Results of the recent heat treatment, methyl bromide, and ...

Results of the recent heat treatment, methyl bromide, and ProFumeTM

treatments at the Hal Ross Flour MillWat ChayaprasertBh. Subramanyam

Monika BrijwaniChelle Hartzer

August 19-21, 2009MB Alternatives Workshop: Focus on ProFumeTM and other IPM Tactics

IGP Conference Center

Introduction

• Comparison of MB, SF, and heat• Same building

– Hal Ross Flour Mill• Same sealing quality for fumigations

– Verified by building pressurization tests• Similar environmental conditions

– Three treatments within a 3-week period (May `09)

Fumigations

Setup• Pressurization test• Weather station (temp, RH, wind)• Temp/RH logger (one point on each floor)

Setup• Bioassay (5 bioassays on each floor)

Setup• Gas concentration (6 points on each floor

continuously)KSU Hal Ross Flour Mill

Building Layout

6

1

2

3

4

5

1-1

1-2

1-3

1-4

1-5/1-6

Pressurization test• Flow rate VS Pressure

– Good seal Lower flow rate at any given pressure• Sealing quality of the two fumigations was

identical

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 20 40 60 80 100Pressure (Pa)

Flow

rate

(m3 /s

)

MBSF

Better seal

Worse seal

Temperature

• Stable indoor temperatures– 22 – 23 C during MB fumigation– 23 – 26 C during SF fumigation

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25Elapsed time (hr)

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Flr 1Flr 2Flr 3Flr 4Flr 5Outside

10

15

20

25

30


Tem

pera

ture

(C)


MB SF

Relative humidity

• Stable indoor RH– 39 – 50% during MB fumigation– 34 – 44% during SF fumigation

20

40

60

80

100


RH

(%)


20

40

60

80

100


RH

(%)


MB SF

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Con

cent

ratio

n (g

/m3 )

Gas concentrations: MB

HLT 16.4 hr

HLT 10.2 hr

HLT 111 hr

Gas concentrations: SF

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Con

cent

ratio

n (g

/m3 ) HLT 19.7 hr

0

3

6

9

12

15

18


Win

d sp

eed

(m/s

) Avg = 3.52 m/sAvg =

1.65 m/s

Wind velocity: MBAvg = 7.12 m/s

Wind velocity: SF

0

3

6

9

12

15

18


Win

d sp

eed

(m/s

) Avg = 3.67 m/s

Summary of results

MB SFExposure (hr) 24 24

Total gas used (kg) 181.4 (400 lb) 567.0 (1250 lb)Indoor temp (C) 22 - 23 23 - 26Indoor RH (%) 39 - 50 34 - 44

Avg wind spd (m/s) 1.65, 3.52, 7.12 3.67HLT (hr) 111, 16.4, 10.2 19.7

Ct product (g-hr/m3) 283 - 327 923 - 1191

Conclusions• First head-to-head comparison between MB and

SF under nearly identical conditions in the same facility

• SF and MB showed similar gas dynamics and thus leakage characteristics

• Sealing effectiveness can be determined by pressurization testing ahead of a fumigation– It cannot perfectly predict HLT– It can differentiate a "well" vs "poorly" sealed facility

• Factors affecting HLT– Sealing quality– Environmental conditions

• wind velocity & direction• internal vs external temp differences

Heat treatment, MB, and SF Bioassay Results

Temperatures attained in bioassay boxes on May 13-15, 2009Box no. (Floor)

Hours to 50oC Hours above 50oC

Maximum Temp. (oC)


Maximum Temp. (oC)

DUSTING OF FLOUR 2 cm OF FLOUR DEPTH

1(1F) 17.3 6.7 53.0 17.0 7.0 52.52 (1F) 17.6 6.4 55.5 20.5 3.5 52.53 (1F) - - 42.0 - - 42.54 (1F) 22.3 1.7 51.0 - - 48.55 (1F) 17.5 6.5 51.5 18.8 5.2 50.56 (2F) 11.0 13.0 54.5 14.2 9.8 54.07 (2F) 16.7 7.3 56.5 19.6 4.4 55.08 (2F) 13.5 10.5 58.0 17.2 6.8 55.09 (2F) 12.4 11.6 58.0 16.5 7.5 55.510 (2F) 11.3 12.7 57.5 16.6 7.4 54.511 (3F) 11.6 12.4 60.0 12.8 11.2 58.512 (3F) 10.4 13.6 63.0 13.2 10.8 60.013 (3F) 11.9 12.1 61.5 13.8 10.2 59.014 (3F) 8.7 15.3 66.0 11.8 12.2 62.515 (3F) 12.5 11.5 59.5 14.5 9.5 57.0

