Respiratory Protection Guidelines

CAPP Pub. # 1999-0001 March 1999

The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) represents 170 companies whose activities focus on exploration, development and production of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, synthetic crude oil, bitumen and elemental sulphur throughout Canada. CAPP member companies produce approximately 95 per cent of the Canada’s natural gas and crude oil. CAPP has 110 associate member companies who provide the broad range of services that complete the infrastructure of this country’s upstream petroleum industry.

Disclaimer This report was prepared for the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) by: Bernard Bradford Husky Oil Ltd. Brock Brown Devonian Safety Services Corporation Wayne Harvey PanCanadian Petroleum Limited Mike Jukosky Peace Pipe Line Ltd. Nolan McCullough A.E.C. West Ltd. Agnes Murrin Talisman Energy Inc. Glen Reinhardt Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Ltd. Susan Schafer Chevron Canada Resources Marie Sopko PanCanadian Petroleum Limited Irene Vanover Mobil Oil Canada Ian Wheeler Certified Industrial Hygiene Consulting Ltd. Barry Kwong Novacor Chemicals

While it is believed that the information contained herein is reliable under the conditions and subject to the limitations set out, neither the contributors nor CAPP guarantee its accuracy. The use of this report or any information contained will be at the user’s sole risk, regardless of any fault or negligence of the contributors or CAPP.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION GUIDELINES PURPOSE AND SCOPE..................................................................................2 PROGRAM LAYOUT

• Responsibilities .................................................................................................. 3 • Industry Standards and Regulatory Requirements ............................................ 3

HAZARD MANAGEMENT • Hazard Identification....................................................................4 • Hazard Assessment ......................................................................5 • Hazard Control .............................................................................6

WORKER EVALUATION, FIT TESTING AND TRAINING • Worker Evaluation........................................................................7 • Respirator Fit Testing...................................................................7 • Training .........................................................................................9

RESPIRATOR SELECTION............................................................................11 RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT..............................................12

• Air Purifying Respirators................................................................................... 12 • Combination Air Supply/Air Purifying respirators .......................................... 13 • Supplied Air Respirators.................................................................................... 14

CARE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND STORAGE.........................16 • Cleaning and Disinfecting ................................................................................ 16 • Inspection .......................................................................................................... 16 • Air Quality......................................................................................................... 17 • Storage............................................................................................................... 17 • Record Keeping................................................................................................. 18

PROGRAM EVALUATION............................................................................19 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................20 APPENDIX LIST........................................................................................................................ 27

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION GUIDELINE

1.0 PURPOSE: • To provide a resource to assist member companies to develop their own code of practice for respiratory

protective equipment(RPE). • To provide guidance for developing a health assessment program for users of RPE. 1.1 SCOPE: Applies to all business activities where RPE is required.

PROGRAM LAYOUT 2.0 RESPONSIBILITIES: 2.1 The employer is responsible for: • Appointing designated personnel to administer the RPE program • Compliance with applicable legislation • Hazard awareness • Selection of the appropriate RPE • Care and maintenance of RPE • Training • Facial fit testing of the respiratory protection • Health evaluation of RPE users • Program evaluation • Maintenance of records 2.2 Employees are required to: • participate in training • properly use and care for the equipment • report any health or other problems which may affect their ability to use a respirator. 2.3 Contractors are responsible for: • Developing a Code of Practice for RPE equal to or exceeding the requirements of the principal contract

or (employer). 2.4 Occupational Hygiene and Safety Personnel or Professional Consultants experienced in this equipment, shall be consulted to identify situations in which RPE is required, and advise on the selection of the appropriate type. 2.5 Occupational Health Professionals experienced in RPE usage and its effectiveness, shall be consulted to provide health assessments and surveillance as required. 3.0 INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS Companies should be aware of federal, provincial and international regulations in their specific area of operations. Additional requirements may need to be incorporated into a code of practice to comply with this legislation. See Appendix 1 for examples of provincial legislation and industry guidelines

4.0 HAZARD MANAGEMENT

4.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

In preparation for the selection of the appropriate respirator, all existing or potential respiratory hazards in the workplace must be identified by a competent person experienced in respiratory protection requirements.

Respiratory Hazards Inhalation of toxic substances is one of the most frequently encountered health hazards in the workplace. Respiratory protective devices have been designed to protect against the physiological and biological effects of specific hazardous atmospheres.

Categories of Respiratory Hazard The two main conditions that can produce an atmospheric hazard are: • the presence of harmful airborne substances; and/or • a deficiency of oxygen

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) Situations

An IDLH situation must be assumed when one or more of the following circumstances exists in the workplace, when identified during the hazard assessment; • A known substance at or above an IDLH concentration • A known toxic substance at an unknown concentration • An unknown substance • An IDLH oxygen deficiency (see appendix 10) • A confined space with an unknown atmospheric concentration • Firefighting • Significant spills of a toxic product

Note: Care must be exercised to distinguish between the toxic and explosive/flammable hazard levels used to determine an IDLH situation. Example: Benzene at 10% LEL has an atmospheric concentration of 1300 ppm . The occupational exposure limit for benzene is currently 1 ppm or less depending on the jurisdiction, therefore a worker would be significantly overexposed if the 10% LEL is used as the safe entry criteria.

Airborne Substances Airborne substances may be in the form of particulates, vapours, or gases, or any combination of these. Particulate Substances(see glossary for definitions) Size, solubility and chemical characteristics of airborne particles and the manner in which they are metabolized in the body govern the degree of toxicity of a material. • Dust • Fibres • Mist • Fume

• Smoke • Micro-organisms(eg Hantavirus) • Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the form of scale or dust

Vapours and Gases Airborne substances in gas or vapour form are classified according to their chemical characteristics. These substances are grouped into the following categories. (see glossary for definitions) • Inert gases • Acid gases • Alkaline gases • Organic compounds • Organo-metallic compounds • Mercury vapour • Radon 4.2 HAZARD ASSESSMENT Appropriate respiratory protection must be worn when determining atmospheric concentrations. The assessment is the key to selecting the correct respirator for a specific task. Only competent trained personnel should attempt to evaluate the concentrations of airborne contaminants. Users of respirators must be informed of the extent of the hazard and the appropriate respirators to be worn. The characteristics of the hazard should be assessed, including: • the physical state of the substance: gas, vapour, particulate, or a combination • vapour pressure of the material • skin absorption • warning properties of the substance: odour threshold and eye, nose, throat, lung and skin irritation • chemical reactivity of the substance • expected workplace airborne concentrations of contaminants • the nature of the hazardous operation or process • fire and explosion data • regulatory requirements:

• provincial occupational exposure limits for the contaminants. • Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration(s). • permitted oxygen concentrations prescribed by the regulatory authority.

