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Restructuring of Electrical Power systems
Dr M S R Murty
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Vertically Integrated Structure
GENERATION
TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION
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Horizontal Structure
COORDINATOR
GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
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Unbundled Parts
• Generation Company GENCO: generation and ancillary services
• Transmission Company TRANSCO: transmission facilities
• Distribution Company DISTCO: to supply power to consumers
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• The GENCO would try to minimize cost of production and maximize profits by reducing operating and maintaining costs.
• TRANSCO would reduce transmission losses and operate efficiently to justify delivery fees.
• DISTCO would also similarly reduce costs and negotiate with best possible GENCO.
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COORDINATOR
GENERATION(GENCO)
TRANSMISSION(TRANSCO)
DISTRIBUTION(DISTCO)
ANCILLARY(ANCILCO)
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Market Operations Money Flow Power Flow
GENCO
TRANSCO
DISCO
Marketer
Retailer
Aggregator
Broker
Customer
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Optional Energy bids, Ancillary ServicesRequest Bilateral Contracts Payments
Optional Load Bids Request Bilateral Contracts Payments Payments
Optional Energy Bids Load Bids Request Bilateral Contracts
Self-Scheduling by LSEs
ISO Energy Spot Market Real-time Market Ancillary Services Secu rity Constrained UC Con gestion Management: Hourly LMPs Reliabil ity & Securi ty Coordination of Transmission Plann ing
Generators Retailers LSE
End-usersCustomers
Power Marketers
OASIS
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7/18/2010 EE533F05Lecture4b.ppt 3
Automatic Generation Control
Net Interchange from area
Control Area
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AGC
• Controls MW Generation to maintain(Regulate) Frequency l and assist entire system irrespective of cause.
• Regulate Contractual Interchange• Technical Criteria set by reliability Council
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AGC in multiple areas
• Various aspects that are to be considered by AGC in multiple areas are:
• Net Actual Interchange• Net Scheduled Interchange• Interchange Deviation
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System Operator (SO)
• THE SO DOES NOT OWN ANY GENERATION BUT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE QUALITY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY OF ELECTRIC SERVICE
• TO CARRY OUT ITS RESPONSIBILITY EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY, THE SO SHOULD HAVE REAL‐TIME CONTROL OF BOTH GENERATION & TRANSMISSION
• THIS REQUIRES SCADA LINKS BETWEEN POWER PLANT RTUs AND A CENTRAL MASTER
• POWER PLANT RTUs SHOULD BE A EQUIREMENT FOR OPEN ACCESS
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RESTRUCTUREDELECTRICITY SECTOR
• A STATE‐OWNED ELECTRICITY SECTOR IS RESTRUCTURED AS FOLLOWS:
• GENERATION IS PRIVATIZED INTO SEVERAL GENCOs; IPPs HAVE OPEN ACCESS
• TRANSMISSION IS PRIVATIZED INTO A SINGLE TRANSCO; DISTRIBUTION IS PRIVATIZED INTO SEVERAL DISCOs
• GENCOs and IPPs OWN GAS TURBINES, FOSSIL‐FIRED UNITS, AND HYDRO UNITS
• MARKET INCLUDES BILATERAL CONTRACTS, LONG‐TERM CONTRACTS, PURCHASED POWER AGREEMENTS, ANCILLARY SERVICES MARKET, AND A SPOT MARKET
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• The Network Has Radial Ties to External Systems
• IT IS DECIDED THAT THERE WILL BE AN ISO • The TRANSCo has an existing 10‐year old SCADA/EMS control hierarchy consisting of a National Control Center (NCC) and several Regional Control Centers (RCCs)
• The ISO is a non‐profit entity; the TRANSCo is a for‐profit company
