Review of International Requirements for Emergency ...

IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Lecture

Review of International

Requirements for Emergency

Preparedness and Response

Module L-008

L-008: Review of International



2

Introduction: GS-R-2 and EPR-Method

• GS-R-2 – establishes requirements for the adequate level of preparedness and response

• EPR-Method

• Practical source of information

• Used for development of integrated operator, local and national capability for emergency response

• Expanded guidance for radiological emergencies

• Based on lessons learned, research and international law

• Ensures consistency with GS-R-2




3

Content

• Presentation order:

• Overview of “Preparedness and

Response for a Nuclear or

Radiological Emergency” –

GS-R-2 - Requirements

• Overview of “Method for Developing

Arrangements for Response to a

Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”

– Updates IAEA-TECDOC-953 –

EPR-Method-2003




4

Background of GS-R-2 “Preparedness and Response for Nuclear or Radiological Emergency” Requirements

• Safety Standards Series No. GS-R-2

• Requirements level – ‘Shall’

• Approved by March 2002 board

• Printed in late 2002

• Co-sponsored by FAO, IAEA, OCHA, WHO,

PAHO, ILO, NEA (OECD)




5

Integration of All EP&R Requirements

into GS-R-2 • BSS Safety Series No. 115, (1996)

• Safe Transport No. TS-R-1, (2000)

• Legal and Governmental Infrastructure

• GS-R-1, (2000)

• Nuclear Power Plants: Design NS-R-1, (2000)

• Nuclear Power Plants: Operation NS-R-2, (2000)

• Nuclear Research Reactors: Design, 35-S1, (1992)

• Nuclear Research Reactors:Operation, 35-S2, (1992)




6

Contents of GS-R-2

• Principles and objectives

• General requirements

• Basic responsibilities

• Threat assessments

• Functional requirements

• Requirements for infrastructure

• Glossary




7

Principles and Objectives

• Protection objective:

“to prevent the occurrence of deterministic effects in

individuals by keeping doses below the relevant threshold

and to ensure that all reasonable steps are taken to

reduce the occurrence of stochastic effects in the

population at present and in the future.”

• Safety objective:

“to protect individuals, society and the environment from

harm by establishing and maintaining effective defences

against radiological hazards from sources.”




8

Practical Goals of Emergency

Response

• Regain control of the situation

• Prevent or mitigate consequences at the scene

• Prevent the occurrence of deterministic health effects in workers and public

• Render first aid and manage treatment of radiation injuries

• Prevent, to extent practicable, occurrence of stochastic health effects

• Prevent, to extent practicable, occurrence of non-radiological effects on individuals and the population

• Protect property and environment to extent practicable

• Prepare for resumption of normal social and economic activity




9

Threat Assessment

Areas and locations identified for which nuclear or radiological emergency could warrant:

• Precautionary urgent protective action to prevent severe deterministic health effects

• Urgent protective action to prevent stochastic effects to the extent practicable

• Agricultural countermeasures, ingestion countermeasures and longer term protective measures

• Protection for first responders




10

Requirements Established for Threat

Categories

Threat

Category Radiological Threat

I Severe deterministic health effects off-site

II Warranting urgent protective actions off-site,

deterministic health effects on-site

III No urgent protective actions off-site are warranted,

severe deterministic health effects on-site

IV Minimum level of threat – all countries

V Food contamination due to transboundary

contamination necessitating food restrictions




11

Intervention Principles

• Justification of intervention:

“Any proposed intervention shall do more good

than harm.”

• Optimization of intervention:

“The form, scale and duration of any intervention

shall be optimized so that the net benefit is

maximized.”




12

Functional Requirements

(What is Done for Each Category)

• Establishing emergency management operations

• Identifying, notifying and activating

• Performing mitigatory actions

• Taking urgent protective action

• Providing information and issuing instructions and

warnings to the public

• Protecting emergency workers

• Assessing the initial phase




13

Functional Requirements (Cont’d)

• Managing the medical response

• Keeping the public informed

• Taking agricultural, ingestion and longer term protective action

• Mitigating the non-radiological consequences

• Conducting recovery operations




14

Requirements for Infrastructure

(What is Needed to Perform Functions)

Meet

response

objectives

Authority

QA

programme Organization

Training,

drill and

exercises

Co-ordination

Logistical

support and

facilities

Plans and

procedures




15

Glossary:

Important Terms

• Dangerous source

• Severe deterministic health effect

• Emergency classes

• Significant transboundary release




16

Glossary:

Important Terms (cont’d)

• Transnational emergency

• Precautionary Action Zones (PAZs)

• Emergency Action Levels (EALs)

• Operational Intervention Levels (OILs)




17

Methods

• Update of IAEA-TECDOC-953

• Provides guidance for meeting

the requirements (GS-R-2)

