Resources Quick Reference Chart for Determining...
Transcript of Resources Quick Reference Chart for Determining...
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-1
For i
nfor
mat
ion
on th
e ap
plic
abili
ty o
f the
se c
onse
quen
ces
to a
spe
cific
cat
egor
y of i
mm
igra
nts,
see
Cha
pter
3.
For d
etai
led
info
rmat
ion
on th
e fo
llowi
ng, s
ee a
pplic
able
sec
tions
: •
Aggr
avat
ed F
elon
y (A
F) d
epor
tabi
lity,
see
Appe
ndix
G, §
1 (
for
AF p
ract
ice
aids
and
sam
ple
case
law
dete
rmin
atio
ns, s
ee a
lso
Appe
ndix
C)•
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(CIM
T) d
epor
tabi
lity,
see
Appe
ndix
G, §
2, a
nd in
adm
issi
bilit
y, se
e Ap
pend
ix H,
§ 2
and
in b
oth
cont
exts
, see
Not
e on
CIM
T Of
fens
es, p
age
A-2
of th
is A
ppen
dix (
for C
IMT
sam
ple
case
law
dete
rmin
atio
ns, s
ee a
lso
Appe
ndix
D).
• Co
ntro
lled
Subs
tanc
e Of
fens
e (C
SO) d
epor
tabi
lity,
see
Appe
ndix
G, §
3, a
nd in
adm
issi
bilit
y, se
e Ap
pend
ix H,
§ 1
•
Crim
e Ag
ains
t Chi
ldre
n (C
AC) d
epor
tabi
lity,
see
Appe
ndix
G, §
5
• Cr
ime
Of D
omes
tic V
iole
nce
(COD
V) a
nd S
talk
ing
and
Viol
atio
n of
Pro
tect
ion
Orde
r dep
orta
bilit
y, se
e Ap
pend
ix G,
§ 5
•
Fire
arm
Offe
nse
(FO)
dep
orta
bilit
y, se
e Ap
pend
ix G,
§ 4
•
Pros
titut
ion
and
com
mer
cial
ized
vice
inad
mis
sibi
lity,
see
Appe
ndix
H, §
4
Quic
k Re
fere
nce
Char
t fo
r De
term
inin
g Im
mig
rati
on
Cons
eque
nces
of
Com
mon
New
Yor
k Of
fens
esAP
PEND
IX
A
NOTE
! Thi
s ch
art p
rovi
des
an o
verv
iew
of th
e po
tent
ial i
mm
igra
tion
cons
eque
nces
of s
elec
t New
Yor
k St
ate
offe
nses
. Its
mai
n pu
rpos
e is
to w
arn
crim
inal
def
ense
atto
rney
s of
risk
y of
fens
es, s
o th
at th
ey m
ay a
dvis
e on
and
min
imize
imm
igra
tion
risks
to th
eir c
lient
s. T
he a
sses
smen
ts o
f wh
ethe
r a c
onvi
ctio
n wi
ll or
mig
ht tr
igge
r a p
artic
ular
imm
igra
tion
prov
isio
n ar
e th
eref
ore
cons
erva
tive—
they
tend
to e
rr on
the
side
of s
tatin
g th
at
an o
ffens
e wo
uld
fall
with
in a
par
ticul
ar c
ateg
ory (
for e
xam
ple,
agg
rava
ted
felo
ny).
Imm
igra
tion
prac
titio
ners
are
adv
ised
to c
ontin
ue c
halle
ngin
g de
sign
atio
ns o
f man
y of
fens
es a
s ag
grav
ated
felo
nies
, crim
es in
volv
ing
mor
al tu
rpitu
de, e
tc.,
even
if th
e ch
art l
ists
them
as
“pro
babl
y” o
r eve
n “d
efini
tely”
falli
ng in
to th
ose
cate
gorie
s.
This
cha
rt in
clud
es s
ome
stra
tegi
es a
nd ti
ps fo
r crim
inal
def
ense
atto
rney
s to
avo
id c
erta
in g
roun
ds o
f dep
orta
bilit
y and
inad
mis
sibi
lity,
but t
hese
st
rate
gies
and
tips
are
by n
o m
eans
exh
aust
ive. F
or a
dditi
onal
stra
tegi
es, s
ee C
hapt
er 5
.
This
res
ourc
e wa
s pu
blis
hed
in J
anua
ry 2
011
and
has
not b
een
upda
ted
sinc
e th
at ti
me.
Fed
eral
cou
rt an
d/or
age
ncy
deci
sion
s m
ay h
ave
rend
ered
som
e po
rtion
s in
corre
ct o
r inc
ompl
ete.
Thi
s ap
pend
ix is
offe
red
as a
sta
rting
poi
nt fo
r eva
luat
ion
of th
e im
mig
ratio
n co
nseq
uenc
es
of th
e lis
ted
crim
inal
offe
nses
and
not
as
a su
bstit
ute
for i
ndep
ende
nt le
gal r
esea
rch
in a
spe
cific
cas
e. P
leas
e se
e th
e Re
sour
ces,
New
s an
d Ev
ents
, and
Liti
gatio
n se
ctio
ns o
f our
web
site
(www
.imm
igra
ntde
fens
epro
ject
.org
) for
info
rmat
ion
on th
e m
ost r
ecen
t dev
elop
men
ts in
crim
inal
-im
mig
ratio
n la
w, a
nd c
onsu
lt th
e ID
P Ho
tline
at 2
12-7
25-6
422
for c
ase-
spec
ific
advi
ce.
A-2IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-3
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
NO
TE O
N C
IMT
OFF
ENSE
S
Nonc
itize
ns m
ay b
e de
porta
ble
or in
adm
issi
ble
upon
con
victio
n of
one
or
mor
e “c
rimes
invo
lving
mor
al t
urpi
tude
” (“
CIM
Ts”)
dep
endi
ng o
n th
eir
indi
vidua
l ci
rcum
stan
ces.
(See
gen
eral
ly Ch
apte
r 3 o
f thi
s M
anua
l). I
n M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I. &
N. D
ec. 6
87 (A
.G. 2
008)
, for
mer
Atto
rney
Gen
eral
Muk
asey
alte
red
the
met
hod
imm
igra
tion
auth
oriti
es m
ust u
se to
det
erm
ine
whet
her a
give
n st
ate
offe
nse
qual
ifies
as
a CI
MT.
Whi
le v
irtua
lly e
very
cou
rt ha
d pr
evio
usly
held
that
the
inqu
iry w
as “
cate
goric
al,”
focu
sing
onl
y on
the
min
imum
con
duct
requ
ired
to o
ffend
the
elem
ents
of t
he s
tatu
te a
nd ig
norin
g th
e pa
rticu
lar f
acts
und
erlyi
ng th
e de
fend
ant’s
con
victio
n, S
ilva-
Trev
ino
now
perm
its im
mig
ratio
n ju
dges
in c
erta
in c
ases
to e
xam
ine
evid
ence
out
side
the
reco
rd o
f con
victio
n, in
clud
ing
item
s su
ch
as p
olic
e re
ports
or e
ven
the
defe
ndan
t’s o
wn te
stim
ony,
to a
sses
s wh
ethe
r the
con
duct
und
erlyi
ng a
con
victio
n in
volve
d m
oral
turp
itude
.
In s
ome
case
s, S
ilva-
Trev
ino
may
mak
e it
mor
e di
fficu
lt to
pre
dict
whe
ther
a g
iven
crim
inal
offe
nse
will
late
r be
cons
ider
ed a
CIM
T, be
caus
e th
at a
nalys
is m
ay
turn
on
the
fact
s of
a p
artic
ular
cas
e, a
nd a
ple
a to
a s
tatu
te th
e el
emen
ts o
f whi
ch d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
cons
titut
e a
CIM
T m
ay n
o lo
nger
affo
rd p
rote
ctio
n ag
ains
t de
porta
bilit
y.
As o
f thi
s wr
iting
, the
met
hodo
logy
cre
ated
by S
ilva-
Trev
ino
has
been
reje
cted
by fi
ve fe
dera
l circ
uit c
ourts
of a
ppea
ls (t
he T
hird
, Fou
rth, F
ifth,
Nin
th a
nd E
leve
nth)
an
d af
firm
ed b
y tw
o (th
e Se
vent
h an
d Ei
ghth
). B
ecau
se it
s va
lidity
rem
ains
unc
erta
in, a
nd b
ecau
se it
is g
ener
ally
impo
ssib
le to
pre
dict
whe
re a
non
-citi
zen
conv
icte
d in
New
Yor
k m
ay e
vent
ually
be
subj
ecte
d to
adv
erse
imm
igra
tion
cons
eque
nces
, as
deta
iled
for p
artic
ular
offe
nses
in th
is A
ppen
dix,
def
ense
cou
nsel
sh
ould
con
serv
ativ
ely
assu
me
that
imm
igra
tion
auth
oriti
es m
ight
be
allo
wed
to c
onsi
der e
vide
nce
outs
ide
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
to d
eter
min
e th
e fa
cts
and
circ
umst
ance
s un
derly
ing
a gi
ven
conv
ictio
n an
d sh
ould
adv
ise
clie
nts
acco
rdin
gly.
• Af
ter S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
the
inqu
iry a
s to
som
e st
atut
es —
thos
e wh
ich
alwa
ys o
r nev
er in
volve
mor
al tu
rpitu
de —
rem
ains
pur
ely c
ateg
oric
al.
Whe
re th
e en
try
in
the
“CIM
T” c
olum
n of
this
App
endi
x st
ates
“Yes
” or “
No,”
it is
reas
onab
ly s
afe
to a
ssum
e th
at im
mig
ratio
n au
thor
ities
may
not
con
side
r the
par
ticul
ar
fact
s un
derly
ing
the
conv
ictio
n. W
here
the
entr
y st
ates
“May
be,”
“Pro
babl
y,” o
r “Pr
obab
ly N
OT” b
ut d
oes
not r
efer
the
read
er to
this
Not
e, th
e an
alys
is
is li
kely
to b
e ca
tego
rical
(tha
t is,
bas
ed o
nly
on th
e el
emen
ts o
f the
sta
tute
), bu
t IDP
can
not p
redi
ct w
ith c
erta
inty
wha
t the
resu
lt of
the
cate
goric
al
anal
ysis
will
be.
• W
here
exis
ting
CIM
T cas
elaw
mak
es cl
ear t
hat a
stat
ute
puni
shes
som
e of
fens
es th
at a
re C
IMTs
and
oth
ers t
hat a
re n
ot, it
is p
ossi
ble
that
the
parti
cula
r fac
ts
unde
rlyin
g th
e co
nvic
tion
will
be c
onsi
dere
d. F
or e
xam
ple,
it is
gen
eral
ly ag
reed
that
thef
t offe
nses
invo
lving
an
inte
nt to
per
man
ently
dep
rive
the
owne
r of
prop
erty
are
CIM
Ts w
hile
thos
e th
at p
unis
h an
inte
nt to
tem
pora
rily d
epriv
e ar
e no
t. In
the
case
of a
def
enda
nt w
ho p
lead
s gu
ilty t
o a
stat
ute
that
pun
ishe
s bo
th te
mpo
rary
and
per
man
ent t
akin
gs, a
utho
ritie
s m
ight
late
r con
sult
a po
lice
repo
rt, a
gra
tuito
us s
tate
men
t of f
acts
in a
ple
a co
lloqu
y, or
oth
er e
viden
ce
to d
eter
min
e wh
ich
form
of i
nten
t the
def
enda
nt w
as c
onvic
ted
of h
avin
g. W
here
the
entr
y in
the
“CIM
T” c
olum
n re
fers
to th
is N
ote,
imm
igra
tion
auth
ori-
ties
mig
ht c
onsi
der t
he p
artic
ular
fact
s un
derly
ing
the
conv
ictio
n in
juris
dict
ions
that
follo
w S
ilva-
Trev
ino.
For
thos
e st
atut
es, t
he ri
ght-h
and
“Com
men
ts,
Stra
tegi
es &
Tip
s” c
olum
n wi
ll su
gges
t som
e wa
ys th
at d
efen
se c
ouns
el c
an re
duce
the
risk
of c
onvic
tion
of a
CIM
T by
con
trove
rting
or a
void
ing
the
crea
tion
of p
oten
tially
har
mfu
l evid
ence
. •
Silva
-Trev
ino
mak
es it
nec
essa
ry to
pro
ceed
with
caut
ion
in th
e CI
MT
cont
ext.
Whe
re a
n en
try in
this
app
endi
x con
tain
s a re
fere
nce
to th
is N
ote,
it is
stro
ngly
re
com
men
ded
that
crim
inal
pra
ctiti
oner
s co
nsul
t App
endi
x L,
“Rec
ent D
evel
opm
ents
in th
e Ca
tego
rical
App
roac
h: T
ips
for C
rimin
al D
efen
se L
awye
rs
Repr
esen
ting
Imm
igra
nt C
lient
s.”
The
Adv
isor
y co
ntai
ns a
mor
e de
taile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, s
teps
that
def
ense
cou
nsel
can
take
to c
orre
ctly
advis
e an
d pr
otec
t the
ir cl
ient
s, a
nd ti
ps fo
r pro
tect
ing
clie
nts
char
ged
with
com
mon
cat
egor
ies
of o
ffens
es th
at c
arry
a C
IMT
risk.
Pra
ctiti
oner
s sh
ould
als
o ch
eck
the
“Pra
ctic
e Ad
visor
ies”
pag
e an
d th
e “C
rimes
Invo
lving
Mor
al Tu
rpitu
de” t
ab o
f the
“Liti
gatio
n” p
age
of ID
P’s w
ebsi
te, w
ww.im
mde
fens
e.or
g, fo
r mor
e re
cent
upd
ates
.
A-2IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-3
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
NEW
YO
RK
PEN
AL
LAW
OFF
ENSE
S(F
or N
ew Y
ork
Vehi
cle
and
Traf
fic L
aw o
ffens
es, s
ee th
e ch
art b
egin
ning
on
page
A-8
9)
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
so
licita
tion
100.
00-
100.
13
Mig
ht b
e A
F if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
A
F.
Pro
babl
y if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
CIM
T.
Pro
babl
y C
SO
, etc
., if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
CS
O,
etc.
, but
ther
e is
som
e ca
se
law
sup
porti
ng a
con
trary
ar
gum
ent (
see
App
. E).
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
SO
, con
side
r alte
rnat
e pl
ea to
crim
inal
faci
litat
ion
(see
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8, b
elow
).
Con
spira
cy
105.
00-
105.
17
A co
nspi
racy
to c
omm
it A
F al
so is
AF.
A
cons
pira
cy to
co
mm
it C
IMT
prob
ably
is C
IMT
for d
epor
tabi
lity
purp
oses
and
tri
gger
s C
IMT
inad
mis
sibi
lity.
Is C
SO
or F
O if
und
erly
ing
offe
nse
is C
SO
or F
O.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
CIM
T, p
lead
to a
co
nspi
racy
to c
omm
it a
crim
e th
at re
quire
s a
men
s re
a of
reck
less
ness
or
less
. C
f. G
ill v
. IN
S, 4
20 F
.3d
82 (2
d C
ir. 2
005)
(bec
ause
a p
erso
n ca
nnot
inte
nd to
com
mit
a re
ckle
ss a
ct, a
n at
tem
pted
reck
less
ass
ault
coul
d no
t con
stitu
te C
IMT
even
thou
gh th
e co
mpl
eted
crim
e its
elf i
s C
IMT)
; Kna
pik
v. A
shcr
oft,
384
F.3d
84
(3d
Cir.
200
4) (s
ame
with
at-
tem
pted
reck
less
end
ange
rmen
t, 1s
t deg
ree)
. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee D
ale
v. H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94,
302
(5th
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.
Atte
mpt
11
0.00
A
n at
tem
pt to
com
mit
AF
also
is A
F.
An
atte
mpt
to
com
mit
CIM
T pr
obab
ly is
CIM
T fo
r dep
orta
bilit
y pu
rpos
es a
nd
trigg
ers
CIM
T in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Is C
SO
or F
O if
und
erly
ing
offe
nse
is C
SO
or F
O.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
CIM
T, p
lead
to a
n at
tem
pt to
com
mit
a cr
ime
that
requ
ires
a m
ens
rea
of re
ckle
ssne
ss o
r le
ss.
See
Gill
v. I
NS
, 420
F.3
d 82
(2d
Cir.
200
5) (b
ecau
se a
per
son
can-
not i
nten
d to
com
mit
a re
ckle
ss a
ct, a
n at
tem
pted
reck
less
ass
ault
coul
d no
t con
stitu
te C
IMT
even
thou
gh th
e co
mpl
eted
crim
e its
elf i
s C
IMT)
; K
napi
k v
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(sam
e w
ith a
ttem
pted
re
ckle
ss e
ndan
germ
ent,
1st d
egre
e).
New
Yor
k co
urts
per
mit
such
“h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee D
ale
v. H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94, 3
02 (5
th
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.C
rimin
al
faci
litat
ion
115.
00-
115.
08
Mig
ht b
e A
F if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
AF.
Pro
babl
y if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
CIM
T.
Mig
ht b
e C
SO
, etc
., if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
CS
O,
etc.
, but
ther
e is
som
e ca
se
law
sup
porti
ng a
con
trary
ar
gum
ent (
see
App
. E).
A-4IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-5
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Ass
ault,
3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
120.
00
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
sub
sect
ions
(1
) and
(2) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns
outs
ide
2d C
ircui
t.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s C
IMT;
su
bsec
tion
(2)
is p
roba
bly
NO
T C
IMT,
esp
ecia
lly
whe
re o
ffens
e do
es n
ot in
volv
e us
e of
wea
pon
and
does
not
re
sult
in s
erio
us
phys
ical
inju
ry;
and
subs
ectio
n (3
) is
pro
babl
y N
OT
CIM
T. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
Sub
sect
ion
(3) i
s FO
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m. I
f the
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cur
rent
or
form
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, su
bsec
tions
(1) a
nd (2
) m
ight
be
CO
DV
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
out
side
2d
and
5th
Circ
uits
. If r
ecor
d of
co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF
risk,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
2. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
see
k al
tern
ate
plea
to a
ttem
pted
reck
less
as
saul
t. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee
Dal
e v.
Hol
der,
610
F.3d
294
, 302
(5th
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
. If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
hav
e cl
ient
ple
ad to
sub
sect
ion
(2) a
nd s
peci
fical
ly
nega
te s
erio
us in
jury
or u
se o
f wea
pon.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.3.
To
avoi
d FO
, hav
e cl
ient
ple
ad to
sub
sect
ion
(2).
4. T
o re
duce
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
def
eat r
emov
-ab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
or C
OD
V u
nder
any
sub
sect
ion.
S
ee L
eoca
l v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; Chr
zano
ski v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
7 F.
3d 1
88 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(eve
n in
tent
iona
l infl
ictio
n of
inju
ry d
oes
not e
qual
the
inte
n-tio
nal u
se o
f for
ce re
quire
d fo
r crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F de
finiti
on u
nder
18
US
C 1
6(a)
); U
.S. v
. Vill
egas
-Her
nand
ez, 4
68 F
.3d
874
(5th
Cir.
200
6)
(sam
e); T
ran
v. G
onza
les,
414
F.3
d 46
4 (3
rd C
ir. 2
005)
(rec
kles
snes
s is
no
t suf
ficie
nt to
be
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F).
2. P
rese
rve
argu
men
t tha
t sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s no
t CIM
T be
caus
e M
atte
r of
Sol
on, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 2
39 (B
IA 2
007)
was
wro
ngly
dec
ided
. S
ee, e
.g.,
Mat
ter o
f Gar
cia-
Her
nand
ez, 2
3 I&
N D
ec. 5
90 (B
IA 2
003)
(sim
ple
bat-
tery
und
er C
al. P
enal
Law
242
hel
d no
t a C
IMT)
.3.
Sub
sect
ions
(2) a
nd (3
) are
not
CIM
T. S
ee M
atte
r of F
uala
au, 2
1 I&
N D
ec. 4
75 (B
IA 1
996)
; Mat
ter o
f Per
ez-C
ontre
ras,
20
I&N
Dec
. 615
(B
IA 1
992)
.R
eckl
ess
assa
ult o
f a
child
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
120.
02If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, p
roba
bly
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Yes.
Is a
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of s
ubse
ctio
n (2
) of A
ssau
lt, 3
rd (s
ee a
bove
, PL
120.
00(2
)) if
pos
sibl
e.3.
To
avoi
d C
AC
, con
side
r ple
a to
alte
rnat
e of
fens
e th
at d
oes
not
spec
ify m
inor
ity o
f com
plai
nant
as
an e
lem
ent a
nd k
eep
min
ority
of c
om-
plai
nant
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion.
A-4IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-5
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Ass
ault,
2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
120.
05
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
sub
sect
ions
(1
), (2
), (3
) and
(7)
pr
obab
ly a
re
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F an
d an
y ot
her s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e”
AF.
Sub
sect
ions
(1
), (2
), (3
) and
(4
) are
CIM
T.
Sub
sect
ions
(8),
(9) a
nd 1
0(b)
pr
obab
ly a
re C
IMT
and
any
othe
r su
bsec
tion
mig
ht
be C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ions
(2) a
nd
(4) a
re F
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
of
fens
e in
volv
ed a
fire
arm
. S
ubse
ctio
ns (8
) and
(9) a
re
CA
C.
Sub
sect
ion
(10)
(b)
mig
ht b
e a
CA
C a
nd o
ther
su
bsec
tions
mig
ht b
e C
AC
if
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a c
hild
. If
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
curr
ent o
r for
mer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
subs
ectio
ns (1
), (2
), (3
), (6
) and
(7) m
ight
be
CO
DV
(a
nd s
ubse
ctio
n (4
) mig
ht
be C
OD
V in
juris
dict
ions
ou
tsid
e 2d
Circ
uit).
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
n at
tem
pt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it su
bsec
tion
(4) o
f PL1
20.0
5. S
ee G
ill v
. IN
S, 4
20
F.3d
82
(2d
Cir.
200
5) (b
ecau
se a
per
son
cann
ot in
tend
to c
omm
it a
reck
less
act
, an
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss a
ssau
lt co
uld
not c
onst
itute
CIM
T ev
en th
ough
the
com
plet
ed c
rime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(sam
e w
ith a
ttem
pted
reck
less
end
ange
rmen
t, 1s
t de
gree
). N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee
Dal
e v.
Hol
der,
610
F.3d
294
, 302
(5th
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.3.
To
redu
ce C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot d
efea
t rem
ov-
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
or C
OD
V u
nder
var
ious
sub
sec-
tions
. S
ee L
eoca
l v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; Gar
cia
v. G
onza
les,
455
F.3
d 4
65
(4th
Cir.
200
6) (1
20.0
5(4)
, req
uirin
g re
ckle
ss c
ondu
ct, i
s no
t CO
V);
Chr
zano
ski v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
7 F.
3d 1
88 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(eve
n in
tent
iona
l in
flict
ion
of in
jury
doe
s no
t equ
al th
e in
tent
iona
l use
of f
orce
requ
ired
for
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F de
finiti
on u
nder
18
US
C 1
6(a)
); Jo
bson
v. A
shcr
oft,
326
F.3d
367
(2d
Cir.
200
3) (N
Y re
ckle
ss m
ansl
augh
ter i
s no
t CO
V);
Jim
enez
-Gon
zale
z v.
Muk
asey
, 548
F.3
d 55
7 (7
th C
ir. 2
008)
(rec
kles
s-ne
ss is
not
suf
ficie
nt to
be
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.A
ssau
lt on
a
peac
e of
ficer
, po
lice
offic
er,
etc.
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
120.
08
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF.
Pro
babl
y.
A-6IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-7
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Ass
ault,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
120.
10
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
sub
sect
ions
(1)
and
(2) p
roba
bly
are
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F an
d su
bsec
tions
(3)
and
(4) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Sub
sect
ions
(1)
and
(3) a
re C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) is
prob
ably
CIM
T an
d su
bsec
tion
(4)
mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s FO
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m. I
f th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, mig
ht a
lso
be
CO
DV.
If th
e re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
com
plai
nant
was
a c
hild
, co
nvic
tion
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o pr
eser
ve a
rgum
ent t
hat c
onvi
ctio
n un
der t
his
stat
ute
mig
ht n
ot b
e A
F, k
eep
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
clea
r of m
entio
n of
whi
ch s
ubse
ctio
n de
fend
ant h
as b
een
char
ged
and
conv
icte
d un
der.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue th
at s
ubse
ctio
n (3
) is
not a
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F be
caus
e it
requ
ires
mer
ely
reck
less
con
duct
. S
ee J
imen
ez-G
onza
lez
v. M
ukas
ey,
548
F.3d
557
(7th
Cir.
200
8) (r
eckl
essn
ess
is n
ot s
uffic
ient
to b
e cr
ime
of v
iole
nce
AF)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
2. A
rgue
that
sub
sect
ion
(4) l
acks
a s
peci
fic in
tent
to c
ause
inju
ry a
nd
is th
eref
ore
not a
CIM
T.
Agg
rava
ted
assa
ult u
pon
a po
lice
offic
er o
r pe
ace
offic
er
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
120.
11
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
Yes.
FO
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at o
ffens
e in
volv
ed a
fire
arm
.
Agg
rava
ted
assa
ult u
pon
a pe
rson
less
th
an e
leve
n ye
ars
old
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
120.
12
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore
and
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
show
s cr
ime
com
mitt
ed is
ass
ault
as d
efine
d un
der
subs
ectio
n (1
) or (
2)
of P
L 12
0.00
, mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
ou
tsid
e 2d
Circ
uit.
May
be d
epen
ding
on
sub
sect
ion
of 3
rd d
egre
e as
saul
t und
er
whi
ch d
efen
dant
is
cha
rged
(see
ab
ove,
PL
120.
00).
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Is a
CA
C.
Pro
babl
y FO
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
und
erly
ing
offe
nse
was
120
.00(
3)
(neg
ligen
t ass
ault
with
w
eapo
n) a
nd in
volv
ed a
fir
earm
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent a
gain
st C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
n at
tem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
120.
12 b
ased
on
an u
nder
ly-
ing
PL
120.
00(2
) (re
ckle
ss a
ssau
lt). S
ee G
ill v
. IN
S, 4
20 F
.3d
82 (2
d C
ir. 2
005)
(bec
ause
a p
erso
n ca
nnot
inte
nd to
com
mit
a re
ckle
ss a
ct,
an a
ttem
pted
reck
less
ass
ault
coul
d no
t con
stitu
te C
IMT
even
thou
gh
the
com
plet
ed c
rime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(sam
e w
ith a
ttem
pted
reck
less
end
ange
rmen
t, 1s
t deg
ree)
. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee D
ale
v.
Hol
der,
610
F.3d
294
, 302
(5th
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.3.
To
avoi
d C
AC
, con
side
r ple
a to
alte
rnat
e of
fens
e th
at d
oes
not s
pec-
ify m
inor
ity o
f com
plai
nant
as
an e
lem
ent a
nd k
eep
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
clea
r of c
ompl
aina
nt’s
min
ority
.
A-6IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-7
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Men
acin
g, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
120.
13
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore
and
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) sh
ows
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
sub
sect
ion
(1) o
f PL
120.
14,
prob
ably
is “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF.
If R
OC
sh
ows
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
sub
sect
ion
(2) o
f PL
120.
14,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF.
If te
rm
of im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
even
if c
rime
com
es
unde
r sub
sect
ion
(3)
of P
L 12
0.14
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
out
side
2d
Circ
uit.
Pro
babl
y.M
ay b
e FO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n (R
OC
) sho
ws
that
the
crim
e co
mm
itted
is
men
acin
g as
defi
ned
unde
r sub
sect
ion
(1) o
f P
L 12
0.14
and
that
the
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, mig
ht a
lso
be
CO
DV.
Mig
ht a
lso
trigg
er
depo
rtabi
lity
unde
r CO
DV
cl
ause
rega
rdin
g “c
rime
of
stal
king
.” If
RO
C s
how
s th
at
com
plai
nant
was
a c
hild
, co
nvic
tion
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
def
eat r
emov
-ab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
A-8IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-9
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Men
acin
g, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
120.
14
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
subs
ectio
n (1
) pro
babl
y is
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e”
AF,
sub
sect
ion
(2)
mig
ht b
e cr
ime
of
viol
ence
AF,
and
su
bsec
tion
(3) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns
outs
ide
2d C
ircui
t.
Pro
babl
y.S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) may
be
FO if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m. I
f the
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cur
rent
or
form
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
als
o be
CO
DV.
A
conv
ictio
n m
ight
als
o tri
gger
dep
orta
bilit
y un
der
CO
DV
cla
use
rega
rdin
g “c
rime
of s
talk
ing,
” and
su
bsec
tion
(3) m
ight
tri
gger
dep
orta
bilit
y un
der
CO
DV
cla
use
rega
rdin
g “v
iola
tors
of p
rote
ctio
n or
ders
.” If
the
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
3. T
o m
inim
ize
FO ri
sk, k
eep
reco
rd c
lear
of s
ubse
ctio
n of
con
vict
ion
and/
or o
f men
tion
of ty
pe o
f wea
pon
or d
ange
rous
inst
rum
ent e
mpl
oyed
un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (1
).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at th
e st
atut
e is
not
“div
isib
le” a
s to
FO
offe
nse
beca
use
no
subs
ectio
n re
quire
s us
e of
fire
arm
as
an e
lem
ent.
See
Lan
ferm
an v
. B
IA, 5
76 F
.3d
84 (2
d C
ir. 2
009)
.
Men
acin
g,
3rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
120.
15
No.
M
aybe
. If
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
curr
ent o
r for
mer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
mig
ht b
e C
OD
V in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns o
utsi
de 2
d C
ircui
t. M
ight
als
o tri
gger
de
porta
bilit
y un
der C
OD
V
clau
se re
gard
ing
“crim
e of
st
alki
ng.”
If th
e re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
com
plai
nant
was
a c
hild
, co
nvic
tion
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at th
e of
fens
e pu
nish
es c
ondu
ct e
quiv
alen
t to
a “s
impl
e as
saul
t” an
d is
ther
efor
e no
t a C
IMT.
See
Mat
ter o
f Sol
on, 2
4 I&
N D
ec.
239,
244
n.5
(BIA
200
7).
Men
acin
g a
polic
e of
ficer
or
pea
ce o
f-fic
er
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
120.
18If
sent
ence
of o
ne y
ear
or m
ore
is im
pose
d,
is p
roba
bly
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.M
ay b
e FO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m.
A-8IM
MIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-9
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Rec
kles
s en
dang
erm
ent,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
120.
