First Quarter

Living Things and Their Environmenta)Respiratory Systemb) Circulatory Systemc)The Circulatory System and the Excretory System

By: Victor Rea oribeManuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City,

Philippines

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working with the other Organ System

Content Standard Performance Standard Learning Competency

The learners demonstrate an understanding of:

The learners should be able to:

The learners should be able to:

1. How the different structures of the circulatory systems work together to transport oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the different parts of the body

conduct an information dissemination activity on effective ways of taking care of the respiratory and circulatory system based on data gathered from the school or local health workers.

1. Explain how respiratory and circulatory systems work together to transport nutrients, gases, and other molecules to and from the different parts of the body;

2. The prevention, detection, and treatment of diseases affecting the circulatory and respiratory system.

2. Infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of respiratory and circulatory systems.

Why do we breathe?

Why does the heart beat?

Why is oxygen essential to life?

Essential Questions

Assessing Prior Knowledge What is oxygen?

Why do we breathe?

What causes humans to grasp for air?

Why We Need OxygenWhat is oxygen?

O8Chemical symbolatomic number

O2Atmospheric oxygen

Oxygen serves as an essential element supporting life and as an integral part of the atmosphere.Oxygen plays a vital role in carrying out metabolic functions of cells; and because of this,

a) its presence enables us to live.

b) it facilitate the breakdown of nutrients essential for supporting growth and development.

Without metabolism, our body will deteriorate.This will result to death. Why?Because our body cannot process the nutrients needed for maintaining life.In the absence of oxygen, mortality becomes apparent as other physiological processes in the body becomes jeopardized.The impaired metabolic function due to lack of oxygen in the body will result in susceptibility to infections as the breakdown of specified nutrients for the immune system becomes impaired.We may also feel weakness due to the body’s inability to break down glucose for energy, which as a result will ultimately make the other organs incapacitated, thus leading to death once the supply of oxygen becomes deplated

Why do we breathe?Examine these pictures. Between the two activities, which one consumes more oxygen?With this activity, we

feel that our chest burst out in order to supply our body with high amount of air.

This means that, as we utilized energy, our demand for oxygen increases.

In a normal functioning individual, air enters the body through the process known a breathing.Breathing is defined as the act of pulling air into the lungs (inhalation) and eliminating air out of the lungs (exhalation)The air that enters the body includes all the components of air including dust, dirt, trace gases, and oxygen.Oxygen is absorbed by the blood in exchange for carbon dioxide, which is a product of energy production in cells and is released during exhalation.

During strenuous activity, the body breaks down its food source to produce energy.

In order to convert food to energy efficiently, oxygen is required.

Energy production utilizes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide as a product.

As the activity progresses, the body may lose its supply of oxygen and the person tries to gasp for air in order to get more oxygen.

Arrange the following activities according to the degree they require you to consume oxygen. 5 being the highest and 1 the lowest. Assume that each activity is done for 10 minutes.________writing on your notebook________ playing basketball________ singing________ walking to school________ blinking of your eyeExplain your answer.

The Respiratory SystemRespiratory System is responsible for getting Oxygen from the atmosphere and bringing it to our Lungs.This system is generally comprised of the:Nose

pharynxlarynxtrachealungs

Respiratory system also allows for the filtration, humidification, and warming of the air when it enters the nostrils and the air passages.

Respiratory system minimizes the harmful content of the air reaching the lungs before gas exchange takes place in the body.

The Respiratory System is divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts.

The Upper Respiratory Tract

NoseIt is the only part of the respiratory system that is visible extrinsically.It is the only part of the respiratory system that is visible extrinsically.Without our nose, a lot of physiological activities in the body will be impaired.

We will not be able to enjoy the appetizing smell of our favorite food.

We will not be able to enjoy the fragrance of a cologne or perfumes we desire to wear.

Most importantly, without our nose, we cannot breathe in air normally.

Our nose serves as the main entry for air flow in the body.

Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified in the nose to get rid of foreign particles that can irritate or harm the lungs.

Our nose also serves as the exit for carbon dioxide.

PharynxThe Upper Respiratory Tract

Also known as the Throat, that serves as the pathway for air and food.

Air enters the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity then travels down through the oropharynx then laryngopharynx to enter the larynx below.

