Review Article Pandanus odoratissimus (Kewda): A Review on ...

Review ArticlePandanus odoratissimus (Kewda) A Review onEthnopharmacology Phytochemistry and Nutritional Aspects

Prafulla P Adkar12 and V H Bhaskar3

1Department of Pharmacology JSPMrsquos Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research University of Pune PuneMaharashtra 411028 India2Vinayaka Missions University Sankari Main Road NH-47 Ariyanoor Salem Tamil Nadu 636308 India3Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry Gahlot Institute of Pharmacy Plot No 59 Sector No 14 Kopar khairaneNavi Mumbai Maharashtra 400709 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Prafulla P Adkar prafiphdgmailcom

Received 6 February 2014 Revised 9 June 2014 Accepted 10 June 2014 Published 22 December 2014

Academic Editor Berend Olivier

Copyright copy 2014 P P Adkar and V H BhaskarThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in anymedium provided the originalwork is properly cited

Pandanus odoratissimus Linn (family Pandanaceae) is traditionally recommended by the Indian Ayurvedic medicines fortreatment of headache rheumatism spasm coldflu epilepsy wounds boils scabies leucoderma ulcers colic hepatitis smallpoxleprosy syphilis and cancer and as a cardiotonic antioxidant dysuric and aphrodisiac It contains phytochemicals namely lignansand isoflavones coumestrol alkaloids steroids carbohydrates phenolic compounds glycosides proteins amino acids as well asvitamins and nutrients and so forth It is having immense importance in nutrition A 100 g edible Pandanus pericarp is mainlycomprised of water and carbohydrates (80 and 17 g resp) and protein (13mg) fat (07mg) and fiber (35 g) Pandanus fruitspaste provides 321 kilocalories protein (22 g) calcium (134mg) phosphorus (108mg) iron (57mg) thiamin (004mg) vitaminC (5mg) and beta-carotene (19 to 19000 120583g) (a carotenoid that is a precursor to vitamin A) Pandanus fruit is an importantsource of vitamins C B

1 B2 B3 and so forth usually prepared as a Pandanus floured drink Traditional claims were scientifically

evaluated by the various authors and the phytochemical profile of plant parts was well established The methods for analyticalestimations were developed However there is paucity of systematic compilation of scientifically important information about thisplant In the present review we have systematically reviewed and compiled information of pharmacognostic ethnopharmacologyphytochemistry pharmacology nutritional aspects and analytical methodsThis reviewwill enrich knowledge leading the way intothe discovery of new therapeutic agents with improved and intriguing pharmacological properties

1 Introduction

The Indian Ayurvedic plant (kewda) Pandanus odoratissimusLam belonging to the family Pandanaceae (Figure 1) [1]The overall Pandanus genus contains about 600 species dis-tributed mainly in subtropical and tropical regions there arearound 30 to 40 species of Pandanus in India It is widelydistributed in India over coastal districts of Orissa (especiallyinGanjam)Andhra Pradesh TamilNadu and to some extentin parts of Uttar Pradesh [2] P odoratissimus is said to be arestore health strength or well-being promoting a feeling ofwell-being in tropical climates Ayurvedic science has foundthemedicinal action of essential oil yielded by the screwpinersquos

highly scented flowers to be useful in headaches earachesand as a liniment for rheumatic pains It may be chewedas a breath sweetener or used as a preservative in ricemade foods Pandanus has antiviral antiallergy antiplateletanti-inflammatory antioxidant and anticancer action [3 4]P odoratissimus naturally occurs in high water marking thevery edge of the sea and near coastal forests in SoutheastAsia including the Philippines and Indonesia extendingeastward through PapuaNewGuinea and northernAustraliaand throughout the pacific ocean beaches includingMelane-sia (Solomon Islands Vanuatu New Caledonia and Fiji)Micronesia (Palau Northern Marianas Guam FederatedStates of Micronesia Marshall lands Kiribati Tuvalu and

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Pharmacological SciencesVolume 2014 Article ID 120895 19 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014120895

2 Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Figure 1 Whole plant Pandanus odoratissimus Linn (FamilyPandanaceae)

Nauru) and Polynesia (Wallis and Futuna Tokelau SamoaAmerican Samoa Tonga Niue Cook Islands French Poly-nesia and Hawaii) [4]

2 Historical Perspectives

P odoratissimus Linn is native to South Asia and India hasthe tradition of alternative therapies there are no proceduresto test the safety and efficacy of traditional remedies and tostandardize their effective cure For these reasons it is essen-tial to increase our efforts in the area of medicinal plantresearch and exploit it efficiently for the benefit of humanity

3 Habitat

P odoratissimus Linn forest habitat [5] and usually elevationsof sea level to 20m (66 ft) but can grow at elevations of 600m(1970 ft) or higher [6] Kewda plants are found growing alongseashores banks of rivers ponds canals and so forth [7] Itgrows in tropical climate where it can withstand droughtsalty spray and strong wind It propagates readily from seedbut it is also propagated from branch cutting for farm or forgarden It grows fairly quickly [8]

Pandanus plant is also called ldquopandanrdquo and it is native toAsia and even tropical parts of Australia Pandanus leaves aremostly used in the Southeast Asian cooking (Thomson et al2007)

4 Cultivation and Collection

Cultivation of P odoratissimus is too little in India preciselythe Ganjam district in southern OrissaThe plant can be pro-pagated by off sets or division of the suckers For raisingscented types a fertile well-drained-soil is preferable Thetree begins to flower 3 to 4 years after plantingThe floweringperiod is rainy season (JulyndashOctober) The flowers are har-vested early in themorning and the spa dices take a fortnightto mature depending upon the weather conditions In Indiaand Burma the male flowers are valued for their fragrance

and some kewda products Highly prized by Indian perfumera fully mature tree bears 30ndash40 spadices in a year It is esti-mated that there are about 30ndash40 thousand trees in Ganjamdistrict and nearly to a million spa dices are annually used forthe production of kewda attar kewdawater and kewda oil [9]

5 Pharmacognosy [17]

See Tables 1 and 2

6 Microscopic Characteristics [17]

61 Transverse Section of Leaf (Surface View) Transverse sec-tion of leaf showed the presence of single layered upper andlower thin walled epidermal cells with a moderately thickcuticle and cells are more or less rectangular Covering typeunicellular thick walled lignified Trichomes pointed at oneend and has a base like that of a hockey stick are emerge fromthe epidermal layers Stomata are also seen in the epidermallayer Mesophyll forms the bulk and is differentiated into thinwalled large polyhedral colorless parenchymawith intercel-lular spaces and 3 to 4 layered tightly arranged spongy paren-chyma (Chlorenchyma) Numerous bundles of acicular raphides and calcium oxalate crystals as prisms were seen inthe parenchymatous cells of mesophyll Collateral vascularbundles were seen at regular intervals and have protoxylemfollowed bymetaxylem towards upper epidermis and phloemfollowed by bundle sheath extension (sclerenchyma) towardslower epidermis The whole vascular bundle is covered byborder parenchymaThe TS of the leaf when treated with saf-ranin vascular bundles have stainedwith pink color andwhentreated with Sudan red lignified cell wall produced red color

62 Organoleptic Characteristics Coarsely powdered shadedried leaf of P odoratissimus Linn is light green in color withcharacteristic odor and acrid taste

63 Powder Microscopy It primarily consists of Scalariformand annular xylem vessels covering type unicellular thickwalled Trichomes which are lignified and pointed at one endand has a base like that of a hockey stick paracytic stomatawith straight walled epidermal cells surrounding it Calciumoxalate crystals as prism and acicular raphids scattered inparenchyma

64 Leaf Surface Data Stomata number and stomata indexof leaf of P odoratissimus Linn were carried outThe value ofstomata index of upper epidermis is 23 and lower epidermisis 56

65 Growth Response Stem growth is slow to moderate 2ndash80 cm (08ndash31 in) per year Growth and development varywith sex of plant (male or female) variety and types of plant-ing stock (seedling or branch cutting) For seedling plantsthere is a 4ndash9-year semiprostrate juvenile phase followed byan erect trunk growth phase of 5ndash12 years and then a sexualflowering phase of 40 or more years Male plants are usuallymore branched up to about 30 branches (maximum60) than

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 3

Table 1 Synonyms of Pandanus odoratissimus

Botanical Pandanus odoratissimus Lam or Pandanus fascicularis Lamk and P tectorius [3]Bengali Keora keya and ketakiEnglish Umbrella tree screw pine and screw treeGujarati Kevda ketakHawaiian Hala (P tectorius)

Hindi Kewra kewda pushpa-chamar keora panshuka

Kannada Kedige ketake and tale huMalayalam Kaitha kainari

Marathi Ketaki kewda kegad

Nepali

Keura kerada and tarikaKiora keura and kevra

Sanskrit Ketaka

Tamil Tazhai talai tazhambu talambu and ketakai

Telugu Mogheli mogil gedaga ketaki and gojjangi

Urdu 13

Kiura kevara jambala jambul panshuka and ketakiRussian Pandanus aromatnejshiJapanese Adan takonoki

females up to about 15 branches (maximum 30) The rateof stem growth varies from very slow to moderate (2ndash80 cm(08ndash31 in) per year) Branch diameter is usually reducedby 10ndash30 at each branching and branching ceases whenbranch diameter is less than about 35 cm (14 in) in malesand 45 cm (18 in) in females The life span of establishedPandanus plants is typically about 50ndash80 years (but longevitymay be much greater as long as 100ndash150 years in someenvironments) The productive fruiting life of vegetativelypropagated plants may be only 20ndash25 years Senescence isassociated with a gradual decline in branch diameter leafsize and number of live branches Branch death is due to thedeath of the apical meristem mainly due to insect damageor breakage Plants developed from branch cuttings usuallygrow much faster in earlier years than seedling-derivedplants for example elongating about 50ndash80 cm (20ndash31 in) peryear and branch from a lower height [6]

