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3.1 Introduction

The review of literature is an essential component of any research investigation as

it gives necessary input to the investigator to frame the research study on the

chosen topic. It enables the researcher to indentify the unexplored areas, in order to

create new grounds for research. In the present case, related literature has been

collected from various sources such as conference proceedings, journal articles,

thesis, reports, websites as well as online bibliographic and full-text databases.

Contacts with the colleagues, email discussion lists and other appropriate sources

have also been used to acquire the knowledge about actual work done so far in this

research area. In India, several studies have been carried out so far to study

extensively the state of the awareness, use and impact of e-resources available

either through UGC-INFONET Consortium or other consortia by member libraries.

Very few studies have been carried out to find out whether the availability of e-

resources through INDEST-AICTE Consortium to the engineering colleges has made

any significant impact on the research productivity of these colleges regarding the

quantity and quality of publications, the value for money invested on subscription of

e-resources and the factors that are important to cost-effectiveness of consortia-

based subscription to e-resources eg. Cost avoidance; Cost recovery; Cost savings;

Average cost of downloaded articles etc. Research on determining the effectiveness

of member libraries in terms of the aforesaid topics is still in its infancy. In this

chapter, an attempt has been made to provide an overview of various aspects and

issues of this study through a review of literature.

3.2 Studies related to INDEST-AICTE Consortium

Arora (2003)1 studied efforts made by Indian libraries and institutions towards

formation of consortia of libraries for buying access to electronic resources. He

discussed about proposed strategic cooperation called the “Indian National Digital

Library in Engineering Science and Technology” (INDEST) which is based on five

proposals submitted to three major Ministries/Departments of the Government of

India, namely, the Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), the Ministry

of Information Technology (MIT), and the Department of Biotechnology. He has

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opined that the INDEST is proposed to function as a consortium of engineering and

technological libraries for nurturing core digital collections in the fields of

engineering and technology. He was of the view that the INDEST would bring

together institutions receiving financial support from these three

Ministries/Departments of the Government of India. He also desired that the INDEST

would host a variety of web-based digital resources including those available

through national and international agencies with consortia and national licences to

provide access to authorized users in India. Besides, the INDEST would also provide

document delivery services, create and archive digital collections, facilitate shared

storage and preservation, adopt common bibliographic formats to facilitate data

exchange, and promote common library systems in India. The structure, services,

and benefits of INDEST have also been discussed in detail in his study.

Arora and Agrawal (2003)2 introduced the INDEST Consortium, its genesis, needs

and benefits. It described criteria used for selection of e-resources, and their

evaluation. The study provided a detailed analysis of electronic resources being

subscribed by various categories of institutions. The study presented an analysis on

expenditure according to category of institutions, type of resources, and ratio

between list price V/s consortium price. The study deliberated on important terms

of license agreements for subscription to e-resources proposed by the consortium.

Lastly, the authors described activities and services and its future plans. Further, the

study has shown that the rates offered to the consortium are lower by 50% to 90%

depending upon the category of institution. It has further stated that full-text

resources and databases proposed for subscription for various categories of

institutions in the consortium costed ` 164 crores as per their list price, while

through the consortium the total cost had come down to ` 18.60 crores for all

institutions being considered under the consortium. Overall there was a total saving

of ` 145 .60 crores.

Guha and Arora (2003)3 focused on about the activities of the INDEST Consortium,

its future plans and structural/functional model. The concept of ‘INDEST Extended’

has been highlighted with emphasis to JCC@INDEST, creation of full-text ETDs

database and UNION OPAC.

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Saibaba and Guha (2004)4 provided an overview of the approach that INDEST

Consortium had taken to promote consortia based resource sharing among the

member libraries. The study also presented the infrastructure available with IIT

Guwahati for delivering these benefits to its users.

Arora (2005)5 studied library consortium and outlined its needs and benefits. He

explained types and models of library consortium and prevalent pricing model

offered to the library consortium. Steps involved in the process of forming a

consortium and managing a library consortium and e-resources through it were

described in detail. He further discussed briefly major activities, services and criteria

for a successful library consortium with examples.

Singh (2005)6 studied about research productivity of IITs as regards to the number

of quality publications. For this study, he selected libraries of seven IITs viz. IIT

Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Gauhati, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharaghpur, IIT Madras and IIT

Roorkee. In this comparative study, he found that the impact was higher in case of

IIT Roorke and IIT Gauhati. Lastly, he concluded that availability of e-resources

through INDEST-AICTE Consortium definitely made a positive impact on the number

of quality papers in case of seven IITs.

