Resumo de Todo Um Curso de Ingles
Transcript of Resumo de Todo Um Curso de Ingles
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Resumo Curso de Ingls
Present Simple
PositiveVerbexample
Negative Verb example
I
Youwork.
I
You
dont (donot)
work.
Heworks.
He doesnt(does not)
Question Verbexample
Short answer
Do
I
you
work?
Yes, I
you
do.
dont.No,
Does
he
she
Yes, he
she
does.
doesnt.No,
Use Examples
Long-term situations I live in Madrid.
Where does she work?
Habits and routines I travel to work by car.
How often do you play golf?
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Feelings and opinions She doesnt like her work.
I agree with you.
Facts The journey takes 30 minutes.
It costs $ 15.
Question words
Where do you live? In Rome.
What do you do at weekends? I usually play golf.
When do they take theirholiday?
In July or August.
Which magazine does Jameswrite for?
Wine and Dine.
How do you travel to work? By car.
How often do you makebusiness trips?
About twice a month.
Whose book is this? Its mine.
Who (*Whom) do you visit inLondon?
I visit my sister.
Who arrives at work first? Anna does.
* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.
Present Continuous
PositiveVerbexample
NegativeVerb example
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I m (am)
working.
I m not (am
working.
He s (is) He isnt (is
not)
You re(are)
You arent(are not)
PositiveVerbexample
Short answer
working?
I
Is he heNo, isnt.
Are you
we
they
you
we
they
No, arent.
Use Examples
Actions happening now Hes talking on the phone at themoment.
Theyre having lunch with acustomer.
Temporary situations oractions
Jeans are selling well this season.
Im not travelling on business this
month.
Which hotel are you staying at?
- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel,travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).
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04
Past Simple
Positive Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
started
rang*
yesterday
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
didnt(didnot)
Startring*
yesterday.
Question Short answer
Did
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
startring*
yesterday?
Yes,I
You
He
She
It
We
They
did.
No, didnt.
* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.
Use Examples
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Finished situations andactions in the past
I lived in Rome for two years.
He flew to America last week.
They didnt come to the party.
Where did you spend your lastholiday?
- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases likeyesterday, last week, an hour ago.
- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in ed. A dictionary tellsyou when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the y changesto I (Group 4).
Group 1Work
worked
Play
played
Wait
waited
Group 2 Live
lived
Smile
smiled
Close
closed
Group 3Stop
stopped
Travel
travelled
Plan
planned
Group 4Study
studied
Worry
worried
Try
tried
- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, wepronounce the ed ending as / id /
See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
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Form Adjective Comparative Superlative
Onesyllable
long
few
hot
longer
fewer
hotter
the
longest
fewest
hottest
Twosyllables
Endingin -y
easy
happy
easier
happierthe
easiest
happiest
Two ormoresyllables
famous
crowded
expensivemore
famous
crowded
expensive
the most
famous
crowded
expensive
Irregular
Adjectives
good
bad
much/many
little
far
better
worse
more
less
farther /further
the
best
worst
most
least
farthest /furthest
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Use Examples
We use than after a
comparative adjective.
London is bigger than Paris.
Much can come before thecomparative to add emphasis.
He is much younger than hisbrother.
Tokyo is much more expensive thanRome.
We use the before asuperlative adjective.
Camary Wharf is the tallestbuilding in London.
As as shows something is
the same or equal.
Greece is as sunny as Spain.
I am as happy as you are.
Not as as shows somethingisnt the same or equal.
Italy isnt as big as France.
- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonantdouble the consonant:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger Biggest
Fat Fatter fattest
- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
New Newer Newest
Grey Greyer greyest
Mass and Count nouns
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Mass nouns
Use Examples
Mass nouns have no pluralform.
We do not use a or an withthem.
We use them with a singularverb form.
They want some information.
I dont like music
This machinery is expensive.
Count nouns
Use Examples
Count nouns have a singular andplural form.
We use them with a and an.
We use them with singular andplural verb forms.
Some nouns are both mass andcount.
This machine is expensive.
Did you have a good trip?
These machines are expensive.
Mass / Count nouns
Use Examples
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Mass (generalmeaning)
Count (specificmeaning)
James writes about wine.
She has a lot of experience of the travel
industry.
Hes writing a book about the wines of Italy.
I had some amusing experiences on my lastholiday.
some, any, a lot of, much, many
some
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns inpositive sentences
In offers and requests
I bought some tea.
She made some appointments.
Would you like some coffee?
Could I have some information?
any
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns innegative sentences inquestions
I didnt buy any apples.
He didnt spend any money.
Did they give you any help?
Do you have any questions?
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010
a lot of / lots of
Use Examples
With mass and count nouns inpositive sentences
Theres a lot of traffic today.