7 Phytochemistry [17]

71 Phytochemical Extracts Percentage yield and physicalcharacteristics of various extracts of leaf Pandanus are shownin Table 3

72 Chemical Constituents Phytochemical structures in Pan-danus odoratissimus Linn are included in Table 4

The principle constituent is the kewda oil isolated fromthe inflorescences of Pandanus The chemical composition of

this essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of staminateinflorescences of kewda (P odoratissimus) when subjected tohigh resolution GC (gas chromatography) and GC-MS (gaschromatography and mass spectrometry) has been shown toyield ether (377) terpene-4-ol (186) 120572-terpineol (83)and 2-phenylethyl alcohol (75) benzyl benzoate (11)viridine (88) and germacrene-B (83) along with a smallamount of benzyl salicylate benzyl acetate benzyl alcoholand so forth ethnobotanically kewda oil is used in earacheheadache arthritis debility giddiness laxative rheumatismsmall pox and spasmsThemethanol and aqueous extracts ofthe leaves of Pandanus were subjected to preliminary phyto-chemical screening and they were tested for the presence ofalkaloids carbohydrates proteins steroids sterols phenolstannins terpenes flavonoids gums and mucilage saponinsand glycosides [10]The total phenolic content in the aqueousextract was ranged from 35 to 108ww phenolic which arethe largest groups of phytochemicals and have been said toaccount for most of the antioxidants activity of plant extracts[21 35] Physcion cirsilineol n-triacontanol 120573-sitosterolcamphosterol daucosterol and palmitic acid and steric acidin rhizomes have been reported [24]

Phytochemicals chemical analysis of the root extracts ofP odoratissimus led to the isolation of phenolic compoundslignans type compounds and some benzofuran deriva-tive 120572-terpineol 120573-carotene 120573-sitosterol benzyl-benzoatepinoresinol germacrene-B vitamin C viridine tangeter-ine 58-hydroxy-7 methoxy-flavone vanidine Among them


Table 2 Plant monograph

Biogeography and ecologyPlant name Pandanus odoratissimus LinnKingdom Plantae-plantsSubkingdom TracheobiontaFamily PandanaceaeGenus Pandanus L FSpecies Pandanus odoratissimus[9 10]Botanical descriptionFlowersMale flowersA large terminal pendulous compound leafy raceme the leaves of which are white linear-oblongpointed and concave in the axill of each there is a single thyrsus of simple small racemes oflong-pointed depending anthers they are not sessile but raised from the rachis of the raceme bytapering filamentsFemale flowersA different plant terminal and solitary having no other calyx or corol than the termination of thethree rows of leaves forming three imbricate fascicles of white floral leaves like those of the maleraceme which stand at equal distances round the base of the young fruit Germs numerouscollected in firm wedge-shape angular bundles from six to ten or more (these form the compoundgerms of the future drupes) closely impacted round the receptacleFruitcompound oval from five to eight inches in diameter and from six to ten long weighing from fourto eight pounds rough rich orange-colour composed of drupes numerous wedge-shape angularwhen ripe their large or exterior ends are detached from one another and covered with a firmdeeper orange-colored skin apices flat consisting of as many angular somewhat convex tuberclesas there are cells in the drupe each crowned with the withered stigma internally the exterior half ofthese drupes (next the apex) consists of dry spongy cavities their lower part next to the core orcommon receptacle is yellow consisting of a rich-looking yellow pulp intermixed with strong fibreshere the nut is lodgedNutEach drupe compound top-shape exceedingly hard angular containing as many cells as there aredivisions on the apex of the drupe each cell is perforated above and belowSeedSingle oblong smooth adhering lengthways to a small fascicle of strong white fibers which passthrough the perforation of the cell By far the greatest numbers of these cells are barren It is a nativeof the warmer parts of Asia All soils and situations seem to suit it equally well it flowers chieflyduring the rainy season It grows readily from branches whence it is rare to find the full grown ripefruit The male is by far the most common a circumstance merely accidental for I have seen someold extensive hedges entirely female owing to their having been originally a female plant or plantsnearest to these placesTrunkA plant may be found with a single pretty v erect one often feet in height and a ramous round headbut this is seldom for it is generally in form of a very large ramous spreading bush From the stemsor larger branches issue large carrot-shape obtuse-pointed roots descending till they come to theground into which they enter and then divide The substance of the most solid wood is somethinglike that of a cabbage stem and by age acquires a woody hardness on the outsideLeavesconfluent stem-clasping closely imbricated in three spiral rows round the extremities of thebranches bowing from three to five feet long tapering to a very long fine triangular point verysmooth and glossy margins and back armed with very fine sharp spines those on the margins pointforward those of the back point sometimes one way sometimes the other styleStigmaSingle oval grooved lengthwise yellow affixed to the outside of a two-lipped umbilicus on the apexof the germ It is the tender white leaves of the flowers (chiefly those of the male) that yield that mostdelightful fragrance for which they are so universally and deservedly esteemed and of all theperfumes that I know it is by far the richest and most powerful The lower yellow pulpy part of thedrupe is sometimes eaten by the natives in times of scarcity and famine and the tender white base ofthe leaves are also eaten raw or boiled at such melancholy times The taste of the pulpy part of thedrupe is to me very disagreeable The fusiform roots already mentioned are composed of toughfibers they are so soft and spongy as to serve the natives for corks the leaves also are composed oflongitudinal tough useful fibers


Table 2 Continued

RootThe subterranean root system is concentrated in the surface soil layers Apart from the aerial andprop roots the treersquos root system is unlikely to interfere with maintenance or recreational activitieslawns or structures such as sidewalks or foundations [1]

Table 3 Phytochemical extracts and their characteristics

Extracts dry wt in g Colour Odour ConsistencyAlcoholic 1148 Blackish green Own characteristic Sticky

Successive extractionPetroleum Ether (40ndash60∘C) 208 Dark brown Own characteristic WaxyChloroform 266 Dark Green Own characteristic PowderEthyl acetate 191 Brownish yellow Own characteristic Stickyn-Butanol 211 Brown Own characteristic StickyMethanol 824 Reddish Brown Own characteristic Sticky

pinoresinol and 34-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)tetra-hydrofuran showed strong antioxidative activities when BHAwas used as a standard in the thiocyanate method The newcompoundswere identified as 4-hydroxy-3-(2101584031015840-dihydroxy-31015840-methylbutyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester and 3-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-dihydro-benzofuran-5-carboxylic acidmethylester by spectroscopic analysis

The methanol extract of P odoratissimus was subjected tocolumn chromatography to isolate a total of 15 compoundsSteroids including phytosteroid mixtures a-spin sterol andstigmast-7-en-3b-ol mixture a-spinasterol caproate stigm-ast-4-en-6b-ol-3-one and three phenolic compounds vanil-lin (1) 2 (E)-3-(31015840-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-prop-2-enal(2) 4-hydroxy-3-(2101584031015840-dihydroxy-31015840-methyl-butyl)-benzoicacid methyl ester (3) and a new benzofuran derivative3-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylicacid methyl ester (4) plus six lignans eudesmin (5) kobusin(6) pinoresinol (7) epipinoresinol (8) de-41015840-O-methyleu-desmin (9) and 34-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl)-tetra-hydrofuran (10) were isolated and identified by comparingtheir data with authentic materials on the basis of theirmass UV IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectra [36] And totalsynthesis of four Pandanus alkaloid Pandamarilactonine-Aand B and their chemical precursors non Pandamarilacto-nine-A and B [37]

8 Nutritional Aspects and Staple Food(Figure 2 and Table 5)

81 Staple Food Pandanus fruits are a staple food in parts ofMicronesia including the Marshall Islands Federated Statesof Micronesia and Kiribati providing up to 50 of energyintake [11 15] They are also widely consumed on Tokelauand Tuvalu [11] In some places the consumption of Pandanushas decreased in recent decades due to the availability ofimported foods for example Pandanuswas formerly a majorstaple food in Nauru [38] In Micronesia adults may com-monly consume 20 fresh keys or about 1 kg (22 lb) of fruit

per day The fruit pulp is preserved in several different waysA paste which is compared to dates in taste texture andappearance is made by boiling and baking the keys followedby extracting processing and drying the pulp Cultivars withlarge amounts of pulp are preferred and the taste differsamong cultivars On average 100 g Pandanus paste provides321 kilocalories 22 g protein 134mg calcium 108mg phos-phorus 57mg iron 004mg thiamin 2mg vitamin C [14ndash16] and from 390 to 724 120583g100 g beta-carotene (a carotenoidthat is a precursor to vitamin A) depending on variety andcoloration [12 13] Fresh Pandanus is an important sourceof vitamin C Preserved Pandanus pulp mixed with coconutcream makes a tasty sweet food item Pandanus can also bemade into flour that is consumed in different ways usuallyprepared as a drink (Figure 2)

