 60 g

3. Which statement best describes the relationship between water temperature and solubility for the substances shown in the graph?

(1) As water temperature increases, solubility decreases(2) As water temperature increases, solubility increases.(3) As water temperature increases, solubility increases and then decreases. (4) As water temperature increases, solubility decreases and then increases.

4. Which of the following will cause a lump of sugar to dissolve faster?(1) chopping it into pieces (3) adding more sugar(2) stop stirring the water (4) adding cold water

5. Atoms are made of particles. These include:(1) protons only (2) protons and electrons only (3) protons and neutrons only (4) protons, neutrons, and electron

6. Which pair correctly matches the atomic particle to its electric charge?(1) proton, neutral (2) electron, negative (3) neutron, negative (4) electron, positive

7. Which of the following describes an atom which is neutral?(1) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons (3) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons(2) 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and 12 electrons (4) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 6 electrons

8. Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table according to(1) density (2) phase of matter (3) number of protons (4) abundance on Earth

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9. Which set of terms describes a non-metal?(1) shiny, malleable, good conductor (3) dull, brittle, poor conductor(2) dull, malleable, poor conductor (4) shiny, brittle, poor conductor

10. Which group of elements will not react with other elements?(1) metals (2) metalloids (3) non-metals (4) noble gases

11. In chemistry, elements are represented by a. symbols. b. formulas. c. building blocks. d. ratios

12. Which of these particles has a positive charge? a. atom b. proton c. neutron d. electron

13. From an element’s location in the periodic table, you can predicta. its properties. b. its chemical name. c. its chemical symbol. d. when it was discovered.

14. The elements in a column of the periodic tablea. are in the same family. b. are in the same period. c. have the same atomic mass. d. have the same chemical symbols.

15. Where are metals located in the periodic table?a. to the left of the zigzag line b. to the right of the zigzag line c. in the top rows d. in the middle rows

16. Most metals are NOTa. ductile. b. good conductors of heat and electricity. c. gases at room temperature. d. malleable.

17. Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?a. to the left of the zigzag line b. to the right of the zigzag line c. in the two bottom rows d. in Groups 1 through 4

18. A particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n) ____.a. electron b. proton c. neutron d. quark

19. Elements that are gases, are brittle, and are poor conductors at room temperature are ____.a. metals b. nonmetals c. metalloids d. isotopes

20. A certain atom has 26 protons, 26 electrons, and 30 neutrons. Its atomic mass number is ____.a. 26 b. 30 c. 52 d. 56

21. At room temperature, most metals are ____.a. gases b. liquids c. radioactive d. solids

22. Elements that lie along the stair-step line of the periodic table are ____.a. liquids b. metals c. metalloids d. radioactive

23. The appearance of solid metals can be described as ____.a. dull b. glassy c. powdery d. shiny

24. Which subatomic particles are found outside the nucleus of an atom?(a) positively charged protons (c) negatively charged neutrons

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(b) positively charged electrons (d) negatively charged electrons

25. Which pair correctly matches the atomic particle to its electric charge?(a) proton, neutral (c) neutron, negative(b) electron, negative (d) electron, positive

26. Lithium has three protons, four neutrons, and three electrons. Which describes its nucleus?(a)three protons and four neutrons(b)three protons, four neutrons, and three electrons(c) three protons and three electrons(d)four neutrons and three electrons

27. Elements that are generally gases at room temperature are classified as(a) metals(b) nonmetals(c) metalloids

28. Most metals are(a) gases at room temperature(b) poor conductors of heat(c) good conductors of heat(d) liquid at room temperature

29. Which statement is true of all atoms? (1) The number of protons equals the number of electrons.(2) The number of neutrons equals the number of electrons.(3) The number of protons is less than the number of electrons.(4) The number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons.

30. The nucleus of the atom contains 1) protons and electrons(2) protons and neutrons(3) neutrons and electrons (4) protons, neutrons, and electrons

31. Which particle is correctly matched with its charge? (1) proton—neutral (2) electron—positive (3) neutron—negative (4) electron—negative

The element nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. Use this information to answer questions 32– 36.32. How many electrons are found in an atom of this element?