Prasad (2005)7 identified some software tools like Z39.50, OAI-PMH and Fulltext

OpenURL for managing consortial resources which could be implemented for

building cost-effective and viable consortia without much financial expenditure.

Vinod (2005)8 also carried out a questionnaire based users survey to find the use

and usage of e-journals of the INDEST-AICTE CONSORTIUM by the faculty members,

research scholars, post graduates (PG) and under graduates (UG) at Indian Institute

of Technology Kharagpur, India. One of the major findings of the study was that “78

percent faculty members, 92 percent research scholars and 100 percent PG students

were regularly accessing and using e-journals for their study”.

Arora and Trivedi (2010)9 described major functions, activities and services of the

INDEST-AICTE Consortium. They focused upon resources made available, terms of

licenses, policies and practices for archival back-ups, membership programmes

including core members, AICTE-supported institutions, and self-supported category

of membership. The study outlined governing structures of the Consortium and their

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roles. They further elaborated on strategies used for effective implementation of

Consortia amongst member institutions. The study also briefly touched upon the

economics of the INDEST-AICTE Consortium. Lastly, the study elaborated on future

endeavors of the INDEST-AICTE Consortium.

Sahoo and Agarwal (2012)10 have discussed various consortia operating in India,

the inception of INDEST-AICTE Consortium, objectives, administrative structure,

membership, services, and activities of INDEST-AICTE Consortium. They have also

discussed the selection of e-resources, review of e-resources, license agreement with

publishers, fair use, usage analysis of various e-resources, economics of expenditure,

research output of core members, archival access of e-resources for the core as well

as other member of the consortium and future plan for the consortium.

3.3 Studies Related to Use and Impact, Usage and other Related

Topics:

Akasawa and Ueda (1998)11 examined the usage of electronic resources by a

specific academic community in Japan. The study found that only about 31 percent

of the respondents used electronic journals at the time the survey was carried out,

but about 75 percent of the respondents perceived this medium was of high value.

Cowhig (2001)12 proposed that “publishers should work together to certify and

publish key usage statistics relating to electronic scientific, technical and medical

(STM) periodicals. The study described the main features of the Electronic Article

and Journal Usage Statistics (EAJUS) system that provides a standardized, audited

and published set of statistics covering the user-ship of periodical in the entire

customer base and not centered on a single institution”.

In addition to above there are several other studies, which are worth mentioning

here.

Liu and Cox (2002)13 said that “tracking electronic journals to collect usage

statistics is no easy task, especially as publishers and aggregators use various

standards to create usage reports”. The authors described a successful cooperative

system developed at the University of Louisville, USA.

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Birdie and Alladi (2002)14 observed that “the phenomenon of consortia or group

of libraries buying e-information together has become very important in the last few

years. This new scenario, along with new forms of purchasing and selling e-

information, has led to new pricing models that have not yet been resolved”. This

survey study determined the cost-per-serial-use by discipline and the rate of use per

student.

Tripathy, Patra and Choudhury (2004)15 explained the need, role and benefits of

academic library consortia. They also discussed the problems and difficulties

associated with building consortia.

Conyers (2004)16 pointed out that cost per use should be an important parameter

in making decision on renewal of the subscription of e-resources.

Moen et al. (2004)17 justified the calculation of cost per download in understanding

the usage of e-resources.

Gulati, Anjali (2004)18 discussed the status of information and communication

technologies usage in Indian libraries with special reference to special libraries and

the efforts made by various institutions to propagate e-information products and

services. The study highlighted the consortia efforts in India like JCCC Consortium,

INDEST Consortium, CSIR E-journal Consortia, and UGC Infonet. The study further

discussed digitisation efforts in India at NISCAIR, New Delhi, IIITM, Kerala, C-DAC

Pune, and the Digital Library of India. In addition it incorporated details on major

information systems in India (such as NISSAT)and major library networks in India

(such as INFLIBNET, DELNET, CALIBNET etc.). Lastly, the study concluded with

mentioning challenges for library and information science professionals and an

overview of initiatives taken by Government of India.

Mounissamy and Rani (2005)19 clearly briefed the usage and usability of

electronic journals by research scholars and faculty members of National Institute of

Technology, Tiruchirappalli. The study revealed that 67 percent of researchers and

33 percent of faculty members regularly accessed and used the electronic journals

for varied purposes.