Food comes in through the mouth and passes along with air through oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

The food heads toward the esophagus posteriorly rather than arriving at the larynx

Other tissues present in the Pharynx include tonsils.These tissues consist of three types:Pharyngeal tonsil often referred to

as the adenoid, lies high in the nasopharynx.Palatine

tonsil Located in the oropharynx at the end portion of the soft palate.Lingual

tonsil Situated at the base of the tongue.

The Lower Respiratory Tract

Larynx

The thyroid cartilage, which projects toward the front of the throat and is often referred to as Adam’s apple, is the biggest of the hyaline cartilages.

Larynx leads air into the appropriate channel and functions mainly in speech.It is situated below the pharynx, it is made up of eight hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped elastic cartilage, the epiglottis.

The food heads toward the esophagus posteriorly rather than arriving at the larynx

The epiglottis in our larynx functions as a protective barrier for lungs as it prevents food from reaching the lungs.Upon swallowing, our epiglottis moves in a fashion that forms a covering for the larynx and trachea so that food will enter the esophagus instead of the air passage.

If other particles aside from air enters the windpipe, coughing reflex is produced to remove the substance.

TracheaThe Lower Respiratory Tract

The trachea is also known as windpipe.The trachea’s structure adjoins the esophagus enabling it to extend anteriorly when we swallow.Trachea plays an important role in normalizing the function of epiglottis and permitting food passage to the esophagus.The trachea also consists of ciliated mucosa that transports mucos contaminated with foreign particles away from the lungs toward the throat, where it can be swallowed or ejected through spitting.

The Lower Respiratory TractMain Bronchi

The left and right main bronchi are formed by the division of trachea.The left bronchus is narrower, longer, and less straight than the right.With this structure, the right main bronchus has the higher tendency for any foreign object to be placed.

Upon entering the main bronchi, the air is already moist, devoid of all foreign particles, and warm.

The tinier branches of the main bronchi within the lungs lead to the air sacs.

The Lower Respiratory TractLungs

Divided into two portions, the lungs are composed of lobes.The left lung is made up of two lobes while the right lung is made up of three.The lungs almost cover the entire thoracic cavity, and this organ holds the respiratory zone, the only place where gas exchange happens.

The respiratory zone includes: Bronchioles Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveoli

Physiology of Respiration

The breathing mechanism is designed to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be distributed to all cells of the body where food molecules are broken down to produce energy in the presence of oxygen.To supply the body with oxygen, the respiratory system carries out the four major actions:

1. Pulmonary ventilation: Also known as breathing, is the process in which air moves in and out of the lungs.2. External respiration: This is the process in which carbon dioxide from the cells is expelled from the lungs as the blood in the lungs picks up a fresh load of oxygen. In this phase, gas exchange takes place between the blood and the external body.3. Respiratory gas transport: Oxygen and carbon dioxide must circulate the bloodstreams to reach the lungs and tissues.

4. Internal respiration:Gas exchange must occur between the

tissue cells and the blood in systemic capillaries.

In this phase, air exchange are taking place between the cells in the interior aspect of the body and the blood.

Assignment1. Which structure of the upper respiratory tract serves as the passageway for both food and air?2. Which structure of the larynx prevents food entrance to the lungs?3. How do the lungs get rid of particles that accidentally enter the air passage?4. Differentiate the four major actions of the respiratory system.5. Describe the two roles of the windpipe or trachea.6. How does the trachea aid in expelling mucus that may be contaminated with foreign particles?

The Circulatory System

What happens once the air becomes processed by the respiratory system?

Alone, can respiratory organs supply the every cell in our body with oxygen?

As the respiratory system initiates gas exchange within the body, the circulatory system supplies oxygen in our cells.The pumping action of the heart and the network of channels are responsible for carrying and distributing nutrients, gases, hormones, antibodies, and many other important substances that the body needs to live.The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is what produces the sound we all know as heartbeat.The heart work tirelessly all throughout our lives and never stops to rest.Can you imagine what can happen when the heart rests?

The Circulatory System is divided into three major parts:

The Heart

The Blood Vessels

The Blood

The Heart and Blood VesselsOne of the most amazing and most complex organs in the body.It is highly muscular organ and is the size of our fist.It pumps blood throughout the body by way of involuntary contractions of the cardiac muscle.The heart is located in the center of the thoracic or chest cavity, slightly toward the left.