20
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
out
side
2d
Circ
uit.
May
be.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
out
side
2d
Circ
uit.
If th
e re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
com
plai
nant
was
a c
hild
, m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
2. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent a
gain
st C
IMT,
ple
ad to
an
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it P
L 12
0.20
. S
ee G
ill v
. IN
S, 4
20 F
.3d
82 (2
d C
ir.
2005
) (be
caus
e a
pers
on c
anno
t int
end
to c
omm
it a
reck
less
act
, an
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss a
ssau
lt co
uld
not c
onst
itute
CIM
T ev
en th
ough
the
com
plet
ed c
rime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(sam
e w
ith a
ttem
pted
reck
less
end
ange
rmen
t, fir
st d
egre
e).
New
Yor
k co
urts
per
mit
such
“hyp
othe
tical
offe
nse”
ple
as.
See
Dal
e v.
H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94, 3
02 (5
thth
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
or C
OD
V. S
ee L
eoca
l v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; Chr
zano
ski v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
7 F.
3d 1
88 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(eve
n in
ten-
tiona
l infl
ictio
n of
inju
ry d
oes
not e
qual
the
inte
ntio
nal u
se o
f for
ce re
-qu
ired
for c
rime
of v
iole
nce
AF
defin
ition
und
er 1
8 U
SC
16(
a));
Jim
enez
-G
onza
lez
v. M
ukas
ey, 5
48 F
.3d
557
(7th
Cir.
200
8) (r
eckl
essn
ess
is n
ot
suffi
cien
t to
be c
rime
of v
iole
nce
AF)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
Rec
kles
s en
dang
erm
ent,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
120.
25
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
but
prob
ably
not
.
Pro
babl
y.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, mig
ht b
e C
OD
V. I
f the
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
risk
of A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
da
ys o
r les
s) if
pos
sibl
e.2.
To
pres
erve
an
argu
men
t aga
inst
CIM
T, p
lead
to a
n at
tem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
120.
25.
See
Gill
v. I
NS
, 420
F.3
d 82
(2d
Cir.
20
05) (
beca
use
a pe
rson
can
not i
nten
d to
com
mit
a re
ckle
ss a
ct, a
n at
tem
pted
reck
less
ass
ault
coul
d no
t con
stitu
te C
IMT
even
thou
gh th
e co
mpl
eted
crim
e its
elf i
s C
IMT)
; Kna
pik
v. A
shcr
oft,
384
F.3d
84
(3d
Cir.
200
4) (s
ame
with
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss e
ndan
germ
ent,
first
deg
ree)
. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee D
ale
v.
Hol
der,
610
F.3d
294
, 302
(5th
Cir.
201
0) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).
(Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
on
next
pag
e)
A-10IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-11
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
(con
tinue
d)
Rec
kles
s en
dang
erm
ent,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
120.
25(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
) (s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(c
ontin
ued)
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
or C
OD
V. S
ee L
eoca
l v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; Chr
zano
ski v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
7 F.
3d 1
88 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(eve
n in
tent
iona
l infl
ictio
n of
inju
ry d
oes
not e
qual
the
inte
ntio
nal u
se o
f for
ce
requ
ired
for c
rime
of v
iole
nce
AF
defin
ition
und
er 1
8 U
SC
16(
a));
Jobs
on
v. A
shcr
oft,
326
F.3d
367
(2d
Cir.
200
3) (N
Y re
ckle
ss m
ansl
augh
ter i
s no
t CIM
T); J
imen
ez-G
onza
lez
v. M
ukas
ey, 5
48 F
.3d
557
(7th
Cir.
200
8)
(rec
kles
snes
s is
not
suf
ficie
nt to
be
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F) (c
olle
ctin
g ca
ses)
.S
talk
ing,
4t
h de
gree
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
120.
45
No.
M
aybe
. P
roba
bly
trigg
ers
depo
rtabi
lity
as a
“crim
e of
st
alki
ng.”
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
was
a c
urre
nt o
r for
mer
sp
ouse
or s
imila
rly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
al
so b
e C
OD
V in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns o
utsi
de 2
d C
ircui
t. If
the
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
sta
lkin
g” C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct o
r Tre
spas
s (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20
& 1
40.0
5).
To m
inim
ize
CA
C ri
sk if
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
kee
p m
inor
ity o
f co
mpl
aina
nt o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n.
Sta
lkin
g, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
120.
50
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
sub
sect
ion
(3)
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
and
subs
ectio
ns (1
), (2
) and
(4
) mig
ht a
lso
be “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
out
side
2d
Circ
uit i
f RO
C s
how
s cr
ime
com
mitt
ed c
omes
un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) of
PL
120.
45.
Pro
babl
y.
Pro
babl
y tri
gger
s de
porta
bilit
y as
a “c
rime
of
stal
king
.” If
the
com
plai
nant
w
as a
cur
rent
or f
orm
er
spou
se o
r sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, mig
ht a
lso
be
CO
DV.
If t
he re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
com
plai
nant
was
a c
hild
, co
nvic
tion
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
).2.
To
avoi
d C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
or T
resp
ass
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
& 1
40.0
5); i
f tha
t is
not
poss
ible
and
if c
lient
has
no
prio
r CIM
Ts, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
at
tem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
155.
25, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
no
t trig
ger d
epor
tabi
lity
as “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5 y
ears
of a
dmis
sion
.”3.
To
avoi
d “c
rime
of s
talk
ing”
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as D
isor
derly
Con
duct
or T
resp
ass
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
&
140
.05)
. To
min
imiz
e C
AC
risk
if th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, k
eep
min
ority
of
com
plai
nant
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion.
A-10IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-11
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Sta
lkin
g, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
120.
55
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s FO
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m. A
ny
subs
ectio
n pr
obab
ly tr
igge
rs
depo
rtabi
lity
as a
“crim
e of
st
alki
ng.”
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
was
a c
urre
nt o
r for
mer
sp
ouse
or s
imila
rly s
ituat
ed
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
als
o be
C
OD
V. I
f the
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
If t
his
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to re
duce
risk
of A
F, a
void
con
-vi
ctio
n un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (1
), su
bpar
agra
ph (i
) (in
volv
ing
thre
aten
ed u
se,
as o
ppos
ed to
mer
e di
spla
y, o
f wea
pon)
.2.
If a
wea
pon
(but
not
a g
un) w
as in
volv
ed, t
o av
oid
CO
DV
or C
AC
ris
ks, c
onsi
der s
ubse
ctio
n (1
).
Sta
lkin
g, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
120.
60
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) mig
ht
also
be
“rap
e, o
r sex
ual
abus
e of
a m
inor
” AF.
Pro
babl
y.
Wou
ld p
roba
bly
trigg
er
depo
rtabi
lity
as a
“crim
e of
sta
lkin
g” o
r, if
the
com
plai
nant
was
a c
urre
nt
or fo
rmer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
a C
OD
V. I
f the
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o av
oid
“rap
e, o
r sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or” A
F ris
k, a
void
sub
sec-
tion
(2) i
f pos
sibl
e.
Crim
inal
ly
negl
igen
t ho
mic
ide
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
125.
10
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Agg
rava
ted
crim
inal
ly
negl
igen
t ho
mic
ide
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
125.
11N
o.P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Vehi
cula
r man
-sl
augh
ter,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
125.
12
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
A-12IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-13
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Vehi
cula
r m
ansl
augh
ter,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
125.
13
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Sub
sect
ion
(2) i
s pr
obab
ly C
IMT
and
othe
r sub
sect
ions
m
ight
be
CIM
Ts.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
of C
rimin
ally
N
eglig
ent H
omic
ide
or V
ehic
ular
Man
slau
ghte
r, 2n
d (s
ee a
bove
, PL
125.
10 &
125
.12)
.
Agg
rava
ted
vehi
cula
r ho
mic
ide
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
125.
14If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
a “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
out
side
2d
Cir.
Pro
babl
y.Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
decr
ease
AF
and
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es o
f C
rimin
ally
Neg
ligen
t Hom
icid
e or
Veh
icul
ar M
ansl
augh
ter,
2nd
degr
ee
(see
abo
ve, P
L 12
5.10
& 1
25.1
2).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
See
Leo
cal v
. Ash
crof
t, 54
3 U
.S.
1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; C
hrza
nosk
i v. A
shcr
oft,
327
F.3d
188
(2d
Cir.
200
3) (e
ven
inte
ntio
nal
infli
ctio
n of
inju
ry d
oes
not e
qual
the
inte
ntio
nal u
se o
f for
ce re
quire
d fo
r cr
ime
of v
iole
nce
AF
defin
ition
und
er 1
8 U
SC
16(
a));
Jim
enez
-Gon
zale
z v.
Muk
asey
, 548
F.3
d 55
7 (7
th C
ir. 2
008)
(rec
kles
snes
s is
not
suf
ficie
nt
to b
e cr
ime
of v
iole
nce
AF)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
Man
slau
ghte
r, 2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
125.
15
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s N
OT
AF
in 2
d C
ircui
t, bu
t if
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns
outs
ide
2d C
ircui
t. If
te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e is
im
pose
d, s
ubse
ctio
ns
(2) a
nd (3
) mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s C
IMT;
sub
sect
ions
(2
) and
(3) m
ight
be
CIM
T.
If th
e vi
ctim
was
a c
urre
nt o
r fo
rmer
spo
use
or s
imila
rly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
be
CO
DV
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
ou
tsid
e 2d
Circ
uit.
If th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at v
ictim
was
a
child
, mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF
and
CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
crim
inal
ly
negl
igen
t hom
icid
e (P
L 12
5.10
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
Tip
1 is
not
pos
sibl
e an
d in
cide
nt in
volv
ed a
car
, to
avoi
d A
F ris
k co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as V
ehic
ular
Man
slau
ghte
r, 2n
d or
1s
t deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 12
5.12
& 1
25.1
3) o
r Lea
ving
the
Sce
ne o
f an
Inci
dent
With
out R
epor
ting
(see
bel
ow, V
TL 6
00(2
)).
3. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent a
gain
st C
IMT,
ple
ad to
an
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it 12
5.15
. S
ee G
ill v
. IN
S, 4
20 F
.3d
82 (2
d C
ir. 2
005)
(b
ecau
se a
per
son
cann
ot in
tend
to c
omm
it a
reck
less
act
, an
atte
mpt
ed
reck
less
ass
ault
coul
d no
t con
stitu
te C
IMT
even
thou
gh th
e co
mpl
eted
cr
ime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(s
ame
with
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss e
ndan
germ
ent,
first
deg
ree)
. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee D
ale
v. H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94, 3
02 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
4. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
(Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A-12IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-13
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
or C
OD
V. S
ee L
eoca
l v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; Chr
zano
ski v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
7 F.
3d 1
88 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(eve
n in
tent
iona
l infl
ictio
n of
inju
ry d
oes
not e
qual
the
inte
ntio
nal u
se o
f for
ce
requ
ired
for c
rime
of v
iole
nce
AF
defin
ition
und
er 1
8 U
SC
16(
a));
Jobs
on
v. A
shcr
oft,
326
F.3d
367
(2d
Cir.
200
3) (N
Y re
ckle
ss m
ansl
augh
ter i
s no
t CO
V);
Jim
enez
-Gon
zale
z v.
Muk
asey
, 548
F.3
d 55
7 (7
th C
ir. 2
008)
(r
eckl
essn
ess
is n
ot s
uffic
ient
to b
e cr
ime
of v
iole
nce
AF)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
Man
slau
ghte
r, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
125.
20
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
sub
sect
ions
(1
) and
(2) a
re “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in 2
d C
ircui
t, an
d su
bsec
tions
(3
) and
(4) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Sub
sect
ions
(1),
(2) a
nd (4
) are
C
IMT;
sub
sect
ion
(3) m
ight
be
CIM
T.
If th
e vi
ctim
was
a c
urre
nt o
r fo
rmer
spo
use
or s
imila
rly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
If th
e re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
the
vict
im w
as a
chi
ld,
conv
ictio
n m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF
and
CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
crim
inal
ly
negl
igen
t hom
icid
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
125.
10) i
f pos
sibl
e.2.
If T
ip 1
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
inci
dent
invo
lved
a c
ar, t
o av
oid
AF
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Veh
icul
ar M
ansl
augh
ter,
2nd
or
1st d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
125.
12 &
125
.13)
or L
eavi
ng th
e S
cene
of a
n In
cide
nt W
ithou
t Rep
ortin
g (s
ee b
elow
, VTL
600
(2))
.3.
If T
ips
1 an
d 2
are
not p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
AF
risk
cons
ider
alte
r-na
tive
offe
nse
of M
ansl
augh
ter,
2nd
(see
abo
ve, P
L 12
5.15
).4.
To
pres
erve
an
argu
men
t aga
inst
CIM
T, p
lead
to a
n at
tem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
125.
10(4
) if p
ossi
ble.
See
Gill
v. IN
S, 4
20 F
.3d
82 (2
d C
ir. 2
005)
(bec
ause
a p
erso
n ca
nnot
inte
nd to
com
mit
a re
ckle
ss a
ct,
an a
ttem
pted
reck
less
ass
ault
coul
d no
t con
stitu
te C
IMT
even
thou
gh
the
com
plet
ed c
rime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(sam
e w
ith a
ttem
pted
reck
less
end
ange
rmen
t, 1s
t deg
ree)
. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. See
Dal
e v.
H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94, 3
02 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
5. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
(Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A-14IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-15
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
(con
tinue
d)
Man
slau
ghte
r, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
125.
20(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(c
ontin
ued)
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (4
) is
not “
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F or
CO
DV.
See
Le
ocal
v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
le
ast r
eckl
ess
men
s re
a); C
hrza
nosk
i v. A
shcr
oft,
327
F.3d
188
(2d
Cir.
20
03) (
even
inte
ntio
nal i
nflic
tion
of in
jury
doe
s no
t equ
al th
e in
tent
iona
l us
e of
forc
e re
quire
d fo
r crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F de
finiti
on u
nder
18
US
C
16(a
)); J
obso
n v.
Ash
crof
t, 32
6 F.
3d 3
67 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(NY
reck
less
m
ansl
augh
ter i
s no
t CO
V);
Jim
enez
-Gon
zale
z v.
Muk
asey
, 548
F.3
d 55
7 (7
th C
ir. 2
008)
(rec
kles
snes
s is
not
suf
ficie
nt to
be
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F)
(col
lect
ing
case
s)A
ggra
vate
d m
ansl
augh
ter,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
125.
21If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Yes.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
the
risk
of A
F, c
onsi
der l
esse
r offe
nse
of a
ggra
vate
d cr
imin
ally
neg
ligen
t hom
icid
e (P
L 12
5.11
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent a
gain
st C
IMT,
ple
ad to
an
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it 12
5.21
if p
ossi
ble.
See
Gill
v. I
NS
, 420
F.3
d 82
(2d
Cir.
200
5) (b
ecau
se a
per
son
cann
ot in
tend
to c
omm
it a
reck
less
act
, an
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss a
ssau
lt co
uld
not c
onst
itute
CIM
T ev
en th
ough
th
e co
mpl
eted
crim
e its
elf i
s C
IMT)
; Kna
pik
v. A
shcr
oft,
384
F.3d
84
(3d
Cir.
200
4) (s
ame
with
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss e
ndan
germ
ent,
1st d
egre
e).
New
Yor
k co
urts
per
mit
such
“hyp
othe
tical
offe
nse”
ple
as.
See
Dal
e v.
H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94, 3
02 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
See
Leo
cal v
. Ash
crof
t, 54
3 U
.S.
1 (2
004)
(crim
e of
vio
lenc
e A
F re
quire
s at
leas
t rec
kles
s m
ens
rea)
; C
hrza
nosk
i v. A
shcr
oft,
327
F.3d
188
(2d
Cir.
200
3) (e
ven
inte
ntio
nal
infli
ctio
n of
inju
ry d
oes
not e
qual
the
inte
ntio
nal u
se o
f for
ce re
quire
d fo
r cr
ime
of v
iole
nce
AF
defin
ition
und
er 1
8 U
SC
16(
a));
Jobs
on v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
6 F.
3d 3
67 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(NY
reck
less
man
slau
ghte
r is
not C
OV
); Ji
men
ez-G
onza
lez
v. M
ukas
ey, 5
48 F
.3d
557
(7th
Cir.
200
8) (r
eckl
ess-
ness
is n
ot s
uffic
ient
to b
e cr
ime
of v
iole
nce
AF)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
Agg
rava
ted
man
slau
ghte
r, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
125.
22If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, is
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F
Yes.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
the
risk
of A
F, c
onsi
der l
esse
r offe
nses
of a
ggra
vate
d cr
imin
ally
neg
ligen
t hom
icid
e (P
L 12
5.11
) or,
faili
ng th
at, a
ggra
vate
d m
ansl
augh
ter,
2nd
degr
ee (P
L 12
5.21
).
A-14IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-15
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Mur
der,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
-I fe
lony
125.
25
Yes.
Ye
s.
If th
e vi
ctim
was
a c
urre
nt o
r fo
rmer
spo
use
or s
imila
rly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
Sub
sect
ion
(5) i
s C
AC
and
oth
er s
ubse
ctio
ns
mig
ht b
e if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
min
ority
of v
ictim
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
rimin
ally
Neg
ligen
t Ho-
mic
ide
(see
abo
ve, P
L 12
5.20
) if p
ossi
ble,
or f
ailin
g th
at, M
ansl
augh
ter,
2nd
(see
abo
ve, P
L 12
5.20
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o pr
eser
ve a
n ar
gum
ent a
gain
st C
IMT,
ple
ad to
an
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it 12
5.25
(2) o
r (4)
. S
ee G
ill v
. IN
S, 4
20 F
.3d
82 (2
d C
ir.
2005
) (be
caus
e a
pers
on c
anno
t int
end
to c
omm
it a
reck
less
act
, an
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss a
ssau
lt co
uld
not c
onst
itute
CIM
T ev
en th
ough
the
com
plet
ed c
rime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir.
2004
) (sa
me
with
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss e
ndan
germ
ent,
1st d
egre
e).
Agg
rava
ted
mur
der
Cla
ss A
-I fe
lony
125.
26Ye
s.Ye
s.S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) is
CA
C.
If th
e vi
ctim
was
a c
urre
nt o
r fo
rmer
spo
use
or s
imila
rly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
Mur
der,
1st
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
-I fe
lony
125.
27
Yes.
Ye
s.
If th
e vi
ctim
was
a c
urre
nt o
r fo
rmer
spo
use
or s
imila
rly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
Mig
ht b
e C
AC
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
min
ority
of
vict
im.
A-16IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-17
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Sex
ual
mis
cond
uct
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
130.
20
Sub
sect
ions
(1)
and
(2) a
re “s
exua
l ab
use
of m
inor
” A
F in
2d
Cir.
whe
re
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
lack
of
con
sent
resu
lts fr
om
com
plai
nant
bei
ng
unde
r 17
and
mig
ht
othe
rwis
e be
“rap
e,
or s
exua
l abu
se o
f a
min
or” A
F in
2d
Cir.
and
ot
her j
uris
dict
ions
.If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, m
ight
als
o be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F,
espe
cial
ly w
here
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
lack
of c
onse
nt
aris
es fr
om fo
rcib
le
com
puls
ion
unde
r PL
130.
05(2
)(a)
).
Sub
sect
ion
(3)
mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) an
d (2
) are
CIM
T if
lack
of c
onse
nt
resu
lts o
nly
from
ag
e of
com
plai
nant
an
d de
fend
ant
knew
or s
houl
d ha
ve k
now
n co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
a m
inor
, and
mig
ht
be C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
If th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
the
lack
of c
onse
nt w
as
esta
blis
hed
on th
e ba
sis
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
un
der s
even
teen
yea
rs o
ld
purs
uant
to P
L 13
0.05
(3)
(a),
mig
ht a
lso
be C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. If
com
plai
nant
is m
inor
, to
decr
ease
risk
of “
sexu
al a
buse
of a
min
or”
AF
unde
r sub
sect
ions
(1) a
nd (2
), if
at a
ll po
ssib
le c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e th
at d
oes
not h
ave
sexu
al c
ondu
ct a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime,
su
ch a
s E
ndan
gerin
g th
e W
elfa
re o
f a C
hild
, Unl
awfu
lly D
ealin
g W
ith
a C
hild
, 1st
deg
ree,
or U
nlaw
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10, 2
60.2
0(2)
and
135
.05)
. If t
hat’s
not
pos
sibl
e, p
lead
to a
ltern
a-tiv
e of
fens
e th
at d
oes
not h
ave
the
min
or a
ge o
f the
com
plai
nant
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e or
as
a de
finiti
on o
f “w
ithou
t con
sent
”, su
ch a
s Fo
rcib
le T
ouch
ing
(see
bel
ow, 1
30.5
2).
In a
ny e
vent
, try
to k
eep
out o
f th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e th
at th
e co
m-
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
.2.
Reg
ardl
ess
of c
ompl
aina
nt’s
age
, to
avoi
d cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
risk,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
4. T
o re
duce
CIM
T ris
k w
here
lack
of c
onse
nt re
sults
onl
y fro
m a
ge o
f co
mpl
aina
nt, s
peci
fy in
ple
a al
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
com
-pl
aina
nt’s
age
(see
PL
15.2
0(3)
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
avo
id a
dmis
sion
or
oth
er e
vide
nce
of s
uch
know
ledg
e. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Whe
re la
ck o
f con
sent
resu
lts o
nly
from
min
ority
of c
ompl
aina
nt,
argu
e of
fens
e is
not
cat
egor
ical
ly C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n do
es n
ot
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; Mat
ter o
f S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8).
A-16IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-17
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Rap
e, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
130.
25S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) is
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
m
inor
” AF
in 2
d C
ir. a
nd
mig
ht b
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F in
oth
er
juris
dict
ions
, pa
rticu
larly
if th
e re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
un
der t
he a
ge o
f 16.
Sub
sect
ions
(1) a
nd (3
) m
ight
be
“rap
e” A
F. I
f te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e,
any
subs
ectio
n is
pr
obab
ly “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
in 2
d C
ir.
and
mig
ht b
e in
oth
er
juris
dict
ions
.
Yes,
unl
ess
lack
of c
onse
nt
aris
es o
nly
from
co
mpl
aina
nt’s
age
, in
whi
ch c
ase
is
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
com
plai
nant
was
a
min
or, a
nd m
ight
be
CIM
T in
oth
er
case
s. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, pro
babl
y is
C
OD
V. S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) m
ight
be
CA
C a
nd if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
a m
inor
, ot
her s
ubse
ctio
ns m
ight
be
CA
C
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“rap
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
this
of
fens
e al
toge
ther
. If t
hat’s
not
pos
sibl
e, to
avo
id “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
risk,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
2. If
com
plai
nant
is m
inor
, to
decr
ease
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or”
AF
risk,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (2
) and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not h
ave
sexu
al c
ondu
ct a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime,
su
ch a
s E
ndan
gerin
g th
e W
elfa
re o
f a C
hild
(see
bel
ow, P
L 26
0.10
), U
nlaw
fully
Dea
ling
With
a C
hild
, 1st
deg
ree
(see
bel
ow, P
L 26
0.20
(2))
, or
Unl
awfu
l Im
pris
onm
ent,
2nd
or 1
st (s
ee b
elow
, PL
135.
05 &
135
.10)
. If
that
’s n
ot p
ossi
ble,
ple
ad to
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
that
doe
s no
t hav
e th
e m
inor
age
of t
he c
ompl
aina
nt a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime
or a
s a
defin
ition
of “
with
out c
onse
nt,”
such
as
Forc
ible
Tou
chin
g (s
ee b
elow
P
L 13
0.52
). In
any
eve
nt, t
ry to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or.
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
4. T
o re
duce
CIM
T ris
k w
here
lack
of c
onse
nt re
sults
onl
y fro
m a
ge
of c
ompl
aina
nt, s
peci
fy in
ple
a al
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or (s
ee P
L 15
.20(
3)).
If th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, a
void
ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e of
suc
h kn
owle
dge.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Whe
re la
ck o
f con
sent
resu
lts o
nly
from
min
ority
of c
ompl
aina
nt,
argu
e of
fens
e is
not
cat
egor
ical
ly C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n do
es n
ot
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; Mat
ter o
f S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8)
A-18IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-19
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Rap
e, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
130.
30S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) pro
babl
y is
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF
and
subs
ectio
n (2
) mig
ht b
e “r
ape,
or s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or”
AF.
If t
erm
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or m
ore,
ei
ther
sub
sect
ion
is p
roba
bly
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F in
2d
Cir.
and
mig
ht b
e el
sew
here
.
Sub
sect
ion
(2) i
s C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s C
IMT
if de
fend
ant
knew
or s
houl
d ha
ve k
now
n co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
a m
inor
, and
mig
ht
be C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, pro
babl
y is
C
OD
V. S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) m
ight
be
CA
C a
nd if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
a m
inor
, ot
her s
ubse
ctio
ns m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“rap
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
this
of
fens
e al
toge
ther
. If
that
’s n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to a
void
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
os-
sibl
e.2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “se
xual
abu
se o
f a
min
or” A
F, if
at a
ll po
ssib
le a
void
sub
sect
ion
(1) a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t hav
e se
xual
con
duct
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e,
such
as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10),
Unl
awfu
lly D
ealin
g W
ith a
Chi
ld, 1
st d
egre
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
20(2
))
or U
nlaw
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d or
1st
(se
e be
low
, PL
135.
05 &
135
.10)
. If
that
’s n
ot p
ossi
ble,
ple
ad to
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
that
doe
s no
t hav
e th
e m
inor
age
of t
he c
ompl
aina
nt a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime
or a
s a
defin
ition
of “
with
out c
onse
nt”)
, suc
h as
For
cibl
e To
uchi
ng (s
ee b
elow
, P
L 13
0.52
) or e
ven
Bur
glar
y in
the
3rd D
egre
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
140.
20).
In a
ny e
vent
, try
to k
eep
out o
f the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
any
adm
issi
on o
r ot
her e
vide
nce
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).4.
To
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
unde
r sub
sect
ion
(1),
spec
ify in
ple
a al
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
(see
PL
15.2
0(3)
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
avo
id a
dmis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e of
suc
h kn
owl-
edge
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
not c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8)R
ape,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
130.
35Ye
s, “r
ape,
or s
exua
l ab
use
of a
min
or” A
FS
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) an
d (2
) are
CIM
T.
Sub
sect
ions
(3)
and
(4) a
re C
IMT
if de
fend
ant
knew
or s
houl
d ha
ve k
now
n co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
a m
inor
and
mig
ht
be C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, pr
obab
ly is
CO
DV.
S
ubse
ctio
ns (3
) and
(4) a
re
prob
ably
CA
C a
nd if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
a m
inor
, ot
her s
ubse
ctio
ns m
ight
be
CA
C
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
ns (3
) and
(4) a
re n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 6
87, 7
07 (A
.G. 2
008)
.
A-18IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-19
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
S
exua
l Act
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
130.
40S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) pr
obab
ly is
“sex
ual
abus
e of
a m
inor
” AF,
pa
rticu
larly
if th
e re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
is u
nder
the
age
of 1
6.
Sub
sect
ions
(1) a
nd
(3) m
ight
be
“rap
e”
AF.
Any
sub
sect
ion
mig
ht a
lso
be “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
if te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
ns (2
) an
d (3
) are
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
com
plai
nant
was
a
min
or a
nd m
ight
be
CIM
T in
oth
er
case
s. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, pro
babl
y is
C
OD
V. S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) m
ight
be
CA
C a
nd if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
a m
inor
, ot
her s
ubse
ctio
ns m
ight
be
CA
C
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“rap
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
this
of
fens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
For
cibl
e To
uchi
ng (s
ee b
elow
, PL
130.
52).
If th
at’s
not
pos
sibl
e, to
avo
id “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
risk,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e. W
here
com
plai
nant
is le
ss th
an 2
1 ye
ars
of a
ge a
nd
whe
re fa
cts
perm
it, to
avo
id A
F co
nsid
er a
ltern
ate
plea
to U
nlaw
fully
D
ealin
g W
ith a
Chi
ld, 1
st d
egre
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
20(2
)) (b
ut n
ote
that
offe
nse
may
be
CS
O a
nd/o
r CA
C).
2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o de
crea
se “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” A
F ris
k, if
at a
ll po
ssib
le a
void
sub
sect
ion
(2) a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t hav
e se
xual
con
duct
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e,
such
as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10),
Unl
awfu
lly D
ealin
g W
ith a
Chi
ld, 1
st d
egre
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
20(2
))
or U
nlaw
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d or
1st
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
5.05
& 1
35.1
0).
If th
at’s
not
pos
sibl
e, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e th
at d
oes
not h
ave
the
min
or a
ge o
f the
com
plai
nant
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e or
as
a de
finiti
on o
f “w
ithou
t con
sent
”), s
uch
as F
orci
ble
Touc
hing
(see
bel
ow,
PL
130.
52).
In a
ny e
vent
, try
to k
eep
out o
f the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
any
adm
issi
on o
r oth
er e
vide
nce
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).4.
To
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
unde
r sub
sect
ions
(2) a
nd (3
), sp
ecify
in p
lea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
did
not
kno
w c
ompl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or (s
ee P
L 15
.20(
3)).
If th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, a
void
adm
issi
on o
r oth
er e
vide
nce
of
such
kno
wle
dge.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
not c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8)
A-20IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-21
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
S
exua
l Act
, 2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
130.
45S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) pro
babl
y is
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF
and
subs
ectio
n (2
) mig
ht
be “r
ape,
or s
exua
l ab
use
of a
min
or”
AF.
Eith
er s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
als
o be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F if
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or m
ore.
Sub
sect
ion
(2) i
s C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s C
IMT
if de
fend
ant
knew
or s
houl
d ha
ve k
now
n co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
a m
inor
and
mig
ht
be C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, pr
obab
ly is
CO
DV.
S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) mig
ht a
lso
be C
AC
and
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
is a
min
or,
othe
r sub
sect
ions
mig
ht b
e C
AC
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“rap
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
this
of
fens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
For
cibl
e To
uchi
ng (s
ee b
elow
, PL
130.
52) i
f pos
sibl
e. W
here
com
plai
nant
is
less
than
21
year
s of
age
and
whe
re fa
cts
perm
it, to
avo
id A
F co
nsid
er
alte
rnat
e pl
ea to
Unl
awfu
lly D
ealin
g W
ith a
Chi
ld, 1
st d
egre
e (s
ee P
L 26
0.20
(2),
belo
w).
