Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal...
Transcript of Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal...
![Page 1: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts:
Examples from western Montana floodplains (and uplands)
Tom Parker, Geum Environmental Consulting
Stuart Jennings, KC Harvey
![Page 2: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Floodplain restoration as part of mine waste cleanups• Dynamic environments• Contaminated materials not completely removed• Some residual contamination in floodplain soils
![Page 3: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Floodplain Restoration Design Criteria
• Disturbance processes
• Hydrology
• Substrate
• Roughness & complexity
• Biological interactionsoHerbivoryoPlant competition
![Page 4: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Existing, Design and Future Floodplain Surface
![Page 5: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Residual Metals Scenarios
• Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth
where substrate is clean, but metals remain at edges
• Eastside Road Pastures—upland pasture irrigated with
contaminated irrigation water
• Upper Blackfoot Mining Complex—remove tailings to a
native surface which is highly mineralized on some reaches
• Anaconda Uplands—soils contaminated by smelter
![Page 6: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Residual Metals Scenarios
![Page 7: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2005: Pre‐dam removal
2009: Construction
2015: Post‐project
Remedial area
Residual metals
Milltown Dam
![Page 8: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Plant community succession in alluvial river floodplains in the semi arid Rocky Mountain Region is initiated by cottonwoods and willows colonizing bare, moist substrates
![Page 9: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Zn=0.44Zn=1.09
Zn=0.57Zn=2.14Zn=0.16Zn=0.11
Zn=1.31
![Page 11: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Eastside Road Pastures
2015
2016
![Page 13: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eastside Road Pastures
2014 2015
2016
![Page 14: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Eastside Road PasturesSaturated Paste Extracts before and after adding Lime
PlotpH
pH with Lime
CuCu with Lime
ZnZn with Lime
ESP‐2014‐08‐26 4.8 7.1 1.63 0.85 1.07 0.02
ESP‐2014‐09‐02 5.0 7.2 1.78 0.79 1.22 0.04
ESP‐2014‐09‐26 4.9 7.2 1.01 0.63 0.74 0.03
ESP‐2014‐10‐26 4.8 7.2 1.21 0.64 1.12 0.02
ESP‐2014‐12‐26 4.7 7.1 1.41 0.73 2.31 0.02
ESP‐2014‐12‐612 4.7 6.9 0.88 0.51 1.88 0.02
ESP‐2014‐14‐26 5.3 7.2 0.79 0.96 0.86 0.03
ESP‐2014‐15‐02 5.0 7.2 0.94 0.93 0.80 0.06
ESP‐2014‐15‐26 4.8 7.2 1.14 0.95 0.92 0.03
ESP‐2014‐16‐02 5.1 7.2 0.93 0.75 1.04 0.04
![Page 15: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Eastside Pastures Treatments—90 acres
• Lime applied at 15 tons/acre—evenly mixed to 10 inches
• Cover soil applied at 200 cu yds/acre
• Compost applied at 70 cu yds/acre
• Drill seeded
• Straw crimped
![Page 16: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Eastside Road Pastures
![Page 17: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Eastside Road Pastures
![Page 18: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot River Mining Complex
![Page 19: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Parent material is naturally mineralized – mine waste
removal is possible, but in places there is no depth where
metal concentrations are below SSCLs
• Capping may be required to protect human health
• Cover soil or soil amendments where SSCLs are not
applicable
Upper Blackfoot Mining Complex
![Page 20: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot Mining Complex
![Page 21: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot Mining Complex
y = 6.4455x‐0.047R² = 0.7967
4.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Soil pH
(saturated
paste)
Soluble Zn (mg/L)
Soluble Zn versus Saturated Paste pH
1 mg/L Zn
![Page 22: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot River Mining Complex
![Page 23: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot River Mining ComplexFloodplain backfill design criteriaCondition at Excavation Surface Gravel and Sand Rocky parent material
