Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Allied Health Sciences IAllied Health Sciences I

Upper Upper Respiratory Respiratory

TractTract

Nasal CavityNasal Cavity The anterior The anterior naresnares are our nostrils where air enters are our nostrils where air enters

into our bodies. Our nasal cavity is divided into the R into our bodies. Our nasal cavity is divided into the R and L chamber, or smaller cavity. The nasal and L chamber, or smaller cavity. The nasal septumseptum divides these R and L chambers. These cavities are divides these R and L chambers. These cavities are lined with mucous membranes. lined with mucous membranes.

CiliaCilia or small hairs entrap and prevent the passage or small hairs entrap and prevent the passage of larger dirt particles.of larger dirt particles.

The The olfactory nervesolfactory nerves are located in the mucous are located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity. membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity. These nerves endings are responsible for our These nerves endings are responsible for our sense sense of smellof smell. .

Mucous membrane line the Mucous membrane line the sinuses sinuses and they help to and they help to warm and moisten airwarm and moisten air that passes through them. that passes through them. The sinuses also The sinuses also give resonance to the voicegive resonance to the voice..

PharynxPharynx

This is known as your This is known as your throathroat. The air enters this t. The air enters this area after leaving the nasal cavity. The throat area after leaving the nasal cavity. The throat serves as a passageway for air and food. serves as a passageway for air and food.

The pharynx is divided into three sections.The pharynx is divided into three sections.1. The upper pharynx also called the 1. The upper pharynx also called the nasopharynxnasopharynx..2. The middle section is called the 2. The middle section is called the propharynxpropharynx and and is located just behind the mouth.is located just behind the mouth.3. The lowest area is called the 3. The lowest area is called the laryngopharynxlaryngopharynx. . This is where air passes through the lungs and food This is where air passes through the lungs and food passes through to go to the stomach. passes through to go to the stomach.

The The epiglottisepiglottis acts as the “lid” to cover the acts as the “lid” to cover the opening into the larynx when food is swallowed. opening into the larynx when food is swallowed.

LarynxLarynx This is known as the This is known as the voice boxvoice box and is and is

triangular chamber found below the triangular chamber found below the pharynx.pharynx.

It is made of fibro-cartilaginous platesIt is made of fibro-cartilaginous plates and and the largest of these is called the Adams the largest of these is called the Adams Apple. Apple.

The vocal cords are located in the larynx. The vocal cords are located in the larynx. The glottis is a space b/w the vocal cords. The glottis is a space b/w the vocal cords.

When air is expelled from the lungs, it When air is expelled from the lungs, it passes the vocal cords. passes the vocal cords. This sets off a This sets off a vibration, creating sound. The action of the vibration, creating sound. The action of the lips and tongue on this sound produces lips and tongue on this sound produces speech.speech.

TracheaTrachea The trachea is also known as the The trachea is also known as the wind pipewind pipe. . The trachea is in front of the esophagus and The trachea is in front of the esophagus and

continues and forms the two bronchi (one for continues and forms the two bronchi (one for each lung).each lung).

The walls of the trachea are composed of The walls of the trachea are composed of alternate bands of membranes, and fifteen to alternate bands of membranes, and fifteen to twenty C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. twenty C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. This This cartilage allows the trachea not to collapse. cartilage allows the trachea not to collapse.

The trachea can be obstructed by large pieces of The trachea can be obstructed by large pieces of food, tumorous growths, or the swelling of food, tumorous growths, or the swelling of inflamed lymph nodes in the neck. inflamed lymph nodes in the neck.

The trachea is lined with mucous membrane and The trachea is lined with mucous membrane and cilia. The cilia helps to sweep any entrapped dust cilia. The cilia helps to sweep any entrapped dust particles from pharynx.particles from pharynx.

Lower Lower Respiratory Respiratory

TractTract

Bronchi and BronchiolesBronchi and Bronchioles

The lower end of the trachea divides in The lower end of the trachea divides in two into the R bronchus and L bronchus. two into the R bronchus and L bronchus. The R bronchus is shorter, wider and more The R bronchus is shorter, wider and more

vertical in position.vertical in position. These bronchi enter each These bronchi enter each lung and further divides into bronchial tubes lung and further divides into bronchial tubes and then to smaller bronchioles. The bronchi and then to smaller bronchioles. The bronchi have cilia just like the trachea. have cilia just like the trachea.

