Review of Air Quality Review of Air Quality Management in Management in

Hangzhou Hangzhou

Hangzhou EPBHangzhou EPB2006.5.302006.5.30

Two features of Hangzhou air quality trend ：※ No effective control of air quality deterioration;

※ Integrated, complex and regional pollution,

multiple pollution sources and complicated

formation mechanism.

Forewords Forewords

Main Contents

Effect factor analysis

Management measures

Air quality status

Policy recommendations

Part I

Overall air quality status

Automatic air quality monitoring sites distribution in Hangzhou\

★ air quality trend

Hangzhou air quality witnesses Hangzhou air quality witnesses different trends before and after different trends before and after the year of 2000 when Hangzhou had the year of 2000 when Hangzhou had the best overall air quality. After the best overall air quality. After the drop trend, the annual the drop trend, the annual concentrations of PMconcentrations of PM1010 and SO and SO2 2 have have

begun to mount from 2000 and the begun to mount from 2000 and the concentration of NO2 has begun to concentration of NO2 has begun to rise from 1996. rise from 1996. Hangzhou ranks between 30th and Hangzhou ranks between 30th and 40th concerning the air quality in 40th concerning the air quality in all of the 47 key cities. If all of the 47 key cities. If compared with developed countries, compared with developed countries, the gap is even bigger, with a the gap is even bigger, with a pollution level equivalent to that pollution level equivalent to that of 1980s.of 1980s.

★Acid rain

The acid rain frequency of 70% to 80% has The acid rain frequency of 70% to 80% has been well controlled while the pollution been well controlled while the pollution coverage has been expanded. coverage has been expanded.

The The acid rain pollution acid rain pollution is correlative with PM is correlative with PM pollution. The most important pollutant of acid pollution. The most important pollutant of acid rain is sulfate while the share of nitrate is in the rain is sulfate while the share of nitrate is in the trend of increasing.trend of increasing.

Air pollution evolvementAir pollution evolvement

Air pollution evolvement ：

◆ 1970s -1980s: smoke dust →TSP and SO2→acid

rain, coal-smoke type ；

◆ 1990s: SO2 and NOx →acid rain, smoke dust and

blown-up dust →TSP ， complex type

◆ Now: SO2 and NOx→ secondary

particle ， aerosol→PM10 、 PM2.5 ， NOx and VOC→

the photochemical smog （ O3 ）， complex type.

◆ Future: O3 、 PM2.5 、 VOC 、 CO ， smog type.

★ Hangzhou air pollution features

◇ The pollution feature has been changed from coal-smoke type to

complex type [characterized by low visibility (fine particle), strong air

oxidabillity （ ozone ） , high frequency of acid rain, and regional pollution

with the city as a center] ；

◇ The major PM sources have been changed from coal burning and

construction sites (the sum of contribution shares was above 80%

in 1996) to the mix of construction sites, vehicle exhaust, coal

burning and secondary particles.

◇ the size of PM is tending to be smaller. The auspice of

photochemical smog and secondary aerosol can be seen.

◇ The regional pollution has been formed.

Part IIPart II Effect factor analysisEffect factor analysis

№1 the natural conditions

Hangzhou city is surrounded by mountains Hangzhou city is surrounded by mountains from three sides. So the air pollutants from three sides. So the air pollutants are difficult to disperse. The inversion are difficult to disperse. The inversion temperature days are as many as 220 a year temperature days are as many as 220 a year on average. Moreover, under high on average. Moreover, under high temperature and high humidity, SO2 and NOx temperature and high humidity, SO2 and NOx are easier to produce secondary aerosols. are easier to produce secondary aerosols. In sum, the environmental capacity of In sum, the environmental capacity of Hangzhou is limited due to the Hangzhou is limited due to the disadvantageous geographic and disadvantageous geographic and meteorologic conditions. It is a big meteorologic conditions. It is a big challenge to improve the air quality of challenge to improve the air quality of Hangzhou.Hangzhou.

Country or city

Energy consumption per

unit GDPTons of standard coal/10,000 yuan

Japan 0.18

France0.24~0.30

Britain

USA About 0.41

Shanghai 1.03

Beijing 1.53

Guangzhou

0.84

Nanjing 2.09

Wuxi 0.81

Hangzhou 0.95

China 1.44

№№2 Energy consumption2 Energy consumption

As many cities in China, As many cities in China,

Hangzhou has a rising energy Hangzhou has a rising energy

consumption along with the rapid consumption along with the rapid

economic development. The energy economic development. The energy

structure of coal as domination structure of coal as domination

(account for 60% in the primary (account for 60% in the primary

energy), however, is difficult to be energy), however, is difficult to be

changed in the short term. The huge changed in the short term. The huge

emission from coal burning has emission from coal burning has

consequently brought heavy pressure consequently brought heavy pressure

on the environment. on the environment.