• environmental conditions (eg. heat, cold, humidity etc.). • the physical demands of the task and the period of time for which the respiratory protection must be

worn. • the physical characteristics , functional capabilities and limitations of the various types of respirators.

4.3 HAZARD CONTROL Hazard control should start at the process equipment and plant design levels to eliminate or containment of the hazardous processes in the workplace.

Respiratory protective devices are to be used only as a last resort after all other types of control have been exhausted.

See sections 8,9 and Appendix 7 for further information on types of respirators and their selection.

5.0 WORKER EVALUATION Each employer must ensure that employees required to wear RPE are medically fit to use this equipment. Health assessments are required prior to assignment of tasks requiring RPE, and on a periodic basis (e.g. every 1-2 years). Occupational Health professionals are the best resource to judge “fitness” to use RPE. The following appendices offer guidelines and forms that can facilitate the medical assessment process. Appendix 2 Assessment of Fitness to Wear RPE Flowchart will provide guidance on the process. Appendix 3 Health Screening Questionnaire for Respirator Users will identify those requiring further assessments. Appendix 4 Medical History will assist the Occupational Health professional with the assessment. Health surveillance by Occupational Health professionals may be advisable as a further check of the effectiveness of the respiratory protection program. Health records should be maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Canadian Medical Association(CMA) or as required by local legislation. 6.0 RESPIRATOR FIT TESTING Adequate protection for the individual worker wearing tight fitting respiratory protective equipment can only be assured when there is a proper face-to-facepiece seal and the respirator is being worn and used correctly. Fit testing is performed to verify that the specific make and model of RPE tested is capable of providing an adequate seal for the individual. This also ensures the worker knows the correct size and type of respirator for their individual use ,and will be able to recognize an improper fit. Fit testing should be carried out: • Prior to first use of RPE • Whenever work conditions necessitate a change in the type of respirator worn • When significant facial changes occur(eg weight loss, facial scarring) • In accordance with legislative requirements

Respirator Fit Testing should be conducted by a competent trained person for both air purifying and air supplied respiratory equipment(airline and self contained RPE), using either the qualitative or quantitive methods. In addition, field checks of facepiece seal shall be carried out before each use of RPE. Respirator Fit Testing should be provided for all workers who may be required to use respiratory protective equipment. Workers must not enter a potentially hazardous area or wear respiratory protective equipment unless a satisfactory fit has been obtained. 6.1 Fit Tests

Fit tests for all air purifying and air supplied respirators must be carried out with the respirator operating in the negative-pressure mode. When other personal protective equipment such as eye, face, head or hearing protection is used in conjunction with respiratory protection, these should be worn during the fit testing procedure. This equipment must be compatible with the respirator and not interfere with the face-to-facepiece seal. Clean Shaven Any person using a positive pressure or negative pressure respirator must be clean shaven in the area where the facepiece seals to the skin. Reasonable efforts shall be taken to accommodate persons that cannot obtain a proper fit because of unusual facial features or skin conditions that preclude shaving. Powered Air Purifying Respirator(PAPR) protection may address certain of these requirements, but it must be recognized that this accommodation would only be considered for low hazard situations. PAPR’s are not appropriate for use in IDLH situations. Eyewear: Respirator users may use corrective eyewear, either optical prescription kits, or types that require a strap or temple bar to protrude through the face seal(e.g. Full Facepiece respirator) providing that a fit test has been carried out to verify the integrity of the face seal. In all cases the assessment must be carried out while wearing the eyewear of choice. For half-mask respirator wearers requiring eyewear, care must be taken to ensure compatibility and proper fit of both eyeglasses and respirator. Contact lenses: Contact lens users should be identified and the issues discussed during the training process. Research shows that the use of contact lens with RPE is acceptable. Head and Face Coverings (hoods, balaclavas etc.) and other Personal Protective Equipment(PPE): PPE used to protect the head, eyes, face or hearing should be compatible with the respiratory protection in use. They must not compromise the face -to-facepiece seal or performance of the respirator. Head and face coverings must not restrict vision. 6.2 Qualitative Fit Testing (QLFT) QLFT are sensory tests used to determine the quality of the face-to-facepiece seal. QLFT candidates may use either their sense of smell or taste to detect leakage of the test agent into the facepiece of the respirator. For QLFT the following test agents are available: isoamyl acetate, saccharin and irritant smoke. QLFT shall follow the protocols detailed in CSA Standard Z94.4-93. 6.3 Quantitative Fit Testing (QNFT) QNFT is a respirator fitting test that uses instrumentation and a prescribed series of exercises that will quantify the protection provided by a specific brand, model, and size of respirator. This test is not subject to the candidate’s sensory perception QNFT shall follow the protocol detailed in CSA Standard Z94.4-93. 6.4 Pre-use Inspection of Respiratory Protection Respirator users shall ensure that respirators are in proper, safe operating condition prior to each use. Inspection of the respirator shall be conducted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and procedures set out by the program administrator.

6.5 Field Check of Facepiece Seal Respirator users shall perform a field check to verify an effective seal prior to each use. The field check procedures shall be conducted as per manufacturer’s instructions or according to those shown in Appendix A of CSA Standard Z94.4-93. If a user is unable to get a proper seal, the respirator shall be checked and reset on the face or replaced with respiratory protection for which an effective seal can be obtained. 6.6 Fit Test Records Fit test records shall be maintained to ensure due diligence purposes and meet legislative requirements. A sample Fit Test Record form is presented in Appendix 6. 7.0 TRAINING Each person required to use a respirator shall be adequately trained prior to initial use and provided with refresher training as required. Training should be conducted by a qualified person. A training record shall be stored with the user fit test records and maintained for due diligence purposes and to meet legislative requirements.

7.1 Training of Respirator Users A minimum training program for every person required to wear a respirator should consist of: Instruction regarding: • the need for appropriate respiratory protection • basic human anatomy of the respiratory system • potential health effects that may result from site specific hazardous atmospheres • the operation, capabilities and limitations of the selected respirator • the limitations of respirator use in high and low temperature environments • the procedures for donning and removal, checking the fit and seals, and wearing of the respirator • cleaning and sanitizing of respirators • maintaining repairing and storing of the respirator 7.2 Training of the Supervisor In addition to the above training for respirator users, supervisor training should ensure competency in the following: • hazard assessment • recognition and resolution of respirator use problems • monitoring of respirator use 7.3 Persons Maintaining and Repairing Respirators All persons conducting maintenance or repair on respiratory protective equipment must be fully trained, certified and aware of the manufacturer’s requirements for that specific piece of equipment. High and Low Temperature Environments: Respirator users in such environments shall be trained and understand how these conditions impact the performance of their respiratory protection and their personal safety. Refer to Appendix D of CSA Standard Z94.4-93.