The heart has four chambers:a) Right atriumb) Right ventricle c) Left atriumd) Left ventricle

four valves of the hearta) Tricuspid valveb) Pulmonary valvec) Bicuspid valved) Aortic valve

They often and close with precise timing to make the heart pump blood effectivelyThe tricuspid and the bicuspid valves are called atrioventricular (AV) valves, meaning they are located between the atrium and ventricle.

The four valves help maintain the proper blood flow through the heart.These valves keep the blood moving, efficiently and smoothly, and in the right direction.

The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.

The bicuspid valve or mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

The pulmonary valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, which takes blood to the lungs.

When the right ventricle contracts, the pulmonary valve opens, allowing blood to flow to the lungs.

The aortic valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

This valve (aortic valve) prevents blood from entering the aorta prematurely. The aortic valve opens when the ventricle contract, allowing blood to move from the heart and start the journey to the rest of the body.

The heart needs passageway to distribute blood throughout the body. These passageway are the:a) Arteriesb) Veinsc) capillaries

The arteries carries blood away from the heart and generally transport oxygen-rich (oxygenated/carbon dioxide poor) blood

Arteries branch into smaller branches called arterioles before further branching out to the tiniest blood vessels called capillaries.

Capillaries connect arteries and veins.This is where the gas exchange between the blood and the tissues takes place.

Capillaries then merge into venules then into larger channels called veins.Veins carry blood to the heart and generally

transport oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide rich blood.

The Blood

A very vital red fluid (blood) that flows through our blood vessels, provide oxygen and nourishment to our body cellsThis red fluid (blood) also take away carbon dioxide and waste product from our body cells.It also helps maintain body temperature and controls pH. Blood is transported to the different parts of our body by the circulatory system.

Blood is composed mainly of:a) Plasma - the yellowish liquid that is

composed of 90% water that carries nutrients, hormones, and other important substances. b) Different blood

cells: 1. red blood cells

2. white blood cells

3. platelets

The Red Blood Cells (RBC)The red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, carry oxygen to the cells.After transporting oxygen to the cells, red blood cells collect the waste gas (carbon dioxide, the by-product of cellular respiration) and transport it back to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is expelled from the body as we exhale.The red blood cells are the most abundant od the blood cells (around 5,000,000 red blood cells in drop of blood) and its lifespan is 120 days.

The red blood cells are red in color because they contain hemoglobin.Hemoglobin contains iron (Fe) making it an excellent transporter of oxygen and carbon dioxide.The long bones of your body, the spleen, and the liver continually produce new red blood cells to replace old worn-out cells.

The White Blood Cells (WBC)The white blood cells, also known as leukocytes, battle infection, attack and destroy germs or foreign proteins that enter the body. There are about 7,000 WBCs per milliliter of blood (mL) and this number can be used as an indicator of a disease. During infection, the body produces more white blood cells to help fight off the infection. Still, even during an increased production of white blood cells, it cannot outnumber the red blood cells.

Several types of white blood cells:a) Neutrophil

combats bacterial and fungal infectionb) Eosinophil

defends against parasitic infectionsc) Lymphocytes

B-cells make antibodies to fight the foreign protein and T-cells function in immune response.d) Monocytes

remove dead cells debris and clean up the “crime scene” where the body’s soldiers battle an infection.e) Basophil

functions during allergic and antigen (foreign protein reactions.

PlateletsPlatelets, also known as thrombocytes, help the blood clot, thereby preventing bleeding when an artery or vein is severed or broken.From where the blood is leaking from, the platelets will stick to the opening of the blood vessels, attracting more platelets and other blood cells to form a plug that will seal off the break. Blood clotting is a temporary solution to stop bleeding. The lifespan of a platelet is from five to nine days only.A normal platelet count of a healthy individual is from 150,000 to 450,000 per milliliter of blood.

