Responses to World Order
Transcript of Responses to World Order
World orderPart 2 option 2 - Responses of world orderTerm 1/2 2012
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Main syllabus points
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The Nation state and state sovereignty
Treaties are the primary source of law
Countries can agree or reject treaties that maintain peace and security.
This can either promote or deny world order
Hint: This section is critical to any argument in world order essays
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However, the UNSC can intervene if there is a ‘threat to peace’
The UNSC can deliver a humanitarian intervention. It can be difficult to get the ‘Permanent Five’ to agree (China and the Darfur region)
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Theme: the effectiveness of legal and non-legal responses in promoting and maintaining world order
The Permanent Five are often unwilling to carry out the intervention (military force)
Asking other nations to supply military force is often denied (supporting USA in Iraq, national armies used to guard civilians)
Peacekeeping forces can be used but only after internal fighting has stopped
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Attempt to overthrow the government of bashar al-assad
China and russia used veto power to a unsc resolution draft
Case Space: Syrian Uprising
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Syria uprising9Monday, 18 June 2012
Unsc veto power10Monday, 18 June 2012
Arab league suspends syria11Monday, 18 June 2012
War criminal?12Monday, 18 June 2012
Role of the UN
The UN Charter: We the peoples of the United Nations determined -
to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights
to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties
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Hint: These are excellent articles to support your writing in a world order
essays
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Structure of the un
193 members, 5 major organs
The UN also has other agencies in Vienna, The Hague and Geneva
Remember your notes from human rights
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Un 2011 review16Monday, 18 June 2012
UNSC
9 members need to agree for UN action, including all 5 permanent members
The UNSC has the power to issue sanctions, arms embargoes and collective military action
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EFFECTIVE?????
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A geographical formula is used to make up the 10 non-permanent members. There must be:
3 African
2 Asian
1 Eastern European
2 Western European
2 Latin American
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What do these mean?
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Peacekeeping force was used in the UN to withstand blatant acts of aggression. This was seen as an improvement on the League of Nations
Peacekeeping gave the legal right to the UNSC to use ‘peace enforcement’. It is controlled by the UNSC
Peacekeeping forces
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Peace keeping23Monday, 18 June 2012
The Un has not standing military force, so it makes adhoc coalitions for every task
Problems can arise from this system
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"He told me the UN was a 'pull' system, not a 'push' system like I had been used to with NATO, because the UN had absolutely no pool of resources to draw on. You had to make a request for everything you needed, and then you had to wait while that request was analysed...For instance, soldiers everywhere have to eat and drink. In a push system, food and water for the number of soldiers deployed is automatically supplied. In a pull system, you have to ask for those rations, and no common sense seems to ever apply."
Roméo Dallaire
Rwanda conflict
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Rule of law and peacekeeping26Monday, 18 June 2012
International Instruments
Treaties and customary law are the main sources of international law
Treaties are legally binding and are freely entered into. There are two types Bilateral and multilateral
Declarations are not legally binding and therefore only show principle support from a nation state
Hint: Using this terminology in a world order essay is very important
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A legal norm or a ‘peremptory norm’
Treaties do not have to be signed in order to be considered binding
It is accepted as a norm today that slavery, piracy and torture are prohibited under international law
Jus Cogens
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Courts and Tribunals
Est. 1946 - organ of the UN
15 judges elected by the UN
cases involve disputes between states
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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ICJ Ruling Macedonia30Monday, 18 June 2012
The ICJ hears two types of cases:
Contentious issues between states - the court produces binding rulings to states that have agreed to be bound by the rulings of the court
Advisory Opinions - the court provides reasoned, but non binding rulings
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The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Treaty signed 1998 by 121 nation states
The ICC est. in the Hague, 2002
Given jurisdiction over acts of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Virtual tour of the court33Monday, 18 June 2012
Armed conflict between loyal gaddafi forces and those wanting to oust the government
UNSC resolution 1970 - freezing gaddafi’s finances and strict sanctions
UNSC resolution 1973 - no-fly zone over libya
Case space: libya civil war
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Unsc resolution 197335Monday, 18 June 2012
Nato and libya36Monday, 18 June 2012
Nato and libya37Monday, 18 June 2012
Motives in libya?38Monday, 18 June 2012
What is this cartoon showing?
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Case space
List of icc indicted criminals
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Thomas Lubanga verdict42Monday, 18 June 2012
Icc video43Monday, 18 June 2012
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTW)
The European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France
Other International Tribunals
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Intergovernmental Organisations (IGO’s)
These regional/strategic organisation have been established for mutual benefits (Trade, regional cooperation etc)
examples include the African Union (AU), the Commonwealth, ASEAN, the Arab League and APEC
Hint: It is important to understand the links with the United nations and Igo’s
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Has been successful at making war impossible over the European continent
Its a Supranation (decisions made by majority vote)
It improves issues of peace and security by tackling organised crime, improving human rights and agreeing not to attack each other
European Union (EU)
Hint: Due to recent economic impacts, the eu has declined in value in some member states
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European union48Monday, 18 June 2012
Est. 1949 due to the USSR Eastern Bloc of Europe
Military forces have helped end conflict in Kosovo and Bosnia
Supported the EU with transport assistance in Darfur and continues to have forces in Afghanistan
Northern Atlantic treaty Organisation (NATO)
Hint: Nato is a military organisation
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History of nato51Monday, 18 June 2012
Loose coalition of developing countries in the UN general assembly
77 founding members which have expanded to 132
Group of 77
Hint: This IGO was developed due to imbalance of developing country issues in the general assembly
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Group of 7753Monday, 18 June 2012
Non-government organisations (NGO’s)
NGO’s provide the balance to issues involved with improving peace and security around the world
Close to 25000 NGO’s around the world
NGO’s apply pressure to the UN and IGO’s, large influence on the UN Charter and champion the continued struggles involving humanitarian issues
Hint: the un will use statistics gathered by ngo’s
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Founded in 1995 due to ineffective measures taken on Somalia, Rwanda and Bosnia
provides behind the scenes assistance to peace negotiations
Highly active in troublesome areas of the world
International Crisis Group
(ICG)
Hint: Most world order essays will ask you to include non-legal responses
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International crisis group56Monday, 18 June 2012
Icg views on middle east57Monday, 18 June 2012
Australia’s federal government
Under Section 51 of the Constitution only the federal government can make decisions on external affairs (World Order issues)
all signed treaties and agreements have to be established by the federal government
Australia is largely seen to be involved in positive and peaceful global affairs
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Australia has been involved in 54 peacekeeping forces, largely in the Asia-Pacific region
Australia’s involvement in east timor was highly successful
Australia and peacekeeping
Hint: the best example for australian involvement in international conflict is east timor
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Military Intervention by Indonesia 1975-99
This conflict shows different international responses due to the motives of the permanent five
Case Space:East Timor
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East timor issues61Monday, 18 June 2012
Media responses62Monday, 18 June 2012
The media
A free and unbiased media is the essential ingredient for rule of law in the global sphere
The media is effective in raising awareness for world issues but at times can be criticised for only providing entertainment and not the full facts to the issue
Hint: Rwanda is a great example of the media’s influence
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political negotiation, persuasion and the use of force
simplest and most frequently used
This can be done away from treaties and agreements (closed doors)
If this stage fails, nations will move towards persuasion
Political negotiation
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Applying political pressure can change the behaviour of a nation who is not willing to comply
Persuasion can be considered as soft power
Persuasion
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China and wto66Monday, 18 June 2012
Last resort action - many issues surround the legality with regards to the use of force
Use of force can be used in self defence or UNSC authorisation
Use of force
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