The bronchial tubes and smaller bronchi The bronchial tubes and smaller bronchi are ringed with cartilaginous plates.are ringed with cartilaginous plates.

At the end of each bronchiole, there is an At the end of each bronchiole, there is an alveolar duct which ends in a sac-like alveolar duct which ends in a sac-like cluster called alveolar sacs (alveoli).cluster called alveolar sacs (alveoli).

AlveoliAlveoli The alveoli sacs have many alveoli and are The alveoli sacs have many alveoli and are

composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. There are about 500 million alveoli in the There are about 500 million alveoli in the

adult lung. adult lung. Their inner surfaces are covered with a lipid Their inner surfaces are covered with a lipid

material known as surfactant. This material material known as surfactant. This material helps stabilize the alveoli, preventing them helps stabilize the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.from collapsing.

Each alveolus is encased by a network of Each alveolus is encased by a network of capillaries. The rapid capillaries. The rapid exchange of 02 and C02exchange of 02 and C02 occurs through moist walls of the alveoli and occurs through moist walls of the alveoli and capillaries.capillaries.

LungsLungs Two fairly large cone shaped organs that fill the two Two fairly large cone shaped organs that fill the two

lateral chambers of the thoracic cavity. lateral chambers of the thoracic cavity. They are They are separated from each other by the mediastinumseparated from each other by the mediastinum also also called the interpleural space and is situated b/w the called the interpleural space and is situated b/w the lungs along the median plane of the thorax. lungs along the median plane of the thorax.

The The upper part of the lung is underneath the collarbone upper part of the lung is underneath the collarbone is the apexis the apex and the broad and the broad lower part is the baselower part is the base. Each . Each base is concave and this shape allows it to fit snuggly base is concave and this shape allows it to fit snuggly next to the convex part of the diaphragm. next to the convex part of the diaphragm.

Because the lungs have so much air in them, they are Because the lungs have so much air in them, they are very porous and spongy. very porous and spongy.

The R lung is larger and broaderThe R lung is larger and broader than the L lung than the L lung because the heart is positioned toward the left side. because the heart is positioned toward the left side.

The The R lung is divided by fissures (clefts) into three R lung is divided by fissures (clefts) into three lobeslobes: superior, middle, and inferior. The : superior, middle, and inferior. The L lung is L lung is smaller and is subdivided into two lobessmaller and is subdivided into two lobes: superior and : superior and inferior. inferior.

The lungs are covered with a thin, moist slippery The lungs are covered with a thin, moist slippery membranemembrane made up of tough endothelial cells or made up of tough endothelial cells or pleurapleura..

Functions of the Respiratory Functions of the Respiratory SystemSystem

Provides the structures of the Provides the structures of the exchange of 02 and C02 in the body exchange of 02 and C02 in the body through respiration. through respiration.

Responsible for the production of Responsible for the production of sound, the larynx contains the vocal sound, the larynx contains the vocal cords. When air is expelled from the cords. When air is expelled from the lungs it passes over the vocal cords lungs it passes over the vocal cords and produces sound. and produces sound.

Subdivisions of the Respiratory Subdivisions of the Respiratory SystemSystem

External RespirationExternal Respiration- the exchange of 02 and C02 - the exchange of 02 and C02 b/w the lungs, the body, and the outside b/w the lungs, the body, and the outside environment. environment.

Internal RespirationInternal Respiration- the exchange of C02 and 02 - the exchange of C02 and 02 b/w the cells and the lymph surrounding them, plus b/w the cells and the lymph surrounding them, plus the oxidative process of energy in the cells. the oxidative process of energy in the cells.

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration- involves the use of oxygen - involves the use of oxygen to release energy stored in the nutrient molecules. to release energy stored in the nutrient molecules. Much of the energy that is released is in the form of Much of the energy that is released is in the form of heat to maintain body temperature. heat to maintain body temperature.

Control of BreathingControl of Breathing- - controlled by neural controlled by neural (nervous) and chemical factors.(nervous) and chemical factors. *** ***

Subdivisions of the Respiratory Subdivisions of the Respiratory System cont…System cont…

Neural FactorsNeural Factors- the respiratory center is located - the respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata in the brain. in the medulla oblongata in the brain.