(1) 14 (2) 5(3) 2 (4) 7

33. A nucleus of this atom might contain (1) 8 protons and 7 neutrons(2) 8 protons and 8 electrons(3) 7 protons and 8 neutrons (4) 7 protons and 7 electrons

34. Elements in the modern periodic table of the elements are listed in order of(1) mass (2) color(3) size (4) atomic number

35. An element that is a good conductor of electricity, solid at room temperature, and can be hammered into shapes is best described as

1) a metal (2) a noble gas (3) a nonmetal (4) a molecule

36. Which of the following elements is a nonmetal? (1) Na (2) Hg (3) Al (4) S

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37. Which of the following elements is a gas? (1) Ne (2) Hg(3) Fe (4) C

38. The largest number of elements are (1) metals (2) noble gases (3) nonmetals (4) liquids

The diagram shows an incomplete circuit39. Which item would allow the bulb to light up if it were used to connect point A to

point B?(1) a glass rod(2) a metal coin (3) cork (4) plastic comb

40. Which element would you expect to be most similar to calcium (Ca)?(1) K (2) Mg (3) Sc (4) Ar

41. Which of the following best separates a mixture of iron filings and black pepper?(1) magnet(2) filter paper(3) triple beam balance (4) voltmeter

42. The equipment shown at the right can be used to separate the parts of a mixture based on(1) boiling points (2) melting point (3) magnetism (4) particle size

43. A mixture of water, sugar, and sand is poured into a filter. What passes through the filter?(1) only the water (2) only the sand (3) water and sugar (4) water and sand

44. Which of the following materials is soluble in water?a) oil b) grease c) pepper d) sugar

45. A bottle of iced tea says shake well before using. After shaking it, you notice that the iced tea is cloudy. This iced tea can best be describe as a(1) solution (2) solvent (3) suspension (4) solute

46. When solid iodine is added to liquid alcohol, the resulting orange liquid is a solution called tincture of iodine. In this mixture, the(1) iodine is the solvent (2) alcohol is the solute (3) alcohol is the solvent (4) water is the solvent

47. After a solid is added to a liquid, it is found that all of the substances are spread out evenly. This combination of substances is best described as(1) a mixture, but not a solution (2) a mixture and a solution(3) a solution, but not a mixture (4) neither a mixture nor a solution

48. The rate of solubility of a solid in a liquid can be increased by(1) stirring the liquid (2) using larger solute particles(3) cooling the liquid (4) decreasing the surface area of the solid

49. An increase in the rate of dissolving is caused by a decrease in the1) temperature (2) particle size (3) amount of stirring (4) surface area

50. Sand and iron particles that are similar in size and color are mixed together in a beaker. What method can be used to separate these particles?(1) Use tweezers to separate them. (2) Use a magnet to separate them.

(3) Add water to the mixture.(4) Pour the mixture into a filter.

51. Which of the following substances is soluble in water?(1) oil (3) sand (2) salt (4) grease

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52. Which of the following dissolves the fastest? (1) sugar cubes in iced tea (2) granulated sugar in iced tea (3) sugar cubes in hot tea(4) granulated sugar in hot tea

53. Which process can separate dissolved salt from water?(1) filtration(2) condensation (3) evaporation (4) centrifuging

Base your answers to questions 1 to 3 on the information below and on your knowledge of science.A student adds a mixture of oil, sand, and salt to a beaker of water and stirs. The student stops stirring and observes that the salt is no longer visible, the oil floats to the top, and the sand sinks to the bottom of the beaker.

1. Why is the salt no longer visible after the student stops stirring?

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2. Identify one way to separate the sand from the mixture in the beaker.

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3. What conclusion can you come to about the solubility of oil in water?

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4. In the figure to the right, is this a physical change or a chemical change? Explain your answer.

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5. Salt, pepper, and sugar are mixed with water and then filtered. What remains on the filter and what passes through it?

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1. Identify one element that has chemical properties similar to the chemical properties of fluorine. _____________2. The chemical symbols of four different elements are listed below.

Cd Cu Br P

Write the symbol of these four elements in the appropriate box in the chart below to indicate whether the element is a metal or a nonmetal. [1]

3. In which group of the Periodic Table of the Elements are the noble gases located? [1] Group _______________

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