82 Fruit The keys of selected edible cultivated varietiesthose with low amounts of calcium oxalate crystals areconsume draw or cooked Juice and jammay also be preparedfrom the fruit In parts ofMicronesia chewingPandanus keysis usually done outside of meal times and is a pleasurablehighly social activity Adults may typically consume 20ndash50keys daily during the main fruiting seasons [11]

A 100 g portion of edible pericarp is mainly comprised ofwater (80 g) and carbohydrates (17 g) There are also signifi-cant levels of beta-carotene (19 to 19000 120583g) and vitamin C(5mg) and small amounts of protein (13mg) fat (07mg)and fiber (35 g) [11ndash13] The edible flesh of deeper yellow-and orange-colored varieties contain higher provitamin Acarotenoid levelsThe fruit of these varieties has considerablepotential for alleviating vitamin A deficiency in Micronesia[11] As carotenoid-rich food may protect against diabetesheart disease and cancer the consumption of Pandanusmayalso alleviate these serious emerging problems of the PacificPandanus fruit is also a useful source of vitamin C (ascorbicacid) thiamine riboflavin and niacin (vitamin B-3) [14 15]The fruit of wild forms of Pandanus contains oxalate crystalsthat irritate the mouth unless broken down by cooking


Table 4 Phytochemical structures in Pandanus

Chemical name Chemical structures

Norpandamarilactonine-A

NH

O

H

H

OH3C

Pandamarilacton-32

N

OO

O

H3C

CH2

Norpandamarilactonine-A O

O

NH

HH

H3C

Norpandamarilactonine-B O

O

NH

HH

H3C

Pandamarilactone-1(C18H25NO4)

O

O

NO

OCH3

CH3

Pandamarilactonine-A(C18H25NO4)

N

O

H

H

O

OO

CH3

H3C

Pandanamine(C18H23NO4) O

O

O

O CH3

H3C

NH

Pandamarilactonine-C -D

O

N O O

O

H

CH3

CH3CH3


Table 4 ContinuedChemical name Chemical structures

Norpandamarilactonine-AO

O

NH

HH

H3C

PandanamineO

O

NH

O

O CH3

H3C

Pandamarilactone-31

N

O

O

OO

CH3

CH3

H3C

Artifact

N O

H H

O

O

O

CH3

A compound which is a not ldquoNatural productrdquo(C18H23NO4) O

NOH

O

O

O

H3C

PandamarineN

NH

NH

O

H3C

H2C



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3

Ascorbic acid(vitamin C) O

O

OH

HO

HO

HO

Riboflavin(vitamin B2) N

NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C

Thiamine(vitamin B1)

OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2

Nicotinic acidniacin(vitamin B3)

OH

N

O

The ripe fruit of wild forms may be consumed followingcooking and straining the pericarp but they are not especiallypalatable or sweet (Table 5)

83 NutSeed The small seeds of a few varieties of P tectoriusare eaten A similar species P dubius has larger seeds that areeaten

84 BeverageDrinkTea Juice pressed from the fruits issweet and slightly acid with a pungent flavor [15] It is beingproduced commercially in the Marshall Islands

9 Traditional Uses and Products

Different parts of the Pandanus plant are used to provide amyriad of end products throughout the Pacific Islands espe-cially on atolls The trunk and large branches are commonlyused for building materials in house construction and forladders They are also used to make headrestshard pillowsvases and fish traps as sources of glue or caulking for canoesto extract cream from grated coconuts and as an aid inmaking string Trunks and branches may be burnt for fuelwood or used to make compost Prop or aerial roots are usedin fabrication of house walls and as supports basket handles


Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Nutritional aspects and staple food of Pandanus

Table 5 Nutritional aspects of Pandanus or screw pines

Edible pericarplowast Pandanus paste References

Per 100 g of it Contents ofpandan

228 kilocalories 321 kilocalories

([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])

water (80 g) 22 g proteincarbohydrates (17 g) 134mg calciumbeta-carotene (19 to 19000 120583g) 108mg phosphorusvitamin C (5mg) 57mg ironprotein (13mg) 004mg thiaminfat (07mg) 2mg vitamin C

fiber (35 g) 390 to 724 120583g beta-carotene(vitamin A) [12 13]

Pandanus pulp Usually prepared as a drinkmixed with coconut cream makes a tasty sweet food item [12 13]

Flesh of deeper yellow- andorange-colored pandankeys

Adults may consume 20ndash50 keys typically highlypleasurable 50 of energy intake [11]

As carotenoid (provitamin-A) rich food may protect againstdiabetes heart disease and cancer and alleviate these seriousemerging problems

[11]

Fresh Pandanus fruitVitamin C (ascorbic acid) thiamine riboflavin and niacin(vitamin B-3) [14 15]

Juice and jamIn parts of Micronesia chewing [11 15]

paintbrushes and skipping ropes They are also used to pro-duce dyes and in production of traditional medicines Theleaves of selected varieties are treated by soaking in the seaandor boiling or heating and dying and are then used tomake mats baskets (for ladies and to keep valuables) hatsfans pillows canoe sails (formerly) toys and other plaitedwares The leaves are also used for thatching (both walls androofs) and formaking compost including special compostingbaskets woven around the base of giant swamp taro cigarettewrappers balls for childrenrsquos games and ornamentsThey areused for traditional medicines and as a cooking aid in somerecipes The young leaves are used in traditional medicineand for lancing boils making fans decoration and pig feedThroughout the atoll island countries of the centralnorthernPacific the fleshy keys of the fruits of many traditionallyselected named and cultivated varieties are consumed fresh

or made into various preserved foods The fruits are alsoconsumed in Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea InPolynesia the fragrant ornamental fruits of different varietiesare strung into leis or garlands and used to make perfumeThe fibrous dried mature drupes are used as paint brushesfor painting tapa for fuel and for compost and as fishingline floats In Kiribati the fruit may also be used as bait forcatching lobster The fragrant male flowers are used to scentcoconut oil perfume tapa cloth and make garlands

91 Animal Fodder Leaves particularly young leaves arerecorded as providing fodder for domestic animals such aspigs and horses

92 MasticantStimulant Male Pandanus flowers have beencredited with aphrodisiac properties in Marshall Islands


93 BeautifulFragrant Flowers Thehighly fragrantmale flo-wers are widely used for decoration

94 Timber The stems are used in house construction andalso for making ladders especially on atoll islands Male treeshave hard solid trunks with a yellow interior containing darkbrown fiber bundles The male wood is very strong but brit-tle meaning that it can suddenly break under a heavy loadIt is also a difficult wood to split Trunks of female trees arehard on the outside but soft pithy or juicy in the interior[39] Slats made from the clean dried aerialprop roots areused for walls of houses and food cupboards

95 Fuel Wood In the northern Pacific the discarded driedkeys are highly prized as fuel wood for cooking because theyare slow burning and therefore preferred for barbecues Thetrunk and branches are occasionally used as fuel wood whereother fuel wood is scarce such as on atolls

96 Craft WoodTools The wood has many craft uses suchas headrestspillows vases and as an aid for string makingand extracting coconut cream It was formerly used to makeweapons (lances and batons)When the flesh is removed fromthe inner end of a dried key fibrous bristles are exposed Thebristle end can be used as a brush for decorating tapa withthe hard woody outer end acting as a handle Fish traps aremade out of the aerial roots in Kiribati

97 CanoeBoatRaftMaking The trunk of one variety in theMarshall Islands is used to make the masts of traditionalcanoes In Hawaii Pandanus leaves were the traditionallymain material for making canoes ails [40]

98 FiberWeavingClothing In many Pacific countries Pan-danus leaves are used to weave traditional items of attireincludingmats for wearing around the waist in Tonga as wellas hats and various types of baskets

99 RopeCordageString The roots are made into skippingropes and basket handles String or cordage is made from thecleaned and dried prop roots

910 WrappingParcelization The leaves are used to wraptobaccocigarettes in Micronesia

911ThatchRoofingMats Pandanus leaves are used toweavetraditional floor mats in many Pacific countries as well as inthe construction of traditional houses (thatch for walls androofing) A roof made from Pandanus leaves is said to lastabout 15 years while one of coconut leaves may last only 3years [39]

912 ResinGumGlueLatex The trunk is a source of glue orcaulking for canoes

913 BodyOrnamentationGarlands Leaves oftenneatly cutfragrant fruits and flowers are used in making garlands orleis

914 CeremonialReligious Importance Pandanus is some-times considered to have supernatural andmagical propertiesin parts of Micronesia and Hawaii In Kiribati it may be usedas a ceremonial food while in Indonesia the male flowers areused in ceremonies

915 Other Uses In Kiribati and the Marshall Islands the lea-ves are formed into a ball for use in a kicking gameThe trunksof female trees are hard on the outside but soft or juicy in theinteriorThe female trunks have been used aswater pipes afterremoving the soft interior [39]

In the Philippines pandan leaves are being cooked alongwith rice to incorporate the flavor and smell to it As can beobserved the uses of the pandan tree are not limited to cook-ing uses Its leaves and roots are found to have medicinal ben-efits Such parts of the plant have been found to have essentialoils tannin alkaloids and glycosides which are the reasonsfor the effective treatment of various health concerns It func-tions as a pain reliever mostly for headaches and pain causedby arthritis and even hangover It can also be used as antisep-tic and antibacterial whichmakes it ideal for healingwounds