If a
ltern
ate
plea
not
pos
sibl
e, to
avo
id “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
risk,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
com
plai
nant
is m
inor
, to
decr
ease
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or”
AF
risk,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not h
ave
sexu
al c
ondu
ct a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime,
su
ch a
s E
ndan
gerin
g th
e W
elfa
re o
f a C
hild
(see
bel
ow, P
L 26
0.10
) or
Unl
awfu
l Im
pris
onm
ent,
2nd
or 1
st (s
ee b
elow
, PL
135.
05 &
135
.10)
. If
that
’s n
ot p
ossi
ble,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
that
doe
s no
t hav
e th
e m
inor
age
of t
he c
ompl
aina
nt a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime
or a
s a
defin
i-tio
n of
“with
out c
onse
nt”)
, suc
h as
For
cibl
e To
uchi
ng (s
ee b
elow
, PL
130.
52) o
r eve
n B
urgl
ary,
3rd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 14
0.20
). In
any
eve
nt, t
ry
to k
eep
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n ad
mis
sion
/ evi
denc
e th
at c
ompl
aina
nt
was
a m
inor
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).4.
To
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
unde
r sub
sect
ion
(1),
spec
ify in
ple
a al
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
(see
PL
15.2
0(3)
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
avo
id a
dmis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e of
suc
h kn
owl-
edge
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Not
e th
at o
ffens
e pr
obab
ly
rem
ains
an
aggr
avat
ed fe
lony
in a
ny e
vent
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
not c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8).
A-20IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-21
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
S
exua
l Act
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
130.
50S
ubse
ctio
ns (3
) & (4
) ar
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F an
d su
bsec
tions
(1) &
(2)
prob
ably
are
“rap
e”
AF.
Any
sub
sect
ion
prob
ably
als
o is
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F if
term
of
impr
ison
men
t of
at le
ast o
ne y
ear i
s im
pose
d.
Sub
sect
ions
(1)
and
(2) a
re C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
ns (3
) an
d (4
) are
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
com
plai
nant
was
a
min
or a
nd m
ight
be
a C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, pr
obab
ly is
CO
DV.
S
ubse
ctio
ns (3
) and
(4)
mig
ht a
lso
be C
AC
and
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
a
min
or, o
ther
sub
sect
ions
m
ight
be
CA
C
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
ns (3
) and
(4) a
re n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 6
87, 7
07 (A
.G. 2
008)
.
Forc
ible
to
uchi
ng
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
130.
52If
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at c
ompl
aina
nt
was
a m
inor
, pa
rticu
larly
und
er a
ge
16, m
ight
be
“sex
ual
abus
e of
a m
inor
” AF.
If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, m
ight
als
o be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F.
Yes
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
If th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
child
, mig
ht a
lso
be C
AC
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r (ge
t 364
day
s or
less
).2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o m
inim
ize
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F ris
k,
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not h
ave
sexu
al c
ondu
ct a
s an
el
emen
t of t
he c
rime,
suc
h as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee
belo
w, P
L 26
0.10
) or U
nlaw
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d or
1st
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
5.05
& 1
35.1
0). I
n an
y ev
ent,
try to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
c-tio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or.
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at c
onvi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or”
AF,
eve
n if
the
com
plai
nant
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of
the
com
plai
nant
is n
ot a
n el
emen
t of t
he c
rime.
IJ
may
not
look
to th
e un
derly
ing
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
to h
old
to th
e co
ntra
ry. S
ee, e
.g.,
Sin
gh
v. A
shcr
oft,
383
F.3d
144
(3rd
Cir.
200
4); c
f. N
ijhaw
an v
. Hol
der,
129
S.
Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(not
ing
that
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or” A
F gr
ound
re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic in
quiry
)
A-22IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-23
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Sex
ual a
buse
, 3r
d de
gree
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
130.
55
If th
e re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
that
th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
m
inor
, pa
rticu
larly
if u
nder
age
16
, pro
babl
y is
“s
exua
l abu
se o
f a
min
or” A
F.
Is C
IMT
unle
ss
lack
of c
onse
nt
resu
lts o
nly
from
age
of
com
plai
nant
, in
whi
ch c
ase
is
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
com
plai
nant
was
a
min
or a
nd m
ight
be
CIM
T in
oth
er
case
s. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
If th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
w
as a
chi
ld, p
roba
bly
is
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. If
com
plai
nant
is m
inor
, to
min
imiz
e “s
ex a
buse
of m
inor
” AF
risk,
co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t hav
e se
xual
con
duct
as
an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e, s
uch
as E
ndan
gerin
g th
e W
elfa
re o
f a C
hild
(s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10) o
r Unl
awfu
l Im
pris
onm
ent,
2nd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
5.05
). In
any
eve
nt, t
o pr
eser
ve a
rgum
ents
aga
inst
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF
try to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or
oth
er e
vide
nce
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
and
/or t
hat “
sexu
al
cont
act”
cons
iste
d of
act
s fa
lling
with
in d
efini
tion
of “s
exua
l con
tact
” at
18 U
SC
350
9(a)
(9)(
A).
2. T
o re
duce
CIM
T w
here
lack
of c
onse
nt re
sults
onl
y fro
m m
inor
ity
of c
ompl
aina
nt, s
peci
fy in
ple
a al
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or (s
ee P
L 15
.20(
3)).
If th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, a
void
ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e of
suc
h kn
owle
dge.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
not c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8)S
exua
l abu
se,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
130.
60
Sub
sect
ion
(2) p
roba
bly
is “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a
min
or” A
F, a
nd, i
f te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
eith
er s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” .
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s C
IMT;
sub
sect
ion
(2) i
s C
IMT
if de
fend
ant
knew
or s
houl
d ha
ve k
now
n co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
a m
inor
and
mig
ht
be C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Sub
sect
ion
(2) p
roba
bly
is C
AC
and
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
is a
min
or,
subs
ectio
n (1
) mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F,
avoi
d se
nten
ce o
f one
yea
r (ge
t 364
day
s or
less
).2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o de
crea
se “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” A
F ris
k, if
at a
ll po
ssib
le a
void
sub
sect
ion
(2) a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t hav
e se
xual
con
duct
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e,
such
as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee b
elow
, 260
.10)
or U
n-la
wfu
l Im
pris
onm
ent i
n th
e 2d
Deg
ree
(PL
135.
05) (
see
belo
w, 1
35.0
5).
If th
at’s
not
pos
sibl
e, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e th
at d
oes
not h
ave
the
min
or a
ge o
f the
com
plai
nant
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e or
as
a de
finiti
on o
f “w
ithou
t con
sent
,” su
ch a
s P
L 13
0.52
. If
plea
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to p
rese
rve
argu
men
ts a
gain
st “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a
min
or” A
F try
to k
eep
out o
f the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
any
adm
issi
on
or o
ther
evi
denc
e th
at “s
exua
l con
tact
” con
sist
ed o
f act
s fa
lling
with
in
defin
ition
of “
sexu
al c
onta
ct” a
t 18
US
C 3
509(
a)(9
)(A
).3.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).
(Tip
s fo
r def
ense
law
yers
and
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A-22IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-23
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs (c
ontin
ued)
:4.
To
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
whe
re la
ck o
f con
sent
resu
lts o
nly
from
min
or-
ity o
f com
plai
nant
, spe
cify
in p
lea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
did
not
kno
w
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
(see
PL
15.2
0(3)
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
avo
id
adm
issi
on o
r oth
er e
vide
nce
of s
uch
know
ledg
e. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
not c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8).
Sex
ual a
buse
, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
130.
65
Sub
sect
ion
(3) i
s pr
obab
ly “s
exua
l ab
use
of a
min
or”
AF.
Any
sub
sect
ion
mig
ht a
lso
be “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
if te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e.
Sub
sect
ions
(1)
and
(2) a
re C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
n (3
) is
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
a m
inor
and
mig
ht
be C
IMT
in o
ther
ca
ses.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
Sub
sect
ion
(3) p
roba
bly
is C
AC
and
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
a
min
or, o
ther
sub
sect
ions
m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
os-
sibl
e.2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o m
inim
ize
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F ris
k,
if at
all
poss
ible
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (3
) and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
th
at d
o no
t hav
e se
xual
con
duct
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e, s
uch
as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10) o
r Unl
aw-
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d or
1st
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
5.05
& 1
35.1
0). I
f tha
t’s
not p
ossi
ble,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
that
doe
s no
t hav
e th
e m
inor
ag
e of
the
com
plai
nant
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e or
as
a de
finiti
on o
f “w
ithou
t con
sent
,” su
ch a
s Fo
rcib
le T
ouch
ing
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
0.52
) or
eve
n B
urgl
ary,
3rd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 14
0.20
). In
any
eve
nt, t
o pr
eser
ve
argu
men
ts a
gain
st “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” AF
try to
kee
p ou
t of t
he
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
any
adm
issi
on o
r oth
er e
vide
nce
that
com
plai
nant
w
as a
min
or u
nder
sub
sect
ions
(1) a
nd (2
) and
, und
er a
ny s
ubse
ctio
n,
that
“sex
ual c
onta
ct” c
onsi
sted
of a
cts
falli
ng w
ithin
defi
nitio
n of
“sex
ual
cont
act”
at 1
8 U
SC
350
9(a)
(9)(
A).
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
4. T
o re
duce
CIM
T ris
k un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (3
), s
peci
fy in
ple
a al
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
(see
PL
15.2
0(3)
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
avo
id a
dmis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e of
suc
h kn
owl-
edge
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Not
e th
at o
ffens
e m
ay s
till
be “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” AF.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
not c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
tion
does
not
requ
ire k
now
ledg
e of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge.
See
PL
15.2
0(3)
; M
atte
r of S
ilva-
Trev
ino,
24
I&N
Dec
. 687
, 707
(A.G
. 200
8).
A-24IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-25
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Agg
rava
ted
sexu
al a
buse
, 4t
h de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
130.
65-
a If
the
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
show
s th
at
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
min
or, m
ight
be
“sex
ual
abus
e of
a m
inor
” AF.
In o
ther
ca
ses,
mig
ht b
e “r
ape”
A
F.
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
mig
ht a
lso
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Yes.
If
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
curr
ent o
r for
mer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
mig
ht b
e C
OD
V. If
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
ch
ild, p
roba
bly
is C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
os-
sibl
e.2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o m
inim
ize
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F ris
k,
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not h
ave
sexu
al c
ondu
ct a
s an
el
emen
t of t
he c
rime,
suc
h as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee
belo
w, P
L 26
0.10
) or U
nlaw
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d or
1st
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
5.05
& 1
35.1
0). I
n an
y ev
ent,
try to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
c-tio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e th
at c
ompl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or.
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at c
onvi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or”
AF,
eve
n if
the
com
plai
nant
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of
the
com
plai
nant
is n
ot a
n el
emen
t of t
he c
rime.
IJ
may
not
look
to th
e un
derly
ing
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
to h
old
to th
e co
ntra
ry. S
ee, e
.g.,
Sin
gh
v. A
shcr
oft,
383
F.3d
144
(3rd
Cir.
200
4); c
f. N
ijhaw
an v
. Hol
der,
129
S.
Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(not
ing
that
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or” A
F gr
ound
re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic in
quiry
).
Agg
rava
ted
sexu
al a
buse
, 3r
d de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
130.
66
Sub
sect
ion
1(c)
is
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
m
inor
” AF.
If th
e re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
was
a m
inor
, any
oth
er
subs
ectio
n m
ight
be
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF.
Any
su
bsec
tion
mig
ht a
lso
be “r
ape”
AF,
AN
D if
te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e,
mig
ht a
lso
be “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF.
Sub
sect
ions
(1)(
a),
(1)(
b) a
nd (2
) are
C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)(
c) is
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
min
or a
nd m
ight
be
CIM
T in
oth
er
case
s. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)(
c) is
pro
babl
y C
AC
an
d if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
is a
min
or, o
ther
su
bsec
tions
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. R
egar
dles
s of
com
plai
nant
’s a
ge, t
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
os-
sibl
e.2.
If c
ompl
aina
nt is
min
or, t
o m
inim
ize
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F ris
k,
avoi
d su
bsec
tion
(1)(
c) a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t ha
ve s
exua
l con
duct
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
crim
e, s
uch
as E
ndan
gerin
g th
e W
elfa
re o
f a C
hild
(see
bel
ow, P
L 26
0.10
) or U
nlaw
ful I
mpr
ison
men
t, 2n
d or
1st
(see
bel
ow, P
L 13
5.05
& 1
35.1
0), o
r Bur
glar
y, 3
rd (s
ee b
elow
, P
L 14
0.20
). In
any
eve
nt, t
ry to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
min
or.
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
4. T
o re
duce
CIM
T ris
k un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (1
)(c)
, spe
cify
in p
lea
al-
locu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot k
now
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
(see
PL
15.2
0(3)
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
avo
id a
dmis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e of
su
ch k
now
ledg
e. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
(Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs c
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A-24IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-25
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
For
con
vict
ions
und
er s
ubse
ctio
ns o
ther
than
(1)(
c), a
rgue
that
con
-vi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F, e
ven
if th
e co
m-
plai
nant
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of t
he c
ompl
aina
nt is
no
t an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e. I
J m
ay n
ot lo
ok to
the
unde
rlyin
g re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n to
hol
d to
the
cont
rary
. See
, e.g
., S
ingh
v. A
shcr
oft,
383
F.3d
14
4 (3
rd C
ir. 2
004)
; cf.
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(n
otin
g th
at “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” AF
grou
nd re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic in
quiry
).2.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
)(c)
is n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e co
nvic
-tio
n do
es n
ot re
quire
kno
wle
dge
of c
ompl
aina
nt’s
age
. S
ee P
L 15
.20(
3);
Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 6
87, 7
07 (A
.G. 2
008)
.A
ggra
vate
d se
xual
abu
se,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
130.
67
Sub
sect
ion
1(c)
is
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
m
inor
” AF.
If t
he re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
was
a m
inor
, any
oth
er
subs
ectio
n m
ight
be
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF.
Any
su
bsec
tion
mig
ht a
lso
be “r
ape”
AF,
AN
D if
te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
mig
ht a
lso
be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F.
Sub
sect
ions
(1)
(a) a
nd (b
) are
C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)(
c) is
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
min
or a
nd m
ight
be
CIM
T in
oth
er
case
s. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, mig
ht b
e C
OD
V.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)(
c) p
roba
bly
is C
AC
and
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
is a
min
or,
othe
r sub
sect
ions
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. If
com
plai
nant
is m
inor
, to
min
imiz
e “s
ex a
buse
of m
inor
” AF
risk,
av
oid
subs
ectio
n (1
)(c)
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not
have
sex
ual c
ondu
ct a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime,
suc
h as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10) o
r Unl
awfu
l Im
pris
onm
ent,
2nd
or 1
st (s
ee b
elow
, PL
135.
05 &
135
.10)
, or B
urgl
ary,
3rd
(see
bel
ow,
PL
140.
20).
In a
ny e
vent
, try
to k
eep
out o
f the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
any
adm
issi
on o
r oth
er e
vide
nce
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
.2.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (1
)(c)
and
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
nant
to d
efen
dant
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot d
efea
t rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
For
con
vict
ions
und
er s
ubse
ctio
ns o
ther
than
(1)(
c), a
rgue
that
con
-vi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F, e
ven
if th
e co
m-
plai
nant
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of t
he c
ompl
aina
nt is
no
t an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e. I
J m
ay n
ot lo
ok to
the
unde
rlyin
g re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n to
hol
d to
the
cont
rary
. See
, e.g
., S
ingh
v. A
shcr
oft,
383
F.3d
14
4 (3
rd C
ir. 2
004)
; cf.
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(n
otin
g th
at “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” AF
grou
nd re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic in
quiry
).
A-26IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-27
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Agg
rava
ted
sexu
al a
buse
, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
130.
70
Sub
sect
ion
1(c)
is
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
m
inor
” AF.
If th
e re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt
was
a m
inor
, any
oth
er
subs
ectio
n m
ight
be
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF.
Any
su
bsec
tion
mig
ht a
lso
be “r
ape”
AF,
AN
D if
te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
mig
ht a
lso
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Sub
sect
ions
(1)
(a) a
nd (b
) are
C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)(
c) is
CIM
T if
defe
ndan
t kn
ew o
r sho
uld
have
kno
wn
that
co
mpl
aina
nt w
as
min
or a
nd m
ight
be
CIM
T in
oth
er
case
s. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, mig
ht b
e C
OD
V.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)(
c) p
roba
bly
is C
AC
and
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
is a
min
or,
othe
r sub
sect
ions
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1 If
com
plai
nant
is m
inor
, to
min
imiz
e “s
ex a
buse
of m
inor
” AF
risk,
av
oid
subs
ectio
n (1
)(c)
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not
have
sex
ual c
ondu
ct a
s an
ele
men
t of t
he c
rime,
suc
h as
End
ange
ring
the
Wel
fare
of a
Chi
ld (s
ee b
elow
, PL
260.
10) o
r Unl
awfu
l Im
pris
onm
ent,
2nd
or 1
st (s
ee b
elow
, PL
135.
05 &
135
.10)
, or B
urgl
ary,
3rd
(see
bel
ow,
PL
140.
20).
In a
ny e
vent
, to
min
imiz
e ris
k of
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F an
d C
AC
, try
to k
eep
out o
f the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
any
adm
issi
on o
r ot
her e
vide
nce
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a m
inor
.2.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V ri
sk, k
eep
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
aina
nt to
def
en-
dant
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
For
con
vict
ions
und
er s
ubse
ctio
ns o
ther
than
(1)(
c), a
rgue
that
con
-vi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F, e
ven
if th
e co
m-
plai
nant
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of t
he c
ompl
aina
nt is
no
t an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e. I
J m
ay n
ot lo
ok to
the
unde
rlyin
g re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n to
hol
d to
the
cont
rary
. See
, e.g
., S
ingh
v. A
shcr
oft,
383
F.3d
14
4 (3
rd C
ir. 2
004)
; cf.
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(n
otin
g th
at “s
exua
l abu
se o
f a m
inor
” AF
grou
nd re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic in
quiry
). U
nlaw
ful
impr
ison
men
t, 2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
135.
05If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, w
ould
pro
babl
y be
“c
rime
of “v
iole
nce”
A
F, w
here
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
show
s re
stra
int b
y “p
hysi
cal
forc
e” o
r “in
timid
atio
n”
as o
ppos
ed to
“d
ecep
tion”
or
“acq
uies
cenc
e” o
f co
mpl
aina
nt.
May
be.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
If th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
child
, mig
ht a
lso
be C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r (ge
t 36
4 da
ys o
r les
s). I
f max
imum
one
-yea
r sen
tenc
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded
but t
he c
ompl
aina
nt is
less
than
16
year
s ol
d, tr
y to
est
ablis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at th
e un
law
ful “
rest
rain
t” w
as e
ffect
ed th
roug
h co
mpl
aina
nt’s
ac
quie
scen
ce to
fall
with
in th
e de
finiti
on o
f “re
stra
int”
at P
L 13
5.00
(1)(
b)
[as
oppo
sed
to 1
35.0
0(1)
(a)],
or k
eep
the
reco
rd a
mbi
guou
s as
to w
hich
de
finiti
on o
f res
train
t was
app
lied.
In
all c
ases
, to
redu
ce ri
sk o
f “cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
try
to e
stab
lish
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
“res
train
t” w
as n
ot
acco
mpl
ishe
d by
“phy
sica
l for
ce” o
r “in
timid
atio
n,” o
r kee
p th
e re
cord
am
bigu
ous
as to
whi
ch d
efini
tion
of re
stra
int w
as a
pplie
d.2.
To
min
imiz
e C
OD
V o
r CA
C ri
sks,
kee
p ag
e/re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
n-an
t to
defe
ndan
t out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(but
not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot
defe
at re
mov
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
CO
DV
).
(Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs c
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A-26IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-27
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
ls to
pro
ve th
at
“res
train
t” w
as e
ffect
ed o
n a
com
pete
nt a
dult.
See
Dic
kson
v. A
shcr
oft,
346
F.3d
44
(2d
Cir.
200
3).
Arg
ue n
ot “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
if go
vern
-m
ent f
ails
to p
rove
that
“res
train
t” el
emen
t was
not
sat
isfie
d by
“dec
ep-
tion”
or “
acqu
iesc
ence
” inv
olvi
ng n
o vi
olen
t for
ce.
Cf.
John
son
v. U
S,
130
S. C
t. 12
65 (2
010)
(hol
ding
that
“phy
sica
l for
ce” f
or p
urpo
ses
of
AC
CA
“vio
lent
felo
ny” d
efini
tion
sim
ilar t
o 18
US
C 1
6 “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
de
finiti
on m
eans
“vio
lent
forc
e”);
Mat
ter o
f Vel
asqu
ez, 2
5 I&
N D
ec.
278,
283
(BIA
201
0) (d
efini
tion
of “f
orce
” in
John
son
cont
rols
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” a
naly
sis)
. U
nlaw
ful
impr
ison
men
t, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
135.
10If
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, w
ould
pr
obab
ly b
e “c
rime
of “
viol
ence
” AF,
es
peci
ally
whe
re
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s re
stra
int b
y “p
hysi
cal f
orce
” or
“intim
idat
ion”
as
oppo
sed
to “d
ecep
tion”
or
“acq
uies
cenc
e” o
f co
mpl
aina
nt.
May
be.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
If th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
child
, mig
ht a
lso
be C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
If o
ne-y
ear s
ente
nce
cann
ot b
e av
oid-
ed b
ut th
e co
mpl
aina
nt is
less
than
16
year
s ol
d, tr
y to
est
ablis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at th
e un
law
ful “
rest
rain
t” w
as e
ffect
ed th
roug
h co
mpl
aina
nt’s
ac
quie
scen
ce to
fall
with
in th
e de
finiti
on o
f “re
stra
int”
at P
L 13
5.00
(1)(
b)
[as
oppo
sed
to 1
35.0
0(1)
(a)],
or k
eep
the
reco
rd a
mbi
guou
s as
to w
hich
de
finiti
on o
f res
train
t was
app
lied.
2. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
or C
AC
risk
s, k
eep
age/
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
ain-
ant t
o de
fend
ant o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (b
ut n
ote
that
this
may
not
de
feat
rem
ovab
ility
with
resp
ect t
o C
OD
V).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot c
rime
of v
iole
nce
AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
ls to
pro
ve th
at
“res
train
t” w
as e
ffect
ed o
n a
com
pete
nt a
dult.
See
Dic
kson
v. A
shcr
oft,
346
F.3d
44
(2d
Cir.
200
3).
Kid
napp
ing,
2n
d D
egre
e
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
135.
20If
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, pr
obab
ly is
“c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF.
Pro
babl
y.If
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
curr
ent o
r for
mer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
mig
ht b
e C
OD
V. If
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
ch
ild, m
ight
als
o be
CA
C.
Tres
pass
Viol
atio
n
140.
05
No.
N
o.
A-28IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-29
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
tre
spas
s, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
140.
10
No.
N
o.
Crim
inal
tre
spas
s, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
140.
15
No.
N
o.
Crim
inal
tre
spas
s, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
140.
17If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, p
roba
bly
is
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F
May
be.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.
Sub
sect
ions
(2) a
nd (3
) ar
e FO
and
, if r
ecor
d of
co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
of
fens
e in
volv
ed a
fire
arm
, su
bsec
tion
(1) a
lso
is F
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o m
inim
ize
FO ri
sk, a
void
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
l-te
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not h
ave
firea
rms
as a
n el
emen
t of t
he c
rime,
su
ch a
s B
urgl
ary,
3rd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 14
0.20
). If
that
’s n
ot p
ossi
ble,
av
oid
subs
ectio
ns (2
) and
(3)
[sub
sect
ion
(1) m
ight
be
bette
r] an
d try
to
keep
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
that
the
wea
pon
was
a fi
rear
m.
3. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
avo
id/c
ontro
vert
evid
ence
that
def
enda
nt
inte
nded
to o
r kne
w th
at o
ther
par
ticip
ant i
nten
ded
to u
se w
eapo
n un
law
fully
aga
inst
per
son
or p
rope
rty o
f ano
ther
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Bur
glar
y, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
140.
20If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, p
roba
bly
is
“bur
glar
y” A
F an
d m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e”
AF.
Yes
if cr
ime
inte
nded
to
be c
omm
itted
w
as C
IMT
or,
rega
rdle
ss o
f in
tend
ed o
ffens
e, if
bu
rgle
d “b
uild
ing”
w
as o
ccup
ied
dwel
ling.
See
N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“bur
glar
y” o
r “cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne
year
or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
bur
gled
“bui
ldin
g” is
a v
ehic
le a
nd s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
min
imiz
e ris
k of
“bur
glar
y” A
F by
est
ablis
hing
fact
of
vehi
cle
(as
oppo
sed
to s
truct
ure)
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
rimin
al
Tres
pass
, 2nd
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.15
), ev
en if
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d fo
r th
at o
ffens
e is
the
max
imum
one
yea
r. If
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
spe
cify
in
allo
cutio
n an
und
erly
ing
offe
nse
that
is N
OT
a C
IMT
and
that
“bui
ldin
g”
was
not
occ
upie
d dw
ellin
g, o
r if t
hat i
s no
t pos
sibl
e av
oid/
cont
rove
rt ev
i-de
nce
of o
ccup
ied
dwel
ling
and/
or in
tend
ed o
ffens
e th
at is
CIM
T. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:
1. W
here
RO
C d
oes
not f
orec
lose
that
def
enda
nt e
nter
ed a
veh
icle
/w
ater
craf
t, ar
gue
not a
“bur
glar
y” A
F be
caus
e su
ch c
ondu
ct fa
lls o
utsi
de
gene
ric d
efini
tion
of “b
urgl
ary.
” C
f. Ta
ylor
v. U
nite
d S
tate
s, 4
95 U
.S. 5
75
(199
0); M
atte
r of P
erez
, 22
I&N
Dec
. 132
5 (B
IA 2
000)
.
A-28IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-29
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Bur
glar
y, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
140.
25If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e,
subs
ectio
n (1
) pro
babl
y is
“b
urgl
ary”
or “
crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F, a
nd
subs
ectio
n (2
) is
“bur
glar
y” o
r “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF
Sub
sect
ion
(2) i
s pr
obab
ly C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
CIM
T if
crim
e in
tend
ed to
be
com
mitt
ed
was
CIM
T an
d su
bsec
tions
(b),
(c) a
nd (d
) may
be
CIM
T re
gard
less
of
inte
nded
crim
e.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
If re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at o
ffens
e in
volv
ed a
fire
arm
, su
bsec
tions
(1)(
a), (
c) a
nd
(d) a
re p
roba
bly
FO.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“bur
glar
y” o
r “cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
to-
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Bur
glar
y, 3
rd w
ith a
sen
tenc
e of
364
day
s or
less
, if p
ossi
ble
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.20
).2.
To
min
imiz
e FO
risk
, avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r al-
tern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t hav
e fir
earm
s as
an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e,
such
as
Bur
glar
y, 3
rd (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
20).
If th
at’s
not
pos
sibl
e,
avoi
d su
bsec
tion
(1)(
d) a
nd tr
y to
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
that
th
e w
eapo
n w
as a
fire
arm
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
IMT
risk,
spe
cify
in a
llocu
tion
an u
nder
lyin
g of
fens
e th
at is
NO
T a
CIM
T an
d th
at “b
uild
ing”
was
not
occ
upie
d dw
ellin
g, o
r if
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
avoi
d/co
ntro
vert
evid
ence
of o
ccup
ied
dwel
ling
and/
or in
tend
ed o
ffens
e th
at is
CIM
TB
urgl
ary,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
140.
30If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, is
“bur
glar
y” o
r “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
Yes
if cr
ime
inte
nded
to
be c
omm
itted
w
as C
IMT
or,
rega
rdle
ss o
f in
tend
ed o
ffens
e, if
bu
rgle
d “b
uild
ing”
w
as o
ccup
ied
dwel
ling.
Any
su
bsec
tion
is
prob
ably
CIM
T.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Sub
sect
ion
(4) i
s FO
and
, if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m,
subs
ectio
ns (1
) and
(3)
prob
ably
als
o ar
e FO
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“bur
glar
y” o
r “cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
to-
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Bur
glar
y, 3
rd w
ith a
sen
tenc
e of
364
day
s or
less
, if p
ossi
ble
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.20
).2.
To
min
imiz
e FO
risk
, avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r al-
tern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t hav
e fir
earm
s as
an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e,
such
as
Bur
glar
y, 3
rd (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
20).
If th
at’s
not
pos
sibl
e,
avoi
d su
bsec
tion
(4) a
nd tr
y to
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
that
the
wea
pon
was
a fi
rear
m.
3. T
o m
inim
ize
CIM
T ris
k, s
peci
fy in
allo
cutio
n an
und
erly
ing
offe
nse
that
is N
OT
a C
IMT
and
that
“bui
ldin
g” w
as n
ot o
ccup
ied
dwel
ling,
or i
f th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e av
oid/
cont
rove
rt ev
iden
ce o
f occ
upie
d dw
ellin
g an
d/or
inte
nded
offe
nse
that
is C
IMT.
Not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot b
e su
ffici
ent t
o de
feat
CIM
T fin
ding
Pos
sess
ion
of
burg
lar’s
tool
s
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
140.
35
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht b
e at
tem
pted
“bur
glar
y” o
r “th
eft”
AF.
May
be if
the
offe
nse
inte
nded
to
be c
omm
itted
was
C
IMT.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
atte
mpt
ed “b
urgl
ary”
or “
thef
t” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
ye
ar o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
2. T
o m
inim
ize
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Crim
inal
Tr
espa
ss, 2
nd, i
f pos
sibl
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
140.
15).
If th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e,
spec
ify in
the
reco
rd a
n un
derly
ing
offe
nse
that
is N
OT
a C
IMT.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
if go
vern
men
t fai
ls to
sho
w th
at u
nder
lyin
g cr
ime
inte
nded
with
the
burg
lary
tool
s is
not
CIM
T. S
ee G
uarin
o v.
Uhl
, 107
F.
2d 3
99 (2
d C
ir. 1
939)
; Mat
ter o
f S, 6
I&N
Dec
. 769
(BIA
195
5).
A-30IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-31
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
m
isch
ief,
4th
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
145.
00
No
for s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
)-(3
) (pa
rticu
larly
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s su
bsec
tion
(3))
, unl
ess
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in s
ome
juris
dict
ions
ou
tsid
e 2d
Circ
uit.
S
ubse
ctio
n (4
), if
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F in
any
ju
risdi
ctio
n.