8.0 RESPIRATOR SELECTION: The selection of the correct type of respirator shall be based on the hazard identification assessment process. Appendix 7 contains examples of typical respirator selection and use. All respirators used by employees should be selected from among those approved by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and jointly by NIOSH and the Mines Safety and Health Administration(MSHA) when used in mining operations, or as indicated in regulations. Alternative equipment must receive approval from the applicable government agency. Particulate and chemical cartridge filter respirators shall not be used in environments Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) or in atmospheres containing less than the legislated requirements for oxygen content. Eye irritation: When working in a contaminated environment where eye irritation is identified by the hazard assessment , eye protection must be provided. Two options are available: a full facepiece respirator or a combination half facepiece respirator with sealed goggles specific to the task. Communications: Clear communication is often essential between respirator wearers both inside and outside of the hazardous area. When a speaking diaphragm is provided to facilitate communication by the respirator wearers, the user shall perform a thorough inspection to ensure that it is in proper working condition.

9.0 RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TYPES Four common types of respirator are:

• Non IDLH environments • Air purifying • Supplied Air • Combination Supplied Air/Air Purifying

• IDLH environments • Atmosphere supplying

Respirators are available in full face, half face and quarter face styles. See Appendix 9 for examples of assigned protection factors. 9.1 Air Purifying Respirators (Non IDLH) Two common styles are: • Non Powered or Passive Air Purifying. This is the most common type that uses the natural breathing process to draw air through the filter material during inhalation. • Powered Air Purifying The powered air-purifying respirator uses a powered source to operate a blower that passes air through the air-cleaning element to supply purified air to the facepiece. The blower must provide at least 4 cubic feet (115 litres) per minute (cfm) of air to a tight-fitting facepiece and at least 6 cfm (170 litres/min) to a loose-fitting helmet or hood.

Both types use a chemical cartridge/cannister, particulate filter or a combination to remove contaminants. 9.1.1 Particulate Respirators: Three levels of filter efficiency are available: 95% 97% 99.97%. Highly toxic contaminants: High efficiency filters(99.97%) must be used for all air purifying respirators for protection against highly toxic particulate matter or radionuclides. Appendix 5 Nuisance dusts: Based on the hazard assessment a disposable filter respirator may be considered necessary while handling nuisance dusts. Combination particulate and gas/vapour exposures: When protection must be provided against dusts, mists, fumes or radionuclides as well as vapour or gaseous contaminants, then an approved combination gas/vapour/dust filter must be used. 9.1.2 Chemical Cartridge Respirators Chemical cartridge respirators are available for protection against well characterized and limited concentrations of organic vapours and gases, acid gases, alkaline gases and mercury vapours.

Chemical cartridge respirators must only be used for protection against gases and vapours as specified by the manufacturers. Note: Cartridge respirators are not suitable for certain contaminants eg. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Warning properties of contaminant: Chemical cartridge respirators should not be used for protection against unknown concentrations of contaminants that cannot be easily detected by odour or irritation, or are assigned a ceiling exposure limit. See Appendix 8 for examples. In this situation the use of a supplied air respirator(SAR) is generally recommended. When SAR cannot be used because of the lack of a feasible air supply or because of the need for worker mobility, air purifying devices may be used only if a cartridge change out schedule is implemented based on: • Cartridge service data • Expected/actual concentrations • Duration of exposure • Desorption studies As filter/cartridge/cannisters absorb contaminants the breathing resistance increases which may produce a significant increase in negative pressure inside the facepiece of non-powered types and compromise the face seal/fit. 9.2 Combination Atmosphere Supplying/Air Purifying (Non-IDLH) Combination respirators are available for use in Non-IDLH atmospheres to allow escape from the area if the air supply fails. The assigned protection factor for the air purifying mode shall govern the limitations of the respirator. 9.3 Supplied Air Respirators Two types are available:

• Airline Respirators • Hose Mask respirators

Airline Respirators. Air line respirators use remotely located compressed air cylinders or compressors to provide a respirable atmosphere at a controlled flow to the user. They can protect against most airborne contaminants in concentrations which are in excess of established exposure limits. Due to circumstances which could result in the loss of respirable air, air-line respirators are not to be used alone in IDLH environments. In oxygen deficient (less than 19.5 %) or IDLH environments these respirators may only be used when accompanied by an auxiliary tank of air, which would permit escape if an equipment malfunction were to occur. Requirements and limitations of this type of respirator are:

• The maximum permitted length of hose to be used on this type of respirators is 300 feet(90 metres).

• Continuous flow types must supply 4 CFM(115 litres/min) for tight fitting facepieces and 6 CFM(170 litres/min) for facepieces/helmets/hoods/suits.

• Positive pressure styles must be constructed to maintain a positive pressure in the facepiece when a proper face seal is established. The minimum inlet pressure is 125 psig(pounds per square inch guage).

Hose Mask Respirators. Hose mask respirators use a large diameter, non collapsible, air supply hose to provide respirable air. They may be used with/or without a mechanical blower. Requirements and limitations are:

• With Blower: Maximum permitted hose length is 300 feet(90 metres). The blower must provide 4 cubic CFM(115 litres/min) to a tight fitting facepiece and 6 CFM(170 litres/min)to a loose fitting facepieces/hoods/helmets/suits.

• Without Blower: A maximum of 75 feet(23 metres) is acceptable. 9.4 Atmosphere Supplying Respirators IDLH Three common types are available:

• Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus(SABA) • Self Contained Breathing Apparatus • Escape

Positive pressure atmosphere supplying respirators currently provide the highest degree of protection. Units equipped with a demand regulator must switch to maintain a positive pressure in the facepiece when activated. Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus(SABA). SABA uses compressed air cylinders or a compressor to provide respirable air in accordance with CSA CAN3-Z180.1-M25, section 5.4 and 5.5, via a pressure reducing regulator, low pressure breathing airline and manifold network to the user. The effective range of this style is governed by the length of the airline.