In the same manner a preparation derived from the barkof this plant may be used to address skin problems Manypeople have also discovered that it is an effective remedy forcough In India pandan leaves are being used to treat skindisorders like leprosy and smallpoxThe bitter tasting qualityof the leavesmakes it ideal for health problemswhich includebut are not limited to diabetes fever ulcer and wounds

In Hawaii pandan flowers are being chewed by motherswho later give the chewed flowers to their children as laxa-tive The juice extracted from pounded roots of this tree areissued and mixed with other ingredients to ease chest painsAlso it is used as tonic for women who have just given birthand who are still in weak states Pandan flowers have alsobeen traced with characteristics that function as aphrodisiacPandan also manifests anticancer activities and that is whymodern researches in the United States have subjected thisplant for further experiments and investigation [41]

Sometimes it is oven dried and kept in bottles for preser-vation until it is used This product is mostly available inwestern countries in dried form Other than that there aremany recipes To impart its aroma into chicken pieces ofmarinated chicken are enclosed in a clever wrapping ofldquoPandanusrdquo leaves and grilled or deep friedThe leaves whichare pounded and strained (or blended with a little water)impart flavor and color into cakes and sweets This flavoris a delicacy to Asians and is as important as vanilla toWesterners These leaves are used to make small containersfor sweets jelly and puddings Some people wrap their hotfoods using these leaves as they produce aromawhen the foodis still warm These plants can be easily propagated by sideshoot cuttings taken from the base of the plantThehigher thematurity of the cutting is the easier the establishment is [41]


Table 6 Ethnomedicinal uses of P odoratissimus

Plant parts Medicinal uses

LeavesLeprosy aphrodisiac scabies anxiety and heart disease leucoderma tumors leprosyantiepileptic anticonvulsions and skin diseaseFemale rats fertility regulator [17]

Flower Headaches earaches antispasmodic and aphrodisiac [17]Root Antidiabetics antidote abortifacient skin diseases leprosy scabies and syphilis [18]

Oil Rheumatoid arthritis skin disease earache headache arthritis debility depurative giddinesslaxative leprosy small Pandanus odoratissimus and spasms

Fruit Vat kaph urinary discharge and leprosy male aphrodisiac [17]

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and Soxhletextraction using hexane as solvent were used to extract 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) from pandan leaves The effect ofdifferent extraction pretreatments such as particle size anddrying on the extraction yield and concentration of 2-APwere investigated The identification and quantification of2-AP were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detectorrespectively This work aims to provide an understandingof the phenomena that occur during cooking and storagetypically on the changes of 2-AP absorption when cookingrice grains with pandan leaves The parameters investigatedwere cookingmethod of excess and optimal water conditionsEven though low in yield and the fact that the 2-AP con-centration was obtained from supercritical carbon dioxideextraction the extractswere purewithout any contaminationThe grinding and freeze-dryingmethod revealed the best pre-treatments for supercritical extraction The absorption of 2-AP during the cooking of rice grains did not smoothlyincrease with time This unexpected result indicated that thephenomena occurring during cooking are quite complexThis work also quantified the potential of pandan leavesto enhance the flavour of cooked rice particularly underexcess water conditions Storage for 15min at 240 plusmn 10∘Cis considered as the optimum time for obtaining cooked ricewith a high quality of flavor [42]

10 Ethnomedicinal Uses

Pandanus is a very important medicinal plant with certainvarieties sometimes preferred for particular treatments Lea-ves especially the basal white section of young leaves androots are used In Kiribati Pandanus leaves are used in treat-ments for coldflu hepatitis dysuria asthma boils andcancer while the roots are used in a decoction to treat hemor-rhoids In Hawaii the main parts used in making traditionalmedicines are the fruits male flowers and aerial roots [40]These are used individually or in combination with otheringredients to treat a wide range of illnesses including diges-tive and respiratory disorders The root is used in Palauto tomake a drink that alleviates stomach cramps and the leavesare used to alleviate vomiting [43]The root is also known forits use in traditional medicine in Pohnpei for STDrsquoS namelysyphilis [17 18 44] (Table 6)

11 Pharmacology

Asummary of reported pharmacological activity ofPandanusodoratissimus is shown in Table 7

111 Acute Oral Toxicity Study

1111 In Mice Selected animals both female and male miceadministeredwith the extract at a dose of 2000mgkg showedno toxicity during the experimentation period In both sexesof mice body weight gain of treatment rats was not changedsignificantly relative to that of control While conductingthe toxicity studies animals were observed continuously forany general behavioral changes A significant reduction inspontaneous locomotors motility drowsiness and remark-ably quiet behaviors were observed Thus the extract of Podoratissimus with an LD

50gt 2000mgkg is considered

nontoxic through acute exposure in mice [8 24]

1112 In Rats Administration of hydroethanol leaf extractof P odoratissimus Linn 2000mgkgpo dose did not showbehavioral change (Erwinrsquos test) at continuous observation for4 h and intermittent of 48 h No mortality was observed dur-ing total observation period of 14 days LD

50was found to be

more than 2000mgkg calculated by AOT425 statpgm (Ver-sion 10) Acute Oral Toxicity (OECD Test Guideline 425)Statistical Program (AOT Report) on the basis of AOT425report 200 and 300mgkg doses were selected for evaluatingeffect as antiepileptic and for fertility effect of P odoratissimusLinn [19]

112 Antioxidant Activity The antioxidant activity of meth-anolic extracts of leaves of P odoratissimus by four differentin vitro models The lipid peroxidation was assayed by esti-mating the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)in normal rat by liver homogenates The reduced glutathione(GSH) was assayed in liver homogenates of different concen-trations of Pandanus methanol extract using the method ofEllman et al The nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and11-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavengingactivity were measured using the methods of Sreejayan et aland Shimada et al respectively using spectrophotometerVitamin E and normal saline were used as reference standardand control for all four by in vitro type of bioassy methods


Table 7 A summary of reported pharmacological activity of P odoratissimus [17]

Speciesmethod used Property Source

Wistar rats

Antiepileptic and anticonversant [19]Antioxidant [20 21]Anti-inflammatory [22]Acute anti-inflammatory [10]Analgesic [23]Antidiabetic [24ndash26]Diuretic activity [25]Hepatotoxic [27]Hepatoprotective amp hepatocurative activity [27 28]Fertility enhancer and regulation activity in female rats [17]Sex stimulant activity in male rats

[17]Aphrodisiac

Swiss albino mice Antidiabetic [24ndash26]CNS depressant activity [8]

Bacillus subtilisEscherichia coliStaphylococcus aureus andCandida albicans

Antimicrobial activity [29ndash31]

Aspergillus flavusMicrosporum nanumEpidermophyton floccosumTrichophyton tonsuransMentagrophytes andTrichophytonverrucosum

Antifungal activity [32]

Human virusesherpes simplextype I (HSV-1) and influenzavirus (H1N1)

Antiviral activity [33]

Inhibition of hydroxyl radicals Free scavenging activity [21]Adult Indian earthwormsPheretima posthuma Anthelmintic activity [34]

antioxidant measurement assays The results showed signifi-cant antioxidant activity of Pandanusmethanol extract in allfour by in vitro type of bioassay methods used in this studyand the IC

50(the half maximal inhibitory concentration of

an inhibitor that is required for 50 inhibition of antioxidantactivity) of plant extract was comparable to that of vitaminE the reference standard compound used in this studyIt is concluded that the methanolic extract of leaves of Podoratissimus has significant antioxidant activity [20 21]

113 Anti-InflammatoryActivity Theanti-inflammatory acti-vity was estimated by carrageenan-induced acute and forma-lin-induced chronic paw edemamodels in ratsThemethano-lic extract of P odoratissimus was given in the doses of25 25 and 100mgkgminus1 The plant extract at the dose of100mg kgminus1 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at3 h observation where it caused increase in inhibition ofpaw edema by carrageenan-induced acute (689) and the

formalin-induced chronic (6429) paw edema models withstandard drug diclofenac sodium in rats [22]

114 AcuteAnti-InflammatoryActivity Plants arewidely usedin the various traditional systems of medicine like AyurvedaSiddha andUnani for their analgesic anti-inflammatory andantipyretic activity P odoratissimus (kewda) has been usedin rheumatic fever rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritisThe chemical composition of this essential oil obtainedby hydrodistillation of staminate inflorescences of kewdaincludesmore than sixty componentsThemajor componentsof the hydrodistilled kewda oil are 2-phenyl ethyl methylether terpene-4-ol120572-terpineol 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol benzylbenzoate and so forth Kewda oil is traditionally used inearache headache arthritis debility giddiness laxative andrheumatism Both methanolic and hydroalcoholic extractswere tested in rodent models by carrageenan-induced pawedema albumin induced plantar edema acetic acid induced


vascular permeability and castor induced diarrhoea In allthese animal models both extracts have shown significantanti-inflammatory activity [10]

115 Analgesic Activity Analgesic activity of aqueous extractof P fascicularis Lam at doses (400 and 800mgkg) by usinghot plate models tail-flick method in rats and the writhingmodel of mouse and compared with the analgesic actionof codeine and aspirin Pandanus aqueous extract revealedsignificant analgesic activity by both central (119875 lt 0001) andperipheral (119875 lt 0001) mechanisms in this study which iscomparable to that of codeine and aspirin and this favorsthe use of Pandanus aqueous extract in rheumatism andrheumatoid arthritis in traditional medicine [23]

