Resut and Dissussion123

8/14/2019 Resut and Dissussion123

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Exchange marriage is a kind of marriage of a brother-sister pair of a family to a

sister brother pair of another family. In this type of marriage, a man marries to a women

then the brother of his wife also marries to his sister. This is very common practice in

most of the rural and remote areas of

Pakistan. ostly uneducated and poor

families adopt this system of marriage. In these types of

marriages, females are not consulted, whether they are agreed or not. Even after sometime

they are exposed to domestic violence. This system of marriages is more common in

!indh and !araiki regions of Pakistan. In case of "uarrel or mistreatment the other couple

is also affected #ust because of being exchanged. ost of the poor and uneducated parents

exchange marriages of their children due to economic constraint and to save their land in

inheritance for their daughters. $%aider, &'(().

In rural areas of southern Pun#ab, violence against women is mostly due to the

watta-satta system of marriages. *omen are lagged behind in every

h f lif +ft tt tt i th t t t d


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sphere of life +fter watta satta marriages they are not treated

In rural areas, it is common practice among people to exchange their daughters to

build mutual strong relations and to secure their property but this creates fear in girlsabout their marriages. In watta-satta marriages if a husband misbehaves with his wife then

in return his brother in-law will also mistreat his wife. *atta-satta and cross marriages

have many disadvantages. ostly females become victim of violent behavior from

husband and in-laws. In most of the cases usually girl is very young in age than her

partner or there is some defect in the male partner i.e. may be physically disable or addict.irl sacrifices her own wish as her brother has to be married. In such cases the less

mutual understanding of one couple creates negative effects on the other couple. It is

common practice in watta-satta that if one couple is divorced, the other also has to be

divorced in the name of revenge. !o, the happy couple has to leave each other because of

other couple $/acoby and ha0ala, &''1).Poor status of women is an important issue in aluchistan. Turbat, awader,

!ibbi, Pashan, and 2hu0dar districts were taken into account to locate the problem faced

by women. It has been revealed that the women are much oppressed without any basic

rights as a human being. They are murdered under the blame of karo-kare on baseless

facts3 moreover the young girls who have hardly attained the puberty are pushed to


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the issue of women welfare in rural Pakistan. The survey focused on the conduct of the

civil society of rural areas in !indh and Pun#ab province. It was observed that themarriages arranged on the bases of watta-satta oftenly ended because of mishap with the

pair of one family due to some misunderstanding. !ome sort of little trifles, results in the

conse"uences of other pair of family in exchange of such marriages which remain

uncertain to the successes of their married life. !uch women are founded under the

pressure of apprehension if any mishap occurs with the pair of other family on whoseexchange marriage she was wed, she would be forced to face the conse"uences of such

dispute in her own family setup issued from that disputed family. !o, in larger extent the

watta-satta marriages are not found suitable to be successful for the married life of one

pair or another. +s such the children are founded helpless to maintain their livelihood as

the conse"uences of such disputes. The parents remain dominant to extent their influence

on such pair of exchange marriage for their own ob#ectives. It has oftenly been observed

that the unbearable pressure and physical torture is applied on the meek and week girls by

their parents and brothers for the purpose of precaution of such marriages. !uch mishap

events have oftenly been publically observed in !indh province. !o it is needed to

envisage a law by the national assembly for restriction of such forced marriages.


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The ob#ectives of this study are following9

To explore the socio-economic characteristics of respondents.

The perception of exchanged females regarding causes $socio-economic

and demographic) and conse"uences of watta-satta marriages

To give some suggestions to policy makers to control the watta-sattamarriage

HYPOTHEI

:ollowing are the hypothesis of the study,

Early the age at marriage more will be the fre"uency of disputes

;ower the education higher will be the fre"uency of disputes ;ower the income higher will be the fre"uency of disputes

;ower the education higher will be the fre"uency of violence.


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knowledge of problem to be studied. The review of literature further orientation to the

problem and at the same time eliminates the possibilities of unnecessary duplication ofeffort. In addition valuable information and research techni"ues may be gained from

report of previous results. Purpose of this chapter is to review the available literature

related to the topic under study.


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married and, possibly, not even born. *atta satta is a custom to exchange their daughter to

marry3 it is a whole life threat custom for women. They live in their husbands home like apurchased thing.


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married life.

+lemu $&''8) examined the decision of exchange marriage due to early marriageand explained that more than ==> of the ever-married women interrogated told that they

were pressuri0ed into marriage. The main sources of compression were by decision

making fathers $H( percent), commanding mothers $11 percent) and advised by family

advisors or others in the belongings and to have arranged marriage in 11 percent of the

cases. +bove ' percent of married women described that fathers felt no need to tell aboutthe wedding before the decision was made, 8& percent reported that they were not asked

to their free and full agreement and 8= percent did not know and see the groom before the

wedding.