PlasmaBlood plasma is the pale, yellow fluid where the blood cells are suspended.Plasma makes up more than half of the total blood volume, roughly 55%.It consists mainly of water and also contains dissolved constituents including proteins (such as Albumin, Fibrinogen, and globulins) glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, and hormones.Plasma also contains carbon dioxide because it is the main medium for elimination of waste products from our body cells.Plasma also plays a very important role in osmosis, thereby promoting the balance of electrolytes Blood serum is blood without the blood cells and the clotting factors

Assignment1. Name the important constituents of the

blood.2. Give the roles of the following:

a) red blood cells b) white blood cellsc) platelets d) capillariese) artery f) veing) heart h) venulei) arteriole

3. Why do arteries possess thicker muscular walls compared to veins?4. Even with little pressure flowing through the veins, how does blood return to the heart?5. Differentiate blood plasma from blood serum

Human Circulatory PathsThe circulatory system has two distinct paths, the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.Although they are two distinct path, they actually occur simultaneously and not in a sequential manner. Both side of the heart work together.

As the blood leaves for the pulmonary circuit, some of the blood move through the systemic circuit.

Human Circulatory PathsPulmonary circulation can be summed up as the part of the circulation that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and bring back oxygen-rich blood to the heart.Blood enters the pulmonary circuit when the right atrium receives oxygen-poor (carbon dioxide-rich) blood from body tissues through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.

The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper part of the body, and the inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower part of the body.

The blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.From the right ventricle, the dioxygenated blood is pumped out from the heart through the pulmonary tract that splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries going to the lungs for oxygenation.

Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the lungs to pick up fresh load of oxygen. At this point, blood is now oxygen-rich (carbon dioxide-poor).From the lungs, the blood returns to the heart by way of the right and left pulmonary veins.

Pulmonary circulation end when oxygenated blood returns to the heart.

Systemic circulation is the movement of oxygenated blood from the heart for distribution throughout the body and bringing in of dioxygenated blood to the heart.

Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, then the blood passes through the mitral or bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle.With the great pressure, the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta, the biggest artery in the body, to be distributed throughout the body via a network of blood vessels.

The aorta branches into smaller arteries, then into arterioles and finally into capillaries.Waste and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells and into the blood, the oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the cells.The blood is now carbon dioxide-rich and oxygen-poor.This dioxygenated blood then continues its travel and the capillaries merge into venules then to larger veins and finally into the superior and inferior vena cavas that drain into the right atrium of the heart.

Assignment 1. Compare and contrast the following

a) tricuspid and bicuspidb) pulmonary and aortic valvesc) pulmonary and systemic circulation

2. Diagram the flow of blood as it enters the right atrium and leaves the left ventricles for distribution throughout the body.

3. What causes the pulse?

4. Why does blood spurt out profusely if the blood vessel on the wrist is cut?

STRUCTURE and FUNCTION: Working Together of the Different Organ Systems

The circulatory system supplies food nutrients and oxygen that all the cells of a living body needs.In turn, it collects the metabolic wastes that body cells produce.Such dual function of the circulatory system requires a systematic coordination with other organ system.To carry out its vital functions, it is imperative for the circulatory system to reach out to all organs of the body,

The Circulatory System and Digestive SystemMost of the digested foods are absorbed in

the intestinal villi.Intestinal villi is the tiny fingerlike projections at the lower portion of the small intestine.Each villus is provided with two kinds of vessels: capillaries and lacteals.

Molecules of simple sugars and amino acids diffuse into the capillaries and reach the blood.Molecules of fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the lacteals and reach the lymph. At this point, the circulatory system takes over.The circulatory fluids, blood and lymph, distribute the digested foods to all cells of the body

The Circulatory System and the Excretory System

The circulatory system plays a very important role in the excretion of metabolic waste products for our body.The circulating blood is responsible for collecting these waste products from all body cells and transporting them to various excretory organs through which particular wastes are expelled from the body.How does the circulatory system work with the kidneys, our body’s major excretory organs?

The renal artery brings blood with many impurities to the kidney.

In the kidney, the renal artery subdivides into small arterioles that branch into a network of tiny capillaries making up the glomerulus , which is enclosed by the Bowman’s capsule.

As blood passes through the glomerulus, urine, water, glucose, and salt are filtered into the Bowman’s capsule.However, when the blood passes through the long convoluted tubules of the nephron, much of the water absorbed through the glomeruli is reabsorbed together with the salts, blood sugar, blood proteins and other substances needed by the body.

