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 Año 7 ’ E¾ 19 31 ’ Jato* 7317

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 Fjad` lf` ioowldealow>  wf|a`fylfjayoefwdaChj}%ioj 

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7

Año 7 ’ E¾ 19 31 ’ Jato* 7317

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9

Jayoefy bajoyoy

 G FF\MORFE ¿ BVF JAYÙE ?

Bvfe|f> Bo`ma Jaèüedia ’ e¾ 9<9\walvi|ow> Jawdo @ùsf~

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Aþe yfhþe `o ldimo sow Io||f, bvfwoe jayoefy|oloy `oy jafy|woy lf jþydia lf Gff|morfe> Jo*~aw|, Effb, Matle, Ya`dfwd, Ymvjssaed~dhm% Jayo*efy bvfwoe |ajgdäe yvy d`vy|wfy ajdhoy t iojsa*ñfwoy fe |waganoy jvydia`fy iojo `oy fyiwd|owfyYimd``fw  ’ av|ow lf` sofja lf `a ‐Olf ã A`fhwda‚ lf `a Eorfea Ydeboeêa  ’  t Hof|mf  ’  av|ow lf`lwaja Fhjoe|  ’ ivta jþydia bvf iojsvfy|a sowGff|morfe%

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‐Fy|ot swfsawalo% Bow~alo a ioerfw|dwjf fe

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maifw f` gdfe‚ 

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bwa|fwedlal mvjaea% Yd Gff|morfe

``fhù a dehwfyaw fe vea @ohda jayù*edia eo `o yagfjoy a idfeida idfw|a;

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‐Ydhedbdia|dro  ’ fyiwdgf Gayyo, ioe wfysf|o a`owdhfe jayùedio lf `a dedida|dra qvf jordù aGff|morfe  ’   fy f` mfimo lf qvf fe `oy iayoy feqvf `a Yoidflal Bd`awjùedia lf @oelwfy lfidlffeiawhaw vea ogwa owdhdea` iayd ydfjswf `o maifwfivwwdfelo a jþydioy alfs|oy lf ̀ a jayoefwêa%

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|dja Ydeboeêa, 1=26$, Yade| Yafey -\fwifwa Ydebo*eêa, 1==2$‚%

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Id|ajoy |ajgdäe ogway iojo `a asfw|vwa sawaowqvfy|wa ydebùedia ‐ @a Ioeyahwaidùe lf `a Ia*ya‚, `a Jawima fe Yd gfjo` jatow  ’ vyala magd*|va`jfe|f fe `a fe|wala wd|va`êy|dia jayùedia lf`oy ldhea|awdoy fe f` \fjs`o, t vea Iaeidùe sawa|feow t sdaeo ioe |f}|o lf` jayùe Xfhf`fw  ’ jþ*

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@o qvf wfa`jfe|f djsow|a fy `o qvf ldif O||oJawda Iawsfav} fe yv `dgwo ‐Vja eora mdy|ùwdala jþydia -1463$‚ a` lfidw qvf

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vea soydidùe |ae djsow|ae|f iojo Gff|morfe feevfy|wa mdy|owda‚ 

1 ‐Rdw|vlf f vedrfwya` gfefro`îeida‚% -A`lo Y% Jo`a  ’  

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Bvfe|f> Bo`ma Jaèüedia ’ e¾ 9<<Fe f` eþjfwo ydhvdfe|f f` Mfwjaeo Bwaeidyio

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Aswfidalo Mfwjaeo>

Iojo rd vea wfbfwfeida a Gf|morfe fe `a v`*|dja fldidùe lf `a ‐Bo`ma Jaèüedia‚, jf mf |o*jalo `a `dgfw|al lf ferdaw`fy jáy debowjaidùeswoiflfe|f lf `a Hwae @ohda lf Gwd|dym Io`vjgdat Tvkoe%

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'Vea waja lf yavif o vea waja lf aiáidayogwf `a |vjga lf jd Mfwjaeo lf yaehwf‚ 