• Incorporates the lessons

learned from use of IAEA-

TECDOC-953

• Extensive outlines of national,

local, facility or operator plans

and procedures




18

EPR-Method 2003 Contains Guidance

for all Types of Emergencies

• Covers everything from nuclear power plants to radiological

emergencies

• Expanded guidance for radiological emergencies and

emergencies that can occur anywhere

• Based on lessons learned, research and law

• Information on emergency organizations and facilities

• Information on management of medical response




19

Major Lessons Learned

• Single person in charge

• Be able to make decisions promptly (no meetings)

• Have criteria for making decisions

• Immense media interest and conflicting advice




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Major Lessons Learned (Cont’d)

Be aggressive in using the media to get information to the public

• People get information from the media

• Single spokesman

• Brief early and often

• Keep it simple - use plain language

• The public wants to know if it is safe




21

Step by Step Approach: Overview

• Assumes only limited response

arrangements are in place

• Main features of methodology

• Modular

• Requires extensive consultation with

participating organizations

• Dynamic




22

EPR-Method: Tasks – Step by Step

Approach • Task 1. Review national policy

• Task 2. Perform threat assessment

• Task 3. Develop planning basis

• Task 4. Develop concept of operations

and allocate responsibilities

• Task 5. Develop interim capability

• Task 6. Write National Radiation Emergency

Plan (NREP)

• Task 7. Present NREP

• Task 8. Implement detailed plans

• Task 9. Test the capability

• Task 10. Establish ongoing Quality Assurance (QA) and maintenance.




23

Establish Responsibilities

(Requirements)

IDENTIFICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF CRITICAL TASKS Worksheet (Page 26 of EPR-Method)

Provided to identify roles of organizations: • National ministries and agencies

• Regional ministries and agencies

• Governments within the zones

• Medical, police, fire fighting services

• Non-governmental organizations




24

Incident Command System (ICS)

• Standard organizations – expand as needed

• Single person in charge - Incident Commander

• First responder local official national

official

• Standard parts - public affairs,

planning, operations, finance/admin,

logistic

• One person to 1000+ perform




25

Response Organization Based on

Incident Command System

• Standard areas

• Standard facilities add as needed

• Incident Command Post (ICP) (1)

– near scene

• Public Information Centre (PIC)–

• Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Centre

(RMAC)

• Designated hospital

• Others




26

Incident Commander

(Lead First Responder)

• Assess all possible hazards from a distance

• Save lives, prevent/treat serious injuries, deal with

conventional hazard

• Conduct immediate field

assessment for radiation

• Activate response for the

ICS establish the ICP




27

Incident Commander

(Local OfficialNational Official)

• Integrate the response using the ICS

conversional and law enforcement

• Implement protection IAEA-TECDOC-1162

• Notify potentially affected States/IAEA if transnational

• Monitor public response for inappropriate behaviour

• Be prepared for immense media and hoaxes




28

Incident Commander - Group

• One person in charge, near the scene

• All agencies – agree in advance – national plan

Safety officer /

group

Public information

officer / group

(At the PIC (2)

Liaison officer /

group

Incident Commander and Group

(At the ICP (1))

Local

government

representatives

Facility

representatives

National

government

representatives




29

Appendix 4: Typical Threat Categories

of Practices

• Practice – threat summary – typical category

• Industry

• Medical research

• Sources

• Fuel cycle

• Reactor

• Transport (UN Numbers)

• Other




30

Appendix 5: Area and Zone Sizes

National boarder

Country A

Country B

On-Site

PAZ

Facility

UPZ

Road (*)

* or other recognizable

boundary




31

Appendix 7: Action Guides

• Check list for response to radiological emergencies

• Description of the hazards

(public – responders)

• Action to be taken by:

• Incident Commander

• Radiological assessor

• Medical response

• Public information

• Incident investigation

• Others




32

Types of Action Guides

• Detection of medical symptoms of radiation exposure

• Lost / theft of dangerous source

• Recovery of dangerous source

• Radiography (dangerous mobile source)

• Public contamination/exposure

• Radioactive satellite re-entry




33

Types of Action Guides (Cont’d)

• Nuclear weapons accident

• Transport

• Serious overexposure

• Credible/ non-credible terrorist threats

• Explosive Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)

• Intentional contamination of water/food

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Appendix 8 and 18

• Appendix 8: Dangerous quantities of radioactive material

• Appendix 18: Plain language statements of the risks associated with lost or stolen radioactive sources or material

• For ratio Activity/D Number (A/D)

Also in:

• “Generic procedures for response during a radiological emergency or terrorism - Part 1 First responders and early response”




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Other Appendices

• Appendix 9: Information needs for planning

• Appendix 10: Response time objectives

• Appendix 12: Outlines of plans and procedures

• Appendix 14: Emergency facilities and locations

• Appendix 16: Radiation protection equipment

• Appendix 17: Categorization of terrorist acts and threats




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Where to Get More Information

• IAEA, Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Requirements, Safety Series No. GS-R-2, IAEA, Vienna (2002)

• IAEA, Method for Developing Arrangements for Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency,Updated IAEA-TECDOC-953, EPR-Method, IAEA, Vienna (2003)

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