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THE ISO CONTROL CENTER(ISOCC)
• Perform Power System Operation (PSO) • Support Market Operations (MO)• Perform Settlements (ST)• Perform Operation Data Management (ODM
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• SUPERVISE, CONTROL, & DIRECT MAINTENANCE OF THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK
• EXECUTE NETWORK CONTROL COMMANDS ISSUED BY THE ISOCC
• (TRANSCO RESPONSIBLE FOR NETWORK EXPANSION)
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• GENERATION SCHEDULING: Performed by Generators
• OBTAIN RESOURCES FOR SECURITY CONTROL• REAL‐TIME MONITORING & CONTROL• SCADA • EMS• OPERATION RECORDING: Inputs to ODM Operation Reports
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 19
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR OPERATION AND REAL-TIME CONTROL
IN A LIBERALIZED ENVIRONMENT
EPRIThe Second European Conference:Enabling Technologies & Systems
for the Business-Driven Electric Utility Industry
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 20
THE WINDS OF CHANGE
FREE MARKET
PRIVATIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
more competition leads to CONSOLIDATION leads to less
competition
state-owned monopoly could become a private monopoly or an oligopoly
independent power producers
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 21
THE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE DANCING TO CHANGE
• Adapt System Operation to the Liberalized, Restructured Environment
• Redesign Operation and Real-Time Control Functions
• Develop New Approaches to Control System Design Using Advanced Technologies
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 22
THE SO DOES NOT OWN ANY GENERATION BUT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE QUALITY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY OF ELECTRIC SERVICE
TO CARRY OUT ITS RESPONSIBILITY EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY, THE SO SHOULD HAVE REAL-TIME CONTROL OF BOTH GENERATION & TRANSMISSION
• THIS REQUIRES SCADA LINKS BETWEEN POWER PLANT RTUs AND A CENTRAL MASTER
• POWER PLANT RTUs SHOULD BE A REQUIREMENT FOR OPEN ACCESS
THE SYSTEM OPERATOR ( _SO )IN A RESTRUCTURED UTILITY
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 23
AN EXAMPLE OF A RESTRUCTUREDELECTRICITY SECTOR
• A STATE-OWNED ELECTRICITY SECTOR IS RESTRUCTURED AS FOLLOWS: GENERATION IS PRIVATIZED INTO SEVERAL
GENCOs; IPPs HAVE OPEN ACCESS TRANSMISSION IS PRIVATIZED INTO A SINGLE
TRANSCO; DISTRIBUTION IS PRIVATIZED INTO SEVERAL DISCOs
GENCOs and IPPs OWN GAS TURBINES, FOSSIL-FIRED UNITS, AND HYDRO UNITS
MARKET INCLUDES BILATERAL CONTRACTS, LONG-TERM CONTRACTS, PURCHASED POWER AGREEMENTS, ANCILLARY SERVICES MARKET, AND A SPOT MARKET
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 24
OTHER CONDITIONSFOR THE EXAMPLE
• The Network Has Radial Ties to External Systems • IT IS DECIDED THAT THERE WILL BE AN ISO • The TRANSCo has an existing 10-year old
SCADA/EMS control hierarchy consisting of a National Control Center (NCC) and several Regional Control Centers (RCCs)
• The ISO is a non-profit entity; the TRANSCo is a for-profit company
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 25
DESIGN REQUIREMENTSFOR THE EXAMPLE
• DESIGN AN ISO CONTROL CENTER (ISOCC) AND A TO CONTROL CENTER (TOCC)
• THE ISOCC WILL BE NEW & WILL HAVE SCADA LINKS TO RTUs AT GENCO & IPP POWER PLANTS
• THE TOCC WILL BE A MODERNIZATION OF THE EXISTING EMS HIERARCHY
• LINK THE ISOCC WITH THE TOCC• PROVIDE A BACKUP ISOCC (B-ISOCC)
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 26
THE ISO CONTROL CENTER(ISOCC)
THE ISO CONTROL CENTER(ISOCC)
Perform Power System Operation (PSO)
Support Market Operations (MO)Perform Settlements (ST)Perform Operation Data
Management (ODM)
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 27