116 Antidiabetic Activity The roots of P odoratissimus aque-ous extract were tested for its effect on blood glucose levelsin normal and diabetic rats Hypoglycemia was observed inbasal condition when tested at an oral dose of 75 150 and300mgkg body weight The ethanolic extract has displayeda significant dose-dependent antihyperglycemic activity inoral glucose tolerance test and also found to reduce theincreased blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (319at 150mgkg and 519 at 300mgkg body weight) Chronicadministration (10 days) of the ethanolic extract of extractof root significantly reduced the blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats The extract was also found to reducethe increased blood urea and inhibit the body weight reduc-tion and leucopenia induced by alloxan administration Theethanolic extract was also found to effectively scavenge theDPPH and lipid peroxide free radicals by in vitro type ofbioassay methods with an IC

50value of 10 and 8120583gmL

respectively The preliminary phytochemical examinationreveals the presence of flavanoids and tannins which may beattributed to observed antioxidant and significant antihyper-glycemic properties [24ndash26 45]

117 Antimicrobial Activity The antimicrobial effects of pet-roleum ether chloroform and hydroalcoholic extracts of Podoratissimus leaf against Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coliStaphlococcus aureus and Candida albicans In terms of anti-microbial effects all the three extracts exhibited effectiveinhibition zones against gram-positive bacteria that is Saureus B subtilis However they were ineffective againstgram-negative bacteria (E coli and P aeruginosa) and fungi(C albicans) The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)of hydroalcoholic chloroform and petroleum ether extractswas found to be 25 50 and 50mgmL respectively againstgram-positive bacteria Out of three extracts hydroalcoholicextract showed good antimicrobial activity The phytochem-ical study showed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoidsin hydroalcoholic extract which might be responsible for itsgood antimicrobial activity [29 30]

118 Antifungal Activity Keratophilic fungi a type of der-matophytes cause infection to hair glabrous skin and nails ofhuman beings and animals Soil is well known to be suppo-rting the transient existence of them The volatile plant oils

have been of concern recently to develop a new antifungalagent Four different commercially available Itra-Bella (Loni-cera x bella zabel) kewda (Pandanus odoratissimus) Rajni-gandha (Polianthes tuberosa) and Mogra (Jasminum sam-bac) for their antifungal activity against the AspergillusflavusTrichophytonmentagrophytesTrichophyton tonsuransTrichophyton verrucosum Epidermophyton floccosum andMicrosporum nanum were isolated from soil

The diameters of zone of inhibition formed by BellaRajnigandha kewda and Mogra against T tonsurans wereobserved to be 47mm 34mm 17mm and 30mm respec-tively while it was 30mm 22mm 15mm and 17mm againstthe M nanum The activity was observed quite low againstthe Aspergillus flavus with 17mm 15mm 11mm and 13mminhibitory zone shown by Bella Rajnigandha kewda andMogra respectively while it was intermediate against theEpidermophyton floccosum with 27mm 20mm 21mm and15mm of zone inhibition Thus the maximum antifungaleffect was shown by Bella with 47mm inhibitory zoneagainst the T tonsurans and the minimumwas 11mm shownby kewda against the Aspergillus flavus Significantly theantifungal activity shownby few Itrawas comparatively betterthan control (antifungal drugs Terbinafine Itraconazole andFluconazole) [32]

119 Antiviral Activity A lectin designated Pandanin wasisolated from the saline extract of the leaves of P amarylli-folius using ammonium sulfate precipitation affinity chro-matography on mannose-agarose and molecular size exclu-sion by gel filtration Pandanin is an unglycosylated proteinwith a molecular mass of 80 kDa both after gel filtrationand on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec-trophoresis indicating that it is a single polypeptide chainThese first isolated 10 residues of the N-terminal amino acidsequence are DNILFSDSTL An analysis of the sequence offirst 30 amino acids at the N-terminal region shows thatPandanin has about 50ndash60 the quality of being similar orcorresponding in position or value or structure or function(homology) to those of mannose-specific lectins reportedfrom monocot plants Pandanin exhibits hemagglutinatingactivity toward rabbit erythrocytes and its activity could bereversed exclusively by mannose andmannan Pandanin alsopossesses antiviral activities against human viruses herpessimplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and influenza virus (H1N1)with 3 days of EC

50of 294 and 1563 120583M respectively [33]

1110 Hepatoprotective and Hepatocurative Activity In devel-oping countries like India hepatic disorders are steadilyincreasing Ketaki (P odoratissimus Roxb) is an importanttraditional medicine used in northern Karnataka (India) forjaundice The experimental model was adopted by Watanabeand Takita (1973) to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hep-atocurative activities of a Pandanus root decoction on CCl

4

induced liver damage in albino rats The degree of protectiveand curative activity was determined by measuring thelevels of serumglutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT)serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkalinephosphatase (ALP) total serum bilirubin and serum albu-min Histological studies and all haematological parameters


have promoted the hepatocurative activity Pandanus rootdecoction was found to be hepatocurative but not hepatopro-tective [27 28]

1111 Hepatotoxic Activity The antioxidant effect of methanolextract of P odoratissimus leaf in Wistar albino rats admin-istered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl

4) at 15kgminus1 CCl

4

1mLkgminus1 in liquid paraffin 3 doses (ip) at 72 h intervalThe extracts at the doses of 50 and 100mgkgminus1 and (Liv-52)25mgkgminus1 were administered to the CCl

4treated rats The

effect of extract and Liv-52 on serum transaminase (GOTGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) bilirubin and total pro-tein were measured in the rat induced by CCl

4 The effects

of extract on lipid peroxidation (LPO) superoxide dismutase(SOD) catalase (CAT) glutathione (GSH) and vitamin Ewere estimated The extract and Liv-52 produced significant(119875 lt 005) effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymesbilirubin uric acid and lipid peroxidation and significantly(119875 lt 005) increased in the level of SOD CAT GSH vitaminE and protein Hence these results suggest that methanolicextract of P odoratissimus has potent antioxidant properties[27]

1112 Free Radicals Scavenging Activity Pandanus is used intraditional use as a Ayurvedic medicines and it is also famousfor its frequency The antioxidant activity of methanolicextract of Pandanus was studied by its ability to scavengeDPPH nitric acid superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicalsThe plant extract shows antioxidant activity by 87529 reduc-ing the DPPH and 73559 inhibition of nitric acidThe resultalso indicates maximum inhibition of superoxide radicalrsquosinhibition 74129 and 78149 inhibition of hydroxyl radicalsThe butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as standardantioxidant [21]

1113 Antidiuretic Activity The ethanol and aqueous extractsof Pandanus are claimed as an antidiuretic by some tradi-tional practitioners Furosemide was used as a diuretic agentto induce diuresis Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH)was used as a standard The results demonstrated both theethanol and aqueous extracts of Pandanus and ADH signifi-cantly impaired the total urine output However antidiureticpotential of ethanol extract was similar to that of ADHThe extracts caused a significant decrease in natriuresis andkaliuresis It has the potential to impart therapeutic effect indiuretic [25]

1114 Helminthic Activity P odoratissimus Linn is found inthe tribal area of Koraput district and extensively used tra-ditionally by the tribal people as anthelmintic rheumatismstimulant headache and antispasmodic The preliminaryinvestigation of phytochemical constituents of ethyl acetateand ethanol extracts of leaves of plant P odoratissimus Thetwo doses (25 and 50mgmL) of extracts were evaluatedfor their anthelmintic activities on adult Indian earthwormsPheretima posthuma The activities are comparable with thestandard drugs piperazine citrate and albendazole All thedoses of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Pandanus

showed better anthelmintic activity than the standard drugalbendazole except ethyl acetate extract at 25mgmL of con-centrationThe extracts of ethyl acetate at concentration of 25and 50mgmL showed lesser anthelmintic activity than thestandard drug piperazine citrateWhen the dose of the extractis increased a gradual increase in anthelmintic activity wasobserved [34]

1115 Antitumour Activity Antitumour activity of ethanolextract Pandanus was evaluated against Daltonrsquos ascitic lym-phoma (DAL) tumour model on dose-dependent mannerThe activitywas assessed using survival time average increasein body weight haematological parameters and solid tumourvolume Oral administration of alcoholic Pandanus extractincreased the survival time and decreased the average bodyweight of the tumour bearing mice After 14 days of inocula-tion EPF was able to reverse the changes in the haemato-logical parameters protein and PCV consequent to tumourinoculationOral administration of EPFwas effective in redu-cing solid tumour mass development induced by DAL cellsThe results showed that EPF possess significant activity indose-dependent manner [46]

1116 CNS-Depressant Action The effect of methanolic extra-ct of P odoratissimus leaf on the CNS was studied by usingdifferent neuropharmacological paradigms including spon-taneous motor activity rota-rod performance and potenti-ation of Pentobarbital sodium sleeping time in albino micePreliminary phytochemical evaluation and acute toxicitystudies were also carried out where LD

50gt 2000mgkg was

considered nontoxic through acute exposure in rats by theoral routeThe Pandanus extract (50 100 and 200mgkg ip)produced a reduction in spontaneous motor activity motorcoordination and prolonged Pentobarbital sodium sleepingtime These observations suggest that the leaf of P odoratis-simus contains some active principles which possess potentialCNS-depressant action [8]

