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2. : ... .5 : : . .. . . 6 8 18 28 : 46 : . . 64 82 : )2013/(4341 .90 : : .98 : 50 .107 : : 116 117 119 : .120 124 Abstract126

3. 5 . - . : . . ) ( ... 2008 . . . ... ... : . ! ... ... :

4. 6 : ... . . . . . . . .

5. 7 . . . . -: . - - . . 2013 . : ... . ( : ) .

6. 8 . . Regulation .Self Regulation . . . 1 . : . : Regulation 2 . : . . .

7. 9 . . .- Eve Salomon 3 : - 1 . - 2 . - . .- :-- 3 - Technological convergence . . . . . . .

8. 10 . . - 4 . . :- 5 . . . . . . : : . . . . . - . . . . .

9. 11 . : . - : - . . .. .- . . ombudsman . . . .- . . . - . . : . .

10. 12 . : . Beth Simone Noveck : 4 . : . . : . 5 . . : . . 6 .. . : - 1 . Video On Demand Catch Television . . . : - 2 . . .

11. 13 . - 3 . ) ( . . . .- . . Open Network Provision . . 7 . : . Decoder - 4 . . - 8 . : . - . . . 9 .

12. 14 . :. - . . - : - - . : .. . - . . . - . . . : :. - . .2010 .

13. 15 . . - . . - .1991 . . . . - . . . .. - . : .

14. 16 : : . ! - . ... : .Talk-show . . - - . . - . . . .. . .

15. 17 : . . . . . . 1 - Mikl s Haraszti: Le Guide Pratique de lautorgulation des Mdias, Les questions et les rponses, Organisation pour la Scurit et la Coopration en Europe, Vienne, 2008, p 9 2 - Andr-Jean ARNAUD (dir.), Dictionnaire encyclopdique de thorie et de sociologie du droit, 2e d., Paris L.G.D.J.,1993,p.521 3 - Eve Salomon- Guidelines for Broadcasting Regulation, Unesco, Paris -2008 4 - B.S.Noveck, Thinking Analogue About Digital Television? Bringing European ContentRegulationIntoTheInformationAge, inC.Marsden&S.Verhulst, Eds., Convergence in European Digital TV Regulation (Blackstone Press Limited, London, 1999),pp 37-63, p.38 5 - Tarlach Mc Gonagle: Le cadre rglementaire en vigueur en matire de tlvision est-il applicable aux nouveaux mdias ? IRIS plus; Observations juridiques de lObservatoire europen de laudiovisuel; Victoires Editions; Paris; 2001-6 6 - Thomas Gibbons: Concentrations of Ownership and Control in a Converging Media Industry, cit par Tarlach Mc Gonagle 7 - Trudel Pierre: Points de vue sur la gouvernance dans le contexte de la numrisation, Consult le 10/7/2013 de: http://www.chairelrwilson.ca/cours/drt3805g/ Pointsdevueregulationtrudel.pdf 8 - Tarlach Mc Gonagle, op cit 9 - D. Goldberg, T. Prosser & S. Verhulst, Regulating the Changing Media (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998), p. 16. .

16. 18 : . . 1976 1996 .1 . 1320 .2 . . . // . . . 3 . . . .

17. 19 . : : : 4 . : . : . . . . . . . .... : . . : / . .... . .

18. 20 : . . - . : . hot i s (( sues)5 . . : . : . : ( )... .... : )( . . . . .6 15 1972 .

19. 21 1959 . .1970 .1972 1974 .7 . ( .)... . 16 2013 . 12 2008 . . :. . . . . .8 . . .9 . )( 2005 . : . . .10 . .

20. 22 . . . .11 . : . . .12 . . . . . . . . )regulation of media( 12 . .

21. 23 . 13 . ...( . : . . 14 . 15 . 16 . . . . - .- .)...( . . .17

22. 24 . . . : . . 18 ... .19 . , . . .

23. 25 . . . . .20 . . ) ( 21 . . . 22 . . .23 . .

