Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips
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Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips
Math BollenEnergy Markets Inspectorate
Eskilstuna, Sweden
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The compatibility gap
Immunity of installations and processes
Continuity of supply regulation
Duration of the dip
Res
idua
l vol
tage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Bridging the gap – immunity
CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C4.110 Process immunity time as a tool for improving
the immunity of an industrial process Equipment with higher immunity is slowly
entering the market Fault-ride-through for wind turbines
No developments in standardization
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Bridging the gap - emission
EMC directive: the power system is an installation Voltage dips are emission by the power system to
the customer No IEC standards on voltage-dip emission EN 50160 gives no information either European regulators took up the issue in their
”voltage quality conclusion paper”
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Responsibility sharing curve
Installations should tolerate these dips
Voltage-quality regulation
Duration of the dip
Res
idua
l vol
tage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
South Africa
0.15s 0.6s
70%
85%80%
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
France
70%
0.6s
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Working group C4.110
0.2s 0.5s 1s
40%
70%
80%
50%
2s
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Class C Class A
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Voltage dips: Swedish regulation
Installations should tolerate these dips
A reasonable number of dips is acceptable
Dips are unacceptable
Duration of the dip
Res
idua
l vol
tage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
How to choose the curves?
Dips, up to 45 kV CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C4.110
Dips, above 45 kV Discussion between the stakeholders
Swells, up to 1 kV Protection requirements microgeneration Highest overvoltages during earthfaults Experiments on equipment damage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The resulting limits
0.2s 0.5s 1s 5s
40%
70%
90%
60s
80%
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Red: above 45 kVGreen: 45 kV and less
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
What is a reasonable number of events?
South Africa: 95% of sites France: comparing with previous years Sweden
comparing with similar networks elsewhere In case of a disagreement the network operator
has to convince the regulator that the number of dips is reasonable
Experience with this to be gained in the coming years
Area B is also to be defined in contracts
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Stakeholder Responsibility
Network Operator Prevent dips in Area C Limit the number of dips in Area B
Customer Process to be immute to dips in Area A Impact of dips in Area B to be limited
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Stakeholder Responsibility (2)
Equipment manufacturer Equipment to be immune to dips in Area A Different classes of equipment immunity to
cover Area B Standard-setting organisation
New standardization to cover Area A and B Consider immunity of processing, not just of
equipment Consider balanced and unbalanced dips
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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
What next?
Gaining experience What is a reasonable number of events? How to do the measurements? Can simulations be used?
Extending to balanced and unbalanced dips In area B
Power-quality contracts
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a