The liquid which remains in the tubules is now called urine.This excretory waste is passed on from the kidney to the ureter and to the urinary bladder for temporary storage.As urine fills up the urinary bladder, it becomes heavier and heavier until the sphincter muscle that closes the opening of the bladder relaxes and the smooth muscles of the bladder contracts, expelling the urine through the urethra and out of the body.

How does the circulatory system work with other

excretory organs?The liver cells change amino acids, through the series of chemical reactions, into urea.Urea, the nitrogenous waste is then transported by the blood from the liver mostly to the kidney where it is filtered out of the blood and expelled as part of the urine.

The liver also breaks down old blood cells.

Most of the iron salts from the blood cells are brought back to the bone marrow by the blood.The rest of the broken blood cells become part of the bile which helps in fat digestion.

Urea is also transported by the blood from the liver to the sweat glands of the skin where it is expelled as part of sweat, another excretory waste.

The Circulatory System and the Nervous System

The nervous system works with the circulatory system mainly in the heart by controlling the flow of blood in the different chambers of the heart.The nervous system controls the “electrical relay system” in the heart by opening or closing chambers of the heart to ensure that blood travels out of the left ventricles into the rest of the body.

The muscle of the heart and that of the blood vessels are called involuntary muscle because they are not under the control of our will.Their action are governed by the autonomous nervous system through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves whose actions are opposite each other. A sympathetic nerve makes the heart beat faster while a parasympathetic nerve slows down heart beat.Thus, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves regulate and control each other’s activity to maintain homeostasis or the dynamic balance in the functioning of the heart.

The hypothalamus of the forebrain in the central nervous system plays another important role for homeostasis .

Among its vital functions are to regulate blood pressure and to control the secretions of many hormones.

The Circulatory System and the Endocrine System

Certain glands in the body release their secretions directly into the bloodstream instead of through tiny tubelike duct.These tiny tubelike duct are called ductless or endocrine glands.Their secretions are called hormones, are special protein substances that are present in small quantities in the body.They bring about changes in cells or tissues which are referred to as their “targets”

The effect of a hormone may be an increased activity or a decrease activity of the target cells.It may also be just plain maintenance of the cells. Following are some examples of hormone actions involving the circulatory system.

1. Adrenalin (adrenal gland hormone) increases blood pressure and heart rate and dilate blood vessels.

2. Insulin (a pancreatic hormone) lowers blood sugar level.

3. Parathyroid hormones raises blood calcium level.

The Circulatory System and Some Other Organ System

The circulatory system depends on the skeletal system for the production of blood cells.The red blood cells are produced in the red marrow of flat bones (such as the ribs) and long bones (such as thigh bones)Blood cells, including red blood cells, certain white blood cells and blood platelets are formed from special connective tissues referred to as hemocytoblasts.

The circulatory system and the muscular system keep each other healthy.

The healthier and more active the muscular system is, the healthier the circulatory system.

Active muscles demand a greater amount of oxygen and nutrients for energy source and repair of worn-out tissues.

The heart pumps harder to enable the blood to provide these needs.

Blood also collects waste products from the hardworking muscles and carries them to their respective excretory organs.

If the circulatory system fails to supply the necessary requirements, the muscles will cramp and eventually become dysfunctional.Long-term inactivity of the muscles is detrimental to the overall health of the cardiovascular system.The heart will weaken and lose mass while the blood vessels serving the muscles will atrophy or shrink along with the muscles themselves.On the other hand, enough and regular exercise increases the mass of body muscles over time.The heart muscle strengthen and the size of the blood vessels connected to the active body muscles increases as well.

Assignment Prepare a summary of how the circulatory system works together with the different organs of the body. Fill up the table below:

Organs involved Function related to the circulatory systemLungs Exchange of gases, blood takes in oxygen and

give off carbon dioxide in the capillaries around the alveoli or air sac.

1. Small intestine2. Kidney3. Liver4. Skin5. Brain6. muscles7. Bones

Use each term in a sentence:1. Adrenalin2. Bone marrow3. Homeostasis4. Insulin5. Lymphocytes6. Hormone7. Nephron8. Alveoli9. Bile10.liver

Conditions Affecting the Respiratory System Bronchial asthma

There is a widespread constriction of the bronchial airways resulting to difficulty in breathing.This may also be accompanied by cough and wheezingBronchial asthma mostly from allergens like pollens, dust, foods, certain medicines, and bacteria, but may also be triggered by exertion-Aerosol spray with bronchodilators-Nebulizer, in more severe cases-Administration of oral corticosteroid, if other measures prove to be ineffective

BronchitisIn a acute bronchitis patient cough out mucopurulent sptum. Mucopurulent refers to a discharge that contains mucos and pusBronchitis may be viral or bacterial in nature.Bronchitis associated with cigarette smoking, emphysema and air pollution.