There are a lot of cars in the citycentre.
Lots of people go jogging in thepark.
much
Use Examples
With mass nouns in negativesentences, and in questions
We havent got much luggage.
I dont have much time.
How much paper do you need?
many
Use Examples
With count nouns in negativesentences, and in questions
We havent got many suitcases.
She didnt have many meetings.
How many people did you invite?
In positive sentences Many people are on holiday this
week.
- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots ofis more common thanmany.
- We can use a lot of / lots ofin negative sentences and inquestions.
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- Lots ofis mostly used in informal spoken English.
Present Perfect Simple
PositiveVerbexamples
NegativeVerb examples
I
You
ve(have)
arrived.begun.
I
You
havent(havenot)
arrived.begun.
Hes (has)
He hasnt(has
Question Verbexamples
Short answer Verb examples
HaveI
you
arrived?
begun?
Yes, I
you
have.
No, havent.
Has
he
she
it
Yes he
she
it
has.
No, hasnt.
Use Examples
Finished experiences in yourlife up to now
Shes lived in China and Japan.
Hes had experience of marketing
Have you ever been to Brazil?
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Recent situations andactions in a time up to now
Weve reduced prices.
Corporate business has increased
significantly.
Have you had a holiday this year?
Situations that started inthe past and still continue
Hes been an architect since 1992.
Shes had a translation agency forten years.
How long have you known her?
Past actions in a time up to
now where we give thequantity
Shes designed a lot of fashion
items for Burberrys.
How many letters have you written?
- gone to or been to?
Anns gone to New York, means shes in New York now, or shes onher way there.
Anns been to New York, means shes not in New York now. Her visitis over.
- contracted forms
In spoken English, we usually say Ive, youre, hes, etc.
In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, hehas, etc.
- For information on yet, just, already, see page 33.
See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Present Perfect Continuous
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013
Positive Negative
I
You
We
They
ve(have)
beenworking.
I
You
We
They
havent(havenot)
been working.
He
She
It
s (has)
He
She
It
hasnt(hasnot)
Question Short answer
Have
I
you
beenworking?
Yes, I
you
have.
No, havent.
Has
he
she
it
he
she
it
No, hasnt.
Use Examples
Actions that began in thepast and continue to thepresent
Weve been producing pens since the1980s.
Hes been living here for five
years.
How long have you been learningEnglish?
Actions that began in thepast and have just stopped
You look very tired. Have you beenworking?
Im hot because Ive been running.
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014
- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar inmeaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are moreinterested in the action or its result.
Ive been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.)
Ive fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long.
Theyve been interviewing people since 10 a.m.
Shes been writing letters all morning.
We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many.
Theyve interviewed nine people. Shes written five letters.
for and since
Use Examples Use Examples
With a periodof time
Forthree days,five hours, amonth, tenminutes,ages
With a pointin time
SinceTuesday, 8 August, 4oclock, lastsummer, 1982...
Future: going to
Positive Negative
I m (am)
going tobegin.
I m not
going tobegin.He s (is) He isnt
(is not)
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015
We(are)
You arent(are
Question Short answer
Am I
going tobegin?
Yes, I am.
No, m not.Is
he
he
Are
you
we
they
No isnt.
you
we
they
No, arent.
Use Examples
Future plans, intentions,and decisions
Were going to buy a new car soon.
When are you going to have aholiday?
Im not going to have lunch today.
Future actions we feelcertain about because ofwhat we can see now.
The skys very dark. Im sure itsgoing to rain.
Look out! That cars going to hityou!
- With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous.
Im going on holiday soon.
Are they coming by car on Saturday?
Future: Present Continuous
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016
For Present Continuous form see page 02.
Use Examples
Fixed future arrangements Im flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m.tomorrow.
When is the President arriving?
Im not playing golf this weekend.
Future: will
Positive Verbexample
Negative Verb example
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
ll(will)
arrive.
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
wont(willnot)
arrive.
Question Verbexample
Short answer Verb example
WillI
arrive? Yes,I
will.
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017
You
He
She
It
We
They
No,
You
He
She
It
We
They
wont (willnot).
Use Examples
Future facts andpredictions
The new hotel will cost $ 10million.
The construction work wont startuntil next year.
How many jobs will there be?
Decisions made at the timeof speaking
Ill give you the report today.
Hold on aminute. Ill write downyour phone number.
Zero Conditional
If + Present Simple + Present Simple
Positive Negative
If I read too much, I get aheadache
If I didnt read too much, I didntget a headache.
Question Negative
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018
You get a headache if youread too much?
Yes, I get.
No, I dont get.
1st Conditional
If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)
Positive Negative
If they offer me the job,Ill accept it.
Well have a lot of work ifwe get the contract.
If you dont study more, youllfail your exam.
They wont visit us if theyre verybusy.