Sub
sect
ions
(1
), (2
) and
(4)
mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
S
ubse
ctio
n (3
) pr
obab
ly is
NO
T C
IMT.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r (ge
t 364
da
ys o
r les
s).
2. T
o m
inim
ize
CIM
T ris
k, a
void
sub
sect
ions
(1),
(2) a
nd (4
) and
co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at a
re li
kely
NO
T to
be
CIM
T, s
uch
as
Rec
kles
s E
ndan
germ
ent o
f Pro
perty
(see
bel
ow, P
L 14
5.25
). W
here
th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, d
eny
“mal
icio
us in
tent
” at p
lea
allo
cutio
n. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot a
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F be
caus
e of
fens
e do
es n
ot h
ave
use,
atte
mpt
ed u
se, o
r thr
eate
ned
use
of fo
rce
as a
n el
emen
t. C
f. C
hr-
zano
ski v
. Ash
crof
t, 32
7 F.
3d 1
88 (2
d C
ir. 2
003)
(offe
nse
invo
lvin
g in
tent
to
inju
re re
sulti
ng in
inju
ry d
oes
not i
nher
ently
requ
ire th
e us
e of
forc
e);
see
also
Joh
nson
v. U
S, 1
30 S
. Ct.
1265
(201
0) (h
oldi
ng th
at “p
hysi
cal
forc
e” fo
r pur
pose
s of
AC
CA
“vio
lent
felo
ny” d
efini
tion
sim
ilar t
o 18
US
C
16 “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
defi
nitio
n m
eans
“vio
lent
forc
e,” n
ot s
impl
y de
m
inim
is to
uchi
ng).
Not
e th
at th
e st
atut
e re
ache
s da
mag
e to
the
valu
e of
pr
oper
ty, w
hich
can
be
crea
ted
with
out “
viol
ent f
orce
.” S
ee, e
.g.,
Peo
ple
v. D
avid
, 133
A.D
.2d
277,
519
N.Y
.S.2
d 67
(App
. Div.
2d
Dep
’t 19
87)
(hol
ding
that
com
plai
nant
’s h
ome
was
dam
aged
with
in th
e m
eani
ng o
f 14
5.00
(1) w
hen
defe
ndan
t, a
cont
ract
or, r
emov
ed a
wat
er h
eate
r; da
m-
age
cons
iste
d of
cos
t of r
e-in
stal
latio
n bu
t not
cos
t of h
eate
r).
Crim
inal
m
isch
ief,
3rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
145.
05
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
Pro
babl
y.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
Crim
inal
m
isch
ief,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
145.
10If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F
Pro
babl
yTi
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e.
Crim
inal
m
isch
ief,
1st
degr
ee
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
145.
12If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, p
roba
bly
is
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F
Pro
babl
y.FO
(or d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
of
fens
e) if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
“d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
” (as
de
fined
in 1
8 U
SC
921
(a))
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
rimin
al M
isch
ief,
3rd
or 4
th, w
ith a
sen
-te
nce
of 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss, i
f pos
sibl
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
145.
05 &
145.
00).
2. T
o m
inim
ize
FO ri
sk, a
void
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
l-te
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
rimin
al M
isch
ief,
3rd
or 4
th, w
ith a
sen
tenc
e of
364
da
ys o
r les
s, if
pos
sibl
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
145.
05 &
145.
00).
A-30IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-31
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Rec
kles
s en
dang
erm
ent
of p
rope
rty
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
145.
25N
oP
roba
bly
NO
TS
ee M
atte
r of M
, 3 I&
N D
ec. 2
72 (B
IA 1
948)
(fou
nd th
at p
rope
rty
dam
age
offe
nse
was
CIM
T be
caus
e w
as n
ot o
ne “w
here
the
act w
as
mer
ely
acco
mpa
nied
by
negl
igen
ce o
r car
eles
snes
s, b
ut o
ne w
hich
was
pe
rpet
rate
d m
alic
ious
ly a
nd w
anto
nly”
); M
atte
r of M
, 2 I&
N D
ec. 6
86
(BIA
194
6) (r
eckl
ess
enda
nger
men
t of p
rope
rty n
ot a
CIM
T).
Mak
ing
graf
fiti
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
145.
60N
o, u
nles
s te
rm
of im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
in w
hich
cas
e m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns
outs
ide
2d C
ircui
t.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot a
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F be
caus
e of
fens
e do
es n
ot h
ave
use,
atte
mpt
ed u
se, o
r thr
eate
ned
use
of fo
rce
as a
n el
emen
t. C
f.
John
son
v. U
S, 1
30 S
. Ct.
1265
(201
0) (h
oldi
ng th
at “p
hysi
cal f
orce
” for
pu
rpos
es o
f AC
CA
“vio
lent
felo
ny” d
efini
tion
sim
ilar t
o 18
US
C 1
6 “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
defi
nitio
n m
eans
“vio
lent
forc
e,” n
ot s
impl
y de
min
imis
to
uchi
ng).
Pos
sess
ion
of
graf
fiti
inst
rum
ent
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
145.
65N
o.P
roba
bly
NO
T
Ars
on, 5
th
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
150.
01
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
pro
babl
y is
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
FO (o
r des
truct
ive
devi
ce
offe
nse)
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at o
ffens
e in
volv
ed
“des
truct
ive
devi
ce” (
as
defin
ed in
18
US
C 9
21(a
)).
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
A-32IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-33
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Ars
on, 4
th
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
150.
05
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
May
be.
FO (o
r des
truct
ive
devi
ce
offe
nse)
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at o
ffens
e in
volv
ed
“des
truct
ive
devi
ce” (
as
defin
ed in
18
US
C 9
21(a
)).
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or
mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e.2.
To
min
imiz
e C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
rimin
al
Mis
chie
f, 4t
h, s
ubse
ctio
n (3
) (se
e ab
ove,
PL
145.
00(3
)), w
ith a
sen
tenc
e of
364
day
s or
less
, if p
ossi
ble,
OR
con
side
r ple
adin
g to
an
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it A
rson
, 4th
(see
abo
ve, P
L 15
0.05
). S
ee G
ill v
. IN
S,
420
F.3d
82
(2d
Cir.
200
5) (b
ecau
se a
per
son
cann
ot in
tend
to c
omm
it a
reck
less
act
, an
atte
mpt
ed re
ckle
ss a
ssau
lt co
uld
not c
onst
itute
CIM
T ev
en th
ough
the
com
plet
ed c
rime
itsel
f is
CIM
T); K
napi
k v.
Ash
crof
t, 38
4 F.
3d 8
4 (3
d C
ir. 2
004)
(sam
e w
ith a
ttem
pted
reck
less
end
ange
rmen
t, 1s
t deg
ree)
. N
ew Y
ork
cour
ts p
erm
it su
ch “h
ypot
hetic
al o
ffens
e” p
leas
. S
ee D
ale
v. H
olde
r, 61
0 F.
3d 2
94, 3
02 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
(col
lect
ing
case
s).
3. T
o m
inim
ize
FO ri
sk, a
void
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er if
“des
truct
ive
devi
ce” w
as u
sed,
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
M
isch
ief,
4th
Deg
ree,
sub
sect
ion
(3),
or A
rson
, 5th
Deg
ree
(see
abo
ve,
PL
145.
00(3
) or 1
50.0
1), i
n ea
ch c
ase
with
a s
ente
nce
of 3
64 d
ays
or
less
, if p
ossi
ble.
Ars
on, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
150.
10
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
Yes.
FO
(or d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
of
fens
e) if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
“d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
” (as
de
fined
in 1
8 U
SC
921
(a))
. A
rson
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
150.
15
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
may
be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F, e
spec
ially
w
here
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
show
s th
at d
efen
dant
kne
w
anot
her p
erso
n w
as
pres
ent i
n da
mag
ed
build
ing/
vehi
cle.
Yes.
FO
(or d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
of
fens
e) if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
“d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
” (as
de
fined
in 1
8 U
SC
921
(a))
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, w
here
pos
sibl
e sp
ecify
at a
l-lo
cutio
n th
at s
ubje
ct b
uild
ing/
vehi
cle
was
pro
perty
of d
efen
dant
and
that
de
fend
ant d
id n
ot k
now
ano
ther
per
son
was
pre
sent
. If
this
is n
ot p
os-
sibl
e, tr
y to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
ev
iden
ce th
at th
e su
bjec
t bui
ldin
g/ve
hicl
e w
as p
rope
rty o
f ano
ther
and
th
at th
e de
fend
ant k
new
ano
ther
per
son
was
pre
sent
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
a “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
unde
r 18
US
C
16(a
) bec
ause
offe
nse
does
not
requ
ire u
se, e
tc. o
f for
ce a
gain
st th
e pr
oper
ty o
f ano
ther
. A
rgue
not
cat
egor
ical
ly a
“cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
unde
r 18
US
C 1
6(b)
bec
ause
offe
nse
may
be
com
mitt
ed w
ithou
t act
ual
know
ledg
e th
at a
noth
er p
erso
n is
pre
sent
, viti
atin
g “s
ubst
antia
l ris
k” o
f in
tent
iona
l use
of f
orce
aga
inst
his
/her
per
son.
See
Leo
cal v
. Ash
crof
t, 54
3 U
.S. 1
(200
4).
A-32IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-33
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Ars
on, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
-I fe
lony
150.
20
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“c
rime
of
viol
ence
” AF,
esp
ecia
lly
whe
re re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
that
def
enda
nt k
new
an
othe
r per
son
was
pr
esen
t in
dam
aged
bu
ildin
g/ve
hicl
e.
Yes.
FO
(or d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
of
fens
e) if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
“d
estru
ctiv
e de
vice
” (as
de
fined
in 1
8 U
SC
921
(a))
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, w
here
pos
sibl
e sp
ecify
at a
l-lo
cutio
n th
at s
ubje
ct b
uild
ing/
vehi
cle
was
pro
perty
of d
efen
dant
and
that
de
fend
ant d
id n
ot k
now
ano
ther
per
son
was
pre
sent
. If
this
is n
ot p
os-
sibl
e, tr
y to
kee
p ou
t of t
he re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
ev
iden
ce th
at th
e su
bjec
t bui
ldin
g/ve
hicl
e w
as p
rope
rty o
f ano
ther
and
th
at th
e de
fend
ant k
new
ano
ther
per
son
was
pre
sent
.Ti
p fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs:
1. A
rgue
not
cat
egor
ical
ly a
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F un
der 1
8 U
SC
16
(a) b
ecau
se o
ffens
e do
es n
ot re
quire
use
, etc
. of f
orce
aga
inst
the
prop
erty
of a
noth
er.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
a “
crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F un
der 1
8 U
SC
16(
b) b
ecau
se o
ffens
e m
ay b
e co
mm
itted
with
out a
ctua
l kn
owle
dge
that
ano
ther
per
son
is p
rese
nt, v
itiat
ing
“sub
stan
tial r
isk”
of
inte
ntio
nal u
se o
f for
ce a
gain
st h
is/h
er p
erso
n. S
ee L
eoca
l v. A
shcr
oft,
543
U.S
. 1 (2
004)
.P
etit
larc
eny
Cla
ss A
mis
de-
mea
nor
155.
25
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
prob
ably
is “t
heft”
A
F. I
f rec
ord
of
conv
ictio
n (“
RO
C”)
sh
ows
that
larc
eny
was
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
fra
ud o
r dec
eit,
and
if ev
iden
ce (w
heth
er o
r no
t par
t of R
OC
) tie
d to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct
show
s lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss to
vic
tim e
xcee
ding
$1
0,00
0, m
ay b
e “fr
aud
or d
ecei
t” A
F re
gard
less
of s
ente
nce.
O
ther
wis
e, n
ot A
F.
Yes.
Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “th
eft”
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64
days
or l
ess.
If t
his
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
whe
re lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss to
co
mpl
aina
nt is
no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00, m
inim
ize
risk
of “t
heft”
AF
by a
f-fir
mat
ivel
y es
tabl
ishi
ng in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at la
rcen
y w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
by fr
aud
or d
ecei
t (e.
g. (e
.g.,
PL
155.
05(2
)(a)
, (d)
).
2. W
here
alle
ged
loss
to c
ompl
aina
nt e
xcee
ds $
10,0
00, t
o av
oid
“frau
d or
dec
eit”
AF,
affi
rmat
ivel
y es
tabl
ish
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
thef
t was
not
ac
com
plis
hed
by fr
audu
lent
or d
ecei
tful m
eans
(e.g
., P
L 15
5.05
(2)(
a),
(d))
and
/or t
hat l
oss
or in
tend
ed lo
ss to
com
plai
nant
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(See
App
endi
x L)
.3.
To
avoi
d C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), Tr
espa
ss (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
04) o
r Jo
stlin
g (s
ee b
elow
, PL
165.
25).
If th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e an
d if
law
fully
ad
mitt
ed c
lient
has
no
prio
r CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
at-
tem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
155.
25, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
tri
gger
dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f adm
issi
on”
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“the
ft” A
F be
caus
e st
atut
e en
com
pass
es
taki
ng p
rope
rty b
y co
nsen
t fra
udul
ently
obt
aine
d. S
ee M
atte
r of G
arci
a-M
adru
ga, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 4
36 (B
IA 2
008)
; Baz
uaye
v. M
ukas
ey, 2
73 F
ed.
App
’x 7
7 (2
d C
ir. 2
008)
(unp
ublis
hed)
.2.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“fra
ud o
r dec
eit”
AF
beca
use
stat
ute
enco
m-
pass
es ta
king
pro
perty
with
out c
onse
nt.
See
Mat
ter o
f Gar
cia-
Mad
ruga
, 24
I&N
Dec
. 436
(BIA
200
8).
A-34IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-35
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Gra
nd la
rcen
y,
4th
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
155.
30
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“th
eft”
AF.
Sub
sect
ion
(11)
, if t
he re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n (“
RO
C”)
sh
ows
the
prop
erty
in
volv
ed to
ben
hydr
ous
amm
onia
, pro
babl
y is
“d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F re
gard
less
of s
ente
nce.
A
ny s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
be
“fra
ud o
r dec
eit”
AF
rega
rdle
ss o
f se
nten
ce if
RO
C
show
s th
at la
rcen
y w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
by
fraud
or d
ecei
t, an
d if
evid
ence
(whe
ther
or
not p
art o
f RO
C) t
ied
to c
onvi
cted
con
duct
sh
ows
loss
or i
nten
ded
loss
to v
ictim
exc
eedi
ng
$10,
000.
Yes.
S
ubse
ctio
n (7
) pro
babl
y is
FO
. Sub
sect
ion
(11)
pr
obab
ly is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“thef
t” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
). If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
whe
re lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss
to c
ompl
aina
nt is
no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00, m
inim
ize
risk
of “t
heft”
AF
by
affir
mat
ivel
y es
tabl
ishi
ng in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at la
rcen
y w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
by fr
aud
or d
ecei
t (e.
g. (e
.g.,
PL
155.
05(2
)(a)
, (d)
). 2.
To
avoi
d “fr
aud
or d
ecei
t” A
F, a
ffirm
ativ
ely
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at th
eft w
as n
ot a
ccom
plis
hed
by fr
audu
lent
or d
ecei
tful m
eans
(e.g
., P
L 15
5.05
(2)(
a), (
d)) a
nd/o
r tha
t los
s or
inte
nded
loss
to c
ompl
aina
nt d
id
not e
xcee
d $1
0,00
0 (S
ee A
ppen
dix
L).
3. T
o av
oid
FO ri
sk, a
void
sub
sect
ion
(7).
4. T
o av
oid
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
or C
SO
risk
, avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (1
1).If
th
e al
lega
tion
is c
ar th
eft,
to a
void
CIM
T ris
k co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Una
utho
rized
Use
of a
Veh
icle
, 3rd
or 2
nd (s
ee b
elow
, PL
165.
05 &
16
5.06
).
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“the
ft” A
F be
caus
e st
atut
e en
com
pass
es
taki
ng p
rope
rty b
y co
nsen
t fra
udul
ently
obt
aine
d. S
ee M
atte
r of G
arci
a-M
adru
ga, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 4
36 (B
IA 2
008)
; Baz
uaye
v. M
ukas
ey, 2
73 F
ed.
App
’x 7
7 (2
d C
ir. 2
008)
(unp
ublis
hed)
.2.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“fra
ud o
r dec
eit”
AF
beca
use
stat
ute
enco
m-
pass
es ta
king
pro
perty
with
out c
onse
nt.
See
Mat
ter o
f Gar
cia-
Mad
ruga
, 24
I&N
Dec
. 436
(BIA
200
8).
Gra
nd la
rcen
y,
3rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
155.
35
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“the
ft”
AF.
Mig
ht b
e “fr
aud
or
dece
it” A
F re
gard
less
of
sen
tenc
e if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (“
RO
C”)
sh
ows
that
larc
eny
was
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
fra
ud o
r dec
eit,
and
if ev
iden
ce (w
heth
er o
r no
t par
t of R
OC
) tie
d to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct
show
s lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss to
vic
tim e
xcee
ding
$1
0,00
0.
Yes.
Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “th
eft”
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e. I
f thi
s is
not
pos
sibl
e, w
here
loss
or
inte
nded
loss
to c
ompl
aina
nt is
no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00, m
inim
ize
risk
of
“thef
t” A
F by
affi
rmat
ivel
y es
tabl
ishi
ng in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at la
rcen
y w
as
acco
mpl
ishe
d by
frau
d or
dec
eit (
e.g.
, PL
155.
05(2
)(a)
, (d)
).2.
If a
llege
d lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss e
xcee
ds $
10,0
00, t
o de
crea
se “f
raud
or
dec
eit A
F” ri
sk, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al P
os-
sess
ion
of S
tole
n P
rope
rty, 4
th o
r 3rd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 16
5.45
& 1
65.5
0).
If pl
eadi
ng to
155
.35
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, a
ffirm
ativ
ely
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at la
rcen
y w
as n
ot a
ccom
plis
hed
by fr
aud
or d
ecei
t (e.
g.,
PL
155.
05(2
)(a)
, (d)
) and
/or t
hat l
oss
to c
ompl
aina
nt w
as n
o m
ore
than
$1
0,00
0 (s
ee A
ppen
dix
L).
3. If
the
alle
gatio
n is
car
thef
t, to
avo
id C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of U
naut
horiz
ed U
se o
f a V
ehic
le, 3
rd o
r 2nd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 16
5.05
& 1
65.0
6).
(Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs c
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A-34IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-35
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“the
ft” A
F be
caus
e st
atut
e en
com
pass
es
taki
ng p
rope
rty b
y co
nsen
t fra
udul
ently
obt
aine
d. S
ee M
atte
r of G
arci
a-M
adru
ga, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 4
36 (B
IA 2
008)
; Baz
uaye
v. M
ukas
ey, 2
73 F
ed.
App
’x 7
7 (2
d C
ir. 2
008)
(unp
ublis
hed)
.2.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“fra
ud o
r dec
eit”
AF
beca
use
stat
ute
enco
m-
pass
es ta
king
pro
perty
with
out c
onse
nt.
See
Mat
ter o
f Gar
cia-
Mad
ruga
, 24
I&N
Dec
. 436
(BIA
200
8). I
f gov
ernm
ent a
llege
s “fr
aud
or d
ecei
t” A
F, a
rgue
not
AF
whe
re g
over
nmen
t has
faile
d to
pro
ve th
at lo
ss ti
ed to
co
nvic
ted
cond
uct e
xcee
ds $
10,0
00 (e
.g.,
if pl
ea c
ollo
quy
adm
its to
loss
am
ount
of n
o m
ore
than
$10
,000
). S
ee N
ijhaw
an v
. Hol
der,
129
S. C
t. 22
94 (2
009)
.G
rand
larc
eny,
2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
155.
40
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“the
ft”
AF
and
subs
ectio
n (2
) mig
ht a
lso
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e”
AF.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)
mig
ht b
e “fr
aud
or
dece
it” A
F re
gard
less
of
sen
tenc
e if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (“
RO
C”)
sh
ows
that
larc
eny
was
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
fra
ud o
r dec
eit,
and
if ev
iden
ce (w
heth
er o
r no
t par
t of R
OC
) tie
d to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct
show
s lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss to
vic
tim e
xcee
ding
$1
0,00
0
Yes.
Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
If a
llege
d lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss e
xcee
ds $
10,0
00, t
o de
crea
se “f
raud
or
dec
eit A
F” ri
sk, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al P
os-
sess
ion
of S
tole
n P
rope
rty, 4
th o
r 3rd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 16
5.45
& 1
65.5
0).
If th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, a
ffirm
ativ
ely
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at la
rcen
y w
as n
ot a
ccom
plis
hed
by fr
aud
or d
ecei
t (e.
g., P
L 15
5.05
(2)(
a),(d
)) a
nd/
or th
at lo
ss to
com
plai
nant
was
no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00 (s
ee A
ppen
dix
L). (
But
not
e th
at o
ffens
e w
ill s
till p
roba
bly
be “t
heft”
and
/or “
crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F if
sent
ence
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e is
impo
sed)
.
A-36IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-37
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Gra
nd la
rcen
y,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
155.
42
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“the
ft”
AF.
Mig
ht b
e “fr
aud
or
dece
it” A
F re
gard
less
of
sen
tenc
e if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (“
RO
C”)
sh
ows
that
larc
eny
was
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
fra
ud o
r dec
eit,
and
if ev
iden
ce (w
heth
er o
r no
t par
t of R
OC
) tie
d to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct
show
s lo
ss o
r int
ende
d lo
ss to
vic
tim e
xcee
ding
$1
0,00
0.
Yes.
Rob
bery
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
160.
05
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
is “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” and
“the
ft” A
F.
Yes.
Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
da
ys o
r les
s) if
pos
sibl
e.
Rob
bery
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
160.
10
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
is “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” and
“the
ft” A
F.
Yes.
S
ubse
ctio
n 2(
b) p
roba
bly
is
FO if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
plea
to R
obbe
ry, 3
rd w
ith a
sen
tenc
e of
364
day
s or
less
(see
abo
ve, P
L 16
0.05
) if p
ossi
ble.
Rob
bery
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
160.
15
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
is “c
rime
of
viol
ence
” and
“the
ft” A
F.
Yes.
S
ubse
ctio
ns (2
), (3
) and
(4
) are
FO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
offe
nse
invo
lved
a fi
rear
m.
Una
utho
rized
us
e of
veh
icle
, 3r
d de
gree
Cla
ss A
mis
de-
mea
nor
165.
05
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
mig
ht b
e “th
eft”
AF.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “th
eft”
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64
days
or l
ess)
.
Una
utho
rized
us
e of
veh
icle
, 2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
165.
06
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “th
eft”
AF.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
da
ys o
r les
s) if
pos
sibl
e.
A-36IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-37
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Una
utho
rized
us
e of
veh
icle
, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
165.
08
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “th
eft”
AF.
May
be, p
artic
ular
ly
if de
fend
ant
inte
nded
to u
se
vehi
cle
in th
e co
mm
issi
on o
f a
CIM
T. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, su
pra.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64
days
or l
ess)
if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r al
tern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Una
utho
rized
Use
of V
ehic
le, 2
nd w
ith a
sen
tenc
e of
364
day
s or
less
(see
abo
ve, P
L 16
5.05
) if p
ossi
ble.
If p
lead
ing
to
165.
08 c
anno
t be
avoi
ded,
spe
cify
und
erly
ing
inte
nded
offe
nse
in p
lea
allo
cutio
n th
at is
NO
T a
CIM
T; if
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
leav
e re
cord
vag
ue
as to
und
erly
ing
crim
e in
tend
ed.
See
“Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,”
supr
a.Th
eft o
f se
rvic
es
Viol
atio
n
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
165.
15
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “th
eft”
AF.
Pro
babl
y. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e. I
f thi
s is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
min
imiz
e ris
k of
“the
ft” A
F,
if po
ssib
le c
reat
e re
cord
at a
llocu
tion
that
thef
t was
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
co
nsen
t of o
wne
r fra
udul
ently
or d
ecei
tfully
obt
aine
d (e
.g.,
PL
165.
15(3
) un
der “
dece
ptio
n” p
rong
).2.
To
avoi
d C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.04
). If
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
Ts, c
onsi
der a
ltern
a-tiv
e of
fens
e of
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it P
L 16
5.15
, whi
ch a
s a
B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
trig
ger d
epor
tabi
lity
as “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5 y
ears
of
adm
issi
on.”
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
“the
ft” A
F be
caus
e st
atut
e en
com
pass
es
taki
ng p
rope
rty b
y co
nsen
t fra
udul
ently
obt
aine
d. S
ee M
atte
r of G
arci
a-M
adru
ga, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 4
36 (B
IA 2
008)
; cf.
Baz
uaye
v. M
ukas
ey, 2
73
Fed.
App
’x 7
7 (2
d C
ir. 2
008)
(unp
ublis
hed)
.2.
Arg
ue n
ot a
CIM
T be
caus
e of
fens
e do
es n
ot re
quire
inte
nt to
de-
priv
e an
y pe
rson
or e
ntity
of p
rope
rty, b
ut o
nly
inte
nt to
obt
ain
use
of a
se
rvic
e. S
ee P
L 15
5.00
(1),
(8) (
prov
idin
g ex
clus
ive
defin
ition
s of
“pro
p-er
ty” a
nd “s
ervi
ce”)
; Peo
ple
v. W
alte
rs, 8
62 8
10 (N
.Y. C
rim. C
t. 20
05)
(unp
ublis
hed)
(“[A
] ser
vice
is n
ot p
rope
rty, a
nd p
rope
rty is
not
a s
ervi
ce,
and
the
pena
l law
reco
gniz
es th
e di
ffere
nce
betw
een
the
two.
”); M
atte
r of
G, 2
I&N
Dec
. 235
(BIA
194
5) (p
rede
cess
or N
Y st
atut
e no
t CIM
T);
U.S
. ex
rel.
Font
an v
. Uhl
, 16
F. S
upp.
428
(SD
NY
1936
) (ta
king
oce
an
pass
age
with
out p
aym
ent n
ot C
IMT)
. Jo
stlin
g
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
165.
25
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
A-38IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-39
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
sto
len
prop
erty
, 5th
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
165.
40
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
pro
babl
y is
“the
ft”
AF.
Pro
babl
y. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or
less
).2.
To
avoi
d C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), Tr
espa
ss (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
04)
or J
ostli
ng (s
ee b
elow
, PL
165.
25);
if th
e al
lega
tion
is c
ar th
eft,
also
co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Una
utho
rized
Use
of a
Veh
icle
, 3rd
(see
ab
ove,
PL
165.
05 &
165
.06)
. If t
his
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to re
duce
(but
not
el
imin
ate)
CIM
T ris
k av
oid
spec
ific
adm
issi
on to
requ
isite
inte
nt (s
ee P
L 16
5.55
(1))
. If
the
stra
tegi
es in
the
prec
edin
g se
nten
ces
are
not p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
Ts, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
atte
mpt
(P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
165.
40, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
tri
gger
dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f adm
issi
on.”
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n m
ay b
e pr
emis
ed o
n pr
esum
p-tio
n, n
ot a
ctua
l find
ing,
that
per
son
poss
esse
d pr
oper
ty w
ith in
tent
to
bene
fit h
imse
lf or
ano
ther
. B
ut s
ee M
iche
l v. I
NS
, 206
F.3
d 25
3 (2
d C
ir.
2000
) (ho
ldin
g th
at 1
65.4
0 is
CIM
T w
ithou
t con
side
ring
this
arg
umen
t);
see
also
Bro
oks
v. H
olde
r, 62
1 F.
3d 8
8 (2
d C
ir. 2
010)
(rej
ectin
g si
mila
r ar
gum
ent w
ith re
gard
to s
tatu
tory
pre
sum
ptio
n of
inte
nt to
use
wea
pon
unla
wfu
lly).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
sto
len
prop
erty
, 4th
de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
165.
45
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“th
eft”
AF.
Sub
sect
ion
(7),
if th
e re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n sh
ows
the
prop
erty
invo
lved
to
be
anhy
drou
s am
mon
ia, p
roba
bly
is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
rega
rdle
ss o
f sen
tenc
e.
Pro
babl
y. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Sub
sect
ion
(7) p
roba
bly
is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“thef
t” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o av
oid
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
or C
SO
risk
, avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (7
).3.
To
avoi
d C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Jos
tling
(s
ee a
bove
, PL
165.
25);
if th
e al
lega
tion
is p
osse
ssio
n of
sto
len
vehi
cle,
al
so c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Una
utho
rized
Use
of a
Veh
icle
, 3rd
or
2nd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 16
5.05
& 1
65.0
6).
If th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
re-
duce
(but
not
elim
inat
e) C
IMT
risk
avoi
d sp
ecifi
c ad
mis
sion
to re
quis
ite
inte
nt (s
ee P
L 16
5.55
(1))
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n m
ay b
e pr
emis
ed o
n pr
esum
p-tio
n, n
ot a
ctua
l find
ing,
that
per
son
poss
esse
d pr
oper
ty w
ith in
tent
to
bene
fit h
imse
lf or
ano
ther
. B
ut s
ee M
iche
l v. I
NS
, 206
F.3
d 25
3 (2
d C
ir.
2000
) (ho
ldin
g th
at 1
65.4
0 is
CIM
T w
ithou
t con
side
ring
this
arg
umen
t);
see
also
Bro
oks
v. H
olde
r, 62
1 F.
3d 8
8 (2
d C
ir. 2
010)
(rej
ectin
g si
mila
r ar
gum
ent w
ith re
gard
to s
tatu
tory
pre
sum
ptio
n of
inte
nt to
use
wea
pon
unla
wfu
lly).
A-38IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-39
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
sto
len
prop
erty
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
165.
50
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
is “t
heft”
AF
in F
ifth
Circ
uit a
nd is
pr
obab
ly “t
heft”
AF
in
othe
r jur
isdi
ctio
ns.
Pro
babl
y. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
..
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“thef
t” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
the
alle
gatio
n is
pos
sess
ion
of s
tole
n ve
hicl
e, to
avo
id C
IMT
risk
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of U
naut
horiz
ed U
se o
f a V
ehic
le, 3
rd o
r 2n
d (s
ee a
bove
, PL
165.
05 &
165
.06)
. If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to re
duce
(b
ut n
ot e
limin
ate)
CIM
T ris
k av
oid
spec
ific
adm
issi
on to
requ
isite
inte
nt
(see
PL
165.
55(1
)).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n m
ay b
e pr
emis
ed o
n pr
esum
p-tio
n, n
ot a
ctua
l find
ing,
that
per
son
poss
esse
d pr
oper
ty w
ith in
tent
to
bene
fit h
imse
lf or
ano
ther
. B
ut s
ee M
iche
l v. I
NS
, 206
F.3
d 25
3 (2
d C
ir.