Requirements and limitations are: • The airline hose must be NIOSH or CSA approved • The high pressure regulator must be capable of supplying a minimum of 7.5 CFM per user on the

low pressure manifold system. • Total maximum of 300 feet(90 metres) of low pressure airline(6.35 mm inside diameter). • Unit must have an egress bottle with a respirable volume of not less than 5 minutes. • Cylinders must be kept as warm as possible in cold environments. • Caution must be exercised when using SABA systems in low temperature environments and users

must be trained with respect to risk of regulator freeze up. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus(SCBA) SCBA uses a compressed breathing air cylinder, attached to the user harness to provide respirable air in accordance with CSA CAN3-Z180.1-M85, section 5.4 and 5.5, with a high and low pressure regulator system to provide a mobile positive pressure environment to the user. Requirements and limitations:

• Must have a respirable volume of at least 30 minutes. • Must have a functioning remaining service indicator that alarms when the air supply is reduced to

25% capacity. • The breathing air dewpoint must be considered when operating SCBA in low temperatures as the

cylinder is exposed to the environment, which may contribute to regulator freeze up. Users must be trained in regulator freeze up protocols.

SCBA are generally considered to be the best apparatus for rescue operations.

SCBA can provide respiratory protection in oxygen-deficient environments and in situations where high or unknown concentrations of toxic gases, vapour or particulates may be present. Open circuit demand or pressure-demand units, designed for routine operations, fire-fighting and industrial emergencies, can provide up to 30 minutes of breathing time, however this may be reduced significantly under conditions of extreme exertion. The standard cylinder has a pressure of 2216 lbs per square inch. Higher capacity cylinders of 4500 lbs per square inch are becoming increasingly popular to allow additional breathing time up to 1 hour, depending on the workrate. Escape Respirators: An escape respirator is only intended to allow a person working in a normally safe environment, sufficient time to travel from a suddenly-occuring respiratory hazard to a pre-determined safe location. Escape respirators must be provided for each person assigned to a hazardous area. Buddy Breathing: The practice of buddy breathing is considered to be a dangerous practice which places two or more simultaneous users at risk. This is not an approved practice.

10.0 CARE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND STORAGE Each respirator shall be properly maintained to retain its original effectiveness. An acceptable program of care and maintenance shall include: • cleaning and disinfection procedures • inspection, testing and repair procedures • storage • record keeping 10.1 Cleaning and Disinfection: Each respirator user shall be thoroughly trained in cleaning and disinfection procedures, and appropriate cleaning and disinfection materials shall be made available.(Reference CSA Z94.4-93) Each respirator should be cleaned and disinfected after use. After being cleaned and disinfected, each respirator shall be inspected to determine if it is in proper working condition, or whether it needs to be removed from service as specified by the manufacturers recommendations. 10.2 Regular and Pre-use Inspection Requirements: Respirator inspection shall include a check and documentation of: • tightness of connections • condition of component parts, e.g. facepiece, straps, helmet hood, suit, head harness, valves, connecting

tubes, harness assemblies, filters, cartridges, canisters and cylinders • end-of-service-life indicator • shelf-life dates • proper functioning of regulators, alarms, speaker diaphrams and other warning systems • SCBA cylinders filled to specified working pressures Defective or nonfunctioning respirators shall be identified and discarded or removed from service until repaired. 10.3 Inspection of Air Cylinders Cylinders shall be inspected externally and internally according to the requirements of applicable local regulations, CSA/ANSI Standards and manufacturers recommended practice. In the case of a discrepancy between manufacturers recommended practice and regulatory requirements, the most stringent standard will be adhered to. Cylinders showing obvious signs of damage shall be removed from service and inspected by a person who is registered according to the requirements of CSA standard CAN/CSA-B339 Cylinders showing only minor damage to the paintwork shall be repaired as soon as possible by sanding affected areas down to the base metal and repainting with paint that complies with the manufacturers specifications to protect the cylinder from external corrosion. This clause does not apply to fully-wrapped or hoop-wrapped cylinders. The interior of a cylinder shall be inspected at least annually when cylinders are not in current use or are in long term storage.

10.4 Air Quality Air quality in cylinders must meet the requirements of sections 5.4 and 5.5 of the CSA standard CAN3-Z180.1-M85 “Compressed Breathing Air and Systems “ or equivalent. This is a regulatory requirement in certain provinces. A low moisture content is essential in breathing air to prevent regulator freeze up. The most common freeze ups are seen when an excessive number of lines are run from a single manifold, causing higher flow rates than those specified by the manufacturers. However, the risk of freeze up exists with any equipment if the moisture content is not adequately controlled. It is important to note that testing laboratories often report the moisture content of the breathing air as the “atmospheric dewpoint”. The atmospheric dewpoint must be converted to the “pressure dewpoint” corresponding to the operating pressure of the system(eg 2216 psig). This can be done using the tables C1-C4 in CAN3-Z180.1-M85. The pressure dewpoint must be at least 5 degrees centigrade below the temperature at which the RPE is to be used. For example, work at -30 degrees centigrade requires an atmospheric dewpoint of -74 degrees centigrade. This dewpoint is only achievable with newer air compressor/filtration systems. It may be possible to retrofit older systems with additional drying stages to meet these requirements. 10.5 Storage Whenever possible cylinders should be stored in the upright position, valve up and in a secure manner. The storage of air cylinders will depend on the intended use: Regular use cylinders should be numbered or colour coded to ensure that they are all used on a rotational basis. Irregular use cylinders should be depressurized to reduce internal corrosion. These cylinders should have the air replaced on a regular basis(CSA Z94.4 93). Emergency Response cylinders must be stored at full capacity.

10.6 Record Keeping Records should include: • cylinder usage • maintenance records • cleaning and refill dates • hydrostatic testing information.

11.0 PROGRAM EVALUATION To ensure that an effective program is in place periodic evaluations should be carried out. The program evaluations shall be done in order to ensure compliance with applicable legislation. The evaluation should include but not be limited to the following: • Review of the overall program content • Review of the respirator selection process • Review of the care, maintenance and storage procedures • Worker feedback on comfort, breathing resistance etc. • Review of the training program • Health surveillance( including biological monitoring) • Record keeping