24. 26 : . . - - . . . - - . .... . : 1 2 2007 12 - 11 2 . 3 : 5 - 4 2010 3-2 4 Sonya shaykhoun, open skies: the laws and regulations guiding middle east satellite broadcasting, 2010,www.charlesrussell.co.uk 5 Kai Hafez, The Role of Media in the Arab Worlds Transformation Process, (www.unierfurt.de/fileadmin/usercs/philfak/ko - munikationswissenschaft/files_publikationen/hafez/ inhalt899_bound_hafez.pdf), (13-0762013) 4 6 7 11 - 102007 12 - 11 2008 13 1429 04 8 .10669 9 Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter: Principles for Regulating Satellite Broadcasting Transmission In the Arab World, February, 2008, Arab media &society), www.arabmediasociety.com). 10 www.elyahyaoui.org/voix_asphyxiees.htm, (12-7-2013) .3 11 StanleyJ. Baran, DennisK. Davis, MASSCO M 122 MUNICATION THEORY Foundations, Ferment, and Future, SIXTH EDITION, (Boston: Wadsworth, 2012). P108 13 .302008 13 14 George W. Reynolds, ethics in information technology, 3.ed., (Boston: course technology, 2010)

25. 27 15 DAVID BERRY, Journalism, Ethics and Society, (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2008), p1. 16 Cooper, Thomas W, New technology effects inventory : Forty leading ethical issues, Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 13: 2, (1998), pp 71 92 : 17 .2007 12 - 11 .2012 : 18 19 .2010 26-27 20 .2010 27 - 26 21 DAVID HARDAKER, Putting the Genie Back in the Bottle: Ruling Regimes and the New Media in the Arab World, Sydney : LOWY INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL POLICY, 2008, p01. 22 Omair Anas, The Changing Profile of Media in the Arab States, Global Media Journal, 2012-2013 Vol. 2, Nos. 1-2, pp. 28-46 23 Canan Atilgan, Mass Media in the Arab World and Beyond Politics and Ethics, International Conference February 19-20 2005, Ramallah. 31 2007 44*

26. 28 : . . . The Media Self-Regulation . . The International Federation of Journalists 1954 )1( . : .. / .

27. 29 )2( . - . . . . . . . The Critical Analysis . . : The Fourth-Estate . . Who Guards The Guardians? )3( .

28. 30 Center for International Media Ethics CIME . A Values Framework. 4 : . . . Political Cynicism . )5( . - Unethical )6( . : ... . : Single )1( Media Code The Code of Conduct . )2( National Official Code .

29. 31 )3( National Independent Code . )4( Regional Official Codes / . )5( 1954 )7( . . . . . )8( . . : . )9( . . .

30. 32 )10( . 1954 )11( . . Cross-level Process . )12( : : : . . . :: : - . .- .- - . - . - . : )1980( . . )13( . . - 2002 Kai Hafez .

31. 33 - )14( . The Journalists Traits . . . 2004 1996 :. - . - . - . - )15( . 2004 . : . . . . . . . )16( . The Predictor of Media Ethics Process . : -

32. 34 . Bad - Stereotypes . - . . - . - . - . . - . )17( . Intercultural Basis for Media Ethics )18( : . .- .- - . .- .- - . .Citizen Journalists . )19( : - . . - - .

33. 35 . - . - . - . - . : Specific Challenges - . - Ethical Guidelines . : : . : .Act Independently : .Minimize Harm : BeAccountable.20 : Structural Level The Semantic and Operational Level . . . )21( :Objectivity .- - . - .

34. 36 .- - . - . Sources : - . .- - . - . - . Accuracy . : - . - . . . - - . - . - . . Harm Limitation )22( : - . - . - . - . )( - . .

35. 37 : The Media Policy . )23( . .The Diversity . . : - . - . - . - . - . - . - . 2005 The Plan-D for Democracy )24( . . .

36. 38 . Strategic Media Planning )25( : - - - : : . : . : - - . . Ian 2011 Richards )26( . The Code of Ethics . . . : .

37. 39 : . : . : )27( . The Content of The Ethics Codes . . Aidan White - - )28( . . )29( . : : . : TheEthicalPerformance 30 . .

38. 40 : The Macro-Level : . TheMicro-: Level . Antecedent Variables . . - Social Taboos . )31( . . . / . 2009 2010 . 1979 .1996 ...