2000
) (ho
ldin
g th
at 1
65.4
0 is
CIM
T w
ithou
t con
side
ring
this
arg
umen
t);
see
also
Bro
oks
v. H
olde
r, 62
1 F.
3d 8
8 (2
d C
ir. 2
010)
(rej
ectin
g si
mila
r ar
gum
ent w
ith re
gard
to s
tatu
tory
pre
sum
ptio
n of
inte
nt to
use
wea
pon
unla
wfu
lly).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
sto
len
prop
erty
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
165.
52
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“the
ft”
AF.
Pro
babl
y. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
(but
not
elim
inat
e) C
IMT
risk
avoi
d sp
ecifi
c ad
mis
sion
to
requ
isite
inte
nt (s
ee P
L 16
5.55
(1))
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n m
ay b
e pr
emis
ed o
n pr
esum
p-tio
n, n
ot a
ctua
l find
ing,
that
per
son
poss
esse
d pr
oper
ty w
ith in
tent
to
bene
fit h
imse
lf or
ano
ther
. B
ut s
ee M
iche
l v. I
NS
, 206
F.3
d 25
3 (2
d C
ir.
2000
) (ho
ldin
g th
at 1
65.4
0 is
CIM
T w
ithou
t con
side
ring
this
arg
umen
t);
see
also
Bro
oks
v. H
olde
r, 62
1 F.
3d 8
8 (2
d C
ir. 2
010)
(rej
ectin
g si
mila
r ar
gum
ent w
ith re
gard
to s
tatu
tory
pre
sum
ptio
n of
inte
nt to
use
wea
pon
unla
wfu
lly).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
sto
len
prop
erty
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
165.
54
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“the
ft”
AF.
Pro
babl
y. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
(but
not
elim
inat
e) C
IMT
risk
avoi
d sp
ecifi
c ad
mis
sion
to
requ
isite
inte
nt (s
ee P
L 16
5.55
(1))
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
beca
use
conv
ictio
n m
ay b
e pr
emis
ed o
n pr
esum
p-tio
n, n
ot a
ctua
l find
ing,
that
per
son
poss
esse
d pr
oper
ty w
ith in
tent
to
bene
fit h
imse
lf or
ano
ther
. B
ut s
ee, e
.g.,
Bro
oks
v. H
olde
r, 62
1 F.
3d 8
8 (2
d C
ir. S
ept.
27, 2
010)
(rej
ectin
g si
mila
r arg
umen
t with
rega
rd to
sta
tu-
tory
pre
sum
ptio
n of
inte
nt to
use
wea
pon
unla
wfu
lly).
A-40IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-41
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Trad
emar
k co
unte
rfeiti
ng,
3rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
165.
71If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
ye
ar, m
ight
be
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F.
Pro
babl
y,
espe
cial
ly w
here
de
fend
ant h
as
inte
nt to
def
raud
or
dece
ive
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a..
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or
less
).2.
To
avoi
d C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
on-
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or,
for o
ffens
es c
omm
itted
in N
YC
, vio
la-
tion
of A
dmin
istra
tive
Cod
e 20
-453
(ven
dor’s
lice
nse
requ
ired)
. W
here
th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e or
for o
ffens
es o
utsi
de N
YC
), to
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
cons
ider
alte
rnat
e pl
ea to
Fai
lure
to D
iscl
ose
the
Orig
in o
f a R
ecor
ding
, 2d
deg
ree
(see
bel
ow, P
L 27
5.35
). If
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it P
L 16
5.71
, whi
ch a
s a
B m
isde
mea
nor w
ill n
ot tr
igge
r dep
ort-
abili
ty a
s “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5 y
ears
of a
dmis
sion
.” T
o re
duce
(tho
ugh
not
elim
inat
e) C
IMT
risk
whe
n pl
eadi
ng to
this
offe
nse,
if p
ossi
ble
spec
ify in
pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
offe
nse
was
com
mitt
ed w
ith in
tent
to e
vade
a la
w-
ful r
estri
ctio
n on
sal
e/re
sale
(as
oppo
sed
to w
ith in
tent
to d
ecei
ve o
r de
fraud
) and
that
no-
one
was
dec
eive
d or
def
raud
ed b
y de
fend
ant’s
co
nduc
t. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Trad
emar
k co
unte
rfeiti
ng,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
165.
72If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F. I
f th
e lo
ss to
the
vict
im(s
) ex
ceed
s $1
0,00
0, m
ight
al
so b
e “fr
aud”
AF
espe
cial
ly if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
show
s el
emen
t of i
nten
t to
defra
ud o
r dec
eive
(as
oppo
sed
to e
vade
a
law
ful r
estri
ctio
n).
Pro
babl
y,
espe
cial
ly w
here
de
fend
ant h
as
inte
nt to
def
raud
or
dece
ive
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or
mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e.2.
To
decr
ease
“fra
ud” A
F ris
k, s
peci
fy in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
eva
de a
law
ful r
estri
ctio
n on
sal
e/re
sale
(as
oppo
sed
to w
ith in
tent
to d
ecei
ve o
r def
raud
). S
ee V
alan
si v
. Ash
crof
t, 27
8 F.
3d 2
03 (3
d C
ir. 2
002)
. In
add
ition
, if p
ossi
ble
spec
ify in
the
plea
co
lloqu
y th
at th
e lo
ss a
mou
nt (a
s op
pose
d to
reta
il va
lue)
did
not
ex-
ceed
$10
,000
(see
App
endi
x L)
.3.
To
avoi
d C
IMT,
for o
ffens
es c
omm
itted
in N
YC
, con
side
r alte
r-na
te p
lea
to v
iola
tion
of A
dmin
istra
tive
Cod
e 20
-453
(ven
dor’s
lice
nse
requ
ired)
. W
here
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
(or f
or o
ffens
es o
utsi
de N
YC
), to
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
cons
ider
alte
rnat
e pl
ea to
Fai
lure
to D
iscl
ose
the
Orig
in o
f a R
ecor
ding
,1st
or 2
d de
gree
(see
bel
ow, P
L 27
5.35
, 275
.40)
. If
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
a-tiv
e of
fens
e of
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it P
L 16
5.71
, whi
ch a
s a
B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
trig
ger d
epor
tabi
lity
as “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5 y
ears
of
adm
issi
on.”
To
redu
ce (t
houg
h no
t elim
inat
e) C
IMT
risk
whe
n pl
ead-
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e, if
pos
sibl
e sp
ecify
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
offe
nse
was
co
mm
itted
with
inte
nt to
eva
de a
law
ful r
estri
ctio
n on
sal
e/re
sale
(as
oppo
sed
to w
ith in
tent
to d
ecei
ve o
r def
raud
) and
that
no-
one
was
de
ceiv
ed o
r def
raud
ed b
y de
fend
ant’s
con
duct
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
of-
fens
es, s
upra
.
A-40IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-41
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Trad
emar
k co
unte
rfeiti
ng,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
165.
73If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F.
If th
e lo
ss to
the
com
plai
nant
(s) e
xcee
ds
$10,
000,
mig
ht a
lso
be
“frau
d” A
F es
peci
ally
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s el
emen
t of i
nten
t to
def
raud
or d
ecei
ve
(as
oppo
sed
to e
vade
a
law
ful r
estri
ctio
n).
Pro
babl
y,
espe
cial
ly w
here
de
fend
ant h
as
inte
nt to
def
raud
or
dece
ive
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Tra
de-
mar
k C
ount
erfe
iting
, 3rd
or 2
nd a
nd g
et s
ente
nce
of 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss
(see
abo
ve, P
L 16
5.71
& 1
65.7
2) if
pos
sibl
e.2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of “
fraud
” AF,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
if po
s-si
ble
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(reg
ardl
ess
of re
tail
valu
e) (s
ee A
ppen
dix
L); a
nd/o
r spe
cify
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
offe
nse
was
co
mm
itted
with
inte
nt to
eva
de a
law
ful r
estri
ctio
n on
sal
e/re
sale
(as
op-
pose
d to
with
inte
nt to
dec
eive
or d
efra
ud).
See
Val
ansi
v. A
shcr
oft,
278
F.3d
203
(3d
Cir.
200
2).
3. T
o av
oid
CIM
T fo
r offe
nses
com
mitt
ed in
NY
C, c
onsi
der a
lter-
nate
ple
a to
vio
latio
n of
Adm
inis
trativ
e C
ode
20-4
53 (v
endo
r’s li
cens
e re
quire
d).
Whe
re th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e (o
r for
offe
nses
out
side
NY
C),
to
redu
ce C
IMT
risk
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Failu
re to
Dis
-cl
ose
the
Orig
in o
f a R
ecor
ding
, 1st
or 2
d de
gree
(see
bel
ow, P
L 27
5.35
, 27
5.40
). If
that
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
T, c
onsi
der
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
165.
71, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
trig
ger d
epor
tabi
lity
as “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5
year
s of
adm
issi
on.”
To
redu
ce (t
houg
h no
t elim
inat
e) C
IMT
risk
whe
n pl
eadi
ng to
this
offe
nse,
if p
ossi
ble
spec
ify in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
eva
de a
law
ful r
estri
ctio
n on
sal
e/re
sale
(a
s op
pose
d to
with
inte
nt to
dec
eive
or d
efra
ud) a
nd th
at n
o-on
e w
as
dece
ived
or d
efra
uded
by
defe
ndan
t’s c
ondu
ct.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
-fe
nses
, sup
ra.
Forg
ery,
3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
170.
05
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
prob
ably
is
“forg
ery”
AF.
If th
e lo
ss
to th
e co
mpl
aina
nt(s
) ex
ceed
s $1
0,00
0,
mig
ht a
lso
be “f
raud
” A
F es
peci
ally
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s el
emen
t of i
nten
t to
defra
ud o
r dec
eive
(as
oppo
sed
to in
jure
).
Yes.
Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “fo
rger
y” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r (ge
t 364
da
ys o
r les
s).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “fra
ud” A
F, s
peci
fy in
the
plea
col
loqu
y th
at th
e lo
ss a
mou
nt d
id n
ot e
xcee
d $1
0,00
0 (S
ee A
ppen
dix
L); a
nd/o
r spe
cify
in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
inju
re (a
s op
-po
sed
to w
ith in
tent
to d
ecei
ve o
r def
raud
). S
ee V
alan
si v
. Ash
crof
t, 27
8 F.
3d 2
03 (3
d C
ir. 2
002)
.
(Tip
s fo
r def
ense
law
yers
and
Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A-42IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-43
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
(con
tinue
d)
Forg
ery,
3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
170.
05(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
(con
tinue
d):
3. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L,
140.
05).
If th
ese
are
not p
ossi
ble,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
may
pr
eser
ve th
e po
tent
ial a
rgum
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
a C
IMT,
suc
h as
Offe
ring
a Fa
lse
Inst
rum
ent f
or F
iling
, 2nd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 17
5.30
) or
Mak
ing
a P
unis
habl
e Fa
lse
Writ
ten
Sta
tem
ent (
see
belo
w, P
L 21
0.45
). If
thes
e ar
e no
t pos
sibl
e an
d if
clie
nt h
as n
o pr
ior C
IMTs
, con
side
r alte
rna-
tive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
170.
05, w
hich
as
a B
m
isde
mea
nor w
ill n
ot tr
igge
r dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f ad
mis
sion
.”
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot “f
raud
” AF
whe
re g
over
nmen
t has
faile
d to
est
ablis
h lo
ss
of m
ore
than
$10
,000
spe
cific
ally
tied
to c
onvi
cted
con
duct
(e.g
., if
plea
co
lloqu
y ad
mits
to lo
ss a
mou
nt o
f no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00).
See
Nijh
a-w
an v
. Hol
der,
129
S. C
t. 22
94 (2
009)
.Fo
rger
y, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
170.
10
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“fo
rger
y” A
F. If
the
loss
to
the
com
plai
nant
(s)
exce
eds
$10,
000,
m
ight
als
o be
“fra
ud”
AF
espe
cial
ly if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
elem
ent o
f int
ent t
o de
fraud
or d
ecei
ve (a
s op
pose
d to
inju
re).
Yes.
Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “fo
rger
y” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000;
and
/or s
peci
fy in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at
offe
nse
was
com
mitt
ed w
ith in
tent
to in
jure
(as
oppo
sed
to w
ith in
tent
to
dec
eive
or d
efra
ud).
See
Val
ansi
v. A
shcr
oft,
278
F.3d
203
(3d
Cir.
20
02).
3. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
may
pr
eser
ve th
e po
tent
ial a
rgum
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
a C
IMT,
suc
h as
Offe
ring
a Fa
lse
Inst
rum
ent f
or F
iling
, 2nd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 17
5.30
) or
Mak
ing
a P
unis
habl
e Fa
lse
Writ
ten
Sta
tem
ent (
see
belo
w, P
L 21
0.45
).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot “f
raud
” AF
whe
re g
over
nmen
t has
faile
d to
est
ablis
h lo
ss
of m
ore
than
$10
,000
spe
cific
ally
tied
to c
onvi
cted
con
duct
(e.g
., if
plea
co
lloqu
y ad
mits
to lo
ss a
mou
nt o
f no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00).
See
Nijh
a-w
an v
. Hol
der,
129
S. C
t. 22
94 (2
009)
.
A-42IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-43
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Forg
ery,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
170.
15
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“fo
rger
y” A
F. If
the
loss
to
the
com
plai
nant
(s)
exce
eds
$10,
000,
m
ight
als
o be
“fra
ud”
AF
espe
cial
ly if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
elem
ent o
f int
ent t
o de
fraud
or d
ecei
ve (a
s op
pose
d to
inju
re).
Yes.
Ti
p fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs:
1. A
rgue
not
“fra
ud” A
F w
here
gov
ernm
ent h
as fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
loss
of
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00 s
peci
fical
ly ti
ed to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct (e
.g.,
if pl
ea
collo
quy
adm
its to
loss
am
ount
of n
o m
ore
than
$10
,000
). S
ee N
ijha-
wan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
(200
9).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
a fo
rged
in
stru
men
t, 3r
d de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
170.
20
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
is p
roba
bly
“forg
ery”
A
F. If
the
loss
to th
e co
mpl
aina
nt(s
) exc
eeds
$1
0,00
0, m
ight
als
o be
“fr
aud”
AF
espe
cial
ly
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
elem
ent o
f int
ent
to d
efra
ud o
r dec
eive
(a
s op
pose
d to
inju
re).
Yes.
Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “fo
rger
y” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r (ge
t 364
da
ys o
r les
s).
2. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(see
App
endi
x L)
; and
/or s
peci
fy in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
inju
re (a
s op
pose
d to
w
ith in
tent
to d
ecei
ve o
r def
raud
). S
ee V
alan
si v
. Ash
crof
t, 27
8 F.
3d 2
03
(3d
Cir.
200
2).
3. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L,
140.
05).
If th
ese
are
not p
ossi
ble,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
may
pr
eser
ve th
e po
tent
ial a
rgum
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
a C
IMT,
suc
h as
Offe
ring
a Fa
lse
Inst
rum
ent f
or F
iling
, 2nd
Deg
ree
(see
bel
ow, P
L 17
5.30
) or M
akin
g a
Pun
isha
ble
Fals
e W
ritte
n S
tate
men
t (se
e be
low
, PL
210.
45);
if th
ese
are
not p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
Ts, c
on-
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
170.
20, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
trig
ger d
epor
tabi
lity
as “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5
year
s of
adm
issi
on.”
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
If g
over
nmen
t alle
ges
“frau
d or
dec
eit”
AF,
arg
ue n
ot A
F (1
) bec
ause
fra
ud o
r dec
eit i
s no
t a n
eces
sary
ele
men
t of t
he o
ffens
e; (2
) whe
re g
ov-
ernm
ent h
as fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
loss
of m
ore
than
$10
,000
spe
cific
ally
tie
d to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct (e
.g.,
if pl
ea c
ollo
quy
adm
its to
loss
am
ount
of
no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00).
See
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
(2
009)
.
A-44IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-45
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
a fo
rged
in
stru
men
t, 2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
170.
25
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
is p
roba
bly
“forg
ery”
AF.
If th
e lo
ss
to th
e co
mpl
aina
nt(s
) ex
ceed
s $1
0,00
0,
mig
ht a
lso
be “f
raud
” A
F es
peci
ally
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s el
emen
t of i
nten
t to
defra
ud o
r dec
eive
(as
oppo
sed
to in
jure
).
Yes.
Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
: 1.
To
avoi
d “fo
rger
y” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(see
App
endi
x L)
; and
/or s
peci
fy in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
inju
re (a
s op
pose
d to
w
ith in
tent
to d
ecei
ve o
r def
raud
). S
ee V
alan
si v
. Ash
crof
t, 27
8 F.
3d 2
03
(3d
Cir.
200
2).
3. C
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at m
ay p
rese
rve
the
pote
ntia
l arg
u-m
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
a C
IMT
such
as
Offe
ring
a Fa
lse
Inst
ru-
men
t for
Fili
ng, 2
nd (s
ee b
elow
, PL
175.
30) o
r Mak
ing
a P
unis
habl
e Fa
lse
Writ
ten
Sta
tem
ent (
see
belo
w, P
L 21
0.45
).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
If g
over
nmen
t alle
ges
“frau
d or
dec
eit”
AF,
arg
ue n
ot A
F (1
) bec
ause
fra
ud o
r dec
eit i
s no
t a n
eces
sary
ele
men
t of t
he o
ffens
e; (2
) whe
re g
ov-
ernm
ent h
as fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
loss
of m
ore
than
$10
,000
spe
cific
ally
tie
d to
con
vict
ed c
ondu
ct (e
.g.,
if pl
ea c
ollo
quy
adm
its to
loss
am
ount
of
no
mor
e th
an $
10,0
00).
See
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
(2
009)
. C
rimin
al
poss
essi
on
of a
forg
ed
inst
rum
ent,
1st
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
170.
30
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
is p
roba
bly
“forg
ery”
AF.
If th
e lo
ss
to th
e co
mpl
aina
nt(s
) ex
ceed
s $1
0,00
0,
mig
ht a
lso
be “f
raud
” A
F, e
spec
ially
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s el
emen
t of i
nten
t to
defra
ud o
r dec
eive
(as
oppo
sed
to in
jure
).
Yes.
Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
decr
ease
“fra
ud” A
F ris
k, s
peci
fy in
the
plea
col
loqu
y th
at th
e lo
ss a
mou
nt d
id n
ot e
xcee
d $1
0,00
0 (s
ee A
ppen
dix
L); a
nd/o
r spe
cify
in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
inju
re (a
s op
pose
d to
with
inte
nt to
dec
eive
or d
efra
ud).
See
Val
ansi
v. A
shcr
oft,
278
F.3d
203
(3d
Cir.
200
2).
Tam
perin
g w
ith
publ
ic re
cord
s,
2nd d
egre
e
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
175.
20P
roba
bly
NO
T.M
aybe
.Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve,
PL
140.
05).
If th
ese
are
not p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
T,
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
175.
20,
whi
ch a
s a
B m
isde
mea
nor w
ill n
ot tr
igge
r dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f adm
issi
on.”
A-44IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-45
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tam
perin
g w
ith
publ
ic re
cord
s,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
175.
25If
the
loss
to th
e vi
ctim
(s) e
xcee
ds
$10,
000,
mig
ht b
e “fr
aud”
AF.
Yes.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(see
App
endi
x L)
.2.
Con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
may
pre
serv
e th
e po
tent
ial
argu
men
t tha
t the
con
vict
ion
is n
ot a
CIM
T su
ch a
s Ta
mpe
ring
with
P
ublic
Rec
ords
, 2d
degr
ee (P
L 17
5.20
, abo
ve),
Offe
ring
a Fa
lse
Inst
rum
ent f
or F
iling
, 2nd
(see
bel
ow, P
L 17
5.30
) or M
akin
g a
Pun
isha
ble
Fals
e W
ritte
n S
tate
men
t (se
e be
low
, PL
210.
45).
Offe
ring
a fa
lse
inst
rum
ent
for fi
ling,
2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
175.
30P
roba
bly
NO
T.M
aybe
, esp
ecia
lly
if de
fend
ant
inte
nded
to
defra
ud o
r if p
ublic
of
fice
or s
erva
nt
was
def
raud
ed o
r of
fens
e co
nduc
t ot
herw
ise
impa
ired
effic
ienc
y of
go
vern
men
t fu
nctio
n. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, su
pra.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20) o
r Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05).
To
redu
ce C
IMT
risk,
spe
cify
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
def
enda
nt
did
not i
nten
d to
def
raud
, tha
t pub
lic o
ffice
or s
erva
nt w
as n
ot d
efra
uded
an
d th
at o
ffens
e co
nduc
t did
not
oth
erw
ise
impa
ir ef
ficie
ncy
of a
ny
gove
rnm
ent f
unct
ion.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
. If
thes
e su
gges
tions
are
not
pos
sibl
e an
d if
clie
nt h
as n
o pr
ior C
IMT,
con
side
r al
tern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
atte
mpt
(PL
110.
00) t
o co
mm
it P
L 17
5.30
, whi
ch
as a
B m
isde
mea
nor w
ill n
ot tr
igge
r dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
ye
ars
of a
dmis
sion
.”
Offe
ring
a fa
lse
inst
rum
ent
for fi
ling,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
175.
35If
the
loss
to th
e co
mpl
aina
nt(s
) exc
eeds
$1
0,00
0, m
ight
be
“frau
d” A
F.
Yes.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(see
App
endi
x L)
.2.
To
pres
erve
the
pote
ntia
l arg
umen
t tha
t the
con
vict
ion
mig
ht
not b
e a
CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as O
fferin
g a
Fals
e In
stru
men
t for
Fili
ng, 2
nd (s
ee a
bove
, PL
175.
30) o
r Mak
ing
a P
unis
habl
e Fa
lse
Writ
ten
Sta
tem
ent (
see
belo
w, P
L 21
0.45
).Is
suin
g a
bad
chec
k
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
190.
05
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
A-46IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-47
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Fals
e pe
rson
-at
ion
Cla
ss B
mis
de-
mea
nor
190.
23N
o.M
aybe
. See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
CIM
T ris
k, k
eep
reco
rd c
lear
of i
ndic
atio
n of
whe
ther
po-
lice
or p
eace
offi
cer w
as e
ngag
ed in
offi
cial
dut
y at
tim
e of
offe
nse.
See
N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot C
IMT
beca
use
stat
ute
does
not
requ
ire th
at d
efen
dant
in
tend
to h
inde
r per
form
ance
of o
ffici
al d
utie
s or
impa
ir go
vern
men
t fu
nctio
n. S
ee In
re T
ravi
s S
., 68
5 N
.Y.S
.2d
886,
889
(N.Y
. Fam
. Ct.
1999
) (“[T
]he
stat
ute
itsel
f con
tain
s no
lim
iting
lang
uage
in re
gard
to th
e pu
rpos
e fo
r whi
ch a
n in
quiry
abo
ut a
per
son’
s na
me,
add
ress
or d
ate
of
birth
can
be
mad
e. T
here
is n
o la
ngua
ge in
the
stat
ute
whi
ch re
stric
ts
an o
ffice
r’s in
quiry
abo
ut a
per
son’
s na
me,
add
ress
or d
ate
of b
irth
to
situ
atio
ns a
fford
ing
him
or h
er a
law
ful r
ight
to in
quire
”), a
ff’d,
96
N.Y
.2d
818
(200
1);
com
pare
Mat
ter o
f Jur
ado,
24
I&N
Dec
. 29
(BIA
200
6).
Crim
inal
im
pers
onat
ion,
2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
190.
25
If th
e lo
ss to
the
com
plai
nant
(s) e
xcee
ds
$10,
000,
mig
ht b
e “fr
aud
or d
ecei
t” A
F es
peci
ally
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s el
emen
t of i
nten
t to
defra
ud (a
s op
pose
d to
inte
nt to
obt
ain
a be
nefit
or t
o in
jure
)
Pro
babl
y.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(see
App
endi
x L)
; and
/or s
peci
fy in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at o
ffens
e w
as c
omm
itted
with
inte
nt to
obt
ain
a be
nefit
or
to in
jure
(as
oppo
sed
to w
ith in
tent
to d
efra
ud).
See
Val
ansi
v. A
shcr
oft,
278
F.3d
203
(3d
Cir.
200
2).
2. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), Tr
espa
ss (s
ee a
bove
, PL,
14
0.05
). If
thes
e ar
e no
t pos
sibl
e, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at
may
pre
serv
e th
e po
tent
ial a
rgum
ent t
hat t
he c
onvi
ctio
n is
not
a C
IMT,
su
ch a
s O
fferin
g a
Fals
e In
stru
men
t for
Fili
ng, 2
nd (s
ee b
elow
, PL
175.
30) o
r Mak
ing
a P
unis
habl
e Fa
lse
Writ
ten
Sta
tem
ent (
see
belo
w,
PL
210.
45).
If th
ese
are
not p
ossi
ble
and
if cl
ient
has
no
prio
r CIM
T,
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
190.
25,
whi
ch a
s a
B m
isde
mea
nor w
ill n
ot tr
igge
r dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f adm
issi
on.”
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
If g
over
nmen
t alle
ges
“frau
d or
dec
eit”
AF,
arg
ue n
ot A
F (1
) bec
ause
fra
ud o
r dec
eit i
s no
t a n
eces
sary
ele
men
t of t
he o
ffens
e; (2
) in
any
even
t gov
ernm
ent h
as fa
iled
to p
rove
that
loss
to c
ompl
aina
nt e
xcee
ds
$10,
000
(e.g
., if
plea
col
loqu
y ad
mits
to lo
ss a
mou
nt o
f no
mor
e th
an
$10,
000)
.
A-46IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-47
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
im
pers
onat
ion,
1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
190.
26
If th
e lo
ss to
the
com
plai
nant
(s) e
xcee
ds
$10,
000,
mig
ht b
e “fr
aud
or d
ecei
t” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o de
crea
se “f
raud
” AF
risk,
spe
cify
in th
e pl
ea c
ollo
quy
that
the
loss
am
ount
did
not
exc
eed
$10,
000
(see
App
endi
x L)
.
Res
istin
g ar
rest
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
205.
30
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Hin
derin
g pr
osec
utio
n,
3rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
205.
55
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
pro
babl
y is
“o
bstru
ctio
n of
just
ice”
A
F.
Pro
babl
y (S
ee
App
endi
x E
). P
roba
bly
is N
OT
CS
O,
etc.
, eve
n if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e w
as C
SO
, etc
. (S
ee
App
endi
x E
).
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“obs
truct
ion
of ju
stic
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
ye
ar (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss).
Hin
derin
g pr
osec
utio
n,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
205.
60
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“o
bstru
ctio
n of
just
ice”
A
F.
Pro
babl
y (S
ee
App
endi
x E
).P
roba
bly
is N
OT
CS
O,
etc.
, eve
n if
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e w
as C
SO
, etc
. (S
ee
App
endi
x E
).
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“obs
truct
ion
of ju
stic
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
ye
ar o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e.
Hin
derin
g pr
osec
utio
n,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
205.
65
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
pro
babl
y is
“o
bstru
ctio
n of
just
ice”
A
F.
May
be.
Pro
babl
y is
NO
T C
SO
, et
c., e
ven
if un
derly
ing
offe
nse
was
CS
O, e
tc. (
See
A
ppen
dix
E).
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“obs
truct
ion
of ju
stic
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
ye
ar o
r mor
e (g
et 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss) i
f pos
sibl
e.
Per
jury
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
210.
05N
O, u
nles
s te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear,
in w
hich
ca
se m
ight
be
“per
jury
” A
F.
May
be, e
spec
ially
w
here
per
jure
d st
atem
ent i
s m
ater
ial t
o pr
ocee
ding
See
N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“per
jury
” AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64
days
or l
ess)
.2.
To
decr
ease
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20) o
r Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05).
If th
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
dec
reas
e C
IMT
risk,
spe
cify
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
per
jure
d st
atem
ent w
as n
ot m
ater
ial.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
. If
thes
e su
gges
tions
are
not
pos
sibl
e an
d if
clie
nt h
as
no p
rior C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
210.
05, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
trig
ger d
epor
t-ab
ility
as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f adm
issi
on.”
(Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs c
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A-48IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-49
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
(con
tinue
d)
Per
jury
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
210.
05(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(s
ee p
revi
ous
page
)(c
ontin
ued)
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CIM
T be
caus
e m
ater
ialit
y is
not
a re
quire
d el
emen
t for
co
nvic
tion.
See
, e.g
., M
atte
r of R
, 2 I&
N D
ec. 8
19 (B
IA 1
947)
, Mat
ter o
f H
, 1 I&
N D
ec. 6
69 (B
IA 1
943)
.
Per
jury
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
210.
10If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, m
ight
be
“per
jury
” AF.
Yes.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“per
jury
” AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64
days
or l
ess)
if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o de
crea
se C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Per
-ju
ry 3
rd (s
ee a
bove
, PL
210.
05).
Per
jury
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
210.
15If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, is
pro
babl
y “p
erju
ry” A
F.
Yes
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“per
jury
” AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64
days
or l
ess)
if p
ossi
ble.
Mak
ing
a pu
nish
able
fa
lse
writ
ten
stat
emen
t
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
210.
45P
roba
bly
NO
T.M
aybe
. Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d C
IMT
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.05
). If
thes
e ar
e no
t pos
sibl
e an
d if
clie
nt h
as n
o pr
ior C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rna-
tive
offe
nse
of a
ttem
pt (P
L 11
0.00
) to
com
mit
PL
210.
45, w
hich
as
a B
m
isde
mea
nor w
ill n
ot tr
igge
r dep
orta
bilit
y as
“1 C
IMT
with
in 5
yea
rs o
f ad
mis
sion
.”C
rimin
al
cont
empt
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
215.
50
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht b
e “o
bstru
ctio
n of
just
ice”
A
F.
May
be.
If co
nvic
tion
invo
lves
vi
olat
ion
of a
n or
der o
f pr
otec
tion,
mig
ht tr
igge
r de
porta
bilit
y un
der C
OD
V
clau
se re
gard
ing
“vio
lato
rs
of p
rote
ctio
n or
ders
.”
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
AF,
avo
id s
ente
nce
impo
sed
of o
ne y
ear (
get 3
64 d
ays
or
less
).2.
If a
llega
tion
invo
lves
vio
latio
n of
ord
er o
f pro
tect
ion
(“O
OP
”), t
o av
oid
depo
rtabi
lity
as a
“vio
lato
r of p
rote
ctio
n or
der,”
avo
id s
ubse
c-tio
n (3
) and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
) or
Crim
inal
Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
15).