If they dont leave now, they wontarrive on time.
Question Negative
Will you buy a new car if you havethe money?
If you ask him, will he tell you?
What will he do if his planearrives late?
Yes, I will.
No, he wont.
-
Use Examples
Future possibilities andtheir results
If the proposal becomes a reality, itwill revolutionize train travel inEurope.
If the weather is bad, the train willarrive before the plane.
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019
- The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. When theifclause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If the meeting is successful, well sign the contract.
Well sign the contract if the meeting is successful.
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if.
When he returns from the USA, hell contact you. (We know he willreturn.)
Well leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish thework.)
2nd Conditional
If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)
Positive Negative
If I had more time, I'dtravel more.
He'd understand the reasonif you explained it.
If he didnt earn so much, hewouldn't spend so much.
I wouldn't invest in that companyif I were you.
Question Negative
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020
Would you stop work if you won $ 1million?
Would he work abroad if he got thechance?
If you had six months off work, howwould you spend the time?
Yes, I would.
No, he wouldn't.
-
Use Examples
Unlikely or unrealsituations and their
probable results
If public transport were free, therewould be fewer cars in the city
centres.
If I were the Transport Minister, Iwould increase petrol prices.
- The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. When theifclause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and themain clause.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari.
I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the ifclause, especially in a more informal style.
If it was less expensive, he would buy it.
- Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can.
When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time.(Past)
We could make some of the money if we charged motorists.(Conditional)
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022
Use Examples
Necessity He must have a visa.
Prohibition He mustn't leave without paying.
No necessity You needn't make an appointment.
Advice You should always be punctual.
You shouldn't use first names.
Possibility Paperwork can take a long time.
Your host may invite you to hishome.
I might be late.
Use Examples
Permission Can I use your phone?
Could I interrupt you for a moment?
May I borrow your car?
Ability Can you speak Spanish?
She could swim when she was three.
Requests Could you repeat that, please?
Will you post this letter for me?
Would you type this letter, please?
Offers Would you like a drink?
Shall I call a taxi for you?
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don'tadd -s to the 3rd person singular of a modal verb.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late.
He can speak German.
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023
- We don't use to after modal verbs.
I must to go now.
- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. Wedon't use don't and doesn't.
He can't/cannot speak Japanese.
You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK.
She may not arrive before you leave.
- We can't add -n't to may.
She mayn't arrive before you leave.
- We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question.
Should I confirm the booking by letter?
- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for andmaking suggestions.
Shall I close the door?
What shall we do?
Shall we go to the park?
- We can use have to for necessity.
I have to work overtime sometimes.
We can use don't have to when there is no necessity.
I don't have to work on Saturdays.
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024
The Passive
Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle(produced/built/grown, etc.)
Positive Negative
Coffee is grown in Brazil.
The company was founded in1970.
Vines have been grown inthis area for over 2000years.
Cigarette advertising isn't allowed
in cinemas.
Prices weren't increased last year.
A decision hasnt been made yet.
Question Short answer
Are Peugeot cars made inFrance?
Were the goods delivered ontime?
Has the factory been builtyet?
How is champagne produced?
When will it be finished?
How long has this methodbeen used?
Yes, they are.
No, they weren't.
Yes, it has.
-
-
-
Use Examples
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025
Use Examples
We use the Passive when the
person or thing that does theaction isn't important, orwhen we don't know who doesit. If we want to say whodoes or did the action we useby.
Active
The architect IM Pei designed theLouvre Pyramid in Paris.
Passive
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris wasdesigned by IM Pei.
Prepositions of time
Month/season/year/century
In
June
Winter
1996
The 21st century
Part of the day
In
The morning
The afternoon
The evening
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026
Day/date
On
Tuesday
6 December
Easter Monday
Christmas Day
Friday morning
Wednesday evenings.
Time/meal time
At
Six o'clock
Lunch time
Midnight
Period of two or three days
At
The weekend
Christmas
Easter
Prepositions of place and direction
preposition use examples
above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.
acrossfrom one side tothe other side
You mustn't go across this roadhere.There isn't a bridge across the
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027
river.
afterone follows theother
The cat ran after the dog.After you.
againstdirected towardssth.
The bird flew against the window.
alongin a line; fromone point toanother
They're walking along the beach.
among in a group I like being among people.
around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.
behind at the back ofOur house is behind thesupermarket.
below lower than sth.Death Valley is 86 metres below sealevel.
beside next toOur house is beside thesupermarket.
betweensth./sb. is oneach side
Our house is between thesupermarket and the school.
by near He lives in the house by the river.
close to nearOur house is close to thesupermarket.
down from high to low He came down the hill.
fromthe place where itstarts
Do you come from Tokyo?
in front ofthe part that isin the directionit faces
Our house is in front of thesupermarket.
inside opposite of You shouldn't stay inside the
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028
outside castle.
into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.
near close to Our house is near the supermarket.
next to besideOur house is next to thesupermarket.
off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.
onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.
opposite on the other side Our house is opposite thesupermarket.
out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.
outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?
over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.
pastgoing near
sth./sb.Go past the post office.
round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.
throughgoing from onepoint to the otherpoint
You shouldn't walk through theforest.
to towards sth./sb. I like going to Australia.Can you come to me?I've never been to Africa.
towardsin the directionof sth.