1117 AntiepilepticAnticonvulsant Activity Increase in laten-cy to seizures as well as reduction in duration and frequencyof seizures indicated anticonvulsant activity The selectedextract was more effective in all models used except thestrychnine-induced convulsions P odoratissimus ethanolextract (100 and 200mgkg body wt) significantly (119875 lt 005to 001) shortened the duration of convulsions in maximumelectroshock and picrotoxin induced seizures Delay in theonset of convulsions in the two tests was significant (119875 lt001) Reduction in the frequency of seizures was also signif-icant (119875 lt 005 001) in both tests P odoratissimus furtherdelayed the onset of seizures in picrotoxin induced seizuresmodel while producing (667 and 8333) protection againstdeath in mice [19]

12 Pharmaceutical Uses

121 TanninDye A black dye used in weaving is preparedfrom the roots in Kiribati Charcoal from Pandanuswas usedin various mixtures to dye and waterproof canoes


122 CosmeticSoapPerfume Male flowers picked fromuncultivated Pandanus are used alone or in combinationwithother flowers to perfume coconut oil in Polynesia An exqui-site uniquely Pacific perfume is made from the aromaticfruits of selected traditional cultivated varieties in the CookIslands In Southland Southeast Asia the male flowers andpreparations derived from them are used to scent clothesand incorporated into cosmetics soaps hair oils and incensesticks In Hawaii the male flowers were used to scent tapa

123 Pandan Edible Colouring and Flavouring Powder Astudy on the production of spray-dried pandan (P amarylli-folius) powder was conducted and optimized using responsesurfacemethodology (RSM) Parameters investigated includeinlet temperature (170ndash200∘C) and feed rate (6ndash12 rpm) witha preset outlet temperature of 90∘CThe estimated regressioncoefficients (1198772) for the physicochemical characteristic andsensory responses of pandan powder were ge0800 exceptfor overall acceptability Some mathematical models couldbe developed with confidence based on the results from allresponses An optimum drying process for spray drying rep-resents conditions that would yield acceptably high colourindex (such as 119871 value 119886 value and 119887 value) low moisturecontent low water activity (119886

119908) high solubility and high

colour flavour odour and overall acceptability for sensoryresponses Optimum conditions of 170∘C inlet temperatureand 6 rpm feed rate with a constant outlet temperature of90∘C were established for producing spray-dried pandanpowder as an edible colouring and flavouring powder [47]

124 Separation of Divalent Metal Ions Desorption by deadbiomass has been studied onP amaryllifoliusRoxb (Pandanusleaves) by conducting batch experiments The recovery ofheavy metals such as lead and copper ions from biomass wasexamined using a variety of desorbing chemicals This studyaims to discover the best chemical which is able to leach themetal effectively with highest desorbing capacity The resultsshowed that HCl at pH 2 and 30mM EDTA at pH 458were effective in desorbing the copper and lead ions from thebiomass The recovery of copper is very feasible since over90 of copper was removed from the biomass The percent-age of lead recovery is about 70 In contrast Na

2CO3and

NaOH are not effective in desorbing both of the metals Theresults indicated that low PH is preferable for desorbing themetal ionsThe binding ability of HCl is explained using ion-exchanging principle More concentrated protons are able toreplace those ions thus regenerating the biomass EDTA isfunctioning as polydentate ligands which appear to graspthe metal between the six donor atoms It was suggestedthat recovery of metal ions is mainly due to the strength ofbonding between the fraction of functional group of bio-mass andmetal ions Recovery of the depositedmetals can beaccomplished because they can be released from the satura-ted biomass in a concentrated wash solution which alsoregenerates the biomass for reuse Desorbing chemicals suchas HCl and EDTA have proved successful for desorbing themetal ionsThus biosorption of heavymetals by biomass will

be emerged as one of the alternative technologies in removingthe heavy metals [48]

125 A Natural Cockroach Repellent Activity Seven compou-nds and fractions prepared from pandan leaves (P amaryl-lifolius) were evaluated for repellent activity against Blattellagermanica Linn using a modification of the linear tractolfactometer 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline pandan essence and thehexane-pandan extract were repellent (65ndash93 repellency)at all concentrations tested the acetone-pandan extract wasattractive at increasing concentrations (minimum of 62attractancy) artificial pandan flavouring and the dichlorome-thane-pandan extract gave erratic results Undiluted crudeaqueous pandan extract displayed an attractancy of 62Thepotential of P amaryllifolius as a natural and environmentallyfriendly pest management tool is discussed [49]

13 Analytical Evaluation

131 HPTLC Analysis for Polyphenols A densitometry HPT-LC analysis was performed for the development of character-istic finger printing profile The P odoratissimus methanolicextract of root was dissolved with HPLC grade methanol100mg05mL The solution was centrifuged at contentswhich were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5min and used forHPTLC analysis Then 2 120583L of the samples was loaded as7mm band length in the 10 times 10 Silica gel 60F254 TLC plateusing Hamilton syringe and CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instru-mentThe samples loaded plate was kept in TLC twin throughdeveloping chamber (after saturation with solvent vapor)with respective mobile phase (polyphenolic compound) andthe plate was developed in the respective mobile phase(toluene-acetone-formic acid 45 45 1) up to 90mm Thedeveloped plate was dried using hot air to evaporate solventsfrom the plate and sprayed with stannic chloride reagentThe plate was kept Photo-documentation chamber (CAMAGREPROSTAR 3) and captured the images at UV 366 nmFinally the plate was fixed in scanner stage and scanned at254 nm The upsurging interest in the health benefits of thePeak table Peak display and Peak densitogramwas identified[50]

132 High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fifteen (1ndash15) compounds including ten phenolic compounds and fiveflavonoids were isolated from the fruits of Pandanus tectoriusAll of the compounds were isolated and purified by variouscolumn chromatographies especially by semipreparative highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Their struc-tures were determined under the aid of spectral methods Allcompounds were isolated from this medicinal plant for thefirst time The biological activities of some compounds werediscussed according to the results of related literature [51]

14 Conclusion

The scientific research on P odoratissimus suggests a hugebiological potential of this plant It is strongly believed that


detailed information as presented in this review on the phyto-chemical and various biological properties of the plant mightprovide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in differentdiseases

Pandanus odoratissimus is said to be restorative indolentpromoting a feeling of well-being and acting as a counterto tropical climates It may be chewed as a breath sweeteneror used as a preservative in foods It is also believed to havehealth-related properties including antiviral antiallergyantiplatelet anti-inflammatory antioxidant and anticanceraction Ayurvedic science has found the medicinal actionof essential oil yielded by the screw pinersquos highly scentedflowers to be useful in headaches earaches and as a linimentfor rheumatic pains The distilled water from flowers is usedfor inducing perspiration

It is also prescribed as a stimulant aphrodisiac and anantispasmodic agentThe flowers are powdered and includedin medicines which are either sniffed like snuff or smokedfor asthma and other bronchial infections [52] The leavesare thought to be useful in leprosy smallpox scabies anddiseases of the heart and brain

Preliminary qualitative chemical studies indicated thepresence of lignan isoflavones phenolic contents steroidssaponin terpenoids glycosides tannins flavonoids and phe-nolic in the extract And isoflavones polyphenol namely lig-nan are responsible for regulating the rat fertility [17] maybeit is helpful for the regulating and enhancing the humanfertility [17 19 53]

On the basis of biological activities of P odoratissimuscrude extract and derived phytochemicals and their uses aspharmacological agents in traditional and modern researchare possible but will first require more clinical trials andproduct developmentThe current evidence is largely limitedto correlation between identified phytochemicals and modeof action for any pharmacological activity

Mechanisms of action studies are expected to lead thewayinto the discovery of new agents with improved and intrigu-ing pharmacological properties This could be achieved bymolecularmodeling studies involving interaction of bioactivephytochemicals from P odoratissimus with their respectivemolecular and therapeutic targets The extract of P odoratis-simus could be further explored in the future as a source ofuseful phytochemicals for the pharmaceutical industry [17]

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Professor T J Sawant Sir foundersecretary of Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal Pune andDr V I Hukkeri Principal for providing all necessary facili-ties to carry out the present review Authors are also thankfulto National Informatics Centre (NIC) Pune India BotanicalSurvey of India (BSI) Pune and University of Pune PuneIndia for contribution in this review They thank Dr SD

Ambavade Dr Tushar Shelke and Dr Sneha Prafulla AdkarFaculty of PharmacologyDepartment for their kind help andsuggestion during review and research

References

[1] K R Kirtikar BD Basu andE Blatter IndianMedicinal Plantsvol 4 Indian Book Center New Delhi India 1991

[2] A Charterjee and S C PakrashiThe Treatise of Indian Medici-nal Plants vol 6 National Institute of Science CommunicationNew Delhi India 2nd edition 2001

[3] Anonymous The Wealth of India Raw Materials vol 7 Publi-cations and Information Directorate Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research New Delhi India 1966

[4] N D Prajapati S S Purohit A Sharmak and T Kumar AHandbook of Medicinal Plants Agrobios Jodhpur India 1stedition 2003

[5] C-S Wen and J-Y Hsiao ldquoGenetic differentiation of LiliumlongiflorumThunb var Scabrum Masam (Liliaceae) in Taiwanusing random amplified polymorphic DNA andmorphologicalcharactersrdquo Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica vol 40 no 1pp 65ndash71 1999

[6] A J Thomson L Englberger L Guarino R RThaman and CR Elevitch Pandanus tectorius (pandanus) Species Profiles forPacific Island Agroforestry 2006

[7] V K Raina A Kumar S K Srivastava K V Syamsundar andA P Kahol ldquoEssential oil compostion of rdquokewdaldquo (Pandanusodoratissimus) from Indiardquo Flavour and Fragrance Journal vol19 no 5 pp 434ndash436 2004