39. 41 Soft Technique . Naomi Sakr . )32( . . Relativism Idealism . . )33( . . : . . 2012 1320 2010 609 210 34 . . Perspectives The Ethical . .

40. 42 : )1( The Infotainment . The Heavy Talk )2( Shows . ) ( )3( . . . )4( . )5( . )6( . )7( . )8( . )9( . )10( . )11( . )12( . . 2013 . .

41. 43 : : . . ... : . : . : . : . : . : . : . . . . :. )1( . )2( . )3( . )4( : .

42. 44 )5( . . : (1) Kai Hafez,(2002), Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, The Middle East, and Muslim Asia, Political Commun ication,vol.19,no.2,pp.225-250. (2) J. Clement Jones,(1980), Mass Media Codes of Ethics and Councils : A Comparative International Study on Professional Standards, (France: UNESCO Press),pp.1-82. :)3( - Quah Chun Hoo.,& Leong Shi Yeing,(2011), Ethics Code Awareness, Usefulness and Profession - lism of Malaysian Journalists, Journal of Business Sy - tems, Governance and Ethics,vol.5,no.2,pp.31-42. - Herman Wasserman,(2012), Media Ethics in a New Democracy: South African Perspective on Fre - dom, Dignity and Citizenship,(Online), available at: http://www.academia.edu/1809013/Media_Ethics_ in_a _New_Democracy., Html, Date of Search: 25/8/2013. -Nabil Dajani, (2012), Ethics and The Media : The Lebanese Experience , Paper Presented at The Conf - rence on Bioethics in the Media, AUB Faculty of Med - cine, December 11,pp.1-14. (4) Eugene L. Meyer,(2011), Media Codes of Ethics : The Difficulty of Defining Standards,(Online), ava - lable at: http://www.acme.ug.org/ media-laws/doc_ download/77-media-code,pdf, Date of Search: 23/8/ 2013. :)5( - Magda Abu-Fadil, (2005), Towards a Pr - fessional Code of Ethics to Regulate Arab Media,(Online),available at: http://www.ipj.lau.edu. lb/ outreach/2005/06_lcps/IPJ-LCPS-60-05pdf, Date of Search : 23/8/2013. -Dianna Conley,(2009),Media Law and Ethics: I - tersection of The New York Times Code of Ethics and Cases, Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The NCA 95th Annual Convention , Chicago, IL, Nov 11,pp. 1-35. -Kai Hafez,(2002),Op.cit., -HermanWasserman,(2012),Op.cit., -QuahChunHoo.,&LeongShiYeing.,(2011),Op.cit., - Joseph N.Cappella.,& Kathleen H., Jami - son.,(1996), News Frames, Political Cynicism ,and M - dia Cynicism,(Online),available at: http:// www.jstor. org/stable/1048171.,pdf, Date of Search : 23/8/2013. (6)EugeneL.Meyer,(2011),Op.cit.,p.15. (7)Kai Hafez,(2002),Op.cit.,p.227. : )8( (Online), available at: http://www.moinfo.gov.eg/ page.php?ID=3,DateofSearch:20/8/2013. (9)NabilDajani,(2012),Op.cit.,p5. (10)HermanWasserman.,&ShakuntalaRao,(2006), Media Globalization and Journalism Ethics: A View from The South, Paper Presented at The International Communication Association Conference in Dresden, Germany, June 1-3,pp.10-16. (11) (Online), available at: http://www.ifj.org/en/ articles?search=code+ of+ethics, Date of Search: 23/8/2013. (12)J.ClementJones,(1980),Op.cit.,52-54. (13)(Online),availableat:http://www.cimethics.org. (14)KaiHafez,(2002),Op.cit.,pp.225-250. )15( : 9-11 :( .82004 (16) Magda Abu-Fadil,(2004), Guidelines for Arab Media Ethics, The Conclusion and Recommendations of The Conference of The Media Ethics& Journalism in The Arab World: Theory, Practice& Challenges Ahead, Beirut, Lebanon, June 9-11. .. : )17( .)2006 : ( .54-59