@oy Mfwjaeoy id|aloy fy|agae rdroy ivaelofy|a ogwa yf iwfù t eo iagf lvla lf vea ioef}dùejayùedia fe `a sa`agway% Yimdel`fw, veo lf yvygdùhwaboy, jfeidoea ve aswf|ùe lf jaeoy fe vea

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Yv swfyfeida fe ioeidfw|oy if`fgwaloy lvwae|fwd|va`fy Jayùedioy fy|á loivjfe|ala t, yf yvso*ef, sawa magfw ydlo av|owd~alo a saw|didsaw lfgfwêa

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Mdy|owda

O WÊHFEFY LF @A JAYOEFWÊA 

Av|ow> S%¸% M%̧ %Noyä Yim`oyyfw S%¸%J%¸%Fld|o f` aw|êiv`o iojs`f|o |a` iojo bvf ldbve*

ldlo sow `a `dy|a jayùedia «@a|ojda

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maiêae yoñaw ioe vea Jayoefwêa iayd |ae rdfnaiojo f` iojdfe~o lf `oy |dfjsoy%

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@vfho> 1814, \mfùbd`o Lfyahv`dfwy; 1873, wf*`fiidùe lf Nowhf Satef; 1871 t 77, Nvae, Lvqvflf Joe|ahþ; 1879, Bf`dsf, Lvqvf lf Xmaw|oe, lf|ae djsow|ae|f ai|vaidùe fe `a iwfaidùe lf `a ja*yoefwêa fysaño`a%

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2

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|a lf yfdy aw|êiv`oy%

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vyo lf `ay @ohday lf @oelwfy, `ay qvf lfgfe `ffw*yf ydfjswf fe `a ifwfjoeda lf wfifsidùe lf ve

evfro Mfwjaeo t ydfjswf qvf f` Jafy|wo `o iwfaosow|veo‚ 

@a |fwifwa ioe|dfef `ay AE\DHVAY OWLF*EAE^AY HFEFWA@FY wfiohdlay sow NowhfSatef -iojsvfy|a lf 94 Owlfeae~ay$%

@a ivaw|a saw|f t bdea` ioe|dfef `ay Aswoga*idoefy t iva|wo iae|oy jayùedioy%

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ja`jfe|f f` owdhfe lf `a Jayoefwêa fysfiv`a|dra,iojo dey|d|vidùe%

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Ivjs`f fe swdjfw |äwjdeo ioe `a ioeldidùelf soyffw wfh`ajfe|oy ydy|fja|d~aloy, t fe yfhve*lo |äwjdeo, ioe `a lf yfw aswogaloy sow ivfwsoyioey|d|vtfe|fy qvf swoi`ajawoe yvro`ve|al lf ivjs`dw`oy%

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Fe f` ydh`o ]DD b`owfife `oy aw|fyaeoy lfldia*loy a ioey|wvdw sa`aidoy t fldbdidoy yahwaloy% Lfy*|aiala ai|drdlal yf a|wdgvtf fe fy|a f|asa a `oyjoenfy gfefldi|deoy lf `a Agalêa lf I`vet qvfsoyfêae vea djswfydoeae|f gdg`do|fia, ife|wo iv`*|vwa` a` qvf aivlêae eog`fy t wf`dhdoyoy sawa aj*s`daw yvy ioeoidjdfe|oy% Nve|o a `oy joenfy lfld*ialoy a `a bd`oyobêa t a `a idfeida, eoy feioe|wajoya``ê ioe f` hwvso ``ajalo lf ‐joenfy osfwawdd‚ qvffwae f}if`fe|fy awqvd|fi|oy t yf lfldiagae a `a

ioey|wviidùe lf fldbdidoy%

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@o jdyjo svflf lfidwyf lf `oy idy|fwidfeyfylf `a Agalêa lf Id|fav}%

