RESPIRATION (RESPIRASI)

Subtopic (Subtopik) :

1. The respiratory process in energy production (Proses respirasi dalam penghasilan tenaga)

2. The respiratory structure and breathing mechanisms in humans and animals (Struktur respirasi dan mekanisme pernafasan dalam manusia dan haiwan)

Do you know that your body is like a rechargeable battery?

This is because when your body weak (uncharged battery), you need to eat (recharge battery) to

get energy.

In this section, (Dalam bahagian ini) :

1. What is respiration? (Apakah respirasi ?)

2. What is the main substrate that involved in energy production? (Apakah substrat utama yang terlibat dalam penghasilan tenaga)

3. What is ATP? Why is it important? (Apakah ATP? Mengapa ATP penting?)

4. What are Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration? (Apakah respirasi aerob dan anaerob?)

1. The respiratory process in energy production (Proses respirasi dalam penghasilan tenaga)

The respiratory process in energy process

(Proses respirasi dalam penghasilan tenaga)

What is respiration? (Apakah respirasi ?)

RESPIRATION (Respirasi)

is (ialah)

Proses obtaining (Proses pemerolehan) O2

and (dan)

O2

Delivers to(diangkut ke)

CO2

and (dan)

Remove from(disingkirkan dari)

RESPIRATION (Respirasi) occur in 2 stage (berlaku dalam 2 peringkat)

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION(Respirasi luar)

between (antara)

INTERNAL RESPIRATION/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION(Respirasi luar)

Process exchange of gases (Proses pertukaran gas)

respiratory surface of organism (Permukaan respirasi

organisma)

with (dengan)

Its environment continuously (persekitarannya secara

berterusan)

Process oxidation & breakdown of glucose (Proses pengoksidaan dan

penguraian glukosa)

for (untuk)

produce energy (menghasilkan tenaga)

External respiration (Respirasil luar)

Respiratory surface - SKIN

O2

CO2

environment

Lead to

Internal respiration / Cellular respiration

( Respirasi dalam /

Respirasi sel)

O2 + GLUCOSE (get from food)

To produce energy used for cell activities

Is energy required for the following processes?

Muscle contraction for movement?

Active transport of substances?

Digestion of food?

Impulses transmission for response?

Cell division for growth?

Keep body at constant temperature?

Excretion of waste products?

Meiosis for reproduction?

Mitosis for cell division?

Synthesis of proteins, hormones, lipids & enzymes?

Inhalation & exhalation for breathing?

All organisms require ENERGY to carry out all living processes!!!

Aerobic respiration(Respirasi aerob)

MAIN SUBSTRATE

SUBSTRAT UTAMA

Cellular respiration (Respirasi sel)

Aerobic respiration(Respirasi aerob)

Glucose Carbon dioxide ENERGY

WHAT NEED YOU KNOW ?

sfat Oxidation of glucose(Pengoksidaan

glukosa)

Adenosine triphosphate(Adenosina trifosfat)

Phosphate bond which can easily broken(Ikatan fosfat yang boleh diputuskan dengan

mudah)

P

ATP in Action

A P P P ProcessI NEED ENERGY PLEASE!

Woohoo! I’m Energized!

ATP, the energy “currency” of the cell

ADP

P

WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT,

Oxidation of glucose

Uses of energy

Syntesis of ATP

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION(Respirasi anaerob)

LETS WE TAKE A LOOK WHAT HAPPEN WITH MUSCLE CELL AFTER PROLONGED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (Mari kita lihat apa yang berlaku kepada sel otot selepas aktiviti kecergasan)

Anaerobic respiration(Respirasi anaerob)

What is anaerobic respiration? (Apakah respirasi anaerob)

Process of oxidation of glucose to produce energy in the absance of

oxygen.(Proses pengoksidaan glukosa untuk

menghasilkan tenaga dalam ketiadaan oksigen)

Rate of respiration increase

(Kadar pernafasan meningkat)

Rate of heartbeat increase

(Kadar denyutan jantung meningkat)

38 ATP

2 ATP

Without using oxygen

Ethanol Carbon dioxide

ENERGY

The respiratory structure and breathing mechanisms in humans and animals

(Struktur respirasi dan mekanisme pernafasan dalam manusia dan haiwan)

2. The respiratory structure and breathing mechanisms in humans and animals (Struktur respirasi dan mekanisme pernafasan dalam manusia dan haiwan)

In this section, (Dalam bahagian ini) :

1. What is respiratory structure? (Apakah struktur respirasi ?)

2. What is the relationship between surface area per volume ratio of organism with their gas exchange? (Apakah perkaitan antara luas permukaan per isipadu dengan proses pertukaran gas)

3. What are respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of insects, amphibian, fish and human? (Apakah struktur respirasi dan mekanisma pernafasan dalam serangga, amfibia, ikan dan manusia)

What is gaseous exchange process? Where exchanges of respiratory gases occur? (Apakah proses pertukaran gas? Di manakah

pertukaran gas respirasi berlaku)

In respiratory surface (Dalam struktur respirasi)

Diffusion (Resapan)

Thin surface layer of

respiratory structure

Large surface area for

respiratory structure

Entire plasma membrane (Seluruh membran plasma)

Large surface area compared to

volume of their body

Moist plasma membrane

( Membran plasma yang lembap)

Surface area available for gaseous exchange per unit volume of organisms.