THE TO CONTROL CENTER(TOCC)
THE TO CONTROL CENTER(TOCC)
• SUPERVISE, CONTROL, & DIRECT MAINTENANCE OF THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK
• EXECUTE NETWORK CONTROL COMMANDS ISSUED BY THE ISOCC
• (TRANSCO RESPONSIBLE FOR NETWORK EXPANSION)
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 28
POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONFUNCTIONS
• GENERATION SCHEDULING Performed by Generators
• OBTAIN RESOURCES FOR SECURITY CONTROL
• REAL-TIME MONITORING & CONTROL SCADA EMS
• OPERATION RECORDING Inputs to ODM Operation Reports
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 29
RESOURCES FOR SECURITY CONTROLANCILLARY SERVICES
NORMAL & PREVENTIVE CONTROL• MUST-RUN UNITS• LOAD-FOLLOWING RESERVE • SPINNING & READY RESERVES • REACTIVE RESERVE
EMERGENCY & RESTORATIVE CONTROL• CURTAILABLE GENERATION• DISPATCHABLE LOADS• BLACK-START CAPABILITY
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 30
EMS INNOVATIONS• AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL (AGC) --
THE LOAD-FOLLOWING CONTROL (The New LFC)
• SECURITY-CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL DISPATCH (SCOD)
• DYNAMIC SECURITY ANALYSIS (DSA) ON-LINE AUTOMATIC LEARNING DSA
(ALDYSA)• DYNAMIC OPERATOR TRAINING SIMULATOR
(DOTS)
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 31
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL(AGC)
• THE AGC FUNCTION WILL TAKE CARE OF: LOAD-FOLLOWING CONTROL SETPOINTS FOR
GENERATING UNITS COMPLIANCE MONITOR
• THE UNIT SETPOINT VALUES WILL BE THE SUM OF THE UNIT REGULATION PARTICIPATION PLUS THE UNIT BASEPOINT
• UNIT BASEPOINTS GIVEN BY SCOD, BASE LOAD SCHEDULES, FIRM POWER CONTRACTS
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 32
SECURITY-CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL DISPATCH (SCOD)
SCOD REPLACES TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC DISPATCH
• Determines Optimal Basepoint of Each Generating Unit such that Total Generation Shall Meet Anticipated 10-minute Ahead System Base Load
• Uses Incremental Price Curves Provided by the GenCos and IPPs
• Uses the Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 33
DYNAMIC SECURITY ANALYSIS (DSA)
• NEEDED FOR PREVENTIVE AND EMERGENCY CONTROL AGAINST TRANSIENT OR VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
• CONSISTS OF TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS (TSA) & VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS (VSA)
• FOR TSA THE HYBRID METHOD USING SINGLE-MACHINE EQUIVALENT IS PREFERRED
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 34
REAL-TIME AUTOMATIC LEARNING DSA(ALDYSA)
• Automatic Learning in Real-Time Using Pattern Classification Approaches Artificial Neural Networks Decision Trees Hybrid Methods
• Training Set Derived Continuously in Real-Time
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 35
DYNAMIC OTS(DOTS)
• DYNAMIC POWER SYSTEM MODELLING USING EMBEDDED STABILITY PROGRAM Power Swings and Out-of-Step Tripping
Simulated Distance Relay Protection, Automatic High-
Speed Reclosing, Synchrocheck Reclosing, Out-of-Step Blocking, Loss-of-Excitation Protection
DOTS May be Performed in Real-Time & Linked with ALDYSA
• Off-line DOTS Trains the Human Operator• Real-Time DOTS Trains the Computer to be an
Operator
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 36
OPERATION DATA MANAGEMENTOPERATION DATA MANAGEMENT
• CENTRAL REPOSITORY (Data Warehouse) FOR MARKET OPERATIONS, SETTLEMENTS, AND POWER SYSTEM OPERATION DATA
• PUBLIC INFORMATION PUBLISHING VIA WEB SERVER ON AN EXTRANET
• DATA WAREHOUSE AVAILABLE FOR DATA MINING
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 37
CONCEPTUAL DESIGNTHE TCP/IP ENTERPRISE/CONTROL
NETWORKENTERPRISE (Business & Financial Processing) & SYSTEM CONTROL FUNCTIONS INTEGRATEDIN ONE INTERNET-BASED NETWORK
CONSISTING OF: SCADA INTRANET ISOCC TCP/IP LAN TOCC WAN INTRANET PUBLIC INFORMATION EXTRANET