Vgdiala fe `a Io|f l¼Ow, fe Gowhoña, ifwialf Ldnoe%

Fe ajgoy ife|woy, Iojsañfwoy `adioy wfid*gêae dey|wviidùe%

‐Iobwalêay @fhay‚ 

Eo solwêa lfidwyf lf jvimoy lf fy|oy osfwa*wdoy qvf bvfwae |o|a`jfe|f `dgwfy, ydeo qvf fe hf*efwa` fy|agae yojf|dloy a` solfw lf `oy swosdoyjoenfy o fe o|woy iayoy lfsfelêae lf wftfy t i`ä*wdhoy%

Fy `êid|o yvsoefw qvf fy|oy joenfy eo `djd|a*woe yv ai|drdlal a Bwaeida, ydeo qvf A`fjaeda,Deh`a|fwwa t o|woy saêyfy fvwosfoy |ajgdäe ho~a*woe lf yv ldwfiidùe lf ogway, ioe `o qvf solwêa yfwaifw|alo ioeydlfwaw qvf fy|f fy f` rfwlalfwo svfe*|f qvf vef `oy ldrfwyoy sve|oy hfohwábdioy fe `oyqvf yf lfyawwo``awoe `ay ayoidaidoefy lf ioey|wvi*|owfy%

Fy báid` aifs|aw `a |fydy lf qvf f`fjfe|oy gê*g`dioy swosdoy lf` Ae|dhvo t lf` Evfro \fy|ajfe*|o bvfwoe de|wolvidloy fe f` gahanf dlfo`ùhdio lf`a Jayoefwêa osfwa|dra sow `oy joenfy gfefldi|d*eoy lf `a Agalêa lf I`vet, ayê iojo `oy aeh`dia*eoy ioe|wdgvtfwoe soy|fwdowjfe|f a` fyqvfja loi*

|wdeawdo lf `a Jayoefwêa fysfiv`a|dra%

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yobêa hwdfha lf` ydh`o DD A%I% Fe f``a eoy feioe*|wajoy ioe ioeifsidoefy sae|fêy|ay -jve*lo:Ldoy$ -wfiowlfjoy a Ysdeo~a$ t ioe s`ae|fa*jdfe|oy yogwf `a dejow|a`dlal lf` a`ja% F`fjfe|oyajgoy qvf solfjoy báid`jfe|f wf`aidoeaw motioe ‐`aeljawky‚ jayùedioy bvelajfe|a`fy%

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jayoefy osfwa|droy%Fy|oy jdfjgwoy ydjgù`dioy bvfwoe ioerdw|däe*

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A Evja Sojsd`do -ydh`o RDD A%I%$ veo lf `oybagv`oyoy wftfy lf `a Woja swdjd|dra, yf `f a|wdgv*tf `a owhaed~aidùe lf `oy obdidoy t swobfydoefygano fy|f eojgwf

Wf|wohwalaidùeT bdea`jfe|f, ``fhajoy a `a soydg`f rdeiv`a*

idùe lf `a Jayoefwêa ioe f` Wft Ya`ojùe t `oyioey|wvi|owfy lf yv \fjs`o, t ioe f` Iwdy|daedyjoswdjd|dro%

Fe f` @dgwo 1 lf Wftfy t fe Iwùediay DD lf `aGdg`da yf feivfe|wae `oy f`fjfe|oy ioey|d|v|droylf `a `ftfela lf Mdwaj, |ae djsow|ae|f fe hwaloyyvsfwdowfy% Sfwo yo`ajfe|f yvy iojsoefe|fy gáyd*ioy, ta qvf `a `ftfela, |a` iojo mot `a ioeoif*joy, wfidäe asawfidù soy|fwdowjfe|f, soydg`fjfe*|f a jfldaloy lf` ydh`o ]RDDD% Wfiowlfjoy qvf f`hwalo lf Jafy|wo fy de|wolvidlo fe 189= t qvfwfidäe fe 1823 yf aswvfga f` vyo lf `a Gdg`da fe`oy |waganoy jayùedioy%

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|va` soy|fwdow a `a Ioey|d|vidùe lf `a Hwae @ohda%

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Yf ioeyvja ayê vea rfwlalfwa wf|wohwalaidùeqvf eoy ``fra may|a f` wfa` t ioeiwf|o owdhfe mdy|ù*wdio lf `a Owlfe%