GLOSSARY Abrasive blasting respirator: A respirator designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of, impact of, and abrasion by materials used or generated in abrasive blasting. Acid gases: Gases which are acids or produce acids when in contact with moisture, ie. sulphur oxides, hydrogen chloride etc. Aerosol: Particles, solid or liquid, suspended in air. Airline Respirator(Also known as Supplied Air Respirators): A respirator where the air is supplied through an airline connected to a compressor or compressed air cylinder. Although it may be equipped with an escape bottle, the main source of breathing air is not carried by the wearer. This distinguishes it from self contained breathing apparatus. Air-Purifying respirator: A respirator in which ambient air is passed through an air-purifying filter or cartridge which removes the contaminant(s). Air is passed through the filter or cartridge by means of the breathing action of the wearer or by a blower. Alkaline gases: Gases which are alkaline or produce alkalis in reaction with moisture, ie. ammonia, amines, phosphine, etc. Approved: see Certified. Assigned Protection Factor (APF): The expected level of respiratory protection that would be provided by a properly functioning respirator or a class of respirators to properly fitted and trained users, when used in the workplace. Biological Monitoring: a measurement of the extent to which an individual has been exposed to a contaminant by analysis of exhaled air, a biological fluid(eg, urine, blood, perspiration), or a body component(eg, hair, nails). Canister/Cartridge: A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air passed through the container. Ceiling Exposure Limit: The concentration of an airborne substance that shall not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. Certified: Evaluated and listed as permissible by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), or the Bureau of Mines (BM). Competent: in relation to a worker means, adequately qualified, suitably trained and with sufficient experience, to safely perform work that is the subject matter of the relevant provision of the regulations without or with only a minimum degree of supervision. Confined Space: An enclosed space that has the following characteristics: • Its primary function is something other than human occupancy; • It has restricted entry and exit; which may include a degree of physical impediment of the body e.g., use

of the hands or contortion of the body to enter or exit from the confined space. • It may contain potential or known hazards. Examples of confined spaces include, but are are not limited to: tanks, silos, vessels, pits, sewers, pipelines,tank cars,boilers,septic tanks, utility vaults. Contaminant: A harmful, irritating, or nuisance airborne material.

Demand Respirator: An atmosphere supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation. Disposable Respirator: A respirator for which maintenance is not intended and that is designed to be discarded after excessive resistance, sorbent exhaustion, physical damage, or end-of-service-life renders it unsuitable for use. These respirators have limited applications and should only be used for protection against low toxicity contaminants. Dust: An aerosol consisting of mechanically produced solid particles derived from the breaking up of larger particles. Dusts generally have a larger particle size when compared to fumes(1-100 microns). Typical examples are: catalyst powders, grinding and polishing emissions and abrasive blasting materials. End-of-service-life Indicator (ESLI): A system that warns the user when cartridge or canister is at the end of its service life. Escape-only Respirator: A respirator intended only for use during emergency egress from a hazardous atmosphere. Exposure Limit: The maximum allowable concentration of a contaminant in the air to which an individual may be exposed. There are three types: 8 hour time-weighted averages(TWA), short-term exposure limits(STEL) averaged over 15 minute periods and ceiling limits which should never be exceeded at any time. Fibres: Particulates with a length to width ratio greater than 3 to 1. Hazardous fibres have a diameter of 3 microns or less (1 micron= 1/1000 millimetre). Typical examples are: asbestos, glass and ceramic fibres. Filter: A component in respirators used to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. Field Fit Test Check: A test conducted by the wearer to verify that the respirator is properly sealed to the face. Fit Factor: A quantitative measure of the fit of a respirator to a particular individual. Fit Test: A qualitative or quantitive measure of the fit of a respirator to the individual. Fume: Solid aerosols formed by hot processes such as welding, followed by condensation of the gas or vapour. Fumes have a much smaller particle size(0.1-1 micron) when compared to dusts. Usually associated with the melting or processing of metals.Examples; welding, burning, cutting and soldering. Gas: A substance which in its natural physical state at standard temperature and pressure conditions has neither independent shape nor volume and tends to expand indefinitely. Hazardous atmosphere: An atmosphere that contains a contaminant(s) in excess of the exposure limit, or that is oxygen deficient. Health History: A detailed account of medical conditions that may adversely affect a workers ability to wear respiratory protective equipment. High Efficiency Filter(HEPA): A filter that removes from the air 99.97% or more of the aerosols having a diameter of 0.3 um or greater. Highly Toxic Particulate: A solid or liquid particle which poses a significant health hazard, and is recognized as such by having an established occupational exposure limit. The lower the occupational exposure limit the greater the toxicity.

Hood: A respiratory inlet covering that completely covers the head and neck, and may cover portions of the shoulders. Hypoxia: A condition in which there are low oxygen levels in the blood, cells or tissues causing impairment to normal functions. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH): Any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or poses immediate irreversible debilitating effects on health. Inert Gases: Gases which do not metabolize in the body, but may produce an oxygen deficiency by displacing the air, e.g. helium, argon, neon and nitrogen. Micro-organisms: Airborne bacteria, viruses, molds and spores ie. hantavirus, legionella, mold and plant spores. Naturally Occuring Radioactive Materials(NORM) These are the radioactive decay products from radon gas which is itself a by-product of naturally occurring radium. The main decay products are lead 210 and polonium 210 which are found in sludge and scale in vessels and pipelines. Negative-pressure Respirator: A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure. Nuisance Dust: A solid particulate with a relatively low toxicity rating assigned an exposure limit of 10mg/m3 total dust or 5mg/m3 of respirable dust. Occupational Health and Safety Professional: An individual whom, by experience and education , is competent at recognizing, evaluating, and controlling health and safety hazards in the workplace. Occupational Health Professional: a physician or nurse specializing in fitness to work assessments related to the health effects of workplace contaminants. Organic vapours/gases: True gases or vapours from the evaporation of organic liquids, e.g. acetone, toluene and benzene. Organo-metallic compounds: Metal reacted with an organic compound, ie. tetra-ethyl lead, organic phosphates etc. Particulate: A particle of solid or liquid matter. Passive Respirator(non powered): This is the basic respirator type, which may be disposable or have replaceable filters. The air is drawn through the filter material via negative pressure induced by inhalation. Poor Warning Properties: A substance whose odour, taste, or irritation effects are not detectable at concentrations at or below its exposure limit. Positive pressure Respirator: A respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is normally positive with respect to ambient air pressure. Powered Air purifying respirator (PAPR): An air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the air through an air-purifying filter or cartridge to the facepiece.