43. 45 (18)KaiHafezetal.,(2003),Media Ethics in The Di - logue of Cultures ,( Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-In - titute).pp.9-249. See Also: - Herman Wasserman.,& Shakuntala Rao.,(2006), Op.cit., -Nabil Dajani,(2012),Op.cit., (19) Eugene L. Meyer,(2011),Op.cit.,p.32. : )20( -Kai Hafez,(2002),Op.cit., -Kai Hafez et al.,(2003),Op.cit., -Eugene L.Meyer,(2011),Op.cit., -Herman Wasserman.,& Shakuntala Rao.,(2006), , (21) David Slatter., Media Ethics: Structures, Semantics and Consequences, (Online),available at: http://www.S_research/article _.._/ Media_ ethics _ papers/ pdf, Date of Search: 15/8/2013,pp.34-40. (22)Ibid.,pp.41-43. (23) Richard Wu.,& Grace Leung,(2009), A Comparative Study of The Communications Law and Policy Reforms in The Greater China Area: Hong- Kong, Taiwan, and China, Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The International Communication Association, Chicago, IL, May 20, pp.1-27. (24) Commission of The European Communities,(2008),Building Europes Image, Corporatization and Visual Branding in Contemporary EU Communication Policy, Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The International Communication Association ,TBA, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 21,pp.1-34. (25) Richard Wu.,& Grace Leung,(2009),Op. cit.,pp.10-15. (26)EugeneL.Meyer,(2011),Op.cit.,p.10. (27) Mohammad A. Siddiqi,(1995), Ethics and Responsibility in Journalism : An Islamic Perspective,(Online) ,available at: http:// www. waccglobal.org/es/ /845-Ethics-and-responsibility-in- journalism -An-Islamic-perspective--.html, Date of Search: 23/8/2013.p.4. (28)EugeneL.Meyer,(2011),Op.cit.,p.11. (29)Ibid.,p.28. (30)QuahChunHoo.,&LeongShiYeing.,(2011),Op. cit.,p.33. (31) See Proceedings of The Conference of The Media Ethics & Journalism in The Arab World: Theory, Practice& Challenges Ahead, Beirut, Lebanon, June 9-11-2004.pp.2-3. (32)NaomiSakr,(2004),CompetingCodesofEthics and Evolving Journalistic Practice in Arab Satellite TV, Paper Presented at The Conference of The Media Ethics & Journalism in The Arab World: Theory, Practice& Challenges Ahead, Beirut, Lebanon, June 9-11 ,pp.50-51. (33)QuahChunHoo.,&LeongShiYeing.,(2011),Op. cit.,pp.34-35. 2012 )34(

44. 46 2013 . . . . . : . )3D()HDTV( . 1320 . : - - - : .:

45. 47 .: : .: .: .: : - 1 . . 2008 . ... . . . . . ... . ...

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47. 49 . , . : : . . . . : ( ) . : 2008 . . . .

48. 50 . . ) ( )(2015 . .. FCC .. . . . - 2 . - . . . . :

49. 51 . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50. 52 . ... . . 2012 . . : . . . . . . - 3 : : Space Tech TV )(

51. 53 . .:. . : . ./.75 .)(Intelsat 5 )2( 5 ITU . . . - ... . .) ( . . . : . )SIRG( .)(

52. 54 180 :) GVF) Global VSAT Forum : . )Encoders( . . 2013 . . Space Tech TV Engineering :. : .)HDT( . .2011 ./.10 ./.26 2012 2012 340 . ./.90 .)Multiplex( :SatelliteUsersInterferenceReductionGroup

53. 55 .- . - .)Adjacent Satellites( - ...)Terrestrial Services( - . - : )Fixed Modulated Signal( - )Continuous Wave( - : SNGs . : EIRP )Ephemeris( . )On Board Gain( . . SES ) ( Carrier ID .)Identification()( . Eutelsat 8 West B Eutelsat . 2015 )Frequency Convertors( .)Downlink Frequency(

54. 56 : . . . : . FCC : . . . . . . .

55. 57 . . . . . . 2015 . . :. 2008 : . ) 18 (

56. 58 The Guardian Fox News . . . . .. . . . . . . :. :. . . . . )(

57. 59 . :. .. . :. . . :. :. . . . : . . .. . . .

58. 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MTV 24 80 . : .