Box no. (Floor)


Maximum Temp. (oC)


Maximum Temp. (oC)

DUSTING OF FLOUR 2 cm OF FLOUR DEPTH

16 (4F) 11.2 12.8 66.5 13.4 10.6 60.517 (4F) 15.2 8.8 54.0 19.6 4.4 52.018(4F) 14.7 9.3 56.5 18.0 6.0 54.019 (4F) 15.9 8.1 57.0 18.5 5.5 54.020 (4F) 16.9 7.1 54.5 20.7 3.3 52.021 (5F) 9.9 14.1 61.0 14.8 9.2 58.022 (5F) 18.3 5.7 53.0 21.9 2.1 50.523 (5F) 14.6 9.4 56.0 16.3 7.7 53.524 (5F) 11.9 12.1 57.5 14.6 9.4 54.525 (5F) 15.0 9.0 55.5 18.4 5.6 53.5

Temperatures attained in bioassay boxes on May 13-15, 2009

Rate to 50Rate to 50ooC (C (ooC/h)C/h)Time to 50oC (h)1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Tim

e to

100

% m

orta

lity

(h)

2

4

6

8

10

12Adults (r = -0.86) Larvae (r = -0.85)

Time above 50oC (h)22 24 26 28 30 32

Adults (r = -0.92)Larvae (r = -0.94)

Factors affecting insect mortalityFactors affecting insect mortality(Facility C)(Facility C)

There is an inverse relationship between insect mortality There is an inverse relationship between insect mortality and each of the two factorsand each of the two factors

Red flour beetlesRed flour beetles

Rate to 50Rate to 50ooC (C (ooC/h)C/h)

Heat treatment: % mortality of red flour beetle life stages (n = 1) (May13-15, 2009)

Box no. (Floor)

Eggs (Dust)

Eggs (2 cm)

Young larvae (Dust)

YoungLarvae(2 cm)

Old larvae (Dust)

Old larvae (2 cm)

Pupae (Dust)

Pupae (2 cm)

Adults(Dust)

Adults (2 cm)

1(1F) 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 1002 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 71 100 98 100 43 (1F) 94 80 90 24 0 0 0 17 0 24 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 100 100 985 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1006 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1007 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1008 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1009 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10010 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10011 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10012 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10013 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10014 (3F) 100 100 100 98 100 96 100 100 100 10015 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Box no. (Floor)

Eggs (Dust)

Eggs (2 cm)

Young larvae (Dust)

YoungLarvae(2 cm)

Old larvae (Dust)

Old larvae (2 cm)

Pupae (Dust)

Pupae (2 cm)

Adults(Dust)

Adults (2 cm)

16 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10017 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 10018(4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10019 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10020 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10021 (5F) 100 100 100 94 100 95 100 100 100 10022 (5F) 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 10023 (5F) 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 100 100 10024 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10025 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Heat treatment: %mortality of red flour beetle life stages (n = 1) (May13-15, 2009)

Thermal death kinetic model for the most heat tolerant stageThermal death kinetic model for the most heat tolerant stage

)()(log10

tt

dtt

TDdt

NN

where Nt-dt is the survival at t-dt time interval Nt is survival at time t upon integration equation becomes

t

t

t

t

dtt

TDdt

NN

00 10 )()(log

t

tt

o

TDdt

NN

0 )(log 10

t

t

t

TDt

NN

0

0

)(10

where No is the original number of insects; Nt is number of larvae at time t; ∆tis the incremental exposure time (1-min), D is the mean instantaneous D-value as a function of temperature (Tt), and Tt is time- dependent temperature profile

t

t

t

TDdt

NN

0 )(log

0

10

Boina, Subramanyam, & Alavi (2008)

Heating rate (2.12oC/h)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Num

ber o

f ins

ects

0

20

40

60

80

100

120N o

T tN t


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120Temperature profilePredicted populationObserved population

No

T tN t


0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Num

ber o

f ins

ects

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

No

T t

N t


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

No

Tt

N t

Time (minutes)

Time (minutes)

Observed and predicted survival of red flour beetle young larvae (Subramanyam & Mahroof, unpublished)