If a
ple
a to
sub
sect
ion
(3)
is u
navo
idab
le, t
o re
duce
risk
of d
epor
tabi
lity
for v
iola
tion
of p
rote
ctiv
e or
der,
spec
ify in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at d
efen
dant
did
NO
T vi
olat
e an
y po
r-tio
n of
the
OO
P in
volv
ing
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t cre
dibl
e th
reat
s of
vio
lenc
e,
repe
ated
har
assm
ent,
or b
odily
inju
ry o
r, at
a m
inim
um, k
eep
reco
rd
vagu
e co
ncer
ning
nat
ure
of v
iola
tion
of O
OP.
3.
To
decr
ease
CIM
T ris
k de
porta
bilit
y, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20),
Res
istin
g A
rres
t (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
30) o
r Crim
inal
Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
15).
A-48IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-49
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
co
ntem
pt, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
215.
51If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
ye
ar o
r mor
e, m
ight
be
“obs
truct
ion
of
just
ice”
AF.
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e,
subs
ectio
ns b
(i),
b(ii)
, (b)
(v) a
nd (b
)(vi
) pr
obab
ly a
re “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
and
su
bsec
tions
(b)(
iii),
(b)
(iv),
(c),
and
(d) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e”
AF.
May
be.
If co
nvic
tion
invo
lves
vi
olat
ion
of a
n or
der o
f pr
otec
tion,
sub
sect
ion
(b) p
roba
bly
trigg
ers
depo
rtabi
lity
unde
r CO
DV
cl
ause
rega
rdin
g “v
iola
tors
of
pro
tect
ion
orde
rs”
and
subs
ectio
ns (c
) and
(d
) mig
ht tr
igge
r suc
h de
porta
bilit
y. S
ubse
ctio
n (b
)(i)
is F
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
of
fens
e in
volv
ed a
fire
arm
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“obs
truct
ion
of ju
stic
e” o
r “cr
ime
of v
iole
nce”
AF,
avo
id s
en-
tenc
e im
pose
d of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
fire
arm
use
is a
llege
d, to
min
imiz
e FO
risk
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (b
)(i)
and
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not h
ave
firea
rms
as a
n el
e-m
ent o
f the
crim
e, s
uch
as s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) or (
2) o
f Atte
mpt
ed A
ssau
lt,
3rd
Deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 11
0/12
0.00
(1) o
r (2)
). If
ple
adin
g to
sub
sec-
tion
(b)(
i) ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
try
to k
eep
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n th
at
the
wea
pon
was
a fi
rear
m.
3. If
alle
gatio
n in
volv
es v
iola
tion
of p
rote
ctio
n or
der,
to a
void
dep
ort-
abili
ty a
s a
“vio
lato
r of p
rote
ctio
n or
der,”
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
ns (b
), (c
) and
(d
) and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee
belo
w, P
L 24
0.20
), C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
), C
rimin
al
Tres
pass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.15
) or s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) or (
2) o
f Atte
mpt
ed
Ass
ault,
3rd
Deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 11
0/12
0.00
(1) o
r (2)
). If
a p
lea
to
subs
ectio
n (c
) or (
d) is
una
void
able
, to
redu
ce ri
sk o
f dep
orta
bilit
y fo
r vi
olat
ion
of p
rote
ctiv
e or
der,
spec
ify in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at d
efen
dant
did
N
OT
viol
ate
any
porti
on o
f the
OO
P in
volv
ing
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t cre
dibl
e th
reat
s of
vio
lenc
e, re
peat
ed h
aras
smen
t, or
bod
ily in
jury
or,
at a
min
i-m
um, k
eep
reco
rd v
ague
con
cern
ing
natu
re o
f vio
latio
n of
OO
P.B
ail j
umpi
ng,
3rd d
egre
e
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
215.
55M
ight
be
“bai
l jum
ping
” A
F if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
def
enda
nt fa
iled
to
appe
ar in
con
nect
ion
with
any
felo
ny c
harg
e,
OR
that
def
enda
nt
faile
d to
app
ear f
or
serv
ice
of a
sen
tenc
e if
the
unde
rlyin
g of
fens
e is
pun
isha
ble
by
impr
ison
men
t for
a te
rm
of 5
yea
rs o
r mor
e.
No.
Bai
l jum
ping
, 2n
d deg
ree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
215.
56Is
“bai
l jum
ping
” AF.
No.
A-50IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-51
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Bai
l jum
ping
, 2n
d deg
ree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
215.
57Is
“bai
l jum
ping
” AF.
No.
Faili
ng to
re
spon
d to
an
appe
aran
ce
ticke
t
Viol
atio
n
215.
58P
roba
bly
NO
T.N
o.
CP
CS
, 7th
de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
220.
03
NO
if th
is is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse,
unl
ess
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) sh
ows
poss
essi
on
any
amou
nt o
f flu
nitra
zepa
m, i
n w
hich
ca
se is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F. I
f offe
nse
cond
uct
pred
ates
8/3
/201
0 an
d in
volv
es m
ore
than
5g
of c
rack
, mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
A
F. I
f thi
s is
a s
econ
d or
sub
sequ
ent d
rug
offe
nse,
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
RO
C
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
and
co
ntai
ns e
xplic
it fin
ding
of
prio
r dru
g co
nvic
tion
that
was
fina
l at t
ime
of
com
mis
sion
of i
nsta
nt
offe
nse.
(see
App
. G,
§ 1.
b).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a. S
ee C
PL
216.
05(1
1).
2. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20),
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee
belo
w, P
L 24
0.45
), or
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n, 3
rd D
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, P
L 20
5.55
); or
pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r C
rimin
al F
acili
tatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
3. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e, k
eep
out o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
Arg
ue th
at s
econ
d or
sub
sequ
ent o
ffens
e is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
pros
ecut
ion
did
not m
eani
ngfu
lly c
orre
spon
d to
fed-
eral
reci
divi
st p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
See
Car
achu
ri-R
osen
do v
. Hol
der,
130
S. C
t. 25
77 (2
010)
.
A-50IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-51
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
CS
, 5th
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
220.
06
Con
vict
ion
unde
r “in
tent
to
sel
l” su
bsec
tion
(1) p
roba
bly
is “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
If th
is
is a
firs
t dru
g of
fens
e,
any
othe
r sub
sect
ion
is
NO
T a
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F, u
nles
s R
OC
sh
ows
poss
essi
on
of a
ny a
mou
nt o
f flu
nitra
zepa
m, i
n w
hich
cas
e is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF,
exc
ept
that
if o
ffens
e co
nduc
t pr
edat
es 8
/3/2
010
and
invo
lves
mor
e th
an
5g o
f cra
ck, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing
crim
e”
AF.
If t
his
is a
sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t dru
g of
fens
e, a
ny s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if R
OC
es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02 a
nd
cont
ains
exp
licit
findi
ng
of p
rior d
rug
conv
ictio
n th
at w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e (s
ee A
pp. G
, §
1.b)
.
Sub
sect
ion
(1)
requ
iring
“int
ent
to s
ell”
mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ions
(2
) thr
ough
(8)
prob
ably
are
NO
T C
IMT.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) in
parti
cula
r.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e av
oid
subs
ectio
n (1
) and
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
5. I
f ple
adin
g to
sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s un
avoi
dabl
e, k
eep
reco
rd o
f con
vic-
tion
cons
iste
nt w
ith in
tent
to o
ffer t
o se
ll. S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
do-
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
Cir.
200
7).
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F be
caus
e it
enco
m-
pass
es in
tent
to o
ffer t
o se
ll. S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x
413
(5th
Cir.
201
0) a
nd c
ases
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
-za
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
. 2. A
rgue
NO
T C
SO
if g
over
nmen
t fa
iled
to p
rove
that
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
3. A
rgue
that
sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t offe
nse
is N
OT
“dru
g tra
ffick
-in
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
pros
ecut
ion
did
not m
eani
ngfu
lly c
orre
spon
d to
fe
dera
l rec
idiv
ist p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
4. A
rgue
that
sub
sect
ion
(1) r
equi
ring
“inte
nt to
sel
l” is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
und
er P
L 22
0.00
(1)
incl
udes
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot a
felo
ny u
nder
the
fede
ral C
ontro
lled
Sub
stan
ces
Act
. S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
A
pp’x
413
(5th
Cir.
201
0) a
nd c
ases
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
A-52IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-53
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
CS
, 4th
de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
220.
09C
onvi
ctio
n un
der “
inte
nt
to s
ell”
subs
ectio
n (1
3) p
roba
bly
is “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F. I
f thi
s is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse,
an
y ot
her s
ubse
ctio
n is
N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF,
unl
ess
RO
C s
how
s po
sses
sion
any
am
ount
of
flun
itraz
epam
, in
whi
ch c
ase
prob
ably
is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F, e
xcep
t tha
t if
offe
nse
cond
uct
pred
ates
8/3
/201
0 an
d in
volv
es m
ore
than
5g
of c
rack
, mig
ht
be “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF.
If t
his
is a
sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t dru
g of
fens
e, a
ny s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if R
OC
es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02 a
nd
cont
ains
exp
licit
findi
ng
of p
rior d
rug
conv
ictio
n th
at w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e (s
ee A
pp. G
, §
1.b)
.
Sub
sect
ion
(13)
re
quiri
ng “i
nten
t to
sel
l” m
ight
be
CIM
T. A
ll ot
her
subs
ectio
ns
prob
ably
are
NO
T C
IMT
beca
use
they
do
not r
equi
re
“inte
nt to
sel
l”.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
n (1
3) in
pa
rticu
lar.
3. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); o
r pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al
Sol
icita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 10
0.00
-100
.13)
or C
rimin
al F
acili
tatio
n (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.4.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
if p
ossi
ble
avoi
d su
bsec
tion
(13)
and
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
5. If
ple
adin
g to
sub
sect
ion
(13)
is u
navo
idab
le, k
eep
reco
rd o
f con
vic-
tion
cons
iste
nt w
ith in
tent
to o
ffer t
o se
ll. S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
do-
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
Cir.
200
7).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
Arg
ue th
at s
econ
d or
sub
sequ
ent o
ffens
e is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
pros
ecut
ion
did
not m
eani
ngfu
lly c
orre
spon
d to
fed-
eral
reci
divi
st p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
See
Car
achu
ri-R
osen
do v
. Hol
der,
130
S. C
t. 25
77 (2
010)
.3.
Arg
ue th
at s
ubse
ctio
n (1
3) re
quiri
ng in
tent
to s
ell i
s N
OT
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing
crim
e” A
F be
caus
e de
finiti
on o
f “se
ll” u
nder
PL
220.
00(1
) in
clud
es o
ffers
to g
ive
drug
s to
ano
ther
, whi
ch is
not
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v. H
olde
r, 38
1 Fe
d.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v.
Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
Cir.
200
7).
A-52IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-53
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
CS
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
220.
16C
onvi
ctio
n un
der “
inte
nt
to s
ell”
subs
ectio
ns (1
) th
roug
h (7
) pro
babl
y is
“d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
(RO
C)
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
. If
this
is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse,
an
y ot
her s
ubse
ctio
n is
N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF
unle
ss R
OC
sh
ows
poss
essi
on
of a
ny a
mou
nt o
f flu
nitra
zepa
m, i
n w
hich
ca
se p
roba
bly
is “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F, e
xcep
t th
at if
offe
nse
cond
uct
pred
ates
8/3
/201
0 an
d in
volv
es m
ore
than
5g
of c
rack
, mig
ht
be “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF.
If t
his
is a
se
cond
or s
ubse
quen
t dr
ug o
ffens
e, if
RO
C
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
and
co
ntai
ns e
xplic
it fin
ding
of
prio
r dru
g co
nvic
tion
that
was
fina
l at t
ime
of
com
mis
sion
of i
nsta
nt
offe
nse,
any
suc
h ot
her
subs
ectio
n m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
App
. G, §
1.b
).
Sub
sect
ions
(1
) thr
ough
(7)
requ
iring
“int
ent
to s
ell”
mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ions
(8
) thr
ough
(13)
pr
obab
ly a
re N
OT
CIM
T be
caus
e th
ey d
o no
t req
uire
“in
tent
to s
ell.”
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
avo
id s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) th
roug
h (7
) in
parti
cula
r.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e av
oid
subs
ectio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(7) a
nd k
eep
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
.5.
If p
lead
ing
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(7) i
s un
avoi
dabl
e, k
eep
re-
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
inte
nt to
offe
r to
sell.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
Arg
ue th
at s
ubse
ctio
ns re
quiri
ng in
tent
to s
ell a
re N
OT
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing
crim
e” A
F be
caus
e de
finiti
on o
f “se
ll” u
nder
PL
220.
00(1
) in
clud
es o
ffers
to g
ive
drug
s to
ano
ther
, whi
ch is
not
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v. H
olde
r, 38
1 Fe
d.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v.
Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
Cir.
200
7).
3. A
rgue
that
sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t offe
nse
is N
OT
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing
crim
e” A
F be
caus
e pr
osec
utio
n di
d no
t mea
ning
fully
cor
resp
ond
to fe
dera
l rec
idiv
ist p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
See
C
arac
huri-
Ros
endo
v. H
olde
r, 13
0 S
. Ct.
2577
(201
0).
A-54IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-55
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
CS
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
-II
felo
ny
220.
18If
this
is a
firs
t dru
g of
fens
e, it
is N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF,
unl
ess
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) es
tabl
ishe
s po
sses
sion
of
any
am
ount
of
fluni
traze
pam
, in
whi
ch
case
pro
babl
y is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF,
or
unle
ss o
ffens
e co
nduc
t pr
edat
es 8
/3/2
010
and
invo
lves
mor
e th
an
5g o
f cra
ck, i
n w
hich
ca
se m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing
crim
e” A
F. I
f th
is is
a s
ubse
quen
t dr
ug o
ffens
e, if
RO
C
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
and
co
ntai
ns e
xplic
it fin
ding
of
prio
r dru
g co
nvic
tion
that
was
fina
l at t
ime
of
com
mis
sion
of i
nsta
nt
offe
nse,
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F (s
ee A
pp.
G, §
1.b
).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a. S
ee C
PL
216.
05(1
1).
2. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); o
r pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al
Sol
icita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 10
0.00
-100
.13)
or C
rimin
al F
acili
tatio
n (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.3.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
if p
ossi
ble
keep
out
of
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue th
at s
econ
d or
sub
sequ
ent o
ffens
e is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
pros
ecut
ion
did
not m
eani
ngfu
lly c
orre
spon
d to
fed-
eral
reci
divi
st p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
See
Car
achu
ri-R
osen
do v
. Hol
der,
130
S. C
t. 25
77 (2
010)
.
A-54IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-55
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
CS
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss A
-I fe
lony
220.
21If
this
is a
firs
t dru
g of
fens
e, it
is N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF,
unl
ess
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) es
tabl
ishe
s po
sses
sion
of
any
am
ount
of
fluni
traze
pam
, in
whi
ch c
ase
prob
ably
is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F, o
r unl
ess
offe
nse
cond
uct p
reda
tes
8/3/
2010
and
invo
lves
m
ore
than
5g
of c
rack
, in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht
be “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF.
If th
is is
a
seco
nd o
r sub
sequ
ent
drug
offe
nse,
if R
OC
es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02 a
nd
cont
ains
exp
licit
findi
ng
of p
rior d
rug
conv
ictio
n th
at w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
App
. G
, § 1
.b)
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Wou
ld b
e C
SO
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a. S
ee C
PL
216.
05(1
1).
2. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); o
r pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al
Sol
icita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 10
0.00
-100
.13)
or C
rimin
al F
acili
tatio
n (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.3.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
if p
ossi
ble
keep
out
of
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
Arg
ue th
at s
econ
d or
sub
sequ
ent o
ffens
e is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
pros
ecut
ion
did
not m
eani
ngfu
lly c
orre
spon
d to
fed-
eral
reci
divi
st p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
See
Car
achu
ri-R
osen
do v
. Hol
der,
130
S. C
t. 25
77 (2
010)
.
A-56IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-57
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Use
of a
Chi
ld
to C
omm
it a
Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
O
ffens
e
E F
elon
y
220.
28P
roba
bly
is “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in
21 U
SC
802
Pro
babl
y.Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
. P
roba
bly
CA
C
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F an
d C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
tiate
di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of “
drug
traf
ficki
ng” A
F an
d C
IMT,
if a
t all
poss
ible
av
oid
this
dru
g of
fens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of
CP
CS
, 7th
deg
ree,
or s
ubse
ctio
ns (2
) – (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 22
0.03
& 2
20.0
6) o
r offe
nses
des
crib
ed in
Tip
3 b
elow
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If
poss
ible
, als
o ke
ep re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
offe
r to
sell.
S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
ca
ses
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
A-56IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-57
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
CS
, 5th
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
220.
31Is
pro
babl
y “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in
21 U
SC
802
.
Pro
babl
y.Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F an
d C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
tiate
di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of “
drug
traf
ficki
ng” A
F an
d C
IMT,
if a
t all
poss
ible
av
oid
this
dru
g of
fens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of
CP
CS
, 7th
deg
ree,
or s
ubse
ctio
ns (2
) – (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 22
0.03
& 2
20.0
6) o
r offe
nses
des
crib
ed in
Tip
3 b
elow
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If
poss
ible
, als
o ke
ep re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
offe
r to
sell.
S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
ca
ses
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
A-58IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-59
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
CS
, 4th
de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
220.
34Is
pro
babl
y “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in
21 U
SC
802
.
Pro
babl
y.Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id th
is
drug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es d
escr
ibed
in
Tip
3 be
low
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
con
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
pre
serv
e po
ssib
le a
rgum
ent a
gain
st A
F or
CIM
T, if
at a
ll po
s-si
ble
plea
d in
stea
d to
sub
sect
ion
(2) t
hrou
gh (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
06) o
r to
subs
ectio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(12)
or (
14) t
o (1
5)
of C
PC
S 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
09).
5. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If
poss
ible
, als
o ke
ep re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
offe
r to
sell.
S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
ca
ses
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
A-58IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-59
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
CS
, 3rd
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
220.
39
Is p
roba
bly
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
Pro
babl
y.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id th
is
drug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es d
escr
ibed
in
Tip
3 be
low
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
con
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oid-
ed, t
o pr
eser
ve p
ossi
ble
argu
men
t aga
inst
AF
or C
IMT,
if a
t all
poss
ible
pl
ead
inst
ead
to s
ubse
ctio
n (2
) thr
ough
(8) o
f CP
CS
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
ab
ove,
PL
220.
06),
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(12)
or (
14) t
o (1
5) o
f C
PC
S 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
09),
or to
sub
sect
ions
(8) t
hrou
gh
(13)
of C
PC
S, 3
rd d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
16).
5. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If
poss
ible
, als
o ke
ep re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
offe
r to
sell.
S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
ca
ses
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
A-60IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-61
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
CS
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss A
-II
felo
ny
220.
41
Is p
roba
bly
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
Pro
babl
y.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a. S
ee C
PL
216.
05(1
1).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id th
is
drug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es d
escr
ibed
in
Tip
3 be
low
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
con
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
pre
serv
e po
ssib
le a
rgum
ent a
gain
st A
F or
CIM
T, if
at a
ll po
s-si
ble
plea
d in
stea
d to
sub
sect
ion
(2) t
hrou
gh (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
06),
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(12)
or (
14) t
o (1
5)
of C
PC
S 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
09),
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (8
) thr
ough
(1
3) o
f CP
CS
, 3rd
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.16
), or
to a
ny s
ubse
ctio
n of
CP
CS
, 2nd
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.18
).5.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
if p
ossi
ble
keep
out
of
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
If po
ssib
le, a
lso
keep
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
cons
iste
nt w
ith o
ffer t
o se
ll.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v. H
olde
r, 38
1 Fe
d. A
pp’x
413
(5th
Cir.
201
0) a
nd
case
s ci
ted
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th
Cir.
200
7).
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
A-60IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-61
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
CS
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss A
-I fe
lony
220.
43
Is p
roba
bly
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
Pro
babl
y.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a. S
ee C
PL
216.
05(1
1).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id th
is
drug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es d
escr
ibed
in
Tip
3 be
low
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
con
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
pre
serv
e po
ssib
le a
rgum
ent a
gain
st A
F or
CIM
T, if
at a
ll po
s-si
ble
plea
d in
stea
d to
sub
sect
ion
(2) t
hrou
gh (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
06),
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(12)
or (
14) t
o (1
5)
of C
PC
S 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
09),
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (8
) thr
ough
(1
3) o
f CP
CS
, 3rd
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.16
), to
any
sub
sect
ion
of
CP
CS
, 2nd
or 1
st d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
18 &
220
.21)
.5.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
if p
ossi
ble
keep
out
of
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
If po
ssib
le, a
lso
keep
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
cons
iste
nt w
ith o
ffer t
o se
ll.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v. H
olde
r, 38
1 Fe
d. A
pp’x
413
(5th
Cir.
201
0) a
nd
case
s ci
ted
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th
Cir.
200
7).
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
A-62IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-63
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
CS
in o
r ne
ar s
choo
l gr
ound
s
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
220.
44
Is p
roba
bly
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
Pro
babl
y.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id th
is
drug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es d
escr
ibed
in
Tip
3 be
low
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
con
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
pre
serv
e po
ssib
le a
rgum
ent a
gain
st A
F or
CIM
T, if
at a
ll po
s-si
ble
plea
d in
stea
d to
sub
sect
ion
(2) t
hrou
gh (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
06).
5. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If
poss
ible
, als
o ke
ep re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
offe
r to
sell.
S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
ca
ses
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
A-62IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-63
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
ly
poss
essi
ng a
hy
pode
rmic
in
stru
men
t
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
220.
45
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.Is
pro
babl
y C
SO
. Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
If d
efen
dant
is a
lso
char
ged
with
Crim
inal
Inje
ctio
n of
a N
arco
tic
Dru
g (P
L 22
0.46
, bel
ow) o
r ano
ther
elig
ible
felo
ny, t
o av
oid
CS
O if
pos
-si
ble
nego
tiate
div
ersi
on w
ithou
t gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).
If th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e, tr
y to
neg
otia
te d
iver
sion
with
out g
uilty
ple
a un
der
resi
dual
pro
visi
on, 2
16.0
5(11
).2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
), or
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n, 3
rd D
egre
e (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 20
5.55
); or
pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
lter-
nativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-
100.
13) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue n
ot a
CS
O b
ecau
se c
onvi
ctio
n do
es n
ot re
quire
that
pos
-se
ssio
n of
hyp
oder
mic
rela
te to
use
of f
eder
ally
sch
edul
ed c
ontro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
and
/or t
hat g
over
nmen
t has
not
sh
own
that
pos
sess
ion
rela
ted
to s
uch
a su
bsta
nce.
But
see
Mat
ter o
f E
spin
oza,
25
I&N
Dec
. 118
(BIA
200
9) (r
ejec
ting
this
arg
umen
t in
con-
text
of i
nadm
issi
bilit
y fin
ding
).
A-64IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-65
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
in
ject
ion
of a
na
rcot
ic d
rug
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
220.
46
If th
is is
a fi
rst o
ffens
e,
it is
pro
babl
y N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF,
unl
ess
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) es
tabl
ishe
s po
sses
sion
of
any
am
ount
of
fluni
traze
pam
, in
whi
ch
case
pro
babl
y is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF,
or
unle
ss o
ffens
e co
nduc
t pr
edat
es 8
/3/2
010
and
invo
lves
mor
e th
an
5g o
f cra
ck, i
n w
hich
ca
se m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing
crim
e” A
F.
If th
is is
a s
econ
d or
su
bseq
uent
offe
nse,
if
RO
C e
stab
lishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02
cont
ains
exp
licit
findi
ng
of p
rior d
rug
conv
ictio
n th
at w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
App
. G
, § 1
.b).
May
be.
Is C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); o
r pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al
Sol
icita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 10
0.00
-100
.13)
or C
rimin
al F
acili
tatio
n (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.3.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
if p
ossi
ble
keep
out
of
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
Arg
ue th
at s
econ
d or
sub
sequ
ent o
ffens
e is
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
pros
ecut
ion
did
not m
eani
ngfu
lly c
orre
spon
d to
fed-
eral
reci
divi
st p
rose
cutio
n un
der 2
1 U
SC
844
(a),
851.
See
Car
achu
ri-R
osen
do v
. Hol
der,
130
S. C
t. 25
77 (2
010)
.
A-64IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-65
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
sal
e of
a c
ontro
lled
subs
tanc
e to
a
child
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
220.
48Is
pro
babl
y “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
defi
ned
in
21 U
SC
802
.
Pro
babl
y.Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
. P
roba
bly
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
avo
id th
is
drug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es d
escr
ibed
in
Tip
3 be
low
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
con
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oid-
ed, t
o pr
eser
ve p
ossi
ble
argu
men
t aga
inst
AF
or C
IMT,
if a
t all
poss
ible
pl
ead
inst
ead
to s
ubse
ctio
n (2
) thr
ough
(8) o
f CP
CS
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
ab
ove,
PL
220.
06),
to s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) thr
ough
(12)
or (
14) t
o (1
5) o
f C
PC
S 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
09),
or to
sub
sect
ions
(8) t
hrou
gh
(13)
of C
PC
S, 3
rd d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
220.
16).
5. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If
poss
ible
, als
o ke
ep re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
with
offe
r to
sell.
S
ee, e
.g.,
Dav
ila v
. Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
ca
ses
cite
d th
erei
n; c
f. S
ando
val-L
ua v
. Gon
zale
s, 4
99 F
.3d
1121
(9th
C
ir. 2
007)
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O o
r AF
if go
vern
men
t fai
led
to p
rove
that
the
con-
trolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
is o
ne d
efine
d in
21
US
C 8
02.
2. A
rgue
NO
T “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF
beca
use
defin
ition
of “
sell”
un
der P
L 22
0.00
(1) i
nclu
des
offe
rs to
giv
e dr
ugs
to a
noth
er, w
hich
is n
ot
a fe
lony
und
er th
e fe
dera
l Con
trolle
d S
ubst
ance
s A
ct.
See
, e.g
., D
avila
v.
Hol
der,
381
Fed.
App
’x 4
13 (5
th C
ir. 2
010)
and
cas
es c
ited
ther
ein;
cf.
San
dova
l-Lua
v. G
onza
les,
499
F.3
d 11
21 (9
th C
ir. 2
007)
.
A-66IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-67
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
ly
usin
g dr
ug
para
pher
nalia
, 2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
220.
50
Mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F.
May
be.
Pro
babl
y is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20),
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee
belo
w, P
L 24
0.45
), or
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n, 3
rd D
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, P
L 20
5.55
); or
pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3)
or C
rimin
al F
acili
tatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8) o
r if t
his
is n
ot
poss
ible
, Crim
inal
ly P
osse
ssin
g a
Hyp
oder
mic
Inst
rum
ent (
see
abov
e,
PL
220.
45).
2. If
non
e of
the
stra
tegi
es in
Tip
1 a
bove
is p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CP
CS
, 7th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.03
).C
rimin
ally
us
ing
drug
pa
raph
erna
lia,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
220.
55
Pro
babl
y is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
M
aybe
. P
roba
bly
is C
SO
. Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
and
CIM
T, if
pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
if a
t all
poss
ible
, avo
id
this
felo
ny d
rug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
C
PC
S, 7
th d
egre
e, o
r sub
sect
ions
(2) –
(8) o
f CP
CS
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
ab
ove,
PL
220.
03 &
220
.06)
or o
ffens
es d
escr
ibed
in T
ip 3
bel
ow.
3. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); o
r pos
sibl
y to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
prec
urso
rs o
f C
S
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
220.
60
Pro
babl
y is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
M
aybe
. P
roba
bly
is C
SO
. Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
or C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
tiate
di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of “
drug
traf
ficki
ng” A
F, if
at a
ll po
ssib
le, a
void
this
dr
ug o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
PC
S, 7
th
degr
ee, o
r sub
sect
ions
(2) –
(8) o
f CP
CS
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.03
& 2
20.0
6) o
r offe
nses
des
crib
ed in
Tip
3 b
elow
.3.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
-205
.65)
; or p
ossi
bly
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
ab
ove,
PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
A-66IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-67
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
met
ham
-ph
etam
ine
man
ufac
turin
g m
ater
ial,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
220.
70If
RO
C s
how
s po
sses
sion
of a
ny
“pre
curs
or,”
or if
RO
C
show
s th
at p
artic
ular
“c
hem
ical
reag
ent”
or
“sol
vent
” pos
sess
ed
is a
“lis
ted
chem
ical
” as
defi
ned
at 2
1 U
SC
802
(35)
and
21
CFR
131
0.2(
b), i
s “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F.
Pos
sess
ion
of o
ther
su
bsta
nces
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F.
May
be.
Pro
babl
y is
CS
O.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O o
r AF
risks
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
), or
Hin
derin
g P
rose
cutio
n, 3
rd D
egre
e (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 20
5.55
).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
met
ham
-ph
etam
ine
man
ufac
turin
g m
ater
ial,
1st
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
220.
71If
RO
C s
how
s po
sses
sion
of a
ny
“pre
curs
or,”
or if
RO
C
show
s th
at p
artic
ular
“c
hem
ical
reag
ent”
or
“sol
vent
” pos
sess
ed
is a
“lis
ted
chem
ical
” as
defi
ned
at 2
1 U
SC
802
(35)
and
21
CFR
131
0.2(
b), i
s “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F.
Pos
sess
ion
of o
ther
su
bsta
nces
is p
roba
bly
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
May
be.
Pro
babl
y is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O o
r AF
risks
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
su
ch a
s C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
), or
Hin
derin
g P
ros-
ecut
ion,
3rd
Deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
).2.
If T
ip 1
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to a
void
CS
O o
r AF
risks
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
ti-at
e di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).3.
If T
ips
1 an
d 2
are
not p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF,
avo
id th
is d
rug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CP
CS
, 7th
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.03
) if p
ossi
ble.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
prec
urso
rs o
f m
etha
mph
et-
amin
e, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
220.
72Is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
May
be.
Pro
babl
y is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O o
r AF
risks
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
su
ch a
s C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
), or
Hin
derin
g P
ros-
ecut
ion,
3rd
Deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 20
5.55
).2.
If T
ip 1
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to a
void
CS
O o
r AF
risks
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
ti-at
e di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).3.
If T
ips
1 an
d 2
are
not p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g”
AF,
avo
id th
is d
rug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CP
CS
, 7th
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
0.03
) if p
ossi
ble.