59. 61 . ./.43 . . . . . .. .. : . ...MdiateurOmbudsman . . 2007 2008 . . . .

60. 62 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61. 63 . .. . . . : : . . . : :. . . .. 10% . . )( .

62. 64 : . : . . )Dialogue( la dmocratie participative .. )Time( : )Cost( )Effort( .)Local Market Environment ()Business men( . - .

63. 65 , Global market variabls )Rseautage( ( ) . . ) (:: )Media( ...-- New( )social rols( )private space( )paradigm )public sphere( . ) ( )Alvin Toffler )1 : : Michael Massing . Kevin phok K Kevin MD .

64. 66 the pelity joanne jacobs.com community 2 Mark kleiman based youtube global post .)3( global post : 350 2.5 .25 500.0008 .)4( 3 :)( : .)5( . )6( .)7( : .

65. 67 . . . ping . . :)numrisation(:: ( .) ) ( : .- . - . - . - .

66. 68 - . .)8( - : . . . . .)9( : )la personnalisation du pouvoir( : . . . : .Agenda Setting : . : .. . : ) la spectacularisation( . .

67. 69 : . : . .)10( :: -/ )11( : . . .

68. 70 . ( ) ( .) ( ) . . ( ) ( ) . . 1998 . . .

69. 71 )( 19 : . . . . . . . . . .)12( : : . .)13( ( ( ) . .) : - - : .-- .

70. 72 . . . .)14( )15( . 71 . 20 01/16 1969 .)16( : . . . .

71. 73 . . .)17( ) Gouvernance( : 1969 . ( 8 . : .) ( ) . . .)18( : ) ( : . ) ( . . / ( ..) : . ) ( . . . . : . . . . . : . .

72. 74 :. : . : . :)19( : : . : / . : . : . :: :)20( . . :)( . . . .

73. 75 .)21( .)21( : . . . . . . . .)21( . :: . . . .)22( .

74. 76 1980 . 1999 . :)23( . . . . : : . the puttnam comminssion2000 . : . : . : .

75. 77 . . : 19 :: . . . . . :)24( : 2003 . . . : ( . - ) . .

76. 78 : : )19( - - . . : : . . . . . . . . : . . / .

77. 79 . :)01( )26( :)02( )27( - - ) ( - - - - output - impact - cost - outcome

78. 80 : 1 ) - Alivin Toffler , la troisime vague , trad de l Anglais , par Michel Deutsh , Paris ga - limard , 1988.632 pages . : -)2 - MichaelMassing ,thenewyorkreviewof books ... . 2009 -)3 :- )4 Don O sullivan ,wikipedia: A new community of practice , ashgate,2009 , pp187 . Andrew Lih , wikipedia Revolution: how a bunch of nobodies created the world s gre - test Encyclopedia ,forword by : jimmy wales , bargainprice , 2009 , pp237 . Andrew Dably , The World and wikipedia : how we are editing reality , siduri books , 2009 , pp256 . Chris brogan and julien smith , using the web to build infuence , improve and Earn Trust ,wiley;Revupdedition,2010, pp302. Wittkower .E.D , Facbook and philosophy : what s on your minds ? , open court , 2010 ,pp288. Vander Veer .A.E , Facebook:the missing manual , pogue press , 2010 .pp272 . .182 2010 -)5 18 - )6 .2005 .111 2009 - )7 .34 -)8 .38 - 37 -)9 -)10 .348-347 2011 37 .67 2004 -)11 .-)12 : -)13 .150 - 137 2011 7 .-)14 .-)15 -)16 .81 - 80 2010 / 2009 .82 -)17

79. 81 .05 2009 -)18 Konrad Adenauer -)19 .351 -)Siftung 20 .359 -)21 .359-360 -)22 .233-)23 )(09 - 08 -)24 .2012 16/ 15 .)( -)25 .110 2009 .98 2003 / -)26 .33 2003 /-)27

80. 82 . . . . . . . 4% 2011 2% ) 16%( 1 .)2009( 2007- 5.5% 2009 2 .2.3% 2013 - 2009 . . .1993 16% . . . . ..