/ain and 2ur0 $&''8) founded that early marriage is a destruction to human rights.

They stated that child marriage has many destructive conse"uences particularly

unresponsive for girls, their foetus, their new born and their populations including poor

health for mothers and their children, risk of human inhume virus $%IJ), international

violence and abuse among girls marrying before eighteenth birthday. It is also a big

barrier in education. Poverty is well-thought-out as the ma#or groundwork of marriages of

teenage girls.


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explained in their study that there is less mutual understanding in watta-satta as compared

to conventional marriage. :amilies that had less number of sons and daughters they didnot arrange watta-satta marriages so they could not show good behaviours to son-in-

laws.

*


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accomplishment of all the illennium 4evelopment oals $4), failure to experiment

early marriages today will unmoving have urgent and long term special effects there byunable to happen the 4 targets.

ender discrimination is a key factor of exchange marriage. People marry

daughters at early age to pass on responsibility as early as possible. nly female became

victim of such customary practices like pait likkhi, watta-satta, vani, forced marriages like

!ang chati in !indh, !wara in 7*:P and 2hasaniye soor in aluchistan. umta0 et al.,$&'(') examined that women are discriminated and are sacrificed in order to protect

property or family. arriage with Kuran or marriages of young boys with old women are

such practices which are only harmful to women. Poverty is also an important factor that

significantly contributes towards early marriages.

:eurberg $&'(') described that girl child marriage preparation is silent very

communal in many countries of the world including !outh +sia, +frica, ;atin +merica,

East +sia $excluding


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!evere health problems9 anemia, etc.

Jicious cycle Eearly pregnancy affecting health of newborn 6 increased risk ofmortality

any children adding to number of mouths to feed and leading to a vicious cycle

of poverty.

4omestic violence6 !exual abuse


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4awn $&'(() reported that the poor, rural parents are forced their daughters for

well-being and safeguards they want. +s for women who may be forced into exchangemarriages by their parents for self-interested reasons to protect land holdings for their

male. The barter of free will for a small benefit in welfare is never a reasonable

agreement. The tradition is deliberate both to exercise some control over the money a girl

takes out of her own family on marriage, and the amount that comes in with her brothers

bride. *e can transfer such matters correctly in cases of such marriages, and avoid

tensions over dowry and so on. In Pakistan, the womans dowry is often a huge economic

burden for families.

yers and %arvey $&'(() described why is the international community so silent

when one out of every seven girls in the worlds humblest countries is married before

their fifteenth birthdayM This is an abuse of social rights that re#ects their best profits, their

understandings and undermines hard work to accomplish the illennium 4evelopment

oals. Early marriage is a groundwork imbedded in many principles and civili0ations by

insufficiency. :or the girl, it is a speedy modification from childhood that too often

troubles her education and health. Early, Exchange marriage and forced marriage is

dangerous for couple particularly for females.


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the genetic growth of the crops. The community of farmers achieves the output of crops

by using the diversity of the seed. The results of the output by using the local seed wasfound low than compelled with the seed brought from the distance area. This concept of

the research of the seed revealed that the marriages of the children engaged in the local

level by the farmers keeping their strict policy customary or tradition brings negative

results between the spouses. oreover the marriages emerged on account of exchange

marriage, bring discouraging. In addition the kingship marriage is also proving for the

dispute in the deformity of the children.

Identified the determinants of depression in the rural women. Exchange marriage

is a socio-cultural circumstance which is important cause of continuous stress and

depression for married women. 4uring the pregnancy days womans health re"uire a

depression free mind to birth a mentally normal child. @ahidie et al., $&'(() stated that

good family social relations and social conditions concerns as determinants of mental

health among rural pregnant women. !ocial support and family issues as main

determinants of mental health in rural families settings.


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women. Tribal /irga is another ma#or custom that is contributing to watta-satta tradition.

:amilies marry their daughters within their own family circle and make commitment notto give dowry to their girls.


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et al., $&'(() revealed that in most of the survey, women were deprived of basic rights

and the biggest challenge which they were facing like early marriages or *atta !attamarriages. +t home, women were under the control the betterment of their family yet in

return they got nothing. It was further described that the rural women were less confident

and their husbands were always given them hard time once they were confusing

themselves to outside the boundaries of the house.

2hoso et al., $&'(() in the Pakistan watta satta is the big issue of challenges faced

by the rural women. It was revealed that women are facing lot f problems like watta satta,

sexual harassments by their Tribal *aderas, karo 2ari and feeling unsecure. *omen are

totally deprived from the basic rights. It was further revealed that women are facing

difficulties and after *atta satta marriages they feel unsecure. overnment and non-

government organi0ations $7s) can play role to behavior change of those women

about their basic rights. In most of the cases they are illegally raped with their feudal and

in many cases they were married with ' years old man without their wishes under the

tribal custom of watta satta. *atta satta is not only daughter change but the people of

many tribal areas exchange their females against piece of earth or earning some money.