A-68IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-69
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Unl
awfu
l m
anuf
actu
re o
f m
etha
mph
et-
amin
e,3r
d de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
220.
73S
ubse
ctio
n (3
) is
”dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F. S
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) an
d (2
) are
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if R
OC
sh
ows
poss
essi
on
of “p
recu
rsor
” or i
f R
OC
sho
ws
that
any
re
agen
t(s) a
nd/o
r so
lven
t(s) p
osse
ssed
ar
e “li
sted
che
mic
al”
as d
efine
d at
21
US
C
802(
35) a
nd 2
1 C
FR
1310
.2(b
); p
osse
ssio
n of
any
oth
er p
rosc
ribed
su
bsta
nce
unde
r su
bsec
tions
(1) a
nd
(2) m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
May
be.
Is C
SO
.Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d C
SO
or A
F ris
ks, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te d
iver
sion
with
out a
gu
ilty
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
If T
ip 1
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F, a
void
th
is fe
lony
dru
g of
fens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of
CP
CS
, 7th
deg
ree,
or s
ubse
ctio
ns (2
) – (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 22
0.03
& 2
20.0
6) if
pos
sibl
e.
Unl
awfu
l m
anuf
actu
re o
f m
etha
mph
et-
amin
e,2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
220.
74Is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F if
offe
nse
cond
uct
qual
ifies
as
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
U
nlaw
ful m
anuf
actu
re
of m
etha
mph
etam
ine,
3d
deg
ree
(PL
220.
73),
abov
e).
May
be.
Is C
SO
.Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d C
SO
or A
F ris
ks, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te d
iver
sion
with
out a
gu
ilty
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
If T
ip 1
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F, a
void
th
is fe
lony
dru
g of
fens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of
CP
CS
, 7th
deg
ree,
or s
ubse
ctio
ns (2
) – (8
) of C
PC
S, 5
th d
egre
e (s
ee
abov
e, P
L 22
0.03
& 2
20.0
6) if
pos
sibl
e.
Unl
awfu
l m
anuf
actu
re o
f m
etha
mph
et-
amin
e,1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
220.
75Is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F if
offe
nse
cond
uct
qual
ifies
as
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
U
nlaw
ful m
anuf
actu
re
of m
etha
mph
etam
ine,
3d
deg
ree
(PL
220.
73),
abov
e).
May
be.
Is C
SO
.
A-68IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-69
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Unl
awfu
l di
spos
al o
f m
etha
mph
et-
amin
e la
bora
-to
ry m
ater
ial
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
220.
76P
roba
bly
NO
TM
aybe
.Is
CS
O.
Ope
ratin
g as
a
maj
or tr
affic
ker
220.
77Is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
Pro
babl
y.Is
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.U
nlaw
ful
poss
essi
on o
f m
arih
uana
Viol
atio
n
221.
05
NO
if th
is is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse.
If t
his
is a
se
cond
or s
ubse
quen
t dr
ug o
ffens
e an
d th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (“
RO
C”)
con
tain
s ex
plic
it fin
ding
of p
rior
drug
con
vict
ion
that
w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
App
. G
, § 1
.b).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O fo
r ina
dmis
sibi
lity
purp
oses
; how
ever
, for
de
porta
bilit
y pu
rpos
es,
is C
SO
onl
y if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
poss
essi
on o
f mor
e th
an
30 g
ram
s of
mar
ihua
na,
or if
def
enda
nt a
lread
y st
ands
con
vict
ed o
f or
will
be
conv
icte
d of
ad
ditio
nal o
ffens
e in
volv
ing
poss
essi
on o
f 30
gram
s or
le
ss o
f mar
ihua
na.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
alto
geth
er, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
-fe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20) o
r Tre
spas
s (S
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, e
stab
lish
in p
lea
col-
loqu
y th
at a
mou
nt o
f mar
ijuan
a in
volv
ed is
less
than
30
gram
s.3.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded
and
defe
ndan
t has
a
prio
r con
vict
ion
for p
osse
ssio
n of
a c
ontro
lled
subs
tanc
e, to
avo
id ri
sk o
f “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F ke
ep re
cord
cle
ar o
f find
ing
of p
rior c
onvi
ctio
n.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
mar
ihua
na
(CP
M),
5th
degr
ee
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
221.
10
NO
if th
is is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse.
If t
his
is a
se
cond
or s
ubse
quen
t dr
ug o
ffens
e an
d th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (“
RO
C”)
con
tain
s ex
plic
it fin
ding
of p
rior
drug
con
vict
ion
that
w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
App
. G
, § 1
.b).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O fo
r ina
dmis
sibi
lity
purp
oses
; how
ever
, for
de
porta
bilit
y pu
rpos
es,
is C
SO
onl
y if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
poss
essi
on o
f mor
e th
an
30 g
ram
s of
mar
ihua
na,
or if
def
enda
nt a
lread
y st
ands
con
vict
ed o
f or
will
be
conv
icte
d of
ad
ditio
nal o
ffens
e in
volv
ing
poss
essi
on o
f 30
gram
s or
le
ss o
f mar
ihua
na.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
alto
geth
er, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
-fe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20),
Tres
pass
(s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05),
or C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
).2.
If p
lead
ing
to a
mar
ijuan
a of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
dep
orta
bilit
y co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e pl
ea to
UP
M (s
ee a
bove
, P
L 22
1.05
) and
est
ablis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at a
mou
nt o
f mar
ijuan
a in
volv
ed is
less
than
30
gram
s.3.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of
CS
O d
epor
tabi
lity
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at a
mou
nt o
f mar
ijuan
a in
volv
ed is
less
than
30
gram
s.
A-70IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-71
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
M, 4
th
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
221.
15
NO
if th
is is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse.
If t
his
is a
se
cond
or s
ubse
quen
t dr
ug o
ffens
e an
d th
e re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (“
RO
C”)
con
tain
s ex
plic
it fin
ding
of p
rior
drug
con
vict
ion
that
w
as fi
nal a
t tim
e of
co
mm
issi
on o
f ins
tant
of
fens
e, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
(see
App
. G
, § 1
.b).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
alto
geth
er, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
-fe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20),
Tres
pass
(s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05),
or C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
).2.
If p
lead
ing
to a
mar
ijuan
a of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of C
SO
dep
orta
bilit
y co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e pl
ea to
UP
M o
r to
CP
M,
5th
degr
ee (s
ee a
bove
, PL
221.
05 &
221
.10)
, and
in e
ither
cas
e es
tab-
lish
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
am
ount
of m
ariju
ana
invo
lved
is le
ss th
an 3
0 gr
ams.
CP
M, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
221.
20N
O if
this
is a
firs
t dru
g of
fens
e. I
f thi
s is
a
seco
nd o
r sub
sequ
ent
drug
offe
nse
and
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
(“R
OC
”) c
onta
ins
expl
icit
findi
ng o
f prio
r dr
ug c
onvi
ctio
n th
at
was
fina
l at t
ime
of
com
mis
sion
of i
nsta
nt
offe
nse,
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F (s
ee A
pp.
G, §
1.b
)
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF
or C
SO
, avo
id th
is d
rug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s H
inde
r-in
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.
CP
M, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
221.
25N
O if
this
is a
firs
t dru
g of
fens
e. I
f thi
s is
a
seco
nd o
r sub
sequ
ent
drug
offe
nse
and
the
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
(“R
OC
”) c
onta
ins
expl
icit
findi
ng o
f prio
r dr
ug c
onvi
ctio
n th
at
was
fina
l at t
ime
of
com
mis
sion
of i
nsta
nt
offe
nse,
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F (s
ee A
pp.
G, §
1.b
).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF
or C
SO
, avo
id th
is d
rug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
r-in
g P
rose
cutio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.
A-70IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-71
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CP
M, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
221.
30N
O if
this
is a
firs
t dr
ug o
ffens
e. I
f thi
s is
a s
ubse
quen
t dr
ug o
ffens
e an
d th
e go
vern
men
t est
ablis
hes
a pr
ior d
rug
conv
ictio
n,
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F (s
ee A
pp.
G, §
1.b
).
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Is
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF,
avo
id th
is d
rug
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as H
inde
ring
Pro
secu
-tio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
205.
55-2
05.6
5); C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fac
ilita
tion
(see
abo
ve, P
L 11
5.00
-115
.08)
.
CS
M, 5
th
degr
ee
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
221.
35
If th
is is
a fi
rst d
rug
offe
nse,
NO
T a
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
in
Sec
ond
or T
hird
circ
uits
an
d pr
obab
ly N
OT
in
othe
r jur
isdi
ctio
ns. I
f th
is is
a s
econ
d or
su
bseq
uent
dru
g of
fens
e th
e re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n (“
RO
C”)
co
ntai
ns e
xplic
it fin
ding
of
prio
r dru
g co
nvic
tion
that
was
fina
l at t
ime
of
com
mis
sion
of i
nsta
nt
offe
nse,
mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F (s
ee A
pp.
G, §
1.b
).
May
be.
Is C
SO
. Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O a
ltoge
ther
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
obt
aini
ng a
n ad
jour
nmen
t in
cont
empl
atio
n of
dis
mis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rnat
ive
of-
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), Tr
espa
ss
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.05
), or
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
45).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
a m
ariju
ana
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O d
epor
tabi
lity
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of U
PM
or t
o C
PM
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.05
& 2
21.1
0), a
nd in
eith
er c
ase
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at a
mou
nt o
f mar
ijuan
a in
volv
ed is
less
than
30
gra
ms.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
base
d on
Mar
tinez
v. M
ukas
ey,
551
F.3d
113
(2d
Cir.
200
8); T
hom
as v
. Att’
y G
en.,
625F
.3d
134
(3d
Cir.
20
10);
Ste
ele
v. B
lack
man
, 236
F.3
d 13
0 (3
d C
ir. 2
001)
.
A-72IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-73
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
M, 4
th
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
221.
40
If re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) est
ablis
hes
trans
fer f
or
rem
uner
atio
n, p
roba
bly
is “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F.
In S
econ
d an
d Th
ird
Circ
uits
if th
is is
a
first
dru
g of
fens
e an
d go
vern
men
t can
not
esta
blis
h tra
nsfe
r for
re
mun
erat
ion,
is N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g cr
ime”
AF;
in o
ther
ju
risdi
ctio
ns, i
f thi
s is
a
first
dru
g of
fens
e, is
pr
obab
ly N
OT
a “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” c
rime
if im
mig
rant
can
mee
t bu
rden
of e
stab
lishi
ng
that
offe
nse
did
not
invo
lve
trans
fer f
or
rem
uner
atio
n bu
t is
pro
babl
y a
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
if im
mig
rant
can
not
mee
t thi
s bu
rden
. In
an
y ju
risdi
ctio
n, if
this
is
a s
ubse
quen
t dru
g of
fens
e an
d th
e R
OC
in
clud
es a
n ex
plic
it fin
ding
of a
prio
r dru
g co
nvic
tion
that
was
fina
l at
tim
e of
com
mis
sion
of
inst
ant o
ffens
e, m
ight
be
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
even
if R
OC
doe
s no
t es
tabl
ish
trans
fer f
or
rem
uner
atio
n (s
ee A
pp.
G, §
1.b
).
Pro
babl
y.
Is C
SO
. Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
CS
O a
ltoge
ther
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
obt
aini
ng a
n ad
jour
nmen
t in
cont
empl
atio
n of
dis
mis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rnat
ive
of-
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
), Tr
espa
ss
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.05
), or
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
45).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
a m
ariju
ana
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O d
epor
tabi
lity
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of U
PM
or t
o C
PM
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.05
& 2
21.1
0), a
nd in
eith
er c
ase
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at a
mou
nt o
f mar
ijuan
a in
volv
ed is
less
than
30
gra
ms.
3. If
Tip
s 1
and
2 ar
e no
t pos
sibl
e, to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
A
F co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CP
M, 5
th o
r 4th
deg
rees
(see
abo
ve,
PL
221.
10 &
221
.15)
, or C
SM
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.35
).4.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
leav
e ou
t of r
ecor
d of
co
nvic
tion
any
evid
ence
that
the
trans
fer o
f mar
ijuan
a w
as e
ffect
ed fo
r re
mun
erat
ion.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
base
d on
Mar
tinez
v. M
ukas
ey,
551
F.3d
113
(2d
Cir.
200
8); T
hom
as v
. Att’
y G
en.,
625
F.3d
134
(3d
Cir.
20
10);
Ste
ele
v. B
lack
man
, 236
F.3
d 13
0 (3
d C
ir. 2
001)
.
A-72IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-73
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
M, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
221.
45
Pro
babl
y is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
P
roba
bly.
IS
CS
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F or
CS
O, i
f pos
sibl
e ne
gotia
te
dive
rsio
n w
ithou
t a g
uilty
ple
a pu
rsua
nt to
CP
L 21
6.05
(4).
2. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
SO
alto
geth
er, i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
-fe
nses
suc
h as
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
45).
3. If
ple
adin
g to
a m
ariju
ana
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
CS
O d
epor
tabi
lity
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of C
PM
, 5th
de
gree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.10
), an
d in
eith
er c
ase
esta
blis
h in
ple
a co
l-lo
quy
that
am
ount
of m
ariju
ana
invo
lved
is le
ss th
an 3
0 gr
ams.
4. If
Tip
s 1
and
2 ar
e no
t pos
sibl
e, to
dec
reas
e ris
k of
“dru
g tra
ffick
-in
g” A
F av
oid
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
C
SM
, 5th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.35
).5.
If T
ip 3
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F av
oid
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er a
nd c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CP
M, 4
th
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.15
), or
CS
M, 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
221.
40)
and
leav
e ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
any
evid
ence
that
the
trans
fer o
f m
ariju
ana
was
effe
cted
for r
emun
erat
ion.
6. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
mar
ijuan
a of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to p
re-
serv
e po
ssib
le a
rgum
ent a
gain
st A
F or
CIM
T, p
lead
inst
ead
to C
PM
, 3rd
de
gree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.20
).C
SM
, 2nd
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
221.
50
If re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (R
OC
) est
ablis
hes
sale
to m
inor
, is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF;
ot
herw
ise
is p
roba
bly
is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
Pro
babl
y.
Is C
SO
. Whe
re R
OC
es
tabl
ishe
s sa
le to
min
or,
mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1.To
avo
id ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF
or C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
tiate
di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of C
SO
if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
su
ch a
s C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fa
cilit
atio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
3. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF
avoi
d th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
an
d co
nsid
er a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CP
M, 4
th (s
ee a
bove
, PL
221.
15),
or C
SM
, 4th
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.40
) and
leav
e ou
t of r
ecor
d of
co
nvic
tion
any
evid
ence
that
the
trans
fer o
f mar
ijuan
a w
as e
ffect
ed fo
r re
mun
erat
ion.
4.
If p
lead
ing
to a
felo
ny m
ariju
ana
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
pre
-se
rve
argu
men
t aga
inst
AF
or C
IMT,
ple
ad in
stea
d to
CP
M, 3
rd o
r 2nd
de
gree
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
221.
20 &
221
.25)
.
A-74IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-75
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
CS
M, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
221.
55
Pro
babl
y is
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF.
P
roba
bly.
C
SO
. Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
or C
SO
, if p
ossi
ble
nego
tiate
di
vers
ion
with
out a
gui
lty p
lea
purs
uant
to C
PL
216.
05(4
).2.
To
decr
ease
risk
of C
SO
if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
su
ch a
s C
rimin
al S
olic
itatio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
100.
00-1
00.1
3) o
r Crim
inal
Fa
cilit
atio
n (s
ee a
bove
, PL
115.
00-1
15.0
8).
3. T
o de
crea
se ri
sk o
f “dr
ug tr
affic
king
” AF
avoi
d th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
an
d, if
at a
ll po
ssib
le, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
CS
M, 4
th d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
221.
40) a
nd le
ave
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n an
y ev
i-de
nce
that
the
trans
fer o
f mar
ijuan
a w
as e
ffect
ed fo
r rem
uner
atio
n.
4. If
ple
adin
g to
a fe
lony
mar
ijuan
a of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to
pres
erve
pos
sibl
e ar
gum
ent a
gain
st A
F or
CIM
T, p
lead
inst
ead
to C
PM
, 3r
d, 2
nd o
r 1st
deg
rees
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
1.20
, 221
.25
& 2
21.3
0).
Pro
mot
ing
gam
blin
g, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
225.
05M
ight
be
“gam
blin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at o
ffens
e is
on
e “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
195
5.
No.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “c
omm
erci
aliz
ed v
ice”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. If
ple
adin
g to
gam
blin
g of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to a
void
AF
risk,
pl
ead
to a
ttem
pt (B
mis
d.).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
gam
blin
g of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to re
duce
AF
risk,
kee
p re
cord
cle
ar o
f fac
ts s
atis
fyin
g el
emen
ts o
f 18
US
C 1
955.
3. T
his
offe
nse
mig
ht tr
igge
r bar
to g
ood
mor
al c
hara
cter
(GM
C)
requ
irem
ent f
or c
itize
nshi
p fo
r “on
e w
hose
inco
me
is d
eriv
ed p
rin-
cipa
lly fr
om il
lega
l gam
blin
g ac
tiviti
es.”
Sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t Art.
22
5 of
fens
e w
ould
pro
babl
y tri
gger
the
sepa
rate
GM
C b
ar fo
r per
sons
co
nvic
ted
of tw
o or
mor
e ga
mbl
ing
offe
nses
if b
oth
offe
nses
wer
e co
m-
mitt
ed d
urin
g th
e re
leva
nt G
MC
per
iod.
To
avoi
d G
MC
and
adm
issi
bilit
y ba
rs, (
a) m
ake
a re
cord
that
clie
nt’s
inco
me
not p
rinci
pally
der
ived
from
ga
mbl
ing
and
that
clie
nt d
id n
ot c
ome
to U
.S. f
or p
urpo
se o
f eng
agin
g in
com
mer
cial
ized
vic
e; a
nd (b
) kee
p re
cord
cle
ar o
f ind
icat
ion
whe
ther
cl
ient
“pro
fit[e
d] fr
om” o
r “ad
vanc
[ed]
” act
ivity
.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue th
at o
ffens
e is
not
“des
crib
ed in
” 18
US
C 1
955
and
is th
ere-
fore
not
AF
beca
use
NY
stat
ute
lack
s su
bsta
ntiv
e (n
on-ju
risdi
ctio
nal)
elem
ents
con
tain
ed in
fede
ral s
tatu
te.
2. W
here
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
does
not
spe
cify
whe
ther
offe
nse
invo
lved
“pro
fit” o
r “ad
vanc
[ing]
”, ar
gue
that
offe
nse
is n
ot “g
ambl
ing
offe
nse”
for p
urpo
ses
of G
MC
and
doe
s no
t sho
w in
com
e de
rived
from
ga
mbl
ing
beca
use
it pu
nish
es m
erel
y “a
dvan
c[in
g]” g
ambl
ing
activ
ity
(see
PL
225.
00(4
)).
A-74IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-75
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Pro
mot
ing
gam
blin
g, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
225.
10M
ight
be
“gam
blin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at o
ffens
e is
on
e “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
195
5.
No.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “c
omm
erci
aliz
ed v
ice”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. If
ple
adin
g to
gam
blin
g of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to a
void
AF
risk,
pl
ead
to a
ttem
pted
Pro
mot
ing
Gam
blin
g, 2
nd d
egre
e) (s
ee a
bove
, PL
225.
05).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
felo
ny g
ambl
ing
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
avo
id
risk
of A
F, k
eep
reco
rd c
lear
of f
acts
sat
isfy
ing
elem
ents
of 1
8 U
SC
19
55.
3. T
his
offe
nse
mig
ht tr
igge
r bar
to g
ood
mor
al c
hara
cter
(GM
C)
requ
irem
ent f
or c
itize
nshi
p fo
r “on
e w
hose
inco
me
is d
eriv
ed p
rinci
pally
fro
m il
lega
l gam
blin
g ac
tiviti
es.”
Sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t Art.
225
offe
nse
wou
ld p
roba
bly
trigg
er th
e se
para
te G
MC
bar
for p
erso
ns c
onvi
cted
of
two
or m
ore
gam
blin
g of
fens
es if
bot
h of
fens
es w
ere
com
mitt
ed d
urin
g th
e re
leva
nt G
MC
per
iod.
To
avoi
d G
MC
and
adm
issi
bilit
y ba
rs, m
ake
a re
cord
that
clie
nt’s
inco
me
not p
rinci
pally
der
ived
from
gam
blin
g an
d th
at c
lient
did
not
com
e to
U.S
. for
pur
pose
of e
ngag
ing
in c
omm
erci
al-
ized
vic
e.Ti
ps fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs:
1. A
rgue
that
offe
nse
is n
ot “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
195
5 an
d is
ther
e-fo
re n
ot A
F be
caus
e N
Y st
atut
e la
cks
subs
tant
ive
(non
-juris
dict
iona
l) el
emen
ts c
onta
ined
in fe
dera
l sta
tute
.2.
Arg
ue th
at o
ffens
e is
not
GM
C b
ar u
nder
“inc
ome
deriv
ed” p
rovi
sion
b/
c it
does
not
requ
ire p
rofit
for c
onvi
ctio
n.P
osse
ssio
n of
gam
blin
g re
cord
s, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
mis
de-
mea
nor
225.
15P
roba
bly
NO
T, u
nles
s M
ight
be
“gam
blin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at o
ffens
e is
on
e “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
195
5.
No.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “c
omm
erci
aliz
ed v
ice”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1 If
plea
ding
to g
ambl
ing
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
avo
id ri
sk o
f A
F, p
lead
to a
ttem
pt (B
mis
d.).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
gam
blin
g of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to re
duce
risk
of
AF,
kee
p re
cord
cle
ar o
f fac
ts s
atis
fyin
g el
emen
ts o
f 18
US
C 1
955.
3. T
his
offe
nse
mig
ht tr
igge
r bar
to g
ood
mor
al c
hara
cter
(GM
C)
requ
irem
ent f
or c
itize
nshi
p fo
r “on
e w
hose
inco
me
is d
eriv
ed p
rinci
pally
fro
m il
lega
l gam
blin
g ac
tiviti
es.”
Sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t Art.
225
offe
nse
wou
ld p
roba
bly
trigg
er th
e se
para
te G
MC
bar
for p
erso
ns c
onvi
cted
of
two
or m
ore
gam
blin
g of
fens
es if
bot
h of
fens
es w
ere
com
mitt
ed d
urin
g th
e re
leva
nt G
MC
per
iod.
To
avoi
d G
MC
and
adm
issi
bilit
y ba
rs, m
ake
a re
cord
that
clie
nt’s
inco
me
not p
rinci
pally
der
ived
from
gam
blin
g an
d th
at c
lient
did
not
com
e to
U.S
. for
pur
pose
of e
ngag
ing
in c
omm
erci
al-
ized
vic
e.Ti
ps fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs:
1. A
rgue
that
offe
nse
is n
ot “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
195
5 an
d is
ther
e-fo
re n
ot A
F be
caus
e N
Y st
atut
e la
cks
subs
tant
ive
(non
-juris
dict
iona
l) el
emen
ts c
onta
ined
in fe
dera
l sta
tute
.2.
Arg
ue th
at o
ffens
e is
not
GM
C b
ar u
nder
“inc
ome
deriv
ed” p
rovi
sion
b/
c it
does
not
requ
ire p
rofit
for c
onvi
ctio
n
A-76IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-77
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Pos
sess
ion
of g
ambl
ing
reco
rds,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
225.
20M
ight
be
“gam
blin
g” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at o
ffens
e is
on
e “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
195
5.
No.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “c
omm
erci
aliz
ed v
ice”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. If
ple
adin
g to
gam
blin
g of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to a
void
risk
of
AF,
ple
ad to
atte
mpt
ed
Pos
sess
ion
of g
ambl
ing
reco
rds,
2nd
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 22
5.15
).2.
If p
lead
ing
to fe
lony
gam
blin
g of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to re
duce
ris
k of
AF,
kee
p re
cord
cle
ar o
f fac
ts s
atis
fyin
g el
emen
ts o
f 18
US
C
1955
(b).
3. T
his
offe
nse
mig
ht tr
igge
r bar
to g
ood
mor
al c
hara
cter
(GM
C)
requ
irem
ent f
or c
itize
nshi
p fo
r “on
e w
hose
inco
me
is d
eriv
ed p
rinci
pally
fro
m il
lega
l gam
blin
g ac
tiviti
es.”
Sec
ond
or s
ubse
quen
t Art.
225
offe
nse
wou
ld p
roba
bly
trigg
er th
e se
para
te G
MC
bar
for p
erso
ns c
onvi
cted
of
two
or m
ore
gam
blin
g of
fens
es if
bot
h of
fens
es w
ere
com
mitt
ed d
urin
g th
e re
leva
nt G
MC
per
iod.
To
avoi
d G
MC
and
adm
issi
bilit
y ba
rs, m
ake
a re
cord
that
clie
nt’s
inco
me
not p
rinci
pally
der
ived
from
gam
blin
g an
d th
at c
lient
did
not
com
e to
U.S
. for
pur
pose
of e
ngag
ing
in c
omm
erci
al-
ized
vic
e
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue th
at o
ffens
e is
not
“des
crib
ed in
” 18
US
C 1
955
and
is th
ere-
fore
not
AF
beca
use
NY
stat
ute
lack
s su
bsta
ntiv
e (n
on-ju
risdi
ctio
nal)
elem
ents
con
tain
ed in
fede
ral s
tatu
te.
2. A
rgue
that
offe
nse
is n
ot G
MC
bar
und
er “i
ncom
e de
rived
” pro
visi
on
b/c
it do
es n
ot re
quire
pro
fit fo
r con
vict
ion.
Pro
stitu
tion
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
230.
00
No.
Ye
s.
Pro
babl
y tri
gger
s “p
rost
itutio
n”
Inad
mis
sibi
lity.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“pro
stitu
tion”
inad
mis
sibi
lity
risk
(and
, if c
lient
has
prio
r C
IMT,
to a
void
CIM
T de
porta
bilit
y or
inad
mis
sibi
lity)
, if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
ob
tain
ing
an a
djou
rnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or
Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05).
2. If
Tip
1 is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
avo
id “p
rost
itutio
n” in
adm
issi
bilit
y ris
k,
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
45).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
The
BIA
has
hel
d th
at to
“eng
age
in” p
rost
itutio
n, o
ne m
ust h
ave
enga
ged
in a
regu
lar p
atte
rn o
f beh
avio
r or c
ondu
ct. S
ee M
atte
r of T
, 6
I&N
Dec
.474
(BIA
195
5) (h
oldi
ng th
at th
e no
nciti
zen
who
was
twic
e co
nvic
ted
for c
omm
ittin
g ac
ts o
f pro
stitu
tion
was
not
exc
luda
ble)
; Mat
ter
of R
, 2 I&
N D
ec. 5
0 (B
IA 1
944)
(sin
gle
act f
or g
ain
unde
r circ
umst
ance
s sh
owin
g pr
ostit
utio
n).
A-76IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-77
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
[Pat
roni
zing
a
pros
titut
e, 4
th
degr
ee]
[repe
aled
eff.
11
/1/2
007]
[Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor]
230.
03
Pro
babl
y N
OT,
but
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
per
son
patro
nize
d w
as a
min
or
mig
ht b
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
If re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n sh
ows
that
per
son
patro
nize
d w
as m
inor
, mig
ht
be C
AC
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at c
onvi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F,
even
if th
e pe
rson
pat
roni
zed
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of
the
pers
on p
atro
nize
d is
not
an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e. I
J m
ay n
ot lo
ok
to th
e un
derly
ing
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
to h
old
to th
e co
ntra
ry. S
ee, e
.g.,
Sin
gh v
. Ash
crof
t, 38
3 F.
3d 1
44 (3
rd C
ir. 2
004)
; cf.
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(not
ing
that
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or”
AF
grou
nd re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic
inqu
iry).
Pat
roni
zing
a
pros
titut
e, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
230.
04
Pro
babl
y N
OT,
but
if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
that
per
son
patro
nize
d w
as a
min
or
mig
ht b
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
If re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at p
erso
n pa
troni
zed
was
min
or, m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CIM
T de
porta
bilit
y or
inad
mis
sibi
lity
risk
if cl
ient
has
prio
r or
futu
re C
IMT,
con
side
r obt
aini
ng a
n ad
jour
nmen
t in
cont
empl
atio
n of
di
smis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.20
) or T
resp
ass
(See
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.05
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
Tip
1 a
bove
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
pros
titut
e m
ight
be
min
or, t
o de
crea
se “s
ex a
buse
of m
inor
” AF
and
CA
C ri
sks
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
45) a
nd k
eep
out
of re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n re
fere
nce
to th
e ag
e of
vic
tim.
3. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d an
d pr
ostit
ute
mig
ht b
e m
inor
, to
decr
ease
risk
of “
sex
abus
e of
min
or” A
F an
d C
AC
, try
to k
eep
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n re
fere
nce
to th
e ag
e of
the
pros
titut
e.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at c
onvi
ctio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly N
OT
“sex
abu
se o
f min
or” A
F,
even
if th
e pe
rson
pat
roni
zed
in fa
ct w
as m
inor
, bec
ause
the
min
ority
of
the
pers
on p
atro
nize
d is
not
an
elem
ent o
f the
crim
e. I
J m
ay n
ot lo
ok
to th
e un
derly
ing
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
to h
old
to th
e co
ntra
ry. S
ee, e
.g.,
Sin
gh v
. Ash
crof
t, 38
3 F.
3d 1
44 (3
rd C
ir. 2
004)
; cf.
Nijh
awan
v. H
olde
r, 12
9 S
. Ct.
2294
, 230
0 (2
009)
(not
ing
that
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or”
AF
grou
nd re
quire
s ca
tego
rical
as
oppo
sed
to c
ircum
stan
ce-s
peci
fic
inqu
iry).
Pat
roni
zing
a
pros
titut
e, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
230.
05
Mig
ht b
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
Mig
ht b
e C
AC
.Ti
ps fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d ris
k of
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
min
or” A
F or
CIM
T, if
pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow,
PL
240.
20) o
r Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05).
2. If
Tip
1 a
bove
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
and
pers
on p
atro
nize
d m
ight
be
min
or,
to d
ecre
ase
risk
of “s
ex a
buse
of m
inor
” AF
and
CA
C c
onsi
der a
lter-
nativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
), or
P
atro
nizi
ng a
Pro
stitu
te, 3
d de
gree
(see
abo
ve, 2
30.0
4), a
nd in
eith
er
case
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
refe
renc
e to
the
age
of p
erso
n pa
troni
zed.