81. 83 3 . . Metro 2005 18 . 4 . . . .) ( 2003 )Guardian( Berliner5 .Broadsheet - - 6 . 2011 4% 7 )6% (2009 .18% 2004 1990 synchronic )( . . . . . . . Office of Communications 24 16 . .

82. 84 . . 8 . ... . : . . . . . . . . . Jeff Mignon : . )...( iPod 9 . . . De Tijd 10 )( ( 2006 .) Jeff Jarvis : . . 11

83. 85 . . . ) ( . . Dan )DailyMe( Center for Citizen Media.12 Gillmor . . . . Philip Meyer .2043 13 ( .) . . )( 14 . Google News . .MSN Yahoo Google . . . . ..

84. 86 Guardian . 30.4 2012 . 380.000 15 . . 16 . . . . . . ( 17 5% .) . . . 18 . 2011 - 2007 76 43 . . . .2011 - 2007 76 43 : Google .AdSense . mochilla.19 .)Brand Channels( . Arabiatube.21 20 YouTube . .

85. 87 . )Unbundling( . )WalledGarden( . John Battelle . Deep( Linking)22 23 . 24 . Wall Street Economist New York Times 25 ( Journal26 . ) Wall Street Journal 27 .400.000 . . .Wikipedia . 1.2 25 2012 28 . . Libration (2006 ) )( . . New :Connecticut Haven Independent . New Haven Independent . . . NewHavenIndependent. 29 .org . . DMGT )(Daily Mail and General Trust

86. 88 140 30 . 31 32 . : . . 33 . . : WAN-IFRA, World Press Trend 2012, September 1 .03, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/WAN-IFRA/world-press- trends-larry-kilman-14153751 2 .2011 - 2007 . )8.31%( )4.7%( 70% 10% 77% http://alwaqt.com/print.php?aid=54735 :. / Dubai Press Club, Arab Media Outlook 2009- 2013, Dubai, 2010. https://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/ arabmedia.pdf 50% 3 6% 12 39 . 2003 ( 7Days )2004 )2007 ( http://www.dmnews. : .)2007 ( 24 com/cms/dm-sectors/media-publishing/42468.html http://www.asharqalawsat.com/details.asp?section= 19&issue=10536&article=439739&search=%D5%CD% DD%20%E3%CC%C7%E4%ED%C9&state=tru http://www.asharqalawsat.com/details.asp?sect http://www. ion=37&article=437321&issue=10519 arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=90&lang=ar http://www.7days.ae .880 820 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_ : 5 )(format 6 The New York Times 250 2006 . : http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/ business/media/18web.html?ei=5088&en=58a9433f8bd2 b26a&ex=1310875200&adxnnl=1&partner=rssnyt&emc= rss&adxnnlx=1186808478-5y7/7+zHO1w+o6RD2nmkrg 7 WAN-IFRA, Op. cit., Pew 8 )( . 40% .2007 24% 35% . Pew Research Center for : .)70%( the People & the Press. Internet Overtakes Newspapers as News Source. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1066/ internet-overtakes-newspapers-as-news-source 9 Mignon,J., Quotidiens nationaux gn crits et payants : ma rponse vos commentaires, 12 juillet 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2006, from http://mediacafe.blogspot.com/2006/07/quotidiens- nationaux-gn-crits-et.html