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jae febwfe|aloy fe Io`vjeay t f` Rfefwag`fJafy|wo t `oy Obdida`fy yf vgdiae fe bowja ydjd`awa` lf` Saw`ajfe|o Deh`äy% Jvimay lf `ay eowjayqvf wdhfe f` bveidoeajdfe|o lf fy|a Dey|d|vidùe,feivfe|wae yv sawa`f`o fe `oy wd|va`fy jayùedioy%

\fja qvf ioey|d|vtf |olo ve lfyabêo sawa veaderfy|dhaidùe delfsfeldfe|f%

¿Qvä iagf lfidw fe|oeify lf |oloy `oy yêjgo*`oy, `ay `ftfelay t `oy de|fe|oy lf aydjd`aidùe mdy*

|ùwdia qvf mot ioeoifjoy? Rdjoy ta qvf jvimoylf `oy yêjgo`oy swordfefe lf `a f|asa osfwa|dra, tyf `fy ldo ve ydhedbdialo ‐fysfiv`a|dro‚ fnfjs`awd*~ae|f% @ay `ftfelay ioe gayf gêg`dia bvfwoe wf*iwfalay sawa qvf ioe|vrdfwae vea feyfñae~a jowa*`d~alowa% Sfwo yv eþi`fo svflf |ajgdäe yfw feioe*|walo sow f` derfy|dhalow a `o `awho lf |ola `a mdy*|owda lf` jvelo, fe |olay `ay idrd`d~aidoefy% Sow*qvf `ay dlfay |dfefe rdla swosda t sow `o |ae|o yflfyawwo``ae t jv`|ds`diae yde edehvea wf`aidùe|fjsowa`> lfylf f` jojfe|o fe qvf f` mojgwf

ioeyo`dlù yv lojdedo yogwf `a ea|vwa`f~a t iwfùjä|oloy sawa yaidaw jáy iùjolajfe|f yvy asf|d*|oy, svlo f`fraw yvy onoy maida `ay fy|wf``ay t io*jfe~aw a yoñaw ioe vea rdla jfnow% Sae t bae|a*yêa%

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Yêjgo`oy

 @OY SD@AWFY FE F@ WD\VA@ JAYÙEDIO ¿I VÁELO ASAWFIDFWOE ?

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17

\fjs`o fe F~fqvdf`* ve yvfño* deldia qvf `oy sd*`awfy eo fwae djsow|ae|fy%‚ 

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19

fya äsoia magêa yo`o loy hwaloy? ¿Loelf bvfwoe bveldloy `oy sd`awfy? yf swfhve|ù%

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Fy vea f}s`diaidùe wdlêiv`a, sfwo qvf swordf*ef lf ioebveldw `oy sd`awfy lf @ajfim ioe `oy lfYa`ojùe%

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wfy lfsùyd|oy lf awimdroy% 

 @oy nfwoh`êbdioy fhdsidoy, fe |dfjsoy ae|fwdo*wfy a `a Sdflwa lf Woyf|a, bvfwoe |ojaloy sawa

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 @oy 13 Yfbdwo|y lf `a iága`a bowjae f` Awgo`lf `a Rdla% Mat |wfy io`vjeay sawa`f`ay loelf yfvgdiae `ay fjaeaidoefy lfyifelfe|fy lf `a lfd*lal% 

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yfhvwo asfeay ivgwdù `a läidja saw|f lf `o qvfa``ê awldù%

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wvdeay t f}i`ajù>

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_____________________________

Sow `o |ae|o, wfivfwla ydfjswf qvf>

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16

Ldiidoeawdo jayùedio

 A @BAGF\O J  AYÙEDIO Eo f}dy|f ve þedio a`bagf|o jayùedio, mat 

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mot

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tom wos olo| yf

o|yf

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Swfhve|ay lf Jayoefwêa

¿Yagf vy|fl a`ho yogwf f` ``ajalo Iayo Jow*hae fe VYA, ve iayo qvf yvifldù fe 1=72 t qvfbvf efbay|o sawa `a Owlfe lf aqvf` |dfjso?

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