They walk towards the castle.
under below sth. The cat is under the table.
up from low to high He went up the hill.
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029
Irregular verbs
Present Past Past Participle
awake awoke awoken
be was, were been
bear bore born
beat beat beat
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
beset beset beset
bet bet bet
bid bid/bade bid/bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
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030
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived/dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
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031
fit fit fit
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forego (forgo) forewent foregone
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knit knit
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know knew know
lay laid laid
lead led led
leap leaped/lept leaped/lept
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lighted/lit lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt
mistake mistook mistaken
mow mowed mowed/mown
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
pay paid paid
plead pled pled
prove proved proved/proven
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put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
rid rid rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawed/sawn
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewed/sewn
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear shore shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shoed shoed/shod
shoot shot shot
show showed showed/shown
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shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slay slew slain
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slit slit slit
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sowed/sown
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spend spent spent
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
spin spun spun
spit spit/spat spit
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
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sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
stride strod stridden
strike struck struck
string strung strung
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swelled/swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive thrived/throve thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden
understand understood understood
uphold upheld upheld
upset upset upset
wake woke woken
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wear wore worn
weave weaved/wove weaved/woven
wed wed wed
weep wept wept
wind wound wound
win won won
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
SOCIAL ENGLISH
Meeting people
Introductions
May/Can I introduce myself?
My name's... (James Turner for example).
I'm... (Monique Bresson).
May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine?
This is... (Roberto Angelini).
Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)?
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Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini).
I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White).
How do you do. How do you do.
Pleased to meet you. Pleased to meet you, too.
Please call me... (Luigi). Then you must call me... (Monique).
Greetings
Hello,... (Roberto).
Good/Nice to see you again.
How are you? Fine, thanks. And you?
How are things? Not too bad, thanks.
How's the family? Very well, thank you.
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as agreeting.
Goodbyes
I must go now.
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We really must leave now.
I must be off.
It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too.
Have a goodtrip/journey/flight.
Thank you... (and the same to you).
I hope to see you again. I hope so, too.
I look forward to... (seeing you again).
I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting).
See you on the (first July)/next week/soon.
Have a good... trip back/flight back.
Telephoning
Making contact
Hello. This is... (James Turner)
Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking.
I'd like to speak to... (Mr.Brown).
Who's calling, please?
Could I speak to... (ManfredWeiss)?
May I know who's calling, please?
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I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you).
Hold the line, please.
I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment.
I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present.
I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.
Leaving a message
Can I... take a message?
Can I... leave a message?
Could you take a message?
Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)?
Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called?
Could you spell... (your name), please?
What's your number, please?
Welcoming a visitor
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The journey here
Did you have a good journey?
How was your flight?
Did you have any problems finding
us?
How did you get here?
Are you here on business?
Work
What do you do?
Where do you work?
What are you working on currently?
The weather
What was the weather like in...(London)?
Travel and holidays
Do you travel a lot?
Which countries do you visit?
Where did you spend... (your lastholiday)?
The visitor
Where do you live?
Which part of the country/city isthat?
First impressions
What do you think of... (the newairport)?
Is this your first visit to...(Barcelona)?
How long are you here for?
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Sports and leisure
What do you do at the weekends?
Do you play any sports?
News
What's the latest news on... (theelection)?
Is there any news about... (theconference)?
Staying at a hotel
Booking a hotel
I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.
Arriving at a hotel
I have a reservation.
Making requests
I'd like a room, please.
Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30?
Could I have my bill, please?
Can I pay by credit card?
At a restaurant
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Recommending
What do you recommend?
The... (seafood) is usually excellent here.
I recommend the... (chicken).
Ordering
I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).
I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork).
Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?
Offering
Do have some more... (prawns).
What about... (dessert)?
How about... (some strawberries)?
Would you like... (a coffee)?
Accepting
Yes, I'd like that.
Yes, that would be very nice.
Declining
Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.
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No, thank you.
Thanking and responding
Thank you for a reallyexcellent meal.
Don't mention it.
Thank you for a lovelyevening.
I enjoyed it very much, too.
Making arrangements
Making an appointment
When
What time
would be convenient for you?
could we meet?
are you free?
would suit you?
Shall we say... (nextTuesday)?
Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine.
Is... (9.30) possible foryou?
Yes, that's fine.
How about... (Friday)? Yes, I can make it on... (Friday).
What about... (theafternoon)?
No, I'm afraid I've got anotherappointment then.
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I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday).
See you... (next week).
Changing an appointment
I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday).
I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow).
Could we arrange another time?
Opinions and suggestions
Asking for opinions
What do you think about... (thedesign)?
What's your opinion of... (thequality)?
How do you feel about... (theprice)?
Agreeing
I agree.
I certainly agree with that.
I agree completely.
Asking for suggestions
Do you have any suggestions for...(the agenda)?
Any ideas on... (the parkingproblem)?
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Making suggestions
I suggest... (we meet at the hotel).
How about... (going by plane)?
What about... (giving a talk)?
Why don't we... (have a meeting)?
Why not... (finish with a party)?
We could... (arrange a tennistournament).
Giving opinions
In my opinion... (it's excellent).
I think... (it's rather expensive).
Disagreeing
I'm afraid I don't agree.
I'm sorry, but I disagree.
Accepting suggestions
Yes, that's a good idea.
Yes, let's do that.
Rejecting Suggestions
Yes, but... (it's too far away).
I'm not sure about that.
I'm afraid I don't like that idea.
Invitations
Inviting
I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner withme).
Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)?
Would you like to... (come swimming)?
Why don't you... (have lunch with us)?
How about... (joining us)?
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Accepting
Thank you. I'm delighted to accept.
Thank you. I'd love to.
Thank you. I'd enjoy that.
Declining
I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't).
Thanks a lot but... (I've made anotherarrangement).
Offers
Offering
Shall I... (open the window)?
Do you want me to... (post the letter foryou)?
If you like, I can... (give you some help).
Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)?
Accepting
Yes, please.
Thank you.
That's very kind of you.
Thank you. I'd appreciate that.
Declining
Thanks, but please don't bother.
Thanks, but that won't be necessary.
That's very kind of you, but... (I canmanage).
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Requests
Requesting
Can you... (come tomorrow)?
Could you... (write her a letter)?
Would you... (book the hotel)?
Do you think you could... (check it)?
Would you mind... (checking it)?
Do you mind... (checking it)?
Agreeing
Yes, of course.
Yes, certainly.
Not at all.
No, of course not.
Refusing
I think that will be difficult... (there isn'tenough time).
I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy).
I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'mleaving now).
I'm afraid not.
Asking for information
Asking
I'd like some information about... (fights to
Paris).
I'd like to know... (how long it takes).
Do you know... (when the train arrives)?
Can/could you tell me... (how often the trainsleave)?
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Showingunderstanding
I see.
Right, I've got that.
So,... (the next train's in half an hour)
Checking
Let me check.
I'll look that up.
Asking forrepetition
Could you repeat that, please?
Could you say that again?
Apologizing
I'm afraid I don't have any informationabout... (domestic flights).
Social responses
Thanking
Thanks for all your help.
Thank you for your advice.
Don't mention it.
Not at all.
You're welcome. (US)
Apologizing
Sorry I'm late.
I'm sorry. I've broken aglass.
It doesn't matter.
Don't worry.
Never mind.
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Asking for repetition
Sorry?
Pardon?
Could you repeat that, please?
I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).
Asking and giving permission
May I sit here?
Could I use your phone?
Do you mind if I open thewindow?
Yes, of course.
Please do.
Yes, certainly.
No, not at all.
Refusing permission
Could I borrow your car?
Do you mind if I smoke?
Sorry, but I need it.
Well, I'd rather you didn't.
Giving and passing things
Have you got the tickets?
Could you pass the bread,please?
Yes, here they are.
Yes, here you are.
Expressing surprise
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Theyve got six children now. Really!
Responding to good news
I've passed my final exams! Congratulations!
That's great!
Responding to bad news
I failed my driving test. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
Responding to good wishes
Have a good weekend.
I hope you enjoy yourholiday.
Thanks. You too.
Thanks, and the same to you.
Saying goodbye
Thanking for hospitality
Thankyou
for inviting us.
for everything.
very much for yourhospitality.
We've had a wonderful time.
It was really enjoyable.
I really appreciate it.
Everything was great.
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Thanks a lot.
Responding to thanks
I'm glad you could come.
enjoyed it.
found it interesting.
like it.
Asking for help
Sorry, I don't understand.
I don't know what... (currently) means.
What does... (working knowledge) mean?
What do you call this in English?
How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English?
Could you say that again, please?
Could you repeat that, please?
Could you speak more slowly, please?
Could you spell that, please?
Could you write that down, please?
OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
Business correspondence
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I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and pricelist as soon as possible, as I would like to show your SummerCollection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week.
I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article aboutfashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting.