Devi and Murthy (2005)20 described definitions, aim, organizations, internal

structures, policies and other characteristics of the UGC-Infonet E-Journal

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Consortium which is one of the well known consortia for Higher Education in India

under the UGC. The study also highlighted the characteristics and issues faced by the

consortia and the measures taken up to promote consortium activities.

Carroll (2006)21 reported usage of e-resources at Oregon Health and Science

University in terms of number of downloads, formats of downloads, cost per use,

number of requests from faculty, interlibrary loan requests, and number of articles

written or cited by the faculty.

Poll and Payne (2006)22 showd methods that were tested and used at the present.

More investigation was needed to identify methods that could be used to show a

library’s overall impact or to develop measures that would permit benchmarking

between institutions.

Beard et al. (2007)23 in their study on, “The impact of e-resources at Bournemouth

University 2004/2006” observed that the use of, and enthusiasm for, electronic

resources was widespread amongst students and staff of Bournemouth university

(UK).

Khaiser and Pramodini (2007)24 described the use of e-journals and databases by

the users of University of Mysore and examined the utilization and satisfaction levels

of users with respect to the e-resources. Use of internet as an alternative to UGC-

Infonet consortium resources was also presented.

Vishala and Bhandi (2007)25 advocated for a centrally administered consortium

approach with innovative features for maximum utilization of UGC-INFONET

electronic resources by the research community.

Patil and Parameshwar (2007)26 revealed in their study that UGC Infonet

Consortium was much helpful in fulfilling their information needs. They arrived at

the conclusion that there was need to train the faculty members and research

scholars in using the UGC-Infonet Journals. Lastly, they concluded that more number

of journals should be included in the consortium.

Lobo and Bandi (2007)27 highlighted the meaning, resources for forming consortia,

problems, benefits, objectives, types of consortium for e-journals, growth in India

and at international level, HELINET consortium, advantages and disadvantages. The

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study further suggested that the Libraries should join together to minimize the cost

of acquisition and also to maintain e-resources by maximizing their utilization

through consortia.

Murthy (2008)28 conducted a study regarding usage of UGC-Infonet resources and

found that the trend of high use of e-resources by the Indian scholars helped in

reducing information gaps between rural and urban, privileged and less privileged,

reachable and unreachable frontiers within the country. He further opined that this

had revolutionized the Indian university campuses with a digital culture.

Madhusudan (2008)29 conducted a study on use of UGC- Infonet e- journals in

university of Delhi. The study showed that majority of respondents used UGC Infonet

e- journals and there was an increasing demand for subscription of more e- journal

titles in LIS. There appeared to be some need for academics to be provided with

training in using e- journals.

Veenapani, Singh and Devi (2008)30 conducted a study to determine the use of

UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium by teachers and researchers and revealed

that only 55 percent of them were aware of the consortium. They further pointed

out to the problems faced by the users of the consortium namely ICT illiteracy,

frequent power cuts, slow internet speed, insufficient number of computers and

problems in selection of desired titles of journals.

Chand and Nishy (2008)31 examined the changing face of libraries particularly

with regard to the journal subscription from print to electronic form through

formation of consortia and necessity for enhancing the journal subscription.

Dutta (2008)32 in his report “Access to electronic journals through CSIR consortia:

A case study at Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute” dealt on access to

electronic journals through CSIR consortia. The study highlighted the advantages of

consortia.

Pesch (2008)33 affirmed the importance of calculating cost per search in

understanding usage of e-resources.

Singh, Nazim and Singh(2008)34 conducted a survey to know the awareness and

use of e-resources of UGC-INFONET Consortium by faculty members, researchers

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and students. They found that mere 14.29% were not aware of the availability of

online journals. Majority of the respondents (58.57%) were using online journals for

research work, 32.86 percent to update subject knowledge, 27.14%for writing

papers and 15.71% for teaching.

Kaur and Verma (2009)35 focussed on use of electronic information resources at

Thapar University, Patiala and showed the increasing trend in the use of e-journals.

They attempted to study the issues like use of electronic information resources, its

impact on the collection of print and electronic journals, its awareness among the

users, and the places the users were accessing these resources. A survey was

conducted in the academic year 2006-07 at the Thapar University, Patiala. A total

number of 504 users from the undergraduate, postgraduate programme, research

domain and faculty was selected and their response was obtained with the help of

questionnaire. The findings showed that users from all these categories were using

e-resources. The awareness about e-resources encouraged users to use such

resources to the maximum and the users were using computer centres and hostels

more for accessing the information.