*atta satta is a kind of domestic violence and domestic violence is a structural rather than


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wife in the other household.

I"bal et al., $&'(&) explained that gender discrimination is a non-tradition securitythreat to Pakistan and it has implications for Pakistan security. Pakistani women are more

than half of the total population, but women are treated inhumanly within their homes by

their husbands or dominant males through different ways like 4omestic Jiolence, %onour

2illing, 2aro 2ari, Jani, +cid Throwing, exchange marriages or forced marriages etc.

Pakistani educated and employment sectors are also affected with this deeply rooted evil.

ender ine"ualities have existed form a long time, but currently, it has greatly threatened

the security of the state. Everyday forms of violence that occur within our homes include

gender discrimination in intra-household food distribution, Nlack of access to education

and health , Nearly and forced marriages , Ndenial of inheritance right , Nrestriction on

women s mobility , Nverbal abuse , Nphysical and sexual violence against women by

male family members etc. istreatment and violence also take place in the name of

culture3 such as local customs of *atta-Satta, Swara, Vani, andKaro-Kari etc have also

become widespread and acceptable. Till whole population of any country is not secure we

cannot say it secure country and in the Pakistan a ma#or part of population is unsecure, its

mean women are threated by men through that methods. Exchange marriage is a silent


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dealing about dowry before marriage affect women physically as well as mentally. *atta-

satta is also a cause of endorsing greed and conflicts in the society. a#ority of ruralpeople are involved in watta-satta system whether they are educated or illiterate.

%owever, many people are mentally against this system. +mong the societal evils of

Pakistan the watta-satta system plays the most important role. it is especially prevalent in

Pakistani culture. The dowry system is a great evil that still exists in Pakistan. It is an

example of ma#or causes of watta-satta, especially for the middle class parents. If the

dowry system should be banned in Pakistan this will leads to end of watta-satta which is

not an Islamic act.

Exchange marriage is an important issue also in aluchistan. +ccording to the

study relates about the matter of exchange marriage where the local term used is watta-

satta. !imilarly, the express tribune has published the news that a person namely an0oor

+hmad belong to 7aseer khan village near +li Pur has married his daughter with +bdul

Ga00a" son of 7oor +hmad and in exchange he married his own son with daughter of

7oor +hmad six and half years ago. ut unluckily both the girl returned to their parents

home as conse"uences of a dispute emerged between the both families. an0oor +hmad

complained that son of 7oor +hmad kidnaped him, shaved his beard and eyebrows and


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result social life of couple become unbalance yet their other family members get full

socio-economic advantage from this watta-satta. Gia0 $&'(A) explained that exchange or forced marriage are phenomena in all over

the world and also exist in Pakistani society. It involves the lack of free and full

permission of at least one of the parties especially female to a marriage. *hen we use the

world exchange marriage mostly its means females are victims of forced marriages. In

many uslim countries may be forced marriage is prevalent in the name of religion in

many. %owever, it is purely a cultural and traditional phenomenon which has nothing to

do with Islam. Exchange marriages are arranged marriages in which parents of both

parties select the partner for their children and both parties freely consent to enter into

marriage contract and they have no ob#ection on the choice of partner selected by their

parents. :amily institution and marriage occupies a very essential position in the legal

system of Islam. It can be #udged from the fact that uslim #urists regarded the protection

of marriage among the five fundamental ob#ectives of !hariah. The Kuran describes

marriage as mitha"anghali0a.The phrase mitha"anghali0aimplies that marriage is sacred

and sanctified contract, which is higher in status than ordinary civil contracts. arriage in

Islam is essentially a righteous act and an act of devotion (Fibadah). arriage is


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on the watta satta $exchange) and underage marriages. In many rural areas of Pakistan

girls are also treated like slaves because girls are given as an offering to settle conflicts or

disputes. *atta satta is based on psychological and emotional violence. There is another

strong reason of exchange marriage is unemployment. Bsually parents set their children

marriages to convert them an employee. In this way they scarify their daughter and

involve in marriage market business.

*atta !atta $Exchange marriage) is prevailing everywhere in Pakistan especially

in !outhern Pun#ab. Its prevalence is due to several reasons such as social, cultural and

economic. This custom of exchange marriage is a stone-age custom. %owever it is not

liked by many people yet it is practiced due to various factors. Exchange marriage

conflicts are ma#or example of stress.


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action for verification of knowledge. +ddition to that, scientific methodology is used as

medium of instruction for universal scientific communication $7achmias and 7achmias

(HH&).