I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know ifyou would like any further information.
Yours sincerely
David Cunningham
President
Opening
Dear Sir
Madam
Mr... Murphy
Mrs... Hobbs
Miss... Young
Ms... White
.... George
Dr... Green
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam.
For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.
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For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. orMs.
For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss
or Ms.
For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's firstname.
For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.
- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a womanis married.
Making reference
Thank you for your telephone call today.
With reference to your letter of 8 January...
Further to Your letter of 30 August,...
Apologizing
I apologize for the delay.
not replying sooner.
I am sorry that I am not able to help you.
Explaining the reason for writing
I am writing to ask you...
enquire about...
inform you that...
confirm...
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Agreeing to requests
I would be Delighted to...
pleased to...
Giving bad news
I am afraid that...
Unfortunately...
Requesting
I would be grateful if you could...
We would appreciate it if you could...
Could you possibly...?
Enclosing documents
I have pleasure in enclosing...
I am enclosing...
I enclose...
Referring to future contact
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I look forward to
meeting you next month.
receiving your reply.
hearing from you soon.
Finishing
Please let me know if
Please contact us again if
you have any questions.
we can help in any way.
you would like further information.
Closing
Yours faithfully
sincerely
Best wishes
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yoursfaithfully.
When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, useYours sincerely.
For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.
American English
This section describes some differences between American andBritish English. The differences are not very great, and they mayvary between regions across the USA.
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have/have got
To express possession, British people often say have got.
British British/American
I've got a Germancar.
Have you got a faxmachine?
Yes, Ihave.
No, Ihaven't.
I have an Italiancar.
Do you have anychildren?
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is nodifference in other tenses.
When we use the verb have for an action, there is no differencebetween American and British English.
British/American
I have an English lessonevery week.
Do you have coffee forbreakfast?
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Present Perfect/Past Simple
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American Englishoften uses the Past Simple.
British American
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British American
I've just finished thereport.
Have you seen her yet?
I haven't finished the workyet.
We're already met.
I just finished the report.
Did you see her yet?
I didn't finish the work yet.
We already met.
Dates (written)
British American
2.11.94 2 November 1994 11/2/94 November 2 1994
Dates (spoken)
British American
She started work on thesecond of November, nineteenninety-four.
She started work on November second,nineteen ninety-four.
Prepositions
British American
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British American
at the weekend
five minutes past two
ten minutes to six
write to me
meet someone
stay at home
Tuesday to Saturday
Visit somebody
on the weekend
five minutes past/after two
ten minutes to/of six
write me
meet with someone
stay home
Tuesday through Saturday
visit with somebody
Vocabulary
British American
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British American
Flat
car
taxi
chemist's
lift
autumn
tap
ground floor
motorway
petrol
post
cinema
trousers
wallet
railway
toilet
return ticket
pavement
tube / underground
holiday
Apartment
automobile
cab
drug store
elevator
fall
faucet
first floor
freeway
gas
mail
movie theater
pants
pocketbook
railroad
rest room
round trip ticket
sidewalk
subway
vacation
Mathematical terms
+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight
- 7 1 = 6 Seven minus one is six
/ 20 / 2 =10
Twenty divided by two is ten.
x 3 x 3 = 9 Three times/multiplied by three isnine.
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+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight
= 1 + 4 = 5 One plus four is/equals five.
% 75% Seventy five per cent.
1/4 A quarter
1/3 A third
1/2 A half
1 1/2 One and a half
Countries and nationalities
Country Nationality Country Nationality
America (theUSA)
American India Indian
Australia Australian Ireland Irish
Austria Austrian Italy Italian
Belgium Belgian Japan Japanese
Brazil Brazilian TheNetherlands
Dutch
Canada Canadian Norway Norwegian
China Chinese Poland Polish
The Czech
Republic
Czech Portugal Portuguese
Denmark Danish Romania Romanian
Finland Finnish Russia Russian
France French Slovakia Slovak
Germany German Spain Spanish
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Country Nationality Country Nationality
Great Britain(UK)
British Sweden Swedish
Greece Greek Switzerland Swiss
Hungary Hungarian Turkey Turkish
Grammar timelines
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Phrasal Verbs
Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition(also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also calledphrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particlethat follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb inidiomatic ways:
VERB MEANING EXAMPLE
drop off decline graduallyThe hill dropped off near theriver.
drop off(2) fall asleepWhile doing his homework, hedropped off.
drop off(3)stop and givesomething to someone
Would you drop this off at thepost office?
drop out cease to participateAfter two laps, the runnerdropped out.
Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun andpronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separatedfrom the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaningthey cannot take a direct object.
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Separableadd up(meaning: to
add)
Correct: She added up the total on hercalculator.
Correct: She added it up on hercalculator.