Patil and Parameshwar (2009)36 found that 64.29 percent of the faculty members

needed regular training / awareness / orientation programmes for making best use

of the UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium.

Bhatt and Joshi (2009)37 evaluated the impact of UGC-Infonet Digital Library

Consortium on academic community and revealed that the number of research

degrees awarded in the field of social sciences, humanities, pure and applied

sciences had increased significantly.

Murthy (2009)38 briefly discussed the consortia initiatives taken at Defence

Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), a premier research organisation

of Ministry of Defence, engaged in the indigenous development of cutting-edge

defence technologies. He stated that DRDO consortium has already made a positive

impact on the minds of the R&D community of DRDO. He suggested that on the

economic side, DRDO laboratories could save nearly ` 3 crore by availing of deep

discounts offered for print copies and by not subscribing to print copies. He also

observed that DRDO laboratories were having greater resource sharing amongst

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them and providing increased access to latest R&D developments on 24X7 basis to

the S&T community on their desktops with an improved, qualitative and effective

article delivery service.

Ratnakar, Prerna and Satyanarayan (2009)39 gave an overview of the consortia

initiated by the Indian Council of Medical Research which shared the resources of its

medical libraries among its 25 institutes. He also suggested that Indian librarians

should seriously rethink and reinitiate consortium movement like western countries

for maximum utilisation of resources at a reduced cost, time, and space.

Ghosh (2009)40 included a brief profile of selected engineering libraries in

Maharashtra state of India and discussed salient issues related to strategic

cooperation and consortia, with particular focus on the current situation. It

examined the structural, financial and technical factors that had compelled the

academic libraries to think about the formation of statewide consortia. The author

surveyed forty-nine libraries to get an idea about the current status and explored

the possibilities of forming regional consortia with a mission to enhance access to

information and knowledge through cooperation for benefit of the engineering

communities. The focus was on librarians’ perceptions/opinions on the formation of

state level consortia ICT infrastructure, users’ needs, collection development policies

and the services provided by engineering libraries to the community.

Kumar (2009)41’s study dealt with use and usage of e-resources by the members of

FIIB. He gave description about the FIIB library and its resources. He explained the

need, scope and limitation, methodology of the study. The study included data

analysis, summarizing of findings, and also suggestions for the improvement in the

usage of e-resources.

Walker (2009)42 suggested that usage statistics and cost per use could offer a

viable solution to the ever-shrinking budget of libraries and making judicious

purchase decisions. Education administrators and planners are keen to assess per

capita return on the investment in library.

King (2009)43 recommended that libraries should calculate cost per download and

compare this parameter with other libraries. The cost per download, per session or

per login had been referred to frequently during cost-benefit analysis of e-resources.

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Cost per download can be defined as cost involved each time a resource is

downloaded from a specific database.

Trivedi, Chauhan and Arora (2009)44 studied on “Economics of UGC-INFONET

Digital Library Consortium” . The study elaborated on economics and cost-

effectiveness of Consortium. It highlighted the measures taken to ensure optimal use

of electronic resources provided to the member libraries.

Bhatt (2010)45 opined that UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium was the most

important consortium providing access to a large array of e-resources to all

academic universities and colleges in India. In fact, it facilitates efficient and effective

usage of e-resources for teaching and research activities.

Walmiki, et.al (2010)46 surveyed and disclosed that less than 40% of the faculty

members of Karnataka state universities were aware of and use the UGC- Infonet

online resources and more than 60% were not using the resources. The study

further suggested for an urgent need on the part of UGC to review the resources

included in the consortium in order to fulfill the needs of the faculty members.

Mishra and Gohain (2010)47 presented research topic “Use and Usage Statistics of

Electronic Resources at Central Library Tezpur University: A Case Study”. The study

attempted to find out the use of e-resources available in the Central Library, Tezpur

University by the user community. The findings will facilitate the researcher to find

out the relevance and length of the e-resources services provided by Central Library,

Tezpur University as well as the Librarians to compare usage statistics from

different vendors; derive useful metrics such as cost-per-use, make better-informed

purchasing decisions and plan infrastructure more effectively.

Veeramani and Vinayagamoorthy (2010)48 examined the need and necessity of

electronic collections, University libraries and its impact on management graduates.

The study also identified the level of awareness among the graduates and their

usage pattern on using digital information.