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+ccording to 4istrict administration, there are &8 $union councils and rural union

councils) in Tehsil 4era ha0i 2han. ultistage sampling techni"ue was applied for the

selection of (&' respondents. +t first stage, 'ut of (H rural union councils, six rural union

councils were selected through purposive sampling techni"ue. +t the second stage, twelve

villages $ two from each union council) was selected by purposive sampling techni"ue. +t

the third stage, with the help of convenient sampling techni"ue (&' exchanged married

women was selected, (' from each selected villages.


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14 Rura. Un*on Counc*.s

Un*on 1Data Co..ect*on:

:or the purpose of data collection, the researcher herself collected data from the

rural areas of Tehsil 4era ha0i 2han.

Inter+*e5*n0 sc!edu.e:

The interviewing schedule was prepared to get information about the causes and

conse"uences of exchange marriages and their effects on females in Tehsil 4era ha0i

2han. The data was collected through personal interview. efore starting the interview it

was deemed necessary to rapport with respondent by explaining the purpose of research.

The researcher got familiar with the respondents through the key information. The

researcher spent approximately ten days for data collection. The interviewing schedule

was constructed in English but all "uestions were asked in Brdu or !araiki to facilitate the

respondents in their response. The time consumed per interview varied from &'-&=

minutes and in some cases it took little more time.

Pre-test*n0:

It is always useful collected data "uestions formulated before giving them final


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the study is planned. In this regard, the interviewer $researcher herself) conducted all the

interviews because she fully understands the meaning and contents of the "uestions. The

field work was supervised by the supervisor. !upervisor was in touch with researcher

telephonically during the time of data collection in the field.

Data ed*t*n0 and mana0ement:

In order to ensure the "uality of data, the completed "uestionnaire was examined

after the interview for error, omission and inconsistencies as a key step during the field

survey. The researcher carefully examined and edited the "uestionnaire after conducting

interview. The cleaning of data process was accomplished by matching the codes with

coding sheets or by original "uestionnaire. :or this reason, data editing was done by

computer and eliminated mismatching codes, irregularities and unlikelihood.

T*me and re.e+ant uest*ons:

;ength of "uestionnaire depends on the survey layout.


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effects income. aterial procession and the participation in the group activities of the

community determine the persons socio-economic status.

!ocio-economic status is a complex concept. It refers to the social standing of the

individual in the society to which he6she belongs. The socio-economic status has been

defined as a comparison of index of socio-economic status, as it is a complex of attitudes

that are interrelated, but do not from a single dimension, and thus should not be measured

directly as a totality.

Therefore, socio-economic status includes a number of factors and each factor

further has several indicates3 ever society according to its norms and values determines

socio-economic status of a person.

A0e:

+ge is an important characteristic of human being and attitudes vary considerably

with the age. In the presents study age was defined as total number of years completed by

the respondents since their birth to the time of interviews. The information collected

about the age of respondents was categori0ed as under9

(1-&H

A'-??


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consists of parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins etc. $Emirie, &''=).

Nuc.ear fam*.y:

*here husband, wife and their dependent children are living together.

7o*nt fam*.y:

/oint family consists of respondents, their parents, their married and unmarried

children living within one boundary and cooking at one health.

E/tended:

Extended family consists of respondents, their parent, their married and unmarried

children and with their other relatives, i.e. randfather, uncle and that family relatives

etc.

Hous*n0 cond*t*on:

%ousing condition will assessed on the basis of the material used in the construction

of house and its outlook. !elected households were classified into four categories $2acha,

!emipacca, Pacca,


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&'-&H

A' and +bove

(ARITA& TATU:

+ demographic parameter indicating a persons status with respect to married,

divorced, widow.

arried

4ivorced

*idow

House!o.d *ncome

Total earning of all the numbers of household from all sources in a yearly was

considered as household income. Initially it was measured on ratio scale however later it

was classified into four categories as below9

(,'','''

(,'',''(-&,'','''

&,'',''(-A,'','''

A,'',''( and +bove

Numer of c!*.dren marr*ed:


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Use of P:

!P!! is the one of the most widely used software packages in the world of social

sciences. It is clear that !P!! technology has made difficult analytical targets easier by

advances in usability and to data access and also enabling the researchers to benefit from

the use of "uantitative techni"ues in making decisions. It helps researcher to input the

data on computer and can save time from the laborious and exhaustive work of an

analysis.

Un*+ar*ate Ana.ys*s:

It is defined as methods for analy0ing data on a single variable at a time. In

univariate analysis, each variable in any data set is explored separately. It also looks at the

range of the values but as well as the central tendency measures of the values. It describes

the pattern and trend of response to the variable, also describes the variable on its own.

4escriptive 6univariate statistics interpret and summari0e data and also it describes

individual variables.

Percenta0e:


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C!*-uare:


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