Review of fertility and availability of nurseries (work in progress)
Review of fertility and availability of nurseries (work in progress)
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REVIEW OF FERTILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF NURSERIES
(WORK IN PROGRESS)
Dorota Szelewa and Hana Haskova
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Fertility in Visegrad countries before and after 1989
Visegrad countries in the 1980s- permanent childlessness low (5-10%)- mean age of women at first birth low (about 20-22 years)- fertility rates high (about 2 children per woman)
Visegrad countries since the 1990s- lowest total fertility rates in Europe
- 1,14 – 1,35 children per woman in 2000- 1,32 – 1,5 children per woman in 2008
- rapid increase in the mean age of women at birth (28-29 years)- growing percentage of the (so far) childless in adult population
How to explain fertility decline in Visegrad countries?What are the factors leading to different fertility outcomes among
European countries?
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back
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Explanations of fertility decline in Visegrad countries (not mutually exclusive)
Cultural factors Structural factors
internalized values external conditionsopportunities competing with parenthood
barriers to parenthood
positive aspects of transformations negative aspects of transformations
similarities in demographic trends in Europe
differences in demographic trends in Europe
delayed second demographic transition
demographic shock, human conduct under conditions of anomie, or strategic postponement
evidence of growing postmaterialist value orientations
evidence of growing insecurity on labour markets and reductions in welfare systems
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Correlation between total fertility rate and share of children <3 in daycare in Europe
(Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.65)
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The development of the nurseries after the fall of state-socialism
% children under 3 attending nurseries
1989 2009
Czech Republic 14,0%14,0% >1,0%>1,0%
Hungary 13,7%13,7% 11,0%11,0%
Poland 4,0%4,0% 3,3%3,3%
• Common trend: decentralisation of responsibility for financing and maintaining nurseries (exception: Hungary)
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Recent reforms/alternative forms of daycare
2-year olds in kindergartenPrivate forms of care (e.g. baby-sitters)
family day-care-service,integrated nursery-kindergarten, domestic childcare, alternative day-care service
HungaryHungaryCzech RepublicCzech Republic PolandPoland
“toddler’s clubs”Nanny
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Comparative studies
Hobson and Oláh (2006)Hobson and Oláh (2006):: RQ: why delaying birth-giving ? Data: LIS, CZ and HU included Lowest or none birth-striking effect identified only in
the dual earner countries (Sen’s capabilities dual earner countries (Sen’s capabilities and and agency freedom agency freedom approach)approach)
Oláh (2011):Oláh (2011): Risk aversion theory For fertility: stronger effects of daycare than part-time
work
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De-familialisation of care
(Childcare Childcare servicesservices)
PolandPoland
Implicit familialism
Explicit familialism
Optional familialism
FFemale emale mobilising mobilising
Czech Czech Republic, Republic, Slovakia, Slovakia, Slovenia Slovenia
Minimalist policies
Hungary,
Lithuania
De-familialisati
on of payments payments
for care
Estonia, Estonia, Latvia Latvia
Szelewa, Polakowski 2007
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The Czech Republic (1)
Lively debate between proponents and oponents of the impact of welfare provisions on fertility.
Studies on attitudes to childcare services and financial support for mothers to provide home-based care.
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The Czech Republic (2) Work situation/ plans increasingly more influence childbearing plans.Conflict between work and childbearing plans highest among university degree women.University degree women and men with the lowest education the most and increasingly more without children in the household. Accessible quality childcare services reduce conflict between work and care in childbearing plans of high educated women.
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Hungary (1)Gábos and Tóth (2000) Gábos and Tóth (2000) Decision about birth-giving – result of cost-
benefit rationalisation
Kapitány (2008)Kapitány (2008)Small positive impact of GYED
Bálint and Köllő (2008)Bálint and Köllő (2008)Positive impact of in-kind benefits, but also
related to status
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Hungary (2)
Bass and Darvas (2008)Bass and Darvas (2008)Low-educated women prefer home-based
careHighest rate of childcare use among well-
educated women
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Poland (1)• Institute for Labour and Social Issues 1991Institute for Labour and Social Issues 1991
• Highest fertility among those who came back to work after childcare leave
• Husband’s earningsHusband’s earnings (28%), (28%), better housing better housing conditionsconditions (28%), and higher childcare benefit (28%), and higher childcare benefit (21%)(21%) as most important factors influencing pro-creation decisions
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Poland (2): LFS module 2005Use of external care as related to higherhigher education, higher income education, higher income and bigger citiesbigger cities, Procreation decisions: more emphasis on the availability of childcare services (in general)Birth striking as response to societal and structural changes. Gap: Linking nurseries availability to fertility absent Treating „external care” very generally (including
nannies and family members not living in the household.
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Conclusions Differences in institutional arrangements in institutional arrangements of childcare policies Literature gapLiterature gap: need for systematic methodological approach and individual level data. Alternative forms of childcare: challenge for statistics…therefore survey data on the use of childcare might be more adequate.
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Thank you!Thank you!