Bronchitis may be relieved by bronchodilators.

PneumoniaIt is the inflammation of the lungs due to infection.The air sacs become filled with liquid and pus, causing hardening of the lungs, thus making it difficult for the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood. Pneumonia is always accompanied by cough and high fever.The infection may be bacterial or viral in nature.Pneumonia may also be caused by inhalation of substances that can irritate the lungs, such as chemicals and liquids.An appropriate dosage of antibiotics is given at the onset of pneumonia.

Common ColdThe common cold is an example of an upper respiratory tract infection.It is a viral infection affecting the nose and throat.It is characterized by cough, runny nose, watery eyes, nasal congestion or stuffy nose, sneezing, headache, and sore throat. Common colds is caused by more than 200 types of cold viruses. We get immune every cold virus we catch but unfortunately, we can encounter all the different types of cold virus in our lifetime.

There is no known cure except for relieving the symptoms: analgesic (for pain) decongestant (for stuffy nose); paracetamol (for fever)

Rest and plenty of fluids like water and juices are recommended.

Lung CancerLung cancer is the result of abnormal cell division producing abnormal growths.Symptoms of lung cancer include persistent cough that worsen over time, chest pain, shortness of breath, blood in the septum, sudden weight loss, and fatigueCigarette smoking is the number one risk factor.Exposure to second-hand smoke may also cause lung cancer.Lung cancer may also caused by job-related exposure to carcinogens like asbestos.A cancer gene is another predisposing factor that may be aggravated by one’s lifestyle.

Lung cancer if caught early, requires surgery of the lung lobe containing the tumor, combined with chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy and

Radiation therapy do not result in the cure of lung cancer, but rather help in prolonging the patient’s life.

This is a progressive condition of an abnormal build up of air in the alveolar sacs causing their enlargement and damageEnlargement of alveolar sac causes loss of elasticity, reduction of surface area for gas exchange and decreased lung capacity, resulting in less take up of oxygen.Cigarette smoking is the primary cause.

Age: older individuals are more susceptible to this disease.

Emphysema

Relieving symptoms that include shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.

Bronchodilators open the airways.

This refers to the inflammation of the mucous lining of the nose, characterized by cold-like symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and itchiness.

Nasal polyps, the fleshy growths inside the nasal cavity, can result in having allergic rhinitis.

Rhinits

This may be viral (in acute rhinitis)This may also be an allergic reaction to tree or grass pollens, dust, animal danders, etc. (in allergic rhinitis)

Although not harmful, rhinitis is very irritating.

Avoiding allergens for the other cold-like symptoms, a non-sedative antihistamine and decongestant may be taken.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection characterized by the formation of nodules in the tissues.Its primary location is the lungs, but may occur in other parts of the body such as the larynx, brain, joints, etc.TB in the lungs manifests these symptoms.-Persistent coughing-Deep pain on the chest when breathing in and out-Coughing out blood-Weakness-Fever, which can be low grade

Tuberculosis

This an airborne disease, that spreads from person-to-person through the air, and inhaled into the lungsThis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

This may cause death if not treated early and properly.It can be treated by the correct combination of antibiotics.This may be prevented by the BCG vaccine, a live bacterial vaccine, usually given to children.

Cystic fibrosis (CF)CF is a lifelong disease and is an inherited disorder affecting the epithelial cells.

Normally, epithelial cells produce mucus and other watery secretions.

In a person with CF, the epithelial cells produce mucus that is much thicker than normal, causing entrapment of germs and repeated lung infection.

A CF gene inherited from each parent will manifest symptoms of CF on the offspring.

If only one CF gene was inherited, no symptoms will manifest, but the person will be a carrier of the gene.

There is no known cure, nor preventive measures.

Patients are given vitamin supplements and pancreatic enzymes

Antibiotics are given if repeated lung infections occur.

This is usually fatal