An increase of C02 or lack of 02 in the blood An increase of C02 or lack of 02 in the blood will trigger the respiratory center. will trigger the respiratory center.

There are two neuronal or nerve pathways that There are two neuronal or nerve pathways that are involved in breathing.are involved in breathing.There are motor nerves and one group called the There are motor nerves and one group called the

phrenic nerves leads t0 the diaphragm and the phrenic nerves leads t0 the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles. intercostals muscles.

The other nerve pathway carries sensory impulses from The other nerve pathway carries sensory impulses from the nose, larynx, lungs, skin, and abdominal organs via the nose, larynx, lungs, skin, and abdominal organs via the vagus nerve in the medulla. the vagus nerve in the medulla.

The HeringBrewer reflex is a lung reflex that The HeringBrewer reflex is a lung reflex that prevents the lungs from overstretching.prevents the lungs from overstretching.

Chemical FactorsChemical Factors

***Chemical control of respiration is ***Chemical control of respiration is dependent upon the level of carbon dependent upon the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. As the C02 rich dioxide in the blood. As the C02 rich blood circulates through the blood circulates through the respiratory center it senses the respiratory center it senses the increased C02 in the blood and increased C02 in the blood and increases the respiratory rate.***increases the respiratory rate.***

Lung Capacity and VolumeLung Capacity and Volume A spirometer is a device used to measure how much A spirometer is a device used to measure how much

air you can hold which would be your lung capacity.air you can hold which would be your lung capacity. Tidal VolumeTidal Volume is the amount of air that moves in and out of is the amount of air that moves in and out of

the lungs with each breath. Normal amount is about 500 ml.the lungs with each breath. Normal amount is about 500 ml. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of air you can is the amount of air you can

force a person to exhale over and above the tidal volume. The normal force a person to exhale over and above the tidal volume. The normal amount is 1000ml.amount is 1000ml.

Vital Lung capacityVital Lung capacity is the total amount of air involved with is the total amount of air involved with tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Normal vital capacity is 4500ml.reserve volume. Normal vital capacity is 4500ml.

Residual volumeResidual volume is the amount of air that cannot be is the amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. It allows for the continuous voluntarily expelled in the lungs. It allows for the continuous exchange of gases b/w exchange of gases b/w breaths. The normal residual breaths. The normal residual amount volume is 1500ml.amount volume is 1500ml.

Functional Residual CapacityFunctional Residual Capacity is the sum of the expiratory is the sum of the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. The normal amount reserve volume plus the residual volume. The normal amount is 2500ml.is 2500ml.

Total lung capacityTotal lung capacity includes tidal volume, inspiratory includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual air. The reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual air. The normal amount is 6000ml.normal amount is 6000ml.

Types of RespirationTypes of Respiration ApneaApnea is the temporary stoppage of breathing is the temporary stoppage of breathing

movements.movements. DDyspneayspnea is difficult, labored or painful breathing, is difficult, labored or painful breathing,

usually accompanied by discomfort and usually accompanied by discomfort and breathlessness.breathlessness.

EupneaEupnea is normal or easy breathing with the usual is normal or easy breathing with the usual quiet inhalations and exhalations. quiet inhalations and exhalations.

HyperpneaHyperpnea is an increase in the depth and rate of is an increase in the depth and rate of breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements.respiratory movements.

Orthopnea Orthopnea is difficult or labored breathing when the is difficult or labored breathing when the body is in a horizontal position. It is usually corrected body is in a horizontal position. It is usually corrected upon taking a sitting or standing position. upon taking a sitting or standing position.

TachypneaTachypnea is an abnormally rapid and shallow rate is an abnormally rapid and shallow rate of breathing.of breathing.

HyperventilationHyperventilation can be caused by disease or can be caused by disease or stress. Rapid breathing occurs which causes the body stress. Rapid breathing occurs which causes the body to lose carbon dioxide too quickly. to lose carbon dioxide too quickly.