87. 89 http://www.tijd.be 10 Jarvis,J., Bigger, better journalism, August 11 1, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2007, from http:// www.buzzmachine.com/2006/08/01/bigger-better- /journalism Citizen Reporters Forum 12 .2006 ( ) http:// : . english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view. asp?menu=c10400&no=304736&rel_no=1 13 TheEconomistThe future of newspapers, Who killed the newspaper? August 24, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2006, from http://www.economist.com/ opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7830218 http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/ :. 14 article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=304736&rel_no=1 15 Guardian, The Guardian is now the worlds third most read newspaper website, 2012. http://www. guardian.co.uk/gnm-press-office/8 http://www.alexa.com : 16 17 Tedeschi,B., E-Commerce Report. Newspapers to Use Links to Rivals on Web Sites, July 31, 2006. Retrieved September 25, 2006, from http://www. nytimes.com/2006/07/31/technology/31ecom.html?ex =1186545600&en=ba0f1f84033016b7&ei=5070 18 gxpress, World Press Trends: Newspaper audiences rise, especially in Asia, but digital revenues lag, September 4, 2012. http://www.gxpress.net/world- press-trends-newspaper-audiences-rise-especially-in- asia-but-digital-revenues-lag-cms-2209 19 Epstein,D., new media marketplace Mochila emerges, March 27, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2006, from http://www.editorsweblog.org/print_ newspapers/2006/03/us_new_media_marketplace_ mochila_emerges.php .http://www.youtube.com 20 55 http://www.youtube. : . com/advertise http://www.arabiatube.com 21 2007 http://www.daralhayat. : . com/science_tech/12-2007/Item-20071206-b0b4dfce- c0a8-10ed-00c1-a41e0bb194cb/story.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ : 22 linking Battelle,J., From Pull to Point: How to Save 23 The Economist and The Journal from Irrelevance. October 11, 2004. Retrieved April 4, 2006, from http:// battellemedia.com/archives/000957.php ,.PewResearchCenter,op.cit 24 25 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/ : . business/media/18times.html?ex=1347768000&en=880 11ab45717e39d&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod =permalink 26 2007 13 . 5.6 ).News Corp( .70 27 MarketingVox, WSJ.com Takes Down Subscription Wall., May 2, 2006. Retrieved October 12, 2006, from http://www.marketingvox.com/ archives/2006/05/02/wsjcom_takes_down_ subscription_wall/ 28 Shu, Catherine, Wikimedia Foundation Raises 25M In Donations Over 9 Days, December 27th, 2012. http://techcrunch.com/2012/12/27/wikimedia- foundation-raises-25m-in-donations-over-9-days/ http://www.newhavenindependent.org : 29 30 Robinson, J., Press is alive and well, says freesheet king, June 11, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2006, from http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/ story/0,,1794736,00.html 31 http://www.metro.co.uk 32 Robinson,J.. Mind the gap: the press must follow readers online, but wheres the cash? May 28, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2007, from http://observer. guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,,1784550,00.html 33 Mignon,J., op.cit.,

88. 90 ... . . . : ... 1 . . . 2013 .: ) ( .2 . . 25 . ( ) )2013/1434(

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124. A B S T R A C T Issue III of Majallat al-Ithaat al-arabiya (Arab Radio Review) (III, 2013), carries a number of articles and contributions covering key developments in the Arab broadcasting landscape. The issues lead section reviews the topic of organizing Arab satellite broadcasting: from legislation to ethical constraints, which represents a vital issue for the sectors professionals, as a result of the satellite media chaos brought by a fast growing number of Arab satellite channels, while there exists no legislation to protect the sector. The section includes three studies by academics specializing in information and media legislation: Arab satellite broadcasting: reality and ways for development, the article uncovers the ambiguity and interference characterizing satellite broadcasting and how it developed to chaos caused by several factors, Need for and terms of restraining satellite broadcasting. According to the author does not seek to restrict radio and TV media, but ails at achieving some equilibrium in the light of the economic, political, cultural and technical stumbles now affecting our daily life. The third study is titled Toward an ethical code of conduct for Arab media professionals. The article is a critical review of the difficulties affecting the issue of various regulatory documents and their implementation in the reigning media environment, both on the Arab and international levels. The Review also publishes the proceedings of the academic and technical workshop organized in April 2013 in Amman by the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ASBU) and The High Committee for Coordination among Arab Satellite Channels (HCCASC) on organizing Arab satellite broadcasting and the need for legislation in the field. Idhaat, the editorial written by ASBU Director General, Mr. Slaheddine Maaoui, was devoted to the same, topic under the title; between sought ethics and absent legislation. Among the other articles published in the new issue, we can cite: New media and participative democracy, Electronic media and economic outcome, Ramadhan drama productions in the season 2013M Is it a new artistic approach? The issue also contains an article dealing with radio of the third decade of this century. The article covers the following topics: Future of the traditional radio broadcasting, Future of the competition between services provided by the new media and those of radio Impact of ICTs on radio, The issue also includes coverage of ASBUs major activities during the semester along with follow up on major developments in the sector.

125. ISSN : 0330 - 6518