Inseparableget around(meaning: toevade)
Correct: She always gets around therules.
Incorrect: She always gets the rules
around (This construction makes nosense in English.)
Intransitivecatch on(meaning: tounderstand)
Correct: After I explained the mathproblem, she began to catch on.
Incorrect: She began to catch on themath problem. (catch on cannot take adirect object in this meaning.)
Correct: She began to catch on to themath problem. (the word to makes themath problem an indirect object, whichis acceptable in this meaning.)
Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomaticphrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most casesthe phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of
each kind of phrase.
Separable
add up - addback up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause toexplode; destroy by explosives
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break down - analyze; list the parts of separatelybreak into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin;bring about - cause to happenbring off - accomplish
bring on - causebring out - publish; emphasizebring over - bringbring to - revivebring up - raise; care for from childhoodbrush out - brush the inside ofburn down - destroy by burningburn up - consume by firebuy out - by the other person's share of a businessbuy up - buy the whole supply ofcall off - cancel; order away
call up - telephone; summon for military servicecalm down - become calmcarry on - continuecarry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; performcarry over - carry; continue at another time or placecheer up - cause to become cheerfulchew up - chew thoroughlychop up - chop into small piecesclean off - clean the surface ofclean out - clean the inside ofclean up - clarify; tidy
clear out - clear the surface ofclear up - clear the inside ofclose down - close permanentlyclose up - close temporarilycount in - includecount out - excludecount up - calculate; count; add to a totalcross out - eliminatecut off - interrupt; sever; amputatecut out - eliminate; deletecut down - reduce in quantity
draw up - write; compose (a document)dress up - put clothes on; adorndust out - dust the inside ofeat up - eat completelyfigure out - interpret; understandfigure up - computefill in - complete (a printed form)fill out - complete (a printed form)fill up - fill completely (a container)find out - discover
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067
fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable mannerget across - cause to be understoodgive back - returngive out - distribute; announce
give up - surrender somethinghand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritancehand over - yield control ofhang up - suspendhave on - be dressed inhave over - entertain someone informally at one's homehold off - delay; restrainhold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weaponkeep up - continue; keep the same paceleave out - omitlet down - disappoint
let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing)light up - light; illuminate thoroughlylive down - live in such a way as to cause something to beforgottenmake over - remakemove over - move to the sidepass out - distributepass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity)pass on - transmitpay back - repaypay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay
pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers;learn casually;initiate an association publiclyplay down - minimizeplay up - emphasizepoint out - indicatepull down - pull in a downward direction; razepush across - cause to be understood or acceptedput off - postponeput on - dress in; deceive or foolput up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest
quiet down - be quietring up - the telephonerinse off - rinse the surface ofrinse out - rinse the inside ofrule out - eliminaterun down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehiclerun off - cause to depart; reproduce mechanicallysave up - accumulatesee through - complete; in spite of difficultiessee off - accompany someone to the beginning of a trip
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068
send back - send to a place where formerly locatedsend over - send to where someone isset up - arrangeshow off - exhibit ostentatiously
shut off - cause to cease functioningslow up - cause to move more slowlyspell out - enumerate; state in detailstand up - fail to keep an appointment withsweep out - sweep the inside oftake back - return; retract a statementtake down - remove from a high position; write from dictationtake in - understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing)take over - take; assume command oftear down - destroytear up - tear into small pieces
tell off - scold; reprimandthink over - considerthink through - consider from beginning to endthink up - create; inventthrow away - discardthrow over - rejecttie up - tie securely or tighttire out - cause to be exhaustedtouch up - repairtry on - put on a garment to verify the fittry out - test
turn down - refuse; lower the volumeturn out - produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light)wash off - wash the surface ofwash out - wash the inside ofwear out - use until no longer usable; tire greatlywind up - finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machinewipe off - wipe the surface ofwipe out - wipe the inside of; decimatework out - solvewrite down - recordwrite out - write down every detail; spell out
write up - compose; prepare (a document)
Inseparable
back out of - desert; fail to keep a promisebear down on - lean on; browbeatbear on - have to do with
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069
bear up under - endurebreak in on - interruptbreak into - interruptcall for - come to get; require
care for - like; guard; supervise; maintaincarry on with - continuecatch up with - cover the distance between oneself andcheck up on - examine; verifycome across - find accidentallycome along with - accompany; make progresscome by - find accidentallycome down with - become ill withcome out with - utter; producecome up with - utter; producecount on - rely on