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 38
MULTI-VENDOR INTEROPERABILITYDFS & OBJECT/COMPONENT TECHNOLOGIES• A SO-CALLED STANDARD IS A STANDARD ONLY IF
IT IS OR BECOMES A DE FACTO STANDARD (DFS) EPRI UCA/MMS/ICCP Internet Protocol Suite: HTTP; FTP; HTML; XML Java & Java-Enabled Web Browsers Interoperability Middleware for Distributed Components
• Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) with Internet InterORB Protocol (IIOP)
• Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)• Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
• EMERGING DFS EPRI Common Information Model (CIM) for EMS, IEC
TC57 WG13
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 39
MULTI-VENDOR INTEROPERABILITYDISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT
• WEB-BASED ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT (WBEM) Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) The Path to Interoperability
• Data Model: -- Common Information Model (CIM)*• Data Representation: -- Extensible Markup
Language (XML)• Data Transport: -- HTTP
*(not to be confused with EPRI CIM)
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 40
THE SCADA INTRANET• MASTER-RTU PROTOCOL: -- TCP/IP WITH EPRI
UCA-MMS/ICCP• THE NETWORK INTERFACE UNIT (NIU)
A Java-PoweredSingle-Board Unit with Web Server
THE REMOTE INTERNET UNIT (RIU) CONCEPT
NIU NIU NIU NIU
PROCESS BUS
STATION LAN
RTU PLC
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 41
ISOCC ETHERNET TCP/IP LAN
• Redundant:- Switching Hubs, Fiber Optic Links, Servers, & Interfaces
• Mix of RISC Workstations and PCs• Links to Metering System• Firewall and Web Server for ODM
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 42
TOCC INTRANET WAN
• REDUNDANT HIGH-SPEED BACKBONE LINKING THE NCC AND THE RCCs
• RCCs MAY BE PC-BASED SYSTEMS• DATA CONCENTRATORS MAY BE
CONNECTED TO THE WAN• WAN LINKED TO ISOCC LAN
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HUB
MOSERVER
STSERVER
SWDEV
DACSERVER
PSOSERVER
ODMSERVER
TO RTUs
METERINGSYSTEMISOCC
DAC= Data Acquisition & Control
MO = Market Operations
ST = Settlements
PSO= Power System Operation
ODM= Operation Data Management
SW DEV = Software Development
WS1
WS2
WS3
WS4 FIREWALL
WEB SERVER
EXTRANET
WS 1 = Trading Coordinator
WS 2 = Settlements Operator
WS 3 = Power System Operator
WS 4 = Software Developer
INDUSTRIALLOADS
GENCOS IPPS DISCOS
INTRANETWAN
NCC
RCC RCC RCC RCC
TOCC
DY-LIACCO
9/1/99
TCP/IP
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 44
THE BACKUP ISOCC(B-ISOCC)
• INSTALL THE REDUNDANT SET OF ISO-CC SERVERS & INTERFACES IN A SEPARATE, DISTANT LOCATION
• USE THE B-ISOCC AS A TRAINING & SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CENTER
• ISO WORKLOAD MAY BE SHARED BETWEEN THE ISOCC AND THE B-ISOCC
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 45
SUMMARYENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR OPERATION &
CONTROL Load-Following Control via SCADA Security-Constrained Optimal Dispatch Dynamic Security Analysis Automatic Learning DSA (ALDYSA) Off-Line and Real-Time Dynamic Operator
Training Simulator (DOTS) TCP/IP Enterprise/Control Network Web Technologies Remote Internet Units & Web-Based SCADA DFSs & Object/Component Technologies for
Multi-Vendor Interoperability
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November 1999 DY-LIACCO 46
CLOSING REMARKSONE CAN ONLY OPERATE WHAT ONE HAS
• A CONTROL SYSTEM NO MATTER HOW TECHNICALLY ADVANCED CAN DO LITTLE FOR SERVICE RELIABILITY & SECURITY IF GENERATION IS INADEQUATE OR TRANSMISSION IS WEAK OR CONTROLLABILITY IS LIMITED
• THE MAJOR NEGATIVE IMPACT OF RESTRUCTURING ON RELIABILITY IS THE LOSS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR GENERATION-TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING & THE LACK OF INCENTIVES FOR SYSTEM EXPANSION