Disorders of Disorders of the the

Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem

Infectious CausesInfectious Causes The common cold causes the greatest loss in production each The common cold causes the greatest loss in production each

year. This respiratory infection spreads quickly through the year. This respiratory infection spreads quickly through the classroom, factory, or business office. classroom, factory, or business office.

Pharyngitis is more commonly known as the sore throat. Pharyngitis is more commonly known as the sore throat. Laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box. Laryngitis can Laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box. Laryngitis can

be recognized by the incidence of hoarseness or loss of voice. be recognized by the incidence of hoarseness or loss of voice. Sinusitis is an infection of the mucous membrane that lines Sinusitis is an infection of the mucous membrane that lines

the sinus cavities. the sinus cavities. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the

trachea and the bronchial tunes which produces excessive trachea and the bronchial tunes which produces excessive mucous. mucous. Chronic Bronchitis usually occurs in muddle or old age. Cigarette Chronic Bronchitis usually occurs in muddle or old age. Cigarette

smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis. smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis. Influenza or more commonly known as the “flu” is a viral Influenza or more commonly known as the “flu” is a viral

infection characterized by inflammation of the mucous infection characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory system.membrane of the respiratory system.

Pneumonia is caused by a bacteria or virus and is an infection Pneumonia is caused by a bacteria or virus and is an infection of the lung or lungs. of the lung or lungs.

Infectious Causes cont…Infectious Causes cont… Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the

lungs. lungs. Systems of TB are cough, low grade fever in the Systems of TB are cough, low grade fever in the

afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats. afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats. Diphtheria is caused by the Diphtheria is caused by the

Corynebacterium diphtheria and is very Corynebacterium diphtheria and is very infectious. Children receive an infectious. Children receive an immunizationimmunization for this. for this.

Pertussis (whooping cough) is characterized Pertussis (whooping cough) is characterized by severe coughing episodes that end in a by severe coughing episodes that end in a “whooping” sound and dyspnea. Children “whooping” sound and dyspnea. Children also receive an also receive an immunization immunization for this.for this.

Noninfectious CausesNoninfectious Causes These are respiratory problems that aren’t infectious or are These are respiratory problems that aren’t infectious or are

unrelated to an infectious cause. unrelated to an infectious cause. Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane

causing swelling and increased secretions. More commonly causing swelling and increased secretions. More commonly know as “hay fever”. know as “hay fever”.

Asthma is an inflammatory response which causes the airway Asthma is an inflammatory response which causes the airway to be obstructed. to be obstructed. Symptoms include difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing (sound Symptoms include difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing (sound

produced by a rush of air through a narrowed passageway), and produced by a rush of air through a narrowed passageway), and tightness in the chest.tightness in the chest.

Treatment= anti-inflammatory drugTreatment= anti-inflammatory drug Atelectasis results when there is bronchial occlusion which Atelectasis results when there is bronchial occlusion which

causes the lungs to fail normal expansion. causes the lungs to fail normal expansion. Bronchiectasis is an inflammation accompanied by heavy pus Bronchiectasis is an inflammation accompanied by heavy pus

secretion that causes dilation of a bronchus.secretion that causes dilation of a bronchus. Silicosis is when the lungs become fibrosed which results in a Silicosis is when the lungs become fibrosed which results in a

reduced capacity for expansion. reduced capacity for expansion. Nasal polyps are growths that occur sometimes in the sinus Nasal polyps are growths that occur sometimes in the sinus

cavity and caused an obstruction of the air pathway. cavity and caused an obstruction of the air pathway.

Noninfectious Causes Noninfectious Causes cont…cont…

Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary (COPD) indicates chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Emphysema- the alveoli of the lung become over dilated, lose their elasticity and cannot rebound. The alveoli may eventually rupture. Air becomes trapped and it is very difficult to exhale. The patient with emphysema becomes very dyspneic which becomes more severe as the disease progresses.

Cancer of the lungs- caused by small cell (also know as the oat cell) and spreads very rapidly to other organs. This type is found mainly in smokers.

Cancer of the larynx- usually found is men over 50 and is usually curable if found early.

Pulmonary Embolism occurs when a blood clot (embolism) breaks off and travels to the lung.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) also known as “Crib Death” and usually occurs b/w two weeks to one year of age. Infant stops breathing while asleep. Exact cause is unknown.

The End!!!The End!!!