Arora and Trivedi (2010)49 described major activities, operations, and services of

UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium. The study briefly described resources

subscribed, major items of negotiation and terms of license, core member

universities and associate members, access management technologies, etc. The

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study outlined governing structure, committees, participating

universities/institutions and their roles. They further elaborateed on methods used

for promotion of e-resources amongst member universities. The study briefly

touched upon the economics of the UGCINFONET Digital Library Consortium and

outlined model for implementation of college consortium. Lastly, the study

elaborateed on future endeavours of the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium.

Godwa (2010)50 concentrated on the growth, and development of higher education

in India during the period 1947-2006. The study highlighted the implementation of

recent technologies and ICT applications and need based requirements for resource

sharing. He also discussed about UGC-INFONET’s genesis, activities and services. In

the process of improving the quality of higher education, the UGC decided to

subscribe to e-journals and provide access to Indian universities and colleges. The

UGC has also initiated a program providing Internet access to scholarly literature in

all areas of learning.

Walmiki, Ramakrishnegouda and Prithviraj (2010)51 had conducted a study

with reference to Karnataka State to assess the awareness and use of UGC –INFONET

digital library consortium by the faculty members of state university libraries. They

found that 39.79% of the faculty members were aware of and use consortium

resources whereas 35.99% were aware but do not use and 24.22% were not aware

of the availability of the consortium resources. The major problems faced by the

users of the consortium included lack of knowledge to use, insufficient INTERNET

terminals, bandwidth problem and lack of availability of relevant information

sources.

Singh, Singh and Chandel (2010)52 attempted to find out the usage of e resources

of various publishers available under UGC-INFONET by the academic community of

Manipur University during 2007 and 2008. They suggested that there was a need to

find out the usage of individual product of the publisher in view of findings that the

larger the coverage, least the use.

Vij and Soni (2011)53 described major functions, activities and services of the

INMAS library. The study briefly touched upon both print and e-resources

subscribed by INMAS library. The study further outlined activities undertaken by

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INMAS library which were leading to cost saving and cost recovery, thereby,

increasing return on investment (ROI). He also elaborated on strategies used by

INMAS library for effective promotion- for increased utilization of its resources,

which would in turn result in increased research output in form of various products

and services and a better ROI. Lastly, the study elaborated on future endeavors of

the INMAS library which would ultimately result in increased ROI for the library.

Tripathi, Kumar and Jeevan (2012)54 studied an account of how the e-resources

in general and EBSCO, PROQUEST, Project MUSE, and JSTOR in particular were used

in the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India. They studied and

highlighted the access pattern of the patrons in an open university. The study

advocated for the consistency and uniformity in computing and presenting usage

statistics reports so that reports from various providers could be compared.

Goria, Sunil (2012)55 provided brief overview of popular library consortiums of

India. The study also described the techniques to increase utilization of the e-

resources. Various emerging technologies i.e. RSS feeds, Google Reader, Delicious etc

have been demonstrated practically for effective utilization of e-resources with

minimum efforts. Findings of this study highlighted emerging technologies and role

of consortia for effective use of e-resources in Indian libraries.

It is obvious from literature review that though the studies have been carried out to

awareness and use of UGC-INFONET resources, such studies were restricted to

academic community of single university, and not explorative in nature. Thus the

present study attempts to fill-up the gap.

3.4 References

1. Arora, J. (2003). Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Science and

Technology (INDEST):A Proposal for Strategic Co-operation for

Consortia-based Access to Electronic Resources.The International

Information & Library Review, 35(1), 1–17.

2. Arora, J., & Agarwal, P. (2003). Indian National Digital Library in Engineering

Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium: Consortia-based

subscription to electronic resources for technical education system

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in India: A Government of India initiative. In Mapping Technology

onLibraries and People (pp. 271–290).

3. Guha, T. K., & Arora, J. (2003). INDEST Consortium: Extended. In PLANNER

2003: Automation of libraries in north eastern region: Trends

and challenges (pp. 277–287).

4. Saibaba B., & Guha, T. K. (n.d.). Resource Sharing Through INDEST

Consortium: A Case Study of IIT Guwahati. Retrieved from

http://eprints.rclis.org/12189/1/ouweb.pdf

5. Arora, J. (2005). Managing electronic resources through consortia: An

overview. In Library and Information Networking. In NACLIN

2005 (pp. 144–171).

6. Singh, Y. (2005). Impact of INDEST consortium on the research output of

Indian Institutes of Technology:A case study, 61–71.

7. Prasad, A.R.D.(2005). Technology tools for consortia. INDEST workshop and

third annual meet held at IIT Delhi,73-82.