[8] S Rajuh N V Subbaiah K S Reddy A Das and K B Muru-gan ldquoPotential of Pandanus odoratissimus as a CNS depressantin Swiss albino micerdquo Brazilian Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences vol 47 no 3 pp 630ndash634 2011

[9] R Kusuma V P Reddy B N Bhaskar and S VenkateshldquoPhytochemical and pharmacological studies ofPandanus odor-atissimus Linnrdquo International Journal of Pharmacognosy andPhytochemical vol 2 no 4 pp 171ndash174 2012

[10] N R Kumar Sanjeeva D Padmalaxmi et al ldquoAntioxidantactivity of methanol extract of Pandanus fascicularis LamrdquoJournal of Pharmacy Research vol 4 no 4 pp 1234ndash1236 2011

[11] L Englberger ldquoAre Pacific islanders still enjoying the taste ofpandanusrdquo in Pacific Islands Nutrition vol 58 pp 10ndash11 2003

[12] L Englberger W Aalbersberg U Dolodolotawake et alldquoCarotenoid content of pandanus fruit cultivars and other foodsof the Republic of Kiribatirdquo Public Health Nutrition vol 9 no5 pp 631ndash643 2006

[13] L Englberger W Aalbersberg J Schierle et al ldquoCarotenoidcontent of different edible pandanus fruit cultivars of theRepublic of the Marshall Islandsrdquo Journal of Food Compositionand Analysis vol 19 no 6-7 pp 484ndash494 2006

[14] M Murai F Pen and C D Miller Some Tropical SouthPacific Island Foods Description History Use Composition andNutritive Value University of HawailsquoI Press Honolulu HawaiiUSA 1958

[15] C D Miller M Murai and F Pen ldquoThe use of Pandanus fruitas food in Micronesiardquo Pacific Science vol 10 pp 3ndash16 1956

[16] C A Dignan B A Burlingame J M Arthur R J Quigley andG C Milligan The Pacific Islands Food Composition TablesSouth Pacific Commission Noumea NC USA 1994


[17] P P Adkar and V H Bhaskar Pharmacological evaluationof some medicinal plants for fertility [PhD thesis] VinayakaMissions University Salem India 2014

[18] S K JainDictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethno BotanyDeep Publications New Delhi India 1991

[19] P P Adkar P P Jadhav S D Ambavade T T Shelke and V HBhaskar ldquoProtective effect of leaf extract of Pandanus odoratis-simus Linn on experimental model of epilepsyrdquo InternationalJournal of Nutrition Pharmacology Neurological Diseases vol4 no 2 pp 81ndash87 2014

[20] SanjeevaN RKumarD Padmalaxmi et al ldquoAntioxidant activ-ity of methanol extract of Pandanus fascicularis Lamrdquo Pharma-cologyonline vol 1 pp 833ndash841 2011

[21] R Londonkar and A Kamble ldquoEvaluation of free radicalscavenging activity of Pandanus odoratissimusrdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmacology vol 5 no 6 pp 377ndash380 2009

[22] R Londonkar A Kamble and V C Reddy ldquoAnti-inflammatoryactivity of Pandanus odoratissimus extractrdquo International Jour-nal of Pharmacology vol 6 pp 311ndash314 2010

[23] A L Udupa N Ojeh G Gupta et al ldquoAnalgesic activity ofPandanus fascicularis Lamrdquo Pharmacologyonline vol 2 pp837ndash840 2011

[24] S Venkatesh R Kusuma V Sateesh R B Madhava andR Mullangr ldquoAntidiabetic activity of pandanus odoratissimusroot extractrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education andResearch vol 46 no 4 pp 340ndash345 2012

[25] J Rajeswari K Kesavan and B Jayakar ldquoAntidiabetic activ-ity and chemical characterization of aqueousethanol proproots extracts of Pandanus fascicularis Lam in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalBiomedicine vol 2 no 1 pp S170ndashS174 2012

[26] S Sasidharan V Sumathi N R Jegathambigai and L YLatha ldquoAntihyperglycaemic effects of ethanol extracts of Car-ica papaya and Pandanus amaryfollius leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic micerdquo Natural Product Research vol 25 no20 pp 1982ndash1987 2011

[27] R Londonkar and A Kamble ldquoHepatotoxic and in vivoantioxidant potential of Pandanus odoratissimus against carbontetrachloride induced liver injury in ratsrdquo Oriental Pharmacyand Experimental Medicine vol 11 pp 229ndash234 2011

[28] R Ilanchezhian and R Joseph ldquoHepatoprotective and hepa-tocurative activity of the traditional medicine ketaki (Pandanusodoratissimus Roxb)rdquo Asian Journal of Traditional Medicinesvol 5 no 6 pp 212ndash218 2006

[29] D Kumar S Kumar J Singh C Sharma and K R AnejaldquoAntimicrobial and preliminary phytochemical screening ofcrude leaf extract of Pandanus odoratissimus Lrdquo Pharmacology-online vol 2 pp 600ndash610 2010

[30] M E Bungihan M G Nonato S Draeger and T E E delaCruz ldquoAntimicrobial and antioxidant activities of fungal leafendophytes associated with Pandanus amaryllifolius roxbrdquo Phi-lippine Science Letters vol 6 no 2 pp 128ndash137 2013

[31] M E Bungihan M G Nonato S Draeger S Franzblau andT E E dela Cruz ldquoAntimicrobial and antioxidant activities offungal leaf endophytes associated with Pandanus amaryllifoliusroxbrdquo Philippine Science Letters vol 6 no 2 pp 129ndash137 2013

[32] P Singh R Bundiwale and L K Dwivedi ldquoIn-vitro studyof antifungal activity of various commercially available itra(Volatile plant oil) against the keratinophilic fungi isolated fromsoilrdquo International Journal of Pharma andBio Sciences vol 2 no3 pp 178ndash184 2011

[33] S L Ooi S M Sun and V E Ooi Purification and Character-ization of a New Antiviral Protein from the Leaves of Pandanuamaryllifolius (Pandanaceae) Department of Biology The Chi-nese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong 2000

[34] N B Shankar and J P Kumar ldquoPhytochemical screening andevaluation of anthelmintic activity of pandanus odoratissimusleafy extractrdquo International Journal of Universal Pharmacy andLife Sciences vol 1 no 1 pp 64ndash71 2011

[35] S R Chilakwad K P Manjunath K S Akki R V Savadi andN Deshpande ldquoPharmacognostic and Phytochemical investi-gation of leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus Linn frdquo AncientScience of Life vol 28 no 2 pp 3ndash6 2008

[36] T Jong and S Chau ldquoAntioxidative activities of constituentsisolated from Pandanus odoratissimusrdquo Phytochemistry vol 49no 7 pp 2145ndash2148 1998

[37] F Busque P de March M Figueredo J Font and E SanfeliuldquoTotal synthesis of four Pandanus alkaloids pandamarilac-tonine-A and -B and their chemical precursors norpandama-rilactonine-A and -Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 43 no 32 pp5583ndash5585 2002

[38] A KayserNauru One Hundred Years Ago Pandanus (trans ABlum) University of the South Pacific Suva Fiji 2002

[39] E L Little and R G Skolmen Common Forest Trees of Hawaii(Native and Introduced) Agricultural Handbook 679 USDAWashington DC USA 1989

[40] B A Meilleur M B Maigret and R Manshardt ldquoHala Waukein Hawaiirdquo Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology vol 7 pp1ndash55 1997

[41] ldquoHerbal Medicine Pandan (Pandanus tectorius) FragrantScrew Pine Fleurizonrdquo Herbal Plant httpwwwphilippineher-balmedicineorgpandanhtm

[42] F B YahyaExtraction of aroma compound fromPandan leaf anduse of the compound to enhance rice flavor [PhD thesis] TheUniversity of Birmingham 2012

[43] D Rosario and N M Esguerra Medicinal Plants in Palau vol1 of Publication 2803 (30C) Palau Community College KororPalau 2003

[44] I E Adam M J Balick and R A LeeUseful Plants of PohnpeiA Literature Survey andDatabase Institute of Economic BotanyBronx NY USA 2003

[45] V Madhavan J C Nagar A Murali R Mythreyi and S NYoganarasimhan ldquoAntihyperglycemic activity of alcohol andaqueous extracts of pandanus fascicularis lam roots in alloxaninduced diabetic ratsrdquo Pharmacologyonline vol 3 pp 529ndash5362008

[46] T T Mani R Senthil Kumar M Saravana nayathulla andB Rajkapoor ldquoAntitumor activity of Pandanus odoratissimusLam on Daltons Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) in micerdquo HamdardMedicus vol 51 no 3 pp 27ndash31 2008

[47] K L Seng Y B Che Man C P Tan A Osman and NS A Hamid ldquoProcess optimisation of encapsulated pandan(Pandanus amaryllifolius) powder using spray-drying methodrdquoJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 85 no 12 pp1999ndash2004 2005

[48] M Z Abdullah and K P Loo ldquoSeparation of divalent metalions using Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb (Pandanus) leavesdesorption studyrdquo in Waste Management and the EnvironmentIII vol 92 pp 313ndash321 2006

[49] J Li and S H Ho Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifoliusRoxb) As A Natural Cockroach Repellent School of BiologicalSciences National University of Singapore Singapore 1926