№3 Urbanization

The rapid urbanization and population The rapid urbanization and population explosion (annual population increase: 6%—7%) explosion (annual population increase: 6%—7%) has offset the efforts of existing air has offset the efforts of existing air pollution control measures. The environment pollution control measures. The environment is quite fragile due to the laggard is quite fragile due to the laggard infrastructure construction, dense population infrastructure construction, dense population and intensive human activities. The and intensive human activities. The contradiction of fast development and contradiction of fast development and insufficient protection is outstanding. On insufficient protection is outstanding. On one hand, the vehicle emission pollution is one hand, the vehicle emission pollution is pricking up. On the other hand, the blown-up pricking up. On the other hand, the blown-up dusts from construction sites and roads add dusts from construction sites and roads add more pressure to the air quality. These human more pressure to the air quality. These human activities have offset the effects of some activities have offset the effects of some measures such as coal to oil (gas) switch.measures such as coal to oil (gas) switch.

№4 Urbanization

The rapid motor vehicle increase The rapid motor vehicle increase

results in pollution of PM, NOx, VOC, CO results in pollution of PM, NOx, VOC, CO

and Oand O33. The urban planning failed to catch . The urban planning failed to catch

up the automobile development, which can up the automobile development, which can

be seen from insufficient parking space be seen from insufficient parking space

and limited road capability, leading to and limited road capability, leading to

ineffective control of vehicle emission ineffective control of vehicle emission

pollution.pollution.

№5 Urbanization

the unique urban weather feature the unique urban weather feature such as phenomenon of hot island such as phenomenon of hot island has great impact on the dispersion has great impact on the dispersion of air pollutions. of air pollutions.

№6 Challenges

※ ※ Legislation: far to be perfectLegislation: far to be perfect

※ ※ Technology: Source apportionment and systematic Technology: Source apportionment and systematic

control are the major concerns; Breaking the new control are the major concerns; Breaking the new

ground in innovative environmental technologies is ground in innovative environmental technologies is

significant; The practical control technologies of significant; The practical control technologies of

coal and oil burning, vehicle exhaust and blown-up coal and oil burning, vehicle exhaust and blown-up

dusts are required when facing the complex and dusts are required when facing the complex and

regional air pollution. regional air pollution.

※ ※ Research: insufficient surveys and researches on Research: insufficient surveys and researches on

emission inventory and pollution mechanismemission inventory and pollution mechanism

№№7 7 Total emission amount

The effective technologies of removing fine The effective technologies of removing fine

particles from waste gases of pollution particles from waste gases of pollution

sources are needed;sources are needed;

The monitoring methods in point, area and The monitoring methods in point, area and

line sources should be strengthened.line sources should be strengthened.

emission of air pollutants >> environmental emission of air pollutants >> environmental

capacitycapacityCoal burningCoal burningConstruction sitesConstruction sitesMobile Mobile

sourcessources

Part IIIPart III

MeasuresMeasures

•The phase I, II, III and IV of measures The phase I, II, III and IV of measures

have been implemented. have been implemented.

•Government’s responsibility documentGovernment’s responsibility document （（ The The

document include the big coal consumers’ document include the big coal consumers’

desulfurization and dedust projects and the desulfurization and dedust projects and the

industrial waste gases processing industrial waste gases processing

projectsprojects ））

1 Comprehensive control measures1 Comprehensive control measures

296 enterprises, which have impact on 296 enterprises, which have impact on

ecological environment, have been closed. ecological environment, have been closed.

The polluting enterprises relocation plan The polluting enterprises relocation plan

have been put forward.have been put forward.