Pressure demand respirator: A positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits air to the facepiece when the pressure is reduced inside the respirator by inhalation, but which does not allow the pressure to fall below atmospheric. Qualitative fit test: A fit test that relies on the subject’s sensory response to detect the challenge agent. Quantitative Fit Test: A fit test that uses an instrument to measure the challenge agent inside and outside the respirator. Respirator: A personal device designed to protect the wearer from the inhalation of hazardous atmospheres. Respiratory Inlet Covering: That portion of a respirator that connects the wearer’s respiratory tract to an air-purifying device or respirable gas source, or both. It may be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit .or mouthpiece/nose clamp. Sanitization: The disinfecting and removal of contaminants and the inhibiting of the agents that cause infection or disease. Self-contained Breathing apparatus (SCBA): An atmosphere supplying respirator in which the breathing air is carried by the wearer in a cylinder. Service Life: the period of time that a respirator provides adequate protection to the wearer. Smoke: Aerosol mixtures consisting of particulate, gases and vapours resulting from incomplete combustion. Examples: cigarette smoke, welding fume and wood burning stove emissions. Sorbent: The material that is contained in a cartridge or canister and removes specific gases and vapours from the inhaled air. Suit: Respiratory protective equipment designed to cover the entire body. This term does not include protective clothing that only provides skin protection. Supplied Air respirator: see airline respirator Time Weighted Average (TWA): The average concentration of a contaminant in air during a specific period of time, normally a full work shift. Vapour: The gaseous phase of matter that normally exists in a liquid or solid state at room temperature. Workplace Protection Factor: The level of protection provided by a respirator in actual use with due consideration given to the effectiveness of the facial seal; as well as the effectiveness of the filter(s) used and any other characteristics which may have an impact on the ratio of contaminant inside/outside the mask(Co/Ci = WPF).

J. APPENDIX LIST

1. Examples of provincial legislation

2. Assessment of Fitness to Wear Respirators Flow Chart

3. Health Screening Questionnaire

4. Health History

5. NIOSH Criteria for Respirator Selection

6. Fit Test Record

7. Respirator Selection Flow Chart

8. Chemicals with Poor Odour Warning Properties

9. Assigned Respirator Protection Factors

10. Biological Effects of Oxygen deficiency 11 CSA Oxygen deficiency Chart

APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLES OF REGULATIONS AND INDUSTRY STANDARDS PERTAINING

TO RPE Canadian Standards Association CSA Z94.4-93 "Selection , Use and Care of Respirators", CSA, CAN3-Z180.1-M85 “Compressed Breathing Air and Systems” The American Standards Institute ANSI Z88.2-1992”American National Standard for Respiratory Protection”. NIOSH\MSHA NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified under 42 CFR 84 US Department of Labor, Mines Safety and Health Administration(MSHA) Examples of Provincial Regulations : Alberta: General Safety Regulations 94-99 Saskatchewan: The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996 Sections 88, 89 and 90. British Columbia: WCB General Hazard Requirements: Part 8.1 and 8.3 Ontario: Section 130 of Industrial Establishments (0.Reg.630/94) Code for Respiratory Equipment for designated substances Reg. 507/92, 508/92, 510/92, 511/92, 512/92, 515/92, 598/94, 518/92, 521/92,

522/92. Quebec: Regulation Respecting the Quality of the Work Environment S-2.1, r.15 Regulation Respecting Industrial and Commercial Establishments Industry Standards A variety of industry standards are available. Please consult the relevant industry association(s) for industry specific standards and guidelines.

APPENDIX 2

ASSESSMENT OF FITNESS TO WEAR RPE FLOWCHART Health Screening Questionnaire Pre-placement Health Responses and\or Assessment by OH Professional NO YES Fit for RPE Use Not Fit for RPE Use Fail Fit Test Fit Testing and Training Work Restrictions

APPENDIX 3

HEALTH SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RESPIRATOR WEARERS

To ensure health and safety for yourself and others, you are requested to complete this questionnaire. If you respond “Yes” to any questions you must report to your supervisor so that you can be referred for further assessment.

Demographics of employers choice:

Please consider the following conditions in terms of being able to use respiratory protection. Have you experienced or required significant treatment, hospitilization or had to alter your activities due to medical problems?. Please read the following questions carefully. Check “Yes” or “No” for each question.

YES

NO

Do you have or have you ever had: Asthma Emphysema Epilepsy or other seizure disorders Collapsed lung Other lung problems Severe shortness of breath upon exertion Dizziness Diabetes Uncontrolled high blood pressure Irregular heart rate requiring medication Heart attack Congestive heart failure Angina Chest pain Facial shape irregularities Claustrophobia Decreased or absent sense of smell Joint problems Heat exhaustion/heat stroke Back problems Hearing impairment that interferes with communication Medication side effects Previous problems with respirator use Vision problems Other medical concerns that could cause problems with respirator use I hereby declare that the above answers are correct. I understand that misinterpretation or omission of the facts may be sufficient cause for termination of employment. I consent to such reasonable medical examinations and tests and by such persons as may be requested by the company and authorize the examiner to notify company management of work limitations ,if any, as indicated by this medical assessment. Signature: Date:

APPENDIX 4

Health History

The following guidelines are to assist Occupational Health professionals with relevant health problems with respect to the use of RPE. The assessment should include but may not be restricted to the following systems. Any of the following may require extensive investigation prior to a declaration of “fit/unfit” to use RPE. Respiratory: Significantly affecting pulmonary function eg. symptomatic obstructive or

restrictive conditions. Cardiovascular: Symptomatic coronary artery disease, significant arrhythmias, recent myocardial

infarction, uncontrolled hypertension or use of cardiovascular medications. Endocrine: eg. Diabetes will not necessarily disqualify the applicant but must be carefully

assessed. Neurological: Inability to perform coordinated movements or conditions affecting response and

consciousness.

Epilepsy should not disqualify the applicant if seizure free for one year and there are no side effects from medication.

Medications: History of excessive use, or problems related to the use of prescription and non-

prescription drugs, including alcohol that affect judgment, performance, or reliability or alter the state of awareness or consciousness.

Psychological: A history of claustrophobia may disqualify an employee, but field testing may be

considered. Musculoskeletal: Restrictions of range of motion, flexibility and strength that could impair the

ability to don and work with RPE.