8. Vinod, D. (2005). Evaluation of the Use of Print and Electronic Journals in

Central Library. Project Report,I.I.T.Kharagpur,18-26.

9. Arora, J., & Trivedi, K. (2010a). INDEST-AICTE Consortium: Present Service

and Future Endeavours. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information

Technology, 30(2), 79–91.

10. Sahoo, Bibhuti B., & Agarwal, G. P. (2012). INDEST-AICTE Consortium: A

decade of service for engineering, science and technology community

of the country. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 59(3), 170–

180.

11. Akasawa, M., & Ueda, S. (1998). On the use of electronic media by academic

economics. Library and Information Science, 40, 1–27.

12. Cowhig, J. (2012). Electronic article and journal usage statistics (EAJUS):

proposal for an industry-wide standard. Learned Publishing, 14(3),

233–236.

13. Liu, W., & Cox, F. M. (2002). Tracking the use of e-journals: a technique

collaboratively developed by the Cataloguing Department and the

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Systems and Services, 18(1), 32–39.

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14. Birdie, C., & Alladi, V. (2002). The Future of Consortia among Indian

Libraries FORSA Consortium as Forerunner ? Industrial Research,

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15. Tripathy, J. K., Patra, N. K., Choudhury, B. K. (2004). Library Consortia:

Resource Sharing in Digital Era. Library Progress, 24(1), 43–49.

16. Conyers, A. (2004). E-measures: Ready for the count? Measuring use of

electronic information services. SCONUL Newsletter, pp. 53–58.

17. Moen,E.W.,Oguz,F.,&McClure, C. R. (2004). The challenges of non-

standardized vendor usage data in a statewide meta search

environment: The Library of Texas experience. Library Quarterly,

74(4), 403–422.

18. Gulati, A. (2004). Use of information and communication technology in

libraries and information centres: an Indian scenario. Electronic

Library, 22(4), 335–340.

19. Mounissamy, P., & Rani, S. (2005). Evaluation of usage and usability of

electronic journals. SRELS Journals of Information Management,

41(2), 189–205.

20. Devi & Murthy. (n.d.). Issues in UGC- E-JOURNAL Consortium. 3rd Convention

PLANNER -2005, 347–353.

21. Carroll, D. (2006). Evaluation and management of print and online journals

using a serials decision database. Retrieved from

www.ous.edu/onlinenw/2006/presentations/OnlineNW SDD Feb

2006prt.ppt

22. Poll, R., & Payne, P. (2006). Impact measures for libraries and information

services. Library Hi Tech, 24(4), 554–562. Retrieved from

www.emeraldinsight.com/0737-8831.htm

23. Beard, J., Dale, P., & Hutchins, J. (2007). The impact of e-resources at

Bournemouth University. Performance Management and

Metrics, 8(1), 7–17. Retrieved from www.emeraldinsight.com

24. Khaiser, N., & Pramodini, B. (2007). Use of e-journals and databases by the

academic community of University of Mysore: a survey. Annals of

Library and Information Studies, 54, 19–22.

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25. Vishala, B.K., & Bhandi, M. K. (2007). Availability of library and information

science electronic journals through UGC-INFONET project. Annals

of Library and Information Studies., 53(2), 65–69.

26. Patil, D. B., & Parameshwar, S. P. (2008). Use of UGC- Infonet Consortium by

the faculty Members and Research Scholars in Department of

Chemistry of Gulbarga University: A Survey. In 5th International

Caliber Punjab University Chandigarh: 2008.

27. Lobo, J. D., & Bhandi, M. K. (2007). E-Consortia in the Digital Era: Special

Reference To Health Sciences Library and Information Network

Consortium: Helinet. SRELS Journal of Information Management,

44(1), 63–76.

28. Murthy, T. A. V. (2008). Creating prosperity in the higher education

institutions through UGC- Infonet e- journal consortium. Retrieved

from www.chillibreeze. com/articles_various/ epublishing/17. Seminar

papers contents page with abstacts 3.pdf

29. Madhusudan, M. (2008). Use of UGC-Infonet E-Journals by Research Scholars

and Students of the University of Delhi, Delhi: A study. Library Hi

Tech, 26(3), 369–386. Retrieved from

30. http:// www.emeraldinsight.com/ 0737-8831.html

31. doi:10.1108/0737883031090330

32. Veenapani, S., Singh, K., & Devi R. (2008). Use of e-resources and UGC-Infonet

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