2 Industrial structure adjustment2 Industrial structure adjustment

☆ Dust control zoneDust control zone（ area: area: 510.55KM2 510.55KM2 ，， coverage rate: 100%coverage rate: 100%）☆No burning zoneNo burning zone（ The short and medium term The short and medium term plans have been implementedplans have been implemented）

3 Dust control zone and no burning zone3 Dust control zone and no burning zone

Old vehicles Old vehicles scrapscrappage

Buses Buses upgradeupgrade

Road inspection and annual inspectionRoad inspection and annual inspection

Exposure of non-compliant vehicles to publicExposure of non-compliant vehicles to public

Repair in the limited periodRepair in the limited period

4 Vehicle emission control4 Vehicle emission control

5 Blown-up dust control5 Blown-up dust control

11 ）） The municipal government issued ‘The The municipal government issued ‘The

management methods of blown-up dusts controlmanagement methods of blown-up dusts control （ The

municipal government decree No.190 ）；；

22 ）） Road cleaning upgrade by increasing the coverage Road cleaning upgrade by increasing the coverage

of mechanical cleaning;of mechanical cleaning;

33 ）） Improve the management of transport trucks by Improve the management of transport trucks by

promoting slag transport without leaking;promoting slag transport without leaking;

44 ）） Strengthen the management of dusts from Strengthen the management of dusts from

construction sites and roadsconstruction sites and roads

6 Total emission control6 Total emission control

11 ）） Emission allocation to various pollution sources after Emission allocation to various pollution sources after

total emission control goal set total emission control goal set （（ emission emission

performanceperformance ）；）；

22 ）） Investment of 10 million yuan in establishing on-line Investment of 10 million yuan in establishing on-line

air pollutants monitoring system in pollution sources;air pollutants monitoring system in pollution sources;

33 ）） Improved law enforcementImproved law enforcement ；；

44 ）） Three-Synchronization system for new projectsThree-Synchronization system for new projects ；；

55 ）） Comprehensive management of cooking pollution.Comprehensive management of cooking pollution.

7 Green area expansion7 Green area expansion

The annual green area expansion:

above 5 million sq km

1 ） Invest 1 million yuan in PM10 and NOx

source apportionment research

2 ） Investment 5 million yuan in a mobile

monitoring vehicle

8 Investment in scientific 8 Investment in scientific

researchesresearches

1 ）《《 Hangzhou management methods of Hangzhou management methods of

pollution emission permitpollution emission permit 》 》

22 ）《）《 Hangzhou management methods of blown-Hangzhou management methods of blown-

up dustsup dusts 》 》

33 ）《）《 Hangzhou management methods of Hangzhou management methods of

environmental protection of service environmental protection of service

industry industry 》》

4）《《 Hangzhou ordinance of vehicle Hangzhou ordinance of vehicle

pollution prevention and controlpollution prevention and control 》》

9 Regulations9 Regulations

Part IVPart IV

Next stepsNext steps

11 ）） Industrial pollution control: fine particles, Industrial pollution control: fine particles,

secondary aerosols, SOsecondary aerosols, SO22, NOx; industrial structure , NOx; industrial structure

adjustment;adjustment;

22 ）） Vehicle emission control: no control of Vehicle emission control: no control of

ownership but control of use; I/M; NOxownership but control of use; I/M; NOx 、、 PM and VOC PM and VOC

emission control;emission control;

33 ）） Blown-up dust: transport trucks; road cleaning; Blown-up dust: transport trucks; road cleaning;

construction sites.construction sites.

Air pollution control measures

——The power of mass and media will be used in power balance

and government’s responsibility improvement ；——More groups will be attracted as players instead of audiences

in the environmental protection in order to enhance the work

transparency

——The violating behaviors of enterprises will be harshly exposed

so as to improve their self-control;

——The environmental commonweal suit system will be

established to implement ‘pay for the past misfeasance’ .

Public access to Public access to informationinformation

Regulations and Regulations and standardsstandards

In the short termIn the short termOrdinanceOrdinance-------- 《《 Hangzhou ordinance on pollutant emission permit Hangzhou ordinance on pollutant emission permit 》》RegulationsRegulations-------- 《《 Hangzhou management methods on emission trade of Hangzhou management methods on emission trade of main pollutants main pollutants 》，》， SOSO22 emission trade is in the plan emission trade is in the plan

-------- 《《 Hangzhou management methods on continuous Hangzhou management methods on continuous emission monitoring of pollutantsemission monitoring of pollutants 》》StandardsStandards-------- 《《 Hangzhou standard of air pollutants emissions for Hangzhou standard of air pollutants emissions for boilersboilers 》》

Technical support and policy Technical support and policy researchresearchTechnical supportTechnical support----plan to establish central database of pollution sources and decision-making system----plan to develop on-line emission report system on big coal consumers----plan to improve on-line pollution sources monitoring system and expand the installation of continuous emission monitoring system （ CEMS ）Policy research and promotionPolicy research and promotion--------environmental audit----environmental credit system of enterprises （ environmental behavior classification)

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