APPENDIX 5

NIOSH CRITERIA FOR RESPIRATOR SELECTION NIOSH 42CFR 84 has nine classes of filters. These incorporate three levels of filter efficiency (95%, 99% and 99.97%) each with three categories of resistance (N, R and P) to filter degradation. Filter degradation is defined as a lowering of filtration efficiency (ability to remove particles) as a result of workplace exposure. “N” respirators are for general purpose use but are Not Oil Resistant. “R” respirators are oil resistant and may be used in such applications for one shift

only. “P” respirators are oil proof and may be used for more than one shift. The selection of filter efficiency (i.e. 95, 99, or 99.97%) depends on how much filter leakage can be accepted. Reference documents: • Mechanical Filter (Particulate) Respirators, 30 CFR 11 NIOSH Test Schedule TC-21C • Chemical Cartridge Respirators, 42 CFR 84 and 30 CFR NIOSH Test Schedule TC-

23C • CFR 84 NIOSH Test Schedule for non powered, air purifying, particulate-filter

respirators. • Gas Masks. NIOSH Test Schedule TC-14G

APPENDIX 6

FIT TEST RECORD

EMPLOYEE NAME: DATE OF BIRTH: COMPANY: ________________________________________________ POSITION: _________________________________________________________ RESPIRATOR MODEL: _________________________________________________________ STYLE: _______________ SIZE: _________________________ MANUFACTURER: ________________ APPROVAL #:___________ TYPE OF TEST: _________________________________________________________ TEST AGENT OR DEVICE: ________________________________

FULL FACE 1/2 FACE Excercise Fit Factor

Pass/Fail Fit Factor Pass/Fail

Normal breathing Deep breathing Head side to side Head up and down Talking Post exercise breathing

TEST DATE_____________ TEST DONE BY:_______________________________________________

APPENDIX 7

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION SELECTION CHART

IDLH ATMOSPHERE SUPPLYING RESPIRATOR Or Unknown Levels of Oxygen Deficiency POSITIVE PRESSURE MODE Toxic Contaminants <18% 0r a Toxic Self Contained Breathing Apparatus Contaminant or Airline Equipment with Escape Bottle

HAZARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLYING RESPIRATOR

Oxygen Deficiency Positive Pressure Mode or Demand Mode

NON-IDLH

Oxygen Sufficient Toxic Contaminant

Particulate Air Purifying Respirator with Combination and Particulate/Chemical Filter(capable of Gas or Vapour handling known concentrations). or Atmosphere Supplying Respirator

Air Purifying Respirator with Chemical Gas Cartridge or Cannister(capable of or handling known concentrations). Vapour or Atmosphere Supplying Respirator

Air Purifying Respirator with particulate filter. Particulate or Atmosphere Supplying Respirator

APPENDIX 8

CHEMICALS WITH POOR ODOUR WARNING PROPERTIES. Chemical cartridge respirators shall not be used for protection against unknown levels of contaminants that have poor warning properties. These contaminants include, but are not limited to the following: acrolein aniline arsine benzene boron hydrates bromine carbon dioxide carbon disulfide carbon monoxide carbonyls cyanogen dimethylanaline dimethylsulfate ethyl cyanide fluorine formaldehyde hydrogen cyanide hydrogen fluoride hydrogen selenide hydrogen sulfide *** mercury methanol methyl bromide methyl chloride methyl iodide methyl isocyanate nitro compounds nitrobenzene, nitrogen oxides nitroglycerin, nitromethane ozone perchloroethane phosgene phosphine phosphorous trichloride stibine sulfur chloride toluene diisocyanate vinyl chloride 111 trichloroethane ***Hydrogen sulfide has excellent warning properties, but rapidly fatigues the sense of smell, therefore extreme caution is necessary when using odour as a means of recognition.

APPENDIX 9

PROTECTION FACTORS Reproduced from CSA Z94.4-93

RESPIRATOR TYPE 1/4 1/2 Full Helmet Hood

Loose Fitting

Facepiece AIR-PURIFYING 5 10 100 ATMOSPHERE-

SUPPLYING: SCBA (DEMAND)

10 100

AIRLINE (DEMAND) 10 100 POWERED-AIR

PURIFYING 50 1000 1000 25

ATM. SUPPLYING AIRLINE-PRESSURE

DEMAND

50 1000

CONTINUOUS FLOW 50 1000 1000 25 NOTE: Protection factors are based on a satisfactory facial seal. Strenuous work activities and environmental conditions such as hot and cold temperatures may lower the protection factors significantly.

APPENDIX 10

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OXYGEN DEFICIENCY (HYPOXIA)

Low levels of oxygen in the blood, cells or tissues for a sufficient length of time to cause an impairment of a person to function normally is called hypoxia. Symptoms of hypoxia range from mild fatigue or headache, impaired performance and reaction time, to unconsciousness and death. See Appendix (11) for additional information.

OXYGEN-DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES

Oxygen deficiency is known to exist :

• At high altitudes. Oxygen levels of 19.5% or less are found whenever work is done at altitudes above 6500 ft (2000 metres).

• When certain gaseous substances displace oxygen in the atmosphere. Examples include nitrogen and CO2 purging.

• When oxygen reacts chemically with the tank contents or construction materials. Examples include oxidation and corrosion of metals e.g. rusting.

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) situations exist whenever the oxygen content at standard temperature and pressure falls below 14-16%. OH&S regulations usually specify 19.5% by volume(18KPa) as a concentration requiring corrective action.

APPENDIX 11 Reproduced from CSA Z94.4-93

GLOSSARY

Abrasive blasting respirator: A respirator designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of, impact of, and abrasion by materials used or generated in abrasive blasting. Acid gases: Gases which are acids or produce acids when in contact with moisture, ie. sulphur oxides, hydrogen chloride etc. Aerosol: Particles, solid or liquid, suspended in air. Airline Respirator(Also known as Supplied Air Respirators): A respirator where the air is supplied through an airline connected to a compressor or compressed air cylinder. Although it may be equipped with an escape bottle, the main source of breathing air is not carried by the wearer. This distinguishes it from self contained breathing apparatus. Air-Purifying respirator: A respirator in which ambient air is passed through an air-purifying filter or cartridge which removes the contaminant(s). Air is passed through the filter or cartridge by means of the breathing action of the wearer or by a blower. Alkaline gases: Gases which are alkaline or produce alkalis in reaction with moisture, ie. ammonia, amines, phosphine, etc. Approved: see Certified. Assigned Protection Factor (APF): The expected level of respiratory protection that would be provided by a properly functioning respirator or a class of respirators to properly fitted and trained users, when used in the workplace. Biological Monitoring: a measurement of the extent to which an individual has been exposed to a contaminant by analysis of exhaled air, a biological fluid(eg, urine, blood, perspiration), or a body component(eg, hair, nails). Canister/Cartridge: A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air passed through the container. Ceiling Exposure Limit: The concentration of an airborne substance that shall not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. Certified: Evaluated and listed as permissible by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), or the Bureau of Mines (BM). Competent: in relation to a worker means, adequately qualified, suitably trained and with sufficient experience, to safely perform work that is the subject matter of the relevant provision of the regulations without or with only a minimum degree of supervision. Confined Space: An enclosed space that has the following characteristics: • Its primary function is something other than human occupancy; • It has restricted entry and exit; which may include a degree of physical impediment of the body e.g., use

of the hands or contortion of the body to enter or exit from the confined space. • It may contain potential or known hazards. Examples of confined spaces include, but are are not limited to: tanks, silos, vessels, pits, sewers, pipelines,tank cars,boilers,septic tanks, utility vaults. Contaminant: A harmful, irritating, or nuisance airborne material.