Before we learnt about surface area per volume ratio, lets we know what is

surface area per volume ratio.

Relationship between surface area per volume (SA /V) ratio of organisms with their gas exchange process (Perkaitan antara luas permukaan per isipadu dengan proses pertukaran gas)

large

besar

Small organisms have large surface area

available for gaseous exchange per unit

volume of organisms.

Large organisms have small surface area available for gaseous exchange per unit volume of

organisms.

ACTIVITY 3

Small cube represent small organisms. Given that X = 1 cm. (Kiub kecil mewakili organisma kecil. Diberi X = 1 cm)

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE AND BREATHING MECHANISM OF INSECTS

(Sistem dan struktur respirasi serangga)

Tracheae (Trakea)

Finer tube, tracheoles

(Cabang halus trakeol)

WHAT ARE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE IN INSECTS ?

(Apakah struktur respirasi bagi serangga)

WHAT IS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN INSECT? (Apakah sistem respirasi bagi

serangga)

TRACHEAL SYSTEM

1. SPIRACLE

2. TRACHEAE3. TRACHEOLES

Characteristics of tracheoles ( Ciri – ciri trakeol)

Finer tube, tracheoles

(Cabang halus trakeol)

Thin wall, permeable, moist and contains

fluid

BREATHING MECHANISM OF INSECTS

Spiracle valve open ( Injap spirakel terbuka)

Abdominal muscle contract

(Otot abdomen mengecut)

Volume of abdomen decrease (Isipadu abdomen berkurang)

MUSCLE RELAX (OTOT MENGENDUR)

MUSCLE CONTRACT(OTOT MENGECUT)

1. SPIRACLE OPEN

2. VOLUME

3. PRESSURE INSIDE

4. PRESSURE OUTSIDE

1. SPIRACLE CLOSE 2. VOLUME

3. PRESSURE INSIDE 4. PRESSURE

OUTSIDE

Water carry high amount of OXYGEN

Blood carry high amount of carbon

dioxide

Mouth

Buccal cavity

Operculum

Volume and pressure

Gas exchange for frog occurs at (Pertukaran gas bagi katak berlaku di)

Gas exchange for frog occurs at (Pertukaran gas bagi katak berlaku di)

FIRST STAGE (PERINGKAT PERTAMA)

SECOND STAGE (PERINGKAT KEDUA)

THIRD STAGE (PERINGKAT KETIGA)

HUMAN RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE

LUNGS (Peparu)

Mouth cavity (Rongga mulut)

Trachea (Trakea)

Bronchiole (Bronkiol)

Intercostal muscle (Otot

interkosta

Diaphragm(Diafragma)

Location of external

intercostal muscles and

internal intercostal

muscle

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALVEOLI

Numerous of alveoli

(Alveoli yang banyak)

Moist epithelial cell of alveoli

(Cell epithelial alveoli yang lembap)

HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM

Rib cage move

upwards and outwards.

Diaphragm contracts and

flatten. (Diafragma

mengecut dan meleper)

HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM

External intercostal muscle

relax, internal intercostal muscle

contract.

Volume of thoracic cavity

decrease and pressure increase.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WITH THOSE OTHER ORGANISMS

Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human

Habitat Water Dry land Water Water and dry land

Dry land

Respiratory system/ structure

Entire plasma membrane

Tracheal system

Gill Skin and lungs

Lungs

Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human

High SA/V ratio achieved by….

Large surface area compares to volume

Extensive network of tracheoles

Have gill filament and numerous gill lamella

Moist, thin and highly permeable skin.

Numerous alveoli for efficient gas exchange.

Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human

Respiratory surface ( for gaseous exchange)

Entire thin and moist plasma membrane

Thin tracheoles with fluid at the ends.

Gill filaments and gill lamella

Thin and moist skin and lungs

Numerous alveoli

Respiratory mechanisms

None Abdominal muscles compress and relax to ventilate the tracheal system.

Movement of buccal cavity and operculum

Inhalation and exhalation

Inhalation and exhalation

Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human

Passage of respiratory gases

Water

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Spiracle

Tracheae

Tracheoles

Body cell

Mouth

Buccal cavity

Gill filament

Lamella

Operculum

Nostril

Mouth cavity

Glottis

Lungs

Nostril

Nasal cavity

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchioles

Alveolus

THE END~ THANK YOU FOR YOUR

COOPERATION ~