Data set 1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

20

40

60

80

100

O bserved su rvivalP red ic ted su rvivalTem perature (oC)

D ata S et 2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 100 200 300 400 5000

20

40

60

80

100

Surv

ival

(%)

Data S et 3 Data S e t 4

T im e (m inutes)

0 100 200 300 400 5000

20

40

60

80

100

Data set 5

0 100 200 300 400 5000

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000

20

40

60

80

100Data set 6

0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature (oC) Red flour beetleConfused flour beetle

HOBO 62b (Press Room)

0

20

40

60

80

100

HOBO 53 (Press Room)

0

20

40

60

80

100


0

20

40

60

80

100


Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

0

20

40

60

80

100


Inse

ct s

urvi

val (

%)

0

20

40

60

80

100


Time (hours)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

20

40

60

80

100


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

20

40

60

80

100


2.8 oC/hr 2.9 oC/hr

3.6 oC/hr3.5 oC/hr

3.7 oC/hr 3.9 oC/hr

4.2 oC/hr4.1 oC/hr

Predicted survival ofPredicted survival ofyoung larvae of young larvae of TriboliumTribolium castaneumcastaneum andandOld larvae Old larvae of T. of T. confusumconfusum in a in a pasta plant (Facility A)pasta plant (Facility A)

Location: Milling facility, Dept. of Grain Science and IndustryDate: 05/12/2008

Total time: 35 hoursHeat rate: 0.54℃ /hour

Species: Tribolium castaneum young larvae

Methyl bromide fumigation: % mortality of red flour beetle life stages (n = 1)

Box no. (Floor)

Eggs (Dust)

Eggs (2 cm)

Young larvae (Dust)

YoungLarvae(2 cm)

Old larvae (Dust)

Old larvae (2 cm)

Pupae (Dust)

Pupae (2 cm)

Adults(Dust)

Adults (2 cm)

Gas Conc. (gh/m3)

1(1F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300

2 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 309

3 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 327

4 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 335

5 (1F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 321

6 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 326

7 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 315

8 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 317

9 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 314

10 (2F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 315

11 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 324

12 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 338

13 (3F) 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 327

14 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 344

15 (3F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 331

Box no. (Floor)

Eggs (Dust)

Eggs (2 cm)

Young larvae (Dust)

YoungLarvae(2 cm)

Old larvae (Dust)

Old larvae (2 cm)

Pupae (Dust)

Pupae (2 cm)

Adults(Dust)

Adults (2 cm)

Gas Conc. (gh/m3)

16 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33417 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33018(4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33019 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 34420 (4F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33821 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33022 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 32023 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33024 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 31725 (5F) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 320

Methyl bromide fumigation: % mortality of red flour beetle life stages (n = 1)

Sulfuryl fluoride fumigation: % mortality of red flour beetle life stages (n = 1)

Box no. (Floor)

Eggs (Dust)

Eggs (2 cm)

Young larvae (Dust)

YoungLarvae(2 cm)

Old larvae (Dust)

Old larvae (2 cm)

Pupae (Dust)

Pupae (2 cm)

Adults(Dust)

Adults (2 cm)

Gas Conc.(gh/m3)

1(1F) MV 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 11632 (1F) 60 62 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 11523 (1F) 70 74 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10504 (1F) 80 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 11515 (1F) 68 42 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 11296 (2F) 74 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10897 (2F) 84 72 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10828 (2F) 98 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10849 (2F) 98 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 108110 (2F) 70 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 109011 (3F) 86 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 105912 (3F) 92 84 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 105013 (3F) 92 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 107014 (3F) 100 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 127315 (3F) 94 88 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1057

Box no. (Floor)

Eggs (Dust)

Eggs (2 cm)

Young larvae (Dust)

YoungLarvae(2 cm)

Old larvae (Dust)

Old larvae (2 cm)

Pupae (Dust)

Pupae (2 cm)

Adults(Dust)

Adults (2 cm)

GasConc.(gh/m3)

16 (4F) 88 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 118217 (4F) 94 88 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 117618(4F) 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 112819 (4F) 92 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120820 (4F) 86 86 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 119721 (5F) 84 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 117622 (5F) 82 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 113323 (5F) 96 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 121024 (5F) 78 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 118325 (5F) 92 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1189

Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation: % mortality of red flour beetle life stages (n = 1)

Results of the recent heat treatment, methyl bromide, and ...

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