Demand Respirator: An atmosphere supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation. Disposable Respirator: A respirator for which maintenance is not intended and that is designed to be discarded after excessive resistance, sorbent exhaustion, physical damage, or end-of-service-life renders it unsuitable for use. These respirators have limited applications and should only be used for protection against low toxicity contaminants. Dust: An aerosol consisting of mechanically produced solid particles derived from the breaking up of larger particles. Dusts generally have a larger particle size when compared to fumes(1-100 microns). Typical examples are: catalyst powders, grinding and polishing emissions and abrasive blasting materials. End-of-service-life Indicator (ESLI): A system that warns the user when cartridge or canister is at the end of its service life. Escape-only Respirator: A respirator intended only for use during emergency egress from a hazardous atmosphere. Exposure Limit: The maximum allowable concentration of a contaminant in the air to which an individual may be exposed. There are three types: 8 hour time-weighted averages(TWA), short-term exposure limits(STEL) averaged over 15 minute periods and ceiling limits which should never be exceeded at any time. Fibres: Particulates with a length to width ratio greater than 3 to 1. Hazardous fibres have a diameter of 3 microns or less (1 micron= 1/1000 millimetre). Typical examples are: asbestos, glass and ceramic fibres. Filter: A component in respirators used to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. Field Fit Test Check: A test conducted by the wearer to verify that the respirator is properly sealed to the face. Fit Factor: A quantitative measure of the fit of a respirator to a particular individual. Fit Test: A qualitative or quantitive measure of the fit of a respirator to the individual. Fume: Solid aerosols formed by hot processes such as welding, followed by condensation of the gas or vapour. Fumes have a much smaller particle size(0.1-1 micron) when compared to dusts. Usually associated with the melting or processing of metals.Examples; welding, burning, cutting and soldering. Gas: A substance which in its natural physical state at standard temperature and pressure conditions has neither independent shape nor volume and tends to expand indefinitely. Hazardous atmosphere: An atmosphere that contains a contaminant(s) in excess of the exposure limit, or that is oxygen deficient. Health History: A detailed account of medical conditions that may adversely affect a workers ability to wear respiratory protective equipment. High Efficiency Filter(HEPA): A filter that removes from the air 99.97% or more of the aerosols having a diameter of 0.3 um or greater.

Highly Toxic Particulate: A solid or liquid particle which poses a significant health hazard, and is recognized as such by having an established occupational exposure limit. The lower the occupational exposure limit the greater the toxicity. Hood: A respiratory inlet covering that completely covers the head and neck, and may cover portions of the shoulders. Hypoxia: A condition in which there are low oxygen levels in the blood, cells or tissues causing impairment to normal functions. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH): Any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or poses immediate irreversible debilitating effects on health. Inert Gases: Gases which do not metabolize in the body, but may produce an oxygen deficiency by displacing the air, e.g. helium, argon, neon and nitrogen. Micro-organisms: Airborne bacteria, viruses, molds and spores ie. hantavirus, legionella, mold and plant spores. Naturally Occuring Radioactive Materials(NORM) These are the radioactive decay products from radon gas which is itself a by-product of naturally occurring radium. The main decay products are lead 210 and polonium 210 which are found in sludge and scale in vessels and pipelines. Negative-pressure Respirator: A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure. Nuisance Dust: A solid particulate with a relatively low toxicity rating assigned an exposure limit of 10mg/m3 total dust or 5mg/m3 of respirable dust. Occupational Health and Safety Professional: An individual whom, by experience and education , is competent at recognizing, evaluating, and controlling health and safety hazards in the workplace. Occupational Health Professional: a physician or nurse specializing in fitness to work assessments related to the health effects of workplace contaminants. Organic vapours/gases: True gases or vapours from the evaporation of organic liquids, e.g. acetone, toluene and benzene. Organo-metallic compounds: Metal reacted with an organic compound, ie. tetra-ethyl lead, organic phosphates etc. Particulate: A particle of solid or liquid matter. Passive Respirator(non powered): This is the basic respirator type, which may be disposable or have replaceable filters. The air is drawn through the filter material via negative pressure induced by inhalation. Poor Warning Properties: A substance whose odour, taste, or irritation effects are not detectable at concentrations at or below its exposure limit. Positive pressure Respirator: A respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is normally positive with respect to ambient air pressure. Powered Air purifying respirator (PAPR): An air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the air through an air-purifying filter or cartridge to the facepiece.

Pressure demand respirator: A positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits air to the facepiece when the pressure is reduced inside the respirator by inhalation, but which does not allow the pressure to fall below atmospheric. Qualitative fit test: A fit test that relies on the subject’s sensory response to detect the challenge agent. Quantitative Fit Test: A fit test that uses an instrument to measure the challenge agent inside and outside the respirator. Respirator: A personal device designed to protect the wearer from the inhalation of hazardous atmospheres. Respiratory Inlet Covering: That portion of a respirator that connects the wearer’s respiratory tract to an air-purifying device or respirable gas source, or both. It may be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit .or mouthpiece/nose clamp. Sanitization: The disinfecting and removal of contaminants and the inhibiting of the agents that cause infection or disease. Self-contained Breathing apparatus (SCBA): An atmosphere supplying respirator in which the breathing air is carried by the wearer in a cylinder. Service Life: the period of time that a respirator provides adequate protection to the wearer. Smoke: Aerosol mixtures consisting of particulate, gases and vapours resulting from incomplete combustion. Examples: cigarette smoke, welding fume and wood burning stove emissions. Sorbent: The material that is contained in a cartridge or canister and removes specific gases and vapours from the inhaled air. Suit: Respiratory protective equipment designed to cover the entire body. This term does not include protective clothing that only provides skin protection. Supplied Air respirator: see airline respirator Time Weighted Average (TWA): The average concentration of a contaminant in air during a specific period of time, normally a full work shift. Vapour: The gaseous phase of matter that normally exists in a liquid or solid state at room temperature. Workplace Protection Factor: The level of protection provided by a respirator in actual use with due consideration given to the effectiveness of the facial seal; as well as the effectiveness of the filter(s) used and any other characteristics which may have an impact on the ratio of contaminant inside/outside the mask(Co/Ci = WPF).