[50] J M Sasikumar U Jinu and R Shamna ldquoAntioxidant activityand HPTLC analysis of Pandanus odoratissimus L rootrdquo Euro-pean Journal of Biological Sciences vol 1 no 2 pp 17ndash22 2009

[51] X Zhang P Guo G Sun et al ldquoPhenolic compounds andflavonoids from the fruits of Pandanus tectorius Solandrdquo Jour-nal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 6 no 13 pp 2622ndash26262012

[52] K R Kirtikar and B D Basu Text Book of Indian MedicinalPlants Volume 2 pp 3566ndash3569 2000

[53] P P Adkar P P Jadhav S D Ambavade V H Bhaskar and TT Shelke ldquoAdaptogenic activity of lyophilized hydroethanol ext-ract of Pandanus odoratissimus in Swiss Albino micerdquo Interna-tional Scholarly Research Notices vol 2014 Article ID 42982810 pages 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of


StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of



Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of


Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


AddictionJournal of



BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Autoimmune Diseases


Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Pharmaceutics


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


Figure 1 Whole plant Pandanus odoratissimus Linn (FamilyPandanaceae)

Nauru) and Polynesia (Wallis and Futuna Tokelau SamoaAmerican Samoa Tonga Niue Cook Islands French Poly-nesia and Hawaii) [4]

2 Historical Perspectives

P odoratissimus Linn is native to South Asia and India hasthe tradition of alternative therapies there are no proceduresto test the safety and efficacy of traditional remedies and tostandardize their effective cure For these reasons it is essen-tial to increase our efforts in the area of medicinal plantresearch and exploit it efficiently for the benefit of humanity

3 Habitat

P odoratissimus Linn forest habitat [5] and usually elevationsof sea level to 20m (66 ft) but can grow at elevations of 600m(1970 ft) or higher [6] Kewda plants are found growing alongseashores banks of rivers ponds canals and so forth [7] Itgrows in tropical climate where it can withstand droughtsalty spray and strong wind It propagates readily from seedbut it is also propagated from branch cutting for farm or forgarden It grows fairly quickly [8]

Pandanus plant is also called ldquopandanrdquo and it is native toAsia and even tropical parts of Australia Pandanus leaves aremostly used in the Southeast Asian cooking (Thomson et al2007)

4 Cultivation and Collection

Cultivation of P odoratissimus is too little in India preciselythe Ganjam district in southern OrissaThe plant can be pro-pagated by off sets or division of the suckers For raisingscented types a fertile well-drained-soil is preferable Thetree begins to flower 3 to 4 years after plantingThe floweringperiod is rainy season (JulyndashOctober) The flowers are har-vested early in themorning and the spa dices take a fortnightto mature depending upon the weather conditions In Indiaand Burma the male flowers are valued for their fragrance

and some kewda products Highly prized by Indian perfumera fully mature tree bears 30ndash40 spadices in a year It is esti-mated that there are about 30ndash40 thousand trees in Ganjamdistrict and nearly to a million spa dices are annually used forthe production of kewda attar kewdawater and kewda oil [9]

5 Pharmacognosy [17]

See Tables 1 and 2

6 Microscopic Characteristics [17]

61 Transverse Section of Leaf (Surface View) Transverse sec-tion of leaf showed the presence of single layered upper andlower thin walled epidermal cells with a moderately thickcuticle and cells are more or less rectangular Covering typeunicellular thick walled lignified Trichomes pointed at oneend and has a base like that of a hockey stick are emerge fromthe epidermal layers Stomata are also seen in the epidermallayer Mesophyll forms the bulk and is differentiated into thinwalled large polyhedral colorless parenchymawith intercel-lular spaces and 3 to 4 layered tightly arranged spongy paren-chyma (Chlorenchyma) Numerous bundles of acicular raphides and calcium oxalate crystals as prisms were seen inthe parenchymatous cells of mesophyll Collateral vascularbundles were seen at regular intervals and have protoxylemfollowed bymetaxylem towards upper epidermis and phloemfollowed by bundle sheath extension (sclerenchyma) towardslower epidermis The whole vascular bundle is covered byborder parenchymaThe TS of the leaf when treated with saf-ranin vascular bundles have stainedwith pink color andwhentreated with Sudan red lignified cell wall produced red color

62 Organoleptic Characteristics Coarsely powdered shadedried leaf of P odoratissimus Linn is light green in color withcharacteristic odor and acrid taste

63 Powder Microscopy It primarily consists of Scalariformand annular xylem vessels covering type unicellular thickwalled Trichomes which are lignified and pointed at one endand has a base like that of a hockey stick paracytic stomatawith straight walled epidermal cells surrounding it Calciumoxalate crystals as prism and acicular raphids scattered inparenchyma

64 Leaf Surface Data Stomata number and stomata indexof leaf of P odoratissimus Linn were carried outThe value ofstomata index of upper epidermis is 23 and lower epidermisis 56

65 Growth Response Stem growth is slow to moderate 2ndash80 cm (08ndash31 in) per year Growth and development varywith sex of plant (male or female) variety and types of plant-ing stock (seedling or branch cutting) For seedling plantsthere is a 4ndash9-year semiprostrate juvenile phase followed byan erect trunk growth phase of 5ndash12 years and then a sexualflowering phase of 40 or more years Male plants are usuallymore branched up to about 30 branches (maximum60) than







Nepali


Sanskrit Ketaka



Urdu 13













Table 2 Continued
















NH

O

H

H

OH3C

Pandamarilacton-32

N

OO

O

H3C

CH2


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

O

NO

OCH3

CH3


N

O

H

H

O

OO

CH3

H3C


O

O

O CH3

H3C

NH


O

N O O

O

H

CH3

CH3CH3




O

NH

HH

H3C

PandanamineO

O

NH

O

O CH3

H3C

Pandamarilactone-31

N

O

O

OO

CH3

CH3

H3C

Artifact

N O

H H

O

O

O

CH3


NOH

O

O

O

H3C

PandamarineN

NH

NH

O

H3C

H2C



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3


O

OH

HO

HO

HO


NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C


OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2


OH

N

O







Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of







Nepali


Sanskrit Ketaka



Urdu 13













Table 2 Continued
















NH

O

H

H

OH3C

Pandamarilacton-32

N

OO

O

H3C

CH2


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

O

NO

OCH3

CH3


N

O

H

H

O

OO

CH3

H3C


O

O

O CH3

H3C

NH


O

N O O

O

H

CH3

CH3CH3




O

NH

HH

H3C

PandanamineO

O

NH

O

O CH3

H3C

Pandamarilactone-31

N

O

O

OO

CH3

CH3

H3C

Artifact

N O

H H

O

O

O

CH3


NOH

O

O

O

H3C

PandamarineN

NH

NH

O

H3C

H2C



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3


O

OH

HO

HO

HO


NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C


OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2


OH

N

O







Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





Table 2 Continued
















NH

O

H

H

OH3C

Pandamarilacton-32

N

OO

O

H3C

CH2


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

O

NO

OCH3

CH3


N

O

H

H

O

OO

CH3

H3C


O

O

O CH3

H3C

NH


O

N O O

O

H

CH3

CH3CH3




O

NH

HH

H3C

PandanamineO

O

NH

O

O CH3

H3C

Pandamarilactone-31

N

O

O

OO

CH3

CH3

H3C

Artifact

N O

H H

O

O

O

CH3


NOH

O

O

O

H3C

PandamarineN

NH

NH

O

H3C

H2C



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3


O

OH

HO

HO

HO


NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C


OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2


OH

N

O







Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





NH

O

H

H

OH3C

Pandamarilacton-32

N

OO

O

H3C

CH2


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

NH

HH

H3C


O

O

NO

OCH3

CH3


N

O

H

H

O

OO

CH3

H3C


O

O

O CH3

H3C

NH


O

N O O

O

H

CH3

CH3CH3




O

NH

HH

H3C

PandanamineO

O

NH

O

O CH3

H3C

Pandamarilactone-31

N

O

O

OO

CH3

CH3

H3C

Artifact

N O

H H

O

O

O

CH3


NOH

O

O

O

H3C

PandamarineN

NH

NH

O

H3C

H2C



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3


O

OH

HO

HO

HO


NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C


OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2


OH

N

O







Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




O

NH

HH

H3C

PandanamineO

O

NH

O

O CH3

H3C

Pandamarilactone-31

N

O

O

OO

CH3

CH3

H3C

Artifact

N O

H H

O

O

O

CH3


NOH

O

O

O

H3C

PandamarineN

NH

NH

O

H3C

H2C



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3


O

OH

HO

HO

HO


NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C


OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2


OH

N

O







Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



Pandamarilactam-3y

N

O

O

O

CH3


O

OH

HO

HO

HO


NNH

N

O

O

HO

HO

HO

OH

H3C

H3C


OHN

N

N

SH3C

CH3

+

NH2


OH

N

O







Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Leaves Fruit

Figure 2 Continued


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Leaves Fruit






([11ndash13])lowast

([14ndash16])







[11]



































11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





























11 Pharmacology







50was found to be






Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




Wistar rats


[17]Aphrodisiac




























4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of














4






4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





4


4treated rats The


4 The effects








50gt 2000mgkg was











2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of







2CO3and







14 Conclusion











Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of










Acknowledgments



References




























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of












































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

Review Article Pandanus odoratissimus (Kewda): A Review on ...

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Transcript of Review Article Pandanus odoratissimus (Kewda): A Review on ...