pH < 6.5Ec < 1Saturated
6 inches Amended BackfillMinimum 12 inches Backfill plus 6 inches Amended
BackfillpH < 6.5Ec < 1Not Saturated
Minimum 18 inches Backfill plus 6 inches Amended Backfill
pH > 6.5Ec > 1
None Minimum 18 inches Backfill
![Page 24: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot River Mining Complex
![Page 25: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot River Mining Complex
2009 2016
• Six inches cover soil amended with lime and compost
• Embedded woody debris• Duff from nearby forest floor• Native seed
• pH = ~3.5• Soluble Zn > 20 mg/L
![Page 26: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Upper Blackfoot River Mining Complex
![Page 27: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pore Water/Saturated Paste Extract
Soil + Deionized Water
![Page 29: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Soil Solution Toxicity to Plants
None: Dominated by Ca, Mg, Na, S, N, P, K, DOC, trace amounts of metals
Phytotoxic: Dominated by metals, low pH, no or low nutrients
Remediated: Some soluble trace elements, near neutral pH, nutrients replaced, lime addition adds Ca, Mg
Can be toxic to sensitive species depending on levels
![Page 30: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
33.5
44.5
55.5
66.5
77.5
8
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Sum total metals (mg/kg)
Soil
pH
Poor Vegetation Good Vegetation
Increasing Risk of Phytotoxicity
Increasing Chance of Successful Reclamation
![Page 31: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
y = 100.73e‐5E‐04xR² = 0.923
y = 115.53e‐4E‐04xR² = 0.9744
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Phytotoxicity
Inde
x
Sum total metals + As (mg/kg)
Phytotoxic Response to Basin Wildrye grown in Lime‐amended Soil from Anaconda and Clark Fork River NPL Sites
Clark Fork
Anaconda
Expon. (Clark Fork)
Expon. (Anaconda)
EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF SEVEN GRASS SPECIES ACROSS A GRADIENT OF METALS AND ARSENIC IN LIME‐AMENDED CONTAMINATED SOILS (Martin, 2009)
![Page 32: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
Wat
er S
olu
ble
Co
nst
ituen
t (m
g/k
g)
Soil pH
Copper Zinc Arsenic
Anaconda Water Soluble Constituents at Reclaimed Sites
![Page 33: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
Soil pH
Wat
er S
olub
le C
onst
ituen
t (m
g/kg
Copper Copper Zinc Zinc
Poor VegetationGood Vegetation
Vegetation Condition and Water Soluble Chemistry at Research Sites
![Page 34: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Residual soil phytotoxicity
16 years old
3 years old
8 years old
![Page 35: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
100
1000
10000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tota
l As+
Cu+
Zn (m
g/kg
)
pH
ARWW&S Post-Treatment Vegetation Response to Metals and pH
Good Vegetation Poor Vegetation ROD Phytotox Curve
96% of samples with good vegetation
58% of samples with good vegetation9% of samples with
good vegetation
Modified Conceptual phytotoxicity curve
![Page 36: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What the sites look like
![Page 37: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
East Site Road Pastures: Water Soluble Metal Levels in Soil
![Page 38: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Water Soluble Zinc Before and After Soil Treatment with Lime and Compost
R² = 0.8174
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Soil pH
Water Soluble Zn (mg/L)
East Side Pasture Project, Water Soluble Zinc before and after treatment
Pre‐Treatment
post‐treatment
Log. (Pre‐Treatment)
![Page 39: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Pre‐treatment condition (2014)After reclamation using lime and organic matter (May 2016)…seeded May 2015
Soil pH 5.2 Soil pH 7.5
![Page 40: Revegetation after mine waste removal and metals impacts · Revegetation after mine waste removal and ... • Clark Fork River—remove contaminated material to a depth where substrate](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042106/5e84d7176e3b7f381172c286/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Soil pH
Water Soluble Zn (mg/L)
Milltown Soil Solution Zinc