Respiratory System
Transcript of Respiratory System
By X1 IA 1 Group 6:
1. Akhmad Rizki Hidayatullah (01)2. Anggun Citra Rahmani (02)3. Farida Norma Yulia
(14)4. Rossinta Indahsari
(26)5. Trastian Satria Wibowo (28)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
Gas Exchange
RespirationA process of combustion (oxidation) of organic compounds (food) in the cells to obtain energy.C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Breathing and Respiration are NOT the same thing!
BreathingMoving air in and out of the lungs
Purpose of Respiratory System
1.Ventilate the lungs
2. Extract oxygen from the air and transfer it to the bloodstream
3. Extract carbon dioxide and water vapour4. Maintain the acid base of the blood
Respiration Process
Aerob Respiratio
n
Anerob Respiration
Human Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Tract
Passageway for respiration (Nose) Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material (Nasal hairs in nostril) Moistens and warms incoming air (Nasal
cavity) Resonating chambers for voice (Larynx)
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange
Lower Respiratory Tract Functions
Respiratory Tract
• Air enters nostrils– filtered by hairs, warmed &
humidified– sampled for odors
• Pharynx glottis larynx (vocal cords) trachea (windpipe) bronchi bronchioles air sacs (alveoli)
• Epithelial lining covered by cilia & thin film of mucus–mucus traps dust, pollen, particulates– beating cilia move mucus upward to
pharynx, where it is swallowed
Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli
Figure 10.9
Respiratory Cycle
Lung Capacity
Tidal volume:Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs during quiet respiration. Inspiratory reserve volume:Maximum volume of air that can beinspired after normal tidal inspiration. Expiratory reserve volume:Maximum volume of air that can be expired after normal tidal expiration.Residual volume:Volume of air that remains in lungs after forceful expiration.Closing volume:Lung volume at which airways begin to close off.
Lung Volume
Inspiratory capacity:Maximum Volume of air that can be inspired after end of tidal expiration. IC = TV + IRV.Expiratory capacity:Maximum volume of air that can be expired after end of tidal inspiration. EC = TV + ERV.Vital capacity:Maximum volume of air that can be expelled forcefully following a maximal inspiration. VC = TV +IRV=ERV.Functional residual capacity:Volume of air that remains in the lung after end of tidal respiration.FRC = RV + ERV.Total lung capacity:VC + RV
Lung Capacities
Factors Affecting Vital Capacity
1.VC in males > females.
2. VC decreases in advancing age.
3. VC decreases in pregnancy.
4. VC is greater in standing position ascompared to sitting or lying.
5. VC decreases in diseases of respiratory system.
Regulation of Breathing
Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste
Four Respiration Processes
Direct diffusion through cells• How to maximize rate of diffusion?
– thin cell or tissue layers
• What constraints are associated with this system?
– circulate water across outer surface (maintain DP)
– cannot be large in size
• Phyla Cnidaria
– cannot be involved in energy-consuming activities
Respiratory Systems in Animals
Cutaneous (skin) respiration
• How to maximize rate of diffusion? – thin skin
• What constraints are associated with this system?
– increase surface area with parapodia
– cannot get too large– no energetically expensive activities
– use cilia on skin to move water (maintain DP)
• Phyla Annelida
Respiratory Systems in Animals
• Phylum Chordata
– thin gills
– increase surface area with feather-like arrangement of gills and by using skin as additional respiratory surface
– must be in constant motion or in water current
– tissue delicate and cannot be protected
• Larval fish and amphibians (also in some adult salamanders)
– relatively small body size
Respiratory Systems in Animals
External Gills
• How to maximize rate of diffusion?
• What constraints are associated with this system?
• Neotenic salamander (development arrested in juvenile stage; adults have external gills)
Respiratory Systems in Animals
Internal (covered) Gills• Phylum Chordata
– Buccal cavity (mouth)
• Two cavities act together to draw water across surface of gills
– Opercular cavity (gill chamber below gill cover or operculum)
• Bony fish (Class Osteichthyes)• Internal gills enclosed within body chambers that move
water over gills
Respiratory Systems in Animals
– Thin gills (blood vessels close to surface of gill)– Increase surface area of gill with feather-like arrangement
– Uses counter-current system in gills to increase DP
– Constantly ‘pump’ water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities
Respiratory Systems in Animals
Internal (covered) Gills• How to maximize rate of diffusion?
• What constraints are associated with this system? – Gills very efficient in water but do not work on land
» Gills lack support needed in less-buoyant air» Air is relatively dry and all respiratory surfaces must be moist
(gas exchange must occur in water); gills have large surface area exposed to dry air
Respiratory Systems in Animals
Structure of Internal (covered) Gills
– Water flows over surface of lamellae of gills within which are capillaries
– flow of blood in capillaries is opposite flow of water = counter-current system of gas exchange
Respiratory Systems in Animals
A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
Disorders of The Respiratory
AnthraxCaused by spores of the bacterium
Asthma attackMay result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotionATELECTASIS
A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
Disorders of The Respiratory
BRONCHITISAn infection of the bronchi
Carbon monoxide poisoningOccurs from breathing carbon monoxide
CHRONING OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well, can be caused by smoking
Disorders of The Respiratory
COLD
Caused by mutation of a single gene, the CFTR gene, which controls salt balance in the lungs
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
A respiratory infection
EMPHYSEMA
Directly linked to smoking and smoke products, CO2, which affects the CO2 diffusion gradient
Disorders of The Respiratory
hantavirusA respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks Hay feverA respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food
Lung cancer
An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
Disorders of The Respiratory
PLEURAL EFFUSIONA condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity
PLEURISYAn inflammation of the membranes that line the lungsPNEUMONIA
A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Disorders of The Respiratory
pneumoconiosisAn inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants
Respiratory acidosisA buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH
Respiratory alkalosis
A respiratory disorder of newborns
Disorders of The Respiratory
Respiratory distress syndromeA condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly
sinusitisAn inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx
Disorders of The Respiratory
tuberculosisCaused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection
Technology of Respiratory System