cut in on - interruptdisagree with - cause illness or discomfort todo away with - abolishdo without - deprive oneself ofdrop in at/on - visit casually without planningdrop out of - leave; quitface up to - acknowledgefall behind in - lag; not progress at required pacefall back on - use for emergency purposefall out with - quarrel withfill in for - substitute for
get ahead of - surpass; beatget around - evade; avoidget away with - do without being caught or punishedget by with - manage with a minimum of effortget down to - become serious about; considerget in - enter (a vehicle)get off - descend from; leaveget on - enter (a vehicle); mountget on with - proceed withget through with - terminate, finishgo back on - desert; fail to keep (a promise)
go for - like a great dealgo in for - be interested in; participate ingo on with - continuego over - reviewgo with - harmonize with; look pleasing togethergo without - abstain fromhang around - remain idly in the vicinity ofhear from - receive a communication fromhear of - learn about (sometimes accidentally)hit on - discover accidentally
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070
hold on to - grasp tightlyhold out against - resistkeep at - persevere atkeep to - persist in; continue
keep up with - maintain the pace oflie down on - evade; fail to dolive on - support or sustain oneself by means oflive up to - maintain the standard demanded oflook after - take care oflook back on - remember nostalgicallylook down on - feel superior tolook forward to - anticipatelook up to - respect; admiremake up for - compensate forpass on - transmit
pick on - tease; bullyplay up to - flatter for personal advantageput up with - tolerateread up on - search out information onrun against - compete against in an electionrun away with - leave; escape fromrun for - campaign forsee about - consider; arrangesee to - arrange; supervisesettle on - decide on; choosestand for - represent; permit
stand up for - support; demandstand up to - resiststick to - persiststick up for - support; defendtake after - resembletalk back to - answer impolitelytalk over - discusstell on - report misbehavior to authoritytouch on - mention brieflyturn into - becomewait on - serve
wait up for - not go to bed while waiting forwatch out for - be careful for
Intransitive
back down - retreat from a position in an argumentback out - desert; fail to keep a promiseback up - move backwardsbear up - endureblow in - drop in to visit unexpectedlyblow over - pass without doing harm
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071
blow up - explode; lose one's tempercall up - telephonecalm down - become calmcarry on - continue as before; misbehave
catch on - understandcatch up - cover the distance between oneself and a moving goalcheck up - investigatecheck out - leave; pay one's billcheer up - become cheerfulclear out - leaveclear up - become clearclose down - close permanentlyclose up - close temporarilycame about - happencome along - accompany; make progress
come back - returncome by - visit someone in his homecome out - appear; make a social debutcome over - come to someone's house, to where someone iscome through - succeedcome to - regain consciousnesscut in - interruptdie away - fade; diminishdie down - fade; diminishdie off/out - disappear; become extinctdress up - don fancy or unusual clothes
drive back - return by cardrop in - visit someone casually without planningdrop out - abandon some organized activity; leave; quitdrop over - visit someone casuallyfall behind - not progress at required pacefall off - decrease; lose weightfall through - fail; not be accomplishedfill in - substitutefind out - learnfly back - return by airfly over - fly to where someone is
get ahead - make progressget along - have a friendly relationshipget around - circulate; move aboutget away - escapeget by - manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effortget in - enterget off - descend from leaveget on - enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.)get on/along - progress; be compatibleget up - rise
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072
get through - finishgive out - become exhaustedgive up - surrender; fail to finishgo back - return
go off - explodego on - happen; continuego out - stop burning; leave one's residencego over - go; succeedgrow up - maturehang around - remain idly; dawdlehang up - replace a telephone receive on its hookhold on - grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoninghold out - continue to resist; persevere; persistkeep on - continuekeep up - maintain the required pace or standard; continue
let up - diminish in intensitylie down - reclinelook on - be a spectatormake out - progress; succeedmake up - become reconciledmove over - move to the sidepan out - turn out well; be successfulpass out - become unconsciouspass on - diepick up - grow; increasepull in - arrive
pull out - deportpull through - survive (barely)ride over - ride to where someone isrun away - escape; leave; leave quickly without permissionrun down - slowly lose power so as to stop functioningrun off - depart running; drainsell out - sell the ownership or responsibilitysettle up - pay one's bills or debtsshow off - boast by words or actionsshow up - arrive; appear unexpectedlyshut up - stop talking
slow up - reduce speedstand by - wait; be prepared to assiststand up - stand; rise from sitting; last; endurestay over - remain at someone's house overnight or longerstep aside - move to one sidetake off - leave the groundtake over - assume commandtalk back - answer impolitelythrow up - vomitturn around - turn so that one is facing another direction
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turn in - go to bedturn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meetingturn up - arrive; be found unexpectedlywait up - remain awake in anticipation
wake up - awakenwalk back - return on foot to where one waswalk over - walk to where someone iswash out - fade or disappear from washingwatch out - be carefulwear off - fade; disappear through use or timewear out - become unusable through use; become used upwork out - be successful
The Lords prayer
Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdomcome.
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day,our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them thattrespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver usfrom evil. Amen