Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died.
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Transcript of Restoration Restoration. The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died.
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RestorationRestoration
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The Restoration was not a foregone conclusion when Cromwell died.
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• When the Rump returned the Commonwealth was revived.
• They quarrelled with the army.
• People feared a return of armed conflict.
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• Richard Cromwell did not have a close relationship with the army.
• He favoured civilian power rather than military power.
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• Richard Cromwell’s Parliament met in January 1659.
• He was forced to resign by April so his tenure as Lord Protector was VERY short !
• The govts that followed were not successful
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• Radicals were hopeful of a return to godly rule
• Royalists responded through uprisings eg Booths Rebellion.
• General John Lambert put these down.
• Army in England was divided over what to do – also bickering about being unpaid.
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• General George Monck commanded the New Model Army in Scotland
• He marched his well disciplined army to London.
• He could have been another Cromwell
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Monck’s Smart Moves
• Monck showed caution and a lot of political skill when he arrived in London.
• He had already convinced Army leaders to readmit Rump in Dec 1659
• He negotiated with several groups during Jan-Mar 1660 and eventually made deal reversing Pride’s Purge.
• These MP’s outvoted ‘Rumpers’ dissolved PMT and called for general ‘elections’
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• People of London showed their support for elections by ‘roasting rumps’ around the city.
• While call for new elections was strong Monck opened negotiations with Charles Stuart – in exile in Netherlands.
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Declaration of Breda• April 1660 – Charles issues Decl. of Breda
– act of reassurance over restoration of monarchy.– Smart political move as he dealt with tension
without making too many promises– Offered
• Pardon to those who fought against him• Degree of religious toleration• To discuss land confiscation issue• Back-pay owing to Moncks soldiers and offered
them service in Royal army
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• New elections were held
• The new Convention Parliament declared for Charles ll on the 8th May.
• Charles re-entered England on the 25th May.
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Convention PMT
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What was Restored?
• The settlement created by Convention PMT and enforced by Cavalier PMT represented a return to situation of 1641 after first session of Long PMT when machinery of personal rule was dismantled.
• Charles II was welcomed back with enthusiasm but there was a strong desire to make sure the personal rule used by his father did not return
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• The King was head of government again
• He could appoint civil servants, bishops, military commanders, peers, baronets and knights.
• King also head of restored Anglican Church, incl. bishops and Book of Common Prayer.
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• Charles ll was also supreme commander of the army under the Militia Acts of 1661 and 1662
• This had been one of the causes of his father’s execution
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• House of Lords restored alongside Commons
• But the House of Commons was still subject to his veto
• Charles ll was still dependent on Parliament and the ruling class to perform their role as unpaid bureaucrats.
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• Role of traditional governing class restored as government decentralised.
• Triennial Act restored – PMT had to be called every three years.
• The monarchy was well and truly back. The situation was basically the same as it was in 1641 at the end of the first session of Long PMT.
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What was not Restored?
• Prerogative courts – Star Chamber and Court of High Commission
• Finance remained issue for Charles II
• Leadership style of Charles I did not survive in his son – Charles II much more flexible and astute where his father was stubborn and at times, naïve.
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• However, not everything was sorted out.
• The very issues that had started the Civil War – the relationship between PMT and King was still unclear.
• The King being given back control of armed forces and militia seemed a bit trusting after what his father had done – perhaps this is an indication of how badly they wanted the monarchy back.
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• Charles was always short of money – though he was granted an annual sum of 1.2 million pounds
• It was intended to make the crown independent of PMT – but it didn’t work out that way
• It wasn’t enough to cope with demands– Paying off Army– Poor harvests– War with Dutch– Recovering from fire of 1666
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Clarendon Code
• Clarendon Code was a series of Acts designed to help enforce the new religious order.
• Despite Charles II’s assurances in Decl. of Breda, restored Anglican Church was far from tolerant – any deviation from Anglican worship now seen as threat to govt.
• Named after Edward Hyde – chief minister to Charles II
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Who was Clarendon?
• Earl of Clarendon, Edward Hyde –leader of moderates who supported Charles I after PMT spilt in 1641
• He had a touchy relationship with Charles II (wasn’t as free-spirited as the new king)
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Religious issue settled?
• NO !
• Almost 2000 ministers gave up their jobs rather than accept new Act of Uniformity.
• Survey in 1676 suggested around 100,000 Protestants remained outside Anglican church.
• Ch II issued Decl. of Indulgence 1662 ( Ch had promised toleration, but was faced with PMT intent on removing dissension
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Restoration and Interregnum
• The Restoration was a reaction to the Interregnum and the experiments of government.
• Civilian goevernment returned - rule by army was not popular
• Role of army was downsized now
• New church very keen to get rid of dissention (toleration)
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No repeats please
• The Restoration was designed to prevent the conditions of civil war from occurring again.
• It achieved this in the first instance, but in reality, the main issues remained unresolved.