A-78IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-79
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Pat
roni
zing
a
pros
titut
e, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
230.
06
Mig
ht b
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
Mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Pro
mot
ing
pros
titut
ion,
4t
h de
gree
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
230.
20
Mig
ht b
e “p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss” A
F. If
re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at
pros
titut
ion
prom
oted
w
as o
f a m
inor
, mig
ht
also
be
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF.
Pro
babl
y.M
ight
trig
ger “
pros
titut
ion”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y. If
pro
stitu
te
is m
inor
, mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” AF
or “p
rost
itutio
n” in
adm
issi
bilit
y ris
ks, c
onsi
der o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
bel
ow,
PL
240.
20),
Tres
pass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.05
) or C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
be
low
, PL
240.
45) i
f pos
sibl
e.2.
If T
ip 1
abo
ve is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
dec
reas
e “p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss” A
F ris
k, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Per
mitt
ing
Pro
stitu
tion
(see
bel
ow,
PL
230.
40) o
r Pat
roni
zing
a P
rost
itute
, 4th
(see
abo
ve, P
L 23
0.03
and
ac
cess
ory
liabi
lity
unde
r PL
20.0
0)) a
nd, i
f pro
stitu
te m
ight
be
min
or,
leav
e ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
refe
renc
e to
the
age
of th
e pr
ostit
ute.
3. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e sp
ecify
in
plea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
did
not
ow
n, c
ontro
l, m
anag
e or
sup
ervi
se
pros
titut
ion
busi
ness
, or a
t min
imum
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d ad
mis
sion
or
evid
ence
of e
xact
nat
ure
of a
dvan
cem
ent o
r pro
fit fr
om p
rost
itutio
n (s
ee
PL
230.
15).
In a
ll ca
ses,
if p
ossi
ble
keep
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
refe
renc
e to
the
age
of th
e pr
ostit
ute.
Pro
mot
ing
pros
titut
ion,
3r
d de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
230.
25
Sub
sect
ion
(1) i
s pr
obab
ly is
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” AF,
S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) mig
ht b
e “p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss”
AF.
If r
ecor
d of
co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
pro
stitu
tion
prom
oted
was
of a
m
inor
, eith
er s
ubse
ctio
n m
ight
als
o be
“sex
ual
abus
e of
a m
inor
” AF.
Pro
babl
y.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “pr
ostit
utio
n”
inad
mis
sibi
lity.
Sub
sect
ion
(2) m
ight
be
CA
C if
reco
rd
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at p
rost
itutio
n pr
omot
ed
was
of a
min
or.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” AF
or “p
rost
itutio
n” in
adm
issi
bilit
y ris
ks, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
(see
be-
low
, PL
240.
20),
Tres
pass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 14
0.05
) or C
rimin
al N
uisa
nce
(see
bel
ow, P
L 24
0.45
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. If
Tip
1 a
bove
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to d
ecre
ase
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” AF
risk,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
of P
erm
ittin
g P
rost
itutio
n (s
ee b
elow
, P
L 23
0.40
) or P
atro
nizi
ng a
Pro
stitu
te, 3
d (s
ee a
bove
, PL
230.
04 a
nd
acce
ssor
y lia
bilit
y un
der P
L 20
.00)
) and
, if p
rost
itute
mig
ht b
e m
inor
, le
ave
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n re
fere
nce
to th
e ag
e of
the
pros
titut
e.
A-78IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-79
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Pro
mot
ing
pros
titut
ion,
2n
d de
gree
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
230.
30
Sub
sect
ion
(1)
prob
ably
is “p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss” A
F an
d su
bsec
tion
(2) m
ight
be
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” A
F. If
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
pro
stitu
tion
prom
oted
was
of a
m
inor
, mig
ht a
lso
be
“sex
ual a
buse
of a
m
inor
” AF.
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent i
mpo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r mor
e,
subs
ectio
n (1
) mig
ht
also
be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “pr
ostit
utio
n”
inad
mis
sibi
lity.
Sub
sect
ion
(2) m
ight
be
CA
C a
nd
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s th
at p
rost
itutio
n pr
omot
ed w
as o
f a m
inor
, su
bsec
tion
(1) m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o pr
eser
ve a
rgum
ent t
hat o
ffens
e is
not
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” AF,
if
poss
ible
spe
cify
in p
lea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
“”pr
ofite
d fro
m” r
athe
r th
an “a
dvan
ced
“ pro
stitu
tion
and
did
not o
wn,
con
trol,
man
age
or s
uper
-vi
se p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss, o
r at m
inim
um k
eep
out o
f rec
ord
adm
issi
on
or e
vide
nce
of e
xact
nat
ure
of a
dvan
cem
ent o
r pro
fit fr
om p
rost
itutio
n (s
ee P
L 23
0.15
).
Pro
mot
ing
pros
titut
ion,
1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
230.
32
Mig
ht b
e “p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss” A
F. M
ight
al
so b
e “s
exua
l abu
se
of a
min
or” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.
Mig
ht tr
igge
r “pr
ostit
utio
n”
inad
mis
sibi
lity.
Mig
ht b
e C
AC
.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o pr
eser
ve a
rgum
ent t
hat o
ffens
e is
not
“pro
stitu
tion
busi
ness
” AF,
if
poss
ible
spe
cify
in p
lea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
“”pr
ofite
d fro
m” r
athe
r th
an “a
dvan
ced
“ pro
stitu
tion
and
did
not o
wn,
con
trol,
man
age
or s
uper
-vi
se p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss, o
r at m
inim
um k
eep
out o
f rec
ord
adm
issi
on
or e
vide
nce
of e
xact
nat
ure
of a
dvan
cem
ent o
r pro
fit fr
om p
rost
itutio
n (s
ee P
L 23
0.15
).C
ompe
lling
pr
ostit
utio
n
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
230.
33P
roba
bly
is “p
rost
itutio
n bu
sine
ss” A
F. P
roba
bly
is a
lso
“sex
ual a
buse
of
a m
inor
” AF.
If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) m
ight
als
o be
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F.
Pro
babl
y.P
roba
bly
is C
AC
. M
ight
tri
gger
“pro
stitu
tion”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Per
mitt
ing
pros
titut
ion
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
230.
40
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
M
aybe
. M
ight
trig
ger “
pros
titut
ion”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“pro
stitu
tion”
inad
mis
sibi
lity
and
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der o
btai
n-in
g an
adj
ourn
men
t in
cont
empl
atio
n of
dis
mis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rna-
tive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee b
elow
, PL
240.
20) o
r Tr
espa
ss (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
05) i
f pos
sibl
e.
A-80IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-81
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Dis
orde
rly
cond
uct
Viol
atio
n
240.
20
No.
N
o.
Har
assm
ent,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss B
mis
de-
mea
nor
240.
25
No.
M
aybe
. If
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
curr
ent o
r for
mer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
mig
ht b
e C
OD
V in
som
e ju
risdi
ctio
ns o
utsi
de 2
d C
ircui
t. M
ight
als
o tri
gger
de
porta
bilit
y un
der C
OD
V
clau
se re
gard
ing
“crim
e of
st
alki
ng.”
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
-pl
atio
n of
dis
mis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
& 1
40.0
5).
2. T
o re
duce
CO
DV
risk
, kee
p re
latio
nshi
p of
com
plai
nant
to d
efen
dant
ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(thou
gh th
is m
ay n
ot b
e ef
fect
ive
to a
void
re
mov
abili
ty).
Har
assm
ent,
2nd
degr
ee
Viol
atio
n
240.
26
No.
M
aybe
. If
the
com
plai
nant
was
a
curr
ent o
r for
mer
spo
use
or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
indi
vidu
al,
subs
ectio
n (1
) mig
ht b
e C
OD
V. S
ubse
ctio
ns (2
) an
d (3
) mig
ht tr
igge
r de
porta
bilit
y un
der C
OD
V
clau
se re
gard
ing
“crim
e of
st
alki
ng.”
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
-pl
atio
n of
dis
mis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly
Con
duct
or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
& 1
40.0
5).
2. T
o m
inim
ize
CO
DV
risk
, see
k al
tern
ate
plea
to D
isor
derly
Con
duct
or
Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
240.
20 &
140
.05)
. If
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to
redu
ce C
OD
V ri
sk k
eep
rela
tions
hip
of c
ompl
aina
nt to
def
enda
nt o
ut o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (th
ough
this
may
not
be
effe
ctiv
e to
avo
id re
mov
-ab
ility
).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
a C
OD
V b
ecau
se p
hysi
cal f
orce
nec
essa
ry to
con
stitu
te
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” u
nder
18
US
C 1
6(a)
mus
t cat
egor
ical
ly b
e vi
olen
t fo
rce
capa
ble
of c
ausi
ng p
ain
or in
jury
to a
noth
er p
erso
n, s
ee M
atte
r of
Vel
asqu
ez, 2
5 I&
N D
ec. 2
78, 2
83 (B
IA 2
010)
, and
240
.26
can
be
offe
nded
by
“pet
ty fo
rms
of o
ffens
ive
touc
hing
and
kic
king
” not
risi
ng to
th
e le
vel o
f an
assa
ult,
Peo
ple
v. B
artk
ow,
96 N
.Y.2
d 77
0, 7
72 (2
001)
; se
e, e
.g.,
Lynn
v. S
tate
, 33
A.D
.3d
673,
674
(App
. Div.
2 D
ept.,
200
6)
(che
st-b
uttin
g);
Peo
ple
v. H
are,
66
Mis
c.2d
207
, 319
N.Y
.S.2
d 89
0 (A
pp. T
erm
1st D
ept.
1971
) (pl
acin
g fin
ger o
n co
mpl
aina
nt’s
che
st).
A-80IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-81
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Agg
rava
ted
hara
ssm
ent,
2nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
mis
de-
mea
nor
240.
30
No,
unl
ess
term
of
impr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r, in
whi
ch
case
sub
sect
ions
(3)
and
(4) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
May
be.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
sim
ilarly
situ
ated
in
divi
dual
, sub
sect
ions
(3)
or (4
) mig
ht b
e C
OD
V. A
co
nvic
tion
mig
ht tr
igge
r de
porta
bilit
y un
der C
OD
V
clau
ses
rega
rdin
g “c
rime
of
stal
king
” and
/or “
viol
atio
ns
of p
rote
ctiv
e or
ders
.”
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r (ge
t 364
da
ys o
r les
s).
2. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k or
CO
DV,
con
side
r obt
aini
ng a
n ad
jour
nmen
t in
con
tem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
n al
tern
ativ
e of
fens
e su
ch a
s D
isor
derly
Con
duct
or T
resp
ass
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
& 1
40.0
5).
3. I
f Tip
2 is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
redu
ce C
OD
V ri
sk k
eep
rela
tions
hip
of
com
plai
nant
to d
efen
dant
out
of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
(thou
gh th
is m
ay
not b
e ef
fect
ive
to a
void
rem
ovab
ility
) and
avo
id a
ny c
ourt
findi
ng th
at
offe
nse
was
com
mitt
ed in
vio
latio
n of
rele
vant
por
tion
of a
n or
der o
f pro
-te
ctio
n (s
ee T
ip fo
r def
ense
law
yers
acc
ompa
nyin
g C
rimin
al c
onte
mpt
, 2n
d de
gree
, PL
215.
50).
Agg
rava
ted
hara
ssm
ent,
1st d
egre
e
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
240.
31
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear o
r m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
May
be.
If th
e co
mpl
aina
nt w
as a
cu
rren
t or f
orm
er s
pous
e or
si
mila
rly s
ituat
ed in
divi
dual
, m
ight
be
CO
DV.
A
conv
ictio
n m
ight
als
o tri
gger
de
porta
bilit
y un
der C
OD
V
clau
ses
rega
rdin
g “c
rime
of
stal
king
” and
/or “
viol
atio
ns
of p
rote
ctiv
e or
ders
.”
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble.
2. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k or
CO
DV,
if p
ossi
ble
cons
ider
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct, T
resp
ass
or s
ubse
ctio
n (3
) of C
rimin
al M
is-
chie
f, fo
urth
deg
ree
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
,140
.05,
145
.00(
3)).
3. If
Tip
2 is
not
pos
sibl
e, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
e of
Har
assm
ent,
1st o
r 2nd
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.25
& 2
40.2
6) a
nd, i
f tha
t als
o is
not
pos
-si
ble,
Agg
rava
ted
Har
assm
ent,
2nd
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.30
).4.
If T
ip 3
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to re
duce
CO
DV
risk
kee
p re
latio
nshi
p of
co
mpl
aina
nt to
def
enda
nt o
ut o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n (th
ough
this
may
no
t be
effe
ctiv
e to
avo
id re
mov
abili
ty) a
nd a
void
any
cou
rt fin
ding
that
of
fens
e w
as c
omm
itted
in v
iola
tion
of re
leva
nt p
ortio
n of
an
orde
r of p
ro-
tect
ion
(see
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs a
ccom
pany
ing
Crim
inal
con
tem
pt.
2nd
degr
ee, P
L 21
5.50
).Lo
iterin
g
Viol
atio
n
240.
35
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.C
onvi
ctio
n un
der
subs
ectio
n (2
) mig
ht tr
igge
r “c
omm
erci
aliz
ed v
ice”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of C
IMT
and
“com
mer
cial
ized
vic
e” in
adm
issi
bilit
y ,
avoi
d su
bsec
tion
(2).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue fo
rmer
sub
sect
ion
(3) i
s no
t CIM
T be
caus
e it
lack
s an
y re
-qu
irem
ent t
hat p
rosc
ribed
con
duct
is u
nwel
com
e or
offe
nsiv
e to
oth
ers.
S
ee P
eopl
e v.
Upl
inge
r, 58
N.Y
.2d
936
(198
3).
Con
side
r pos
t-con
vict
ion
relie
f bas
ed o
n un
cons
titut
iona
lity
of s
tatu
te. S
ee id
.
A-82IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-83
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Loite
ring,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
240.
36
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Mig
ht b
e C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O o
r CIM
T ris
ks, c
onsi
der o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as D
isor
-de
rly C
ondu
ct, T
resp
ass
or L
oite
ring
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
, 140
.05
&
240.
35).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e, k
eep
out o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
.Lo
iterin
g fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
eng
agin
g in
a
pros
titut
ion
offe
nse
Viol
atio
n C
lass
B
mis
dem
eano
r C
lass
A m
isde
-m
eano
r
240.
37
No.
M
aybe
. M
ight
trig
ger “
pros
titut
ion”
in
adm
issi
bilit
y.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of “p
rost
itutio
n” in
adm
issi
bilit
y (a
nd, i
f clie
nt h
as p
rior
CIM
T, to
avo
id C
IMT
depo
rtabi
lity
or in
adm
issi
bilit
y), i
f pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er
obta
inin
g an
adj
ourn
men
t in
cont
empl
atio
n of
dis
mis
sal (
AC
D) o
r an
alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct, T
resp
ass
or L
oite
ring
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
, 140
.05
& 2
40.3
5).
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue th
at ju
st o
ne o
r a fe
w lo
iterin
g co
nvic
tions
can
not t
rig-
ger “
pros
titut
ion”
inad
mis
sibi
lity.
The
BIA
has
hel
d th
at to
“eng
age
in”
pros
titut
ion,
one
mus
t hav
e en
gage
d in
a re
gula
r pat
tern
of b
ehav
ior o
r co
nduc
t. S
ee M
atte
r of T
, 6 I&
N D
ec. 4
74 (B
IA 1
955)
(hol
ding
that
the
nonc
itize
n w
ho w
as tw
ice
conv
icte
d fo
r com
mitt
ing
acts
of p
rost
itutio
n w
as n
ot e
xclu
dabl
e); M
atte
r of R
, 2 I&
N D
ec. 5
0 (B
IA 1
944)
(sin
gle
act
for g
ain
unde
r circ
umst
ance
s sh
owin
g pr
ostit
utio
n).
App
eara
nce
in
publ
ic u
nder
in
fluen
ce o
f dr
ug o
ther
th
an a
lcoh
ol
Viol
atio
n
240.
40
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Mig
ht b
e C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O ri
sk, c
onsi
der o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
pla-
tion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as D
isor
derly
Con
-du
ct, T
resp
ass
or L
oite
ring
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
, 140
.05
& 2
40.3
5).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e, k
eep
out o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
.
Crim
inal
nu
isan
ce, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss B
mis
de-
mea
nor
240.
45
No.
M
aybe
. (S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, su
pra.
)
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k, if
pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er o
btai
ning
an
adjo
urnm
ent i
n co
ntem
plat
ion
of d
ism
issa
l (A
CD
) or a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es s
uch
as D
isor
-de
rly C
ondu
ct, T
resp
ass
or L
oite
ring
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.20
, 140
.05
&
240.
35).
2. If
Tip
1 is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
min
imiz
e ha
ve c
lient
allo
cute
to re
ckle
ss
men
s re
a un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (1
). S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
A-82IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-83
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
nu
isan
ce, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
240.
46
Mig
ht b
e “d
rug
traffi
ckin
g” A
F.
May
be.
Mig
ht b
e C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“dru
g tra
ffick
ing”
AF
or C
SO
risk
s, if
pos
sibl
e co
nsid
er a
l-te
rnat
ive
offe
nses
suc
h as
Dis
orde
rly C
ondu
ct (s
ee a
bove
, PL
240.
20),
Crim
inal
Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
15),
Loite
ring
(see
abo
ve, P
L 24
0.35
), or
Crim
inal
Nui
sanc
e, 2
nd d
egre
e (s
ee a
bove
, PL
240.
25).
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e, k
eep
out o
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
.Fa
lsel
y re
porti
ng a
n in
cide
nt, 3
d de
gree
Cla
ss A
mis
de-
mea
nor
240.
50N
o.
May
be.
(See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.)
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
avo
id c
onvi
ctio
n un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (4
), an
d/or
avo
id a
llocu
tion
to s
peci
fic s
ubse
ctio
n an
d ke
ep re
cord
cle
ar o
f in
dica
tion
that
def
enda
nt in
tend
ed to
impa
ir la
wfu
l gov
ernm
ent f
unct
ion.
S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
)-(3
) are
not
a C
IMT
beca
use
none
requ
ires
a sp
ecifi
c in
tent
to im
pair
an im
porta
nt fu
nctio
n of
gov
ernm
ent b
y di
shon
-es
t mea
ns; o
ffens
e re
quire
s ne
ither
that
gov
ernm
ent b
e de
ceiv
ed n
or
obje
ctiv
e lik
elih
ood
that
gov
ernm
ent w
ill a
ct in
relia
nce
on fa
lse
repo
rt.
Com
pare
, e.g
., M
atte
r of J
urad
o, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 2
9 (B
IA 2
006)
(PA
stat
ute
requ
iring
inte
nt to
dis
rupt
per
form
ance
of o
ffici
al d
utie
s is
CIM
T).
Fals
ely
repo
rt-in
g an
inci
dent
, 2d
deg
ree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
240.
55M
ight
be
“exp
losi
ve
mat
eria
ls o
ffens
e” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at o
ffens
e is
on
e “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
844
(e).
May
be. (
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.)
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
risk
of A
F, c
onsi
der p
lea
to F
alse
ly re
porti
ng a
n in
cide
nt in
th
e 3d
deg
ree,
PL
240.
50, a
nd k
eep
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
clea
r of r
efer
-en
ce to
offe
nse
desc
ribed
in 1
8 U
SC
844
(e).
2. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
avo
id c
onvi
ctio
n un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (2
), an
d/or
avo
id a
llocu
tion
to s
peci
fic s
ubse
ctio
n an
d ke
ep re
cord
cle
ar o
f in
dica
tion
that
def
enda
nt in
tend
ed to
impa
ir la
wfu
l gov
ernm
ent f
unct
ion.
S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
)-(3
) are
not
a C
IMT
beca
use
none
requ
ires
a sp
ecifi
c in
tent
to im
pair
an im
porta
nt fu
nctio
n of
gov
ernm
ent b
y di
shon
-es
t mea
ns; o
ffens
e re
quire
s ne
ither
that
gov
ernm
ent b
e de
ceiv
ed n
or
obje
ctiv
e lik
elih
ood
that
gov
ernm
ent w
ill a
ct in
relia
nce
on fa
lse
repo
rt.
Com
pare
, e.g
., M
atte
r of J
urad
o, 2
4 I&
N D
ec. 2
9 (B
IA 2
006)
(PA
stat
ute
requ
iring
inte
nt to
dis
rupt
per
form
ance
of o
ffici
al d
utie
s is
CIM
T).
A-84IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-85
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Fals
ely
repo
rting
an
inci
dent
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
240.
60M
ight
be
“exp
losi
ve
mat
eria
ls o
ffens
e” A
F if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
show
s th
at o
ffens
e is
on
e “d
escr
ibed
in” 1
8 U
SC
844
(e).
May
be. (
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es,
supr
a.)
Sub
sect
ion
(5) m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
risk
of A
F, c
onsi
der p
lea
to F
alse
ly re
porti
ng a
n in
cide
nt in
th
e 3d
deg
ree,
PL
240.
50, a
nd k
eep
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
clea
r of r
efer
-en
ce to
offe
nse
desc
ribed
in 1
8 U
SC
844
(e).
2. T
o re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
avo
id a
llocu
tion
to s
peci
fic s
ubse
ctio
n an
d ke
ep re
cord
cle
ar o
f ind
icat
ion
that
def
enda
nt in
tend
ed to
impa
ir la
wfu
l go
vern
men
t fun
ctio
n. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Pub
lic
lew
dnes
s
Cla
ss B
m
isde
mea
nor
245.
00N
o.P
roba
bly.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. C
onsi
der a
ltern
ate
plea
to d
isor
derly
con
duct
, PL
240.
20.
End
ange
ring
the
wel
fare
of
a ch
ild
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
260.
10
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) pr
obab
ly is
CIM
T.
Sub
sect
ion
(2)
mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
Pro
babl
y C
AC
.Ti
p fo
r def
ense
law
yers
:1.
To
avoi
d C
AC
, con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not s
peci
fy
min
ority
of c
ompl
aina
nt.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue n
ot a
CA
C b
ecau
se s
tatu
te d
oes
not r
equi
re a
ny s
peci
al d
uty
of c
are
owed
to c
ompl
aina
nt b
y de
fend
ant.
See
Mat
ter o
f Sor
am, 2
5 I&
N D
ec. 3
78, 3
88-9
0 (B
IA 2
010)
(Filp
pu, M
embe
r, co
ncur
ring)
.U
nlaw
fully
de
alin
g w
ith
a ch
ild, 1
st
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
260.
20N
o.S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) is
pro
babl
y N
OT
CIM
T. S
ubse
ctio
n (1
) mig
ht b
e C
IMT.
Sub
sect
ion
(1) m
ight
be
CS
O a
nd C
AC
. S
ubse
ctio
n (2
) mig
ht b
e C
AC
if re
cord
of
con
vict
ion
show
s co
mpl
aina
nt u
nder
18.
Crim
inal
pos
-se
ssio
n of
a
wea
pon,
4th
de
gree
Cla
ss A
mis
de-
mea
nor
265.
01
Pro
babl
y N
OT,
unl
ess
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
subs
ectio
n (4
) pre
dica
ted
on
felo
ny c
onvi
ctio
n, o
r an
offe
nse
akin
to o
ne
desc
ribed
in 1
8 U
SC
92
2(g)
(1),
(2),
(3),
(4),
or (5
), (j)
, (n)
, (o)
, (p)
, or
(r),
18 U
SC
924
(b)
or (h
), or
26
US
C 5
861,
in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht b
e “fi
rear
m o
ffens
e” A
F.
Sub
sect
ions
(2)
and
(8) p
roba
bly
are
CIM
T. A
ll ot
her s
ubse
ctio
ns
prob
ably
are
NO
T C
IMT.
(S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
)
Sub
sect
ions
(1) t
hrou
gh
(6) a
re F
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
that
of
fens
e in
volv
ed a
fire
arm
or
des
truct
ive
devi
ce (a
s de
fined
in 1
8 U
SC
921
(a).
Sub
sect
ions
(7) a
nd (8
) are
N
OT
FO.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
FO a
nd C
IMT,
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nse
such
as
Crim
i-na
l Tre
spas
s (s
ee a
bove
, PL
140.
15) o
r sub
sect
ion
(7) o
f 265
.01,
if
poss
ible
. 2.
If T
ip 1
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to a
void
FO
con
side
r sub
sect
ion
(8) o
r alte
r-na
tive
offe
nses
that
do
not r
equi
re a
s an
ele
men
t the
use
or p
osse
ssio
n of
a fi
rear
m, o
r, if
clie
nt p
lead
s to
sub
sect
ion
(1) o
r (2)
inst
ead,
kee
p ou
t of
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
that
wea
pon
was
a fi
rear
m.
3. T
o av
oid
CIM
T, a
void
sub
sect
ions
(2) a
nd (8
), an
d sp
ecify
at p
lea
collo
quy
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot in
tend
to u
se th
e w
eapo
n/co
ntra
band
ite
m u
nlaw
fully
aga
inst
ano
ther
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
(Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs c
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A-84IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-85
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue s
ubse
ctio
n (5
) cat
egor
ical
ly is
NO
T “fi
rear
m o
ffens
e” A
F. S
ee
U.S
. v. S
ando
val-B
araj
as, 2
06 F
.3d
853
(9th
Cir.
200
0) (c
onvi
ctio
n un
der
stat
e st
atut
e th
at a
pplie
s to
all
non-
citiz
ens
is n
ot a
n of
fens
e ‘d
escr
ibed
in
’ the
enu
mer
ated
fede
ral s
tatu
te, w
hich
app
lies
only
to th
ose
illeg
ally
in
the
U.S
.).2.
Arg
ue N
OT
FO if
gov
ernm
ent f
ails
to p
rove
that
clie
nt w
as c
onvi
cted
un
der o
ne o
f sub
sect
ions
(1) t
hrou
gh (6
); if
gove
rnm
ent p
rove
s co
nvic
-tio
n un
der s
ubse
ctio
ns (1
) or (
2), a
rgue
NO
T FO
if g
over
nmen
t fai
ls to
pr
ove
that
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hed
that
wea
pon
used
was
a
firea
rm.
3. A
rgue
sub
sect
ion
(2) N
OT
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F w
here
sen
tenc
e of
a y
ear i
s im
pose
d be
caus
e st
atut
e do
es n
ot h
ave
use,
atte
mpt
ed u
se,
or th
reat
ened
use
of f
orce
as
an e
lem
ent.
See
U.S
. v. G
amez
, 577
F.3
d 39
4, 3
98 (2
d C
ir. 2
009)
(hol
ding
that
form
er 2
65.0
3(1)
, sim
ilarly
requ
ir-in
g po
sses
sion
of w
eapo
n w
ith in
tent
to u
se u
nlaw
fully
aga
inst
ano
ther
, ca
nnot
be
equa
ted
with
act
ual,
atte
mpt
ed o
r thr
eate
ned
use
of fo
rce
for
purp
oses
of G
uide
line
2L1.
2 si
mila
r to
CO
V d
efini
tion
at 1
8 U
SC
16(
a)).
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
a w
eapo
n, 3
rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
265.
02
If te
rm o
f im
pris
onm
ent
impo
sed
is o
ne y
ear
or m
ore,
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
(esp
ecia
lly if
con
vict
ed
unde
r sub
sect
ion
(1)
(whe
n re
fere
ncin
g C
PW
, 4th
deg
ree,
su
bsec
tion
(2))
. If
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
an o
ffens
e ak
in to
one
des
crib
ed in
18
US
C 9
22(g
) (1)
, (2)
, (3
), (4
), or
(5),
(j), (
n),
(o),
(p),
or (r
), 18
US
C
924
(b) o
r (h)
, or 2
6 U
SC
586
1, m
ight
als
o be
“fire
arm
offe
nse”
AF.
Pro
babl
y if
conv
icte
d un
der
subs
ectio
n (1
) (w
hen
refe
renc
ing
CP
W, 4
th d
egre
e,
subs
ectio
n (2
)).
(See
Not
e on
C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
)
FO if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
firea
rm o
r de
stru
ctiv
e de
vice
(as
defin
ed in
18
US
C 9
21(a
)).
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F, a
void
sen
tenc
e of
one
yea
r or m
ore
(get
364
day
s or
less
) if p
ossi
ble
and,
whe
re th
at is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
min
i-m
ize
risk
avoi
d co
nvic
tion
unde
r sub
sect
ion
(1) (
whe
n re
fere
ncin
g C
PW
, 4t
h de
gree
, PL
265.
01, s
ubse
ctio
n (2
)).
2. T
o av
oid
FO, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t req
uire
as
an
elem
ent t
he u
se o
r pos
sess
ion
of a
fire
arm
.3.
To
avoi
d C
IMT,
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
refe
renc
e to
su
bsec
tion
(1) (
whe
n re
fere
ncin
g C
PW
, 4th
deg
ree,
sub
sect
ion
(2))
, an
d sp
ecify
at p
lea
collo
quy
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot in
tend
to u
se th
e w
eapo
n/co
ntra
band
item
unl
awfu
lly a
gain
st a
noth
er.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
).
A-86IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-87
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
a w
eapo
n, 2
nd
degr
ee
Cla
ss C
felo
ny
265.
03If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, s
ubse
ctio
n (1
)(b)
is
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e”
AF
in 2
d an
d 3d
Cirs
. an
d is
pro
babl
y “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in
othe
r jur
isdi
ctio
ns a
nd
subs
ectio
ns (1
)(a)
, (1)
(c) a
nd (2
) are
pro
babl
y “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF
in a
ny ju
risdi
ctio
n .
Sub
sect
ion
(3) m
ight
be
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F.
If re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s an
offe
nse
akin
to o
ne d
escr
ibed
in
18
US
C 9
22(g
) (1)
, (2
), (3
), (4
), or
(5),
(j),
(n),
(o),
(p),
or (r
), 18
U
SC
924
(b) o
r (h)
, or
26
US
C 5
861,
any
subs
ectio
n m
ight
als
o be
“fire
arm
offe
nse”
AF
Pro
babl
y (e
spec
ially
if
conv
icte
d un
der
subs
ectio
n (1
)).
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
Is F
O.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“crim
e of
vio
lenc
e” A
F ris
k, a
void
this
offe
nse
alto
geth
er,
cons
ider
CP
W, 4
th o
r 3rd
(see
abo
ve, P
L 26
5.01
& 2
65.0
2), a
nd g
et
sent
ence
of 3
64 d
ays
or le
ss.
2. T
o av
oid
FO, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t req
uire
as
an
elem
ent t
he u
se o
r pos
sess
ion
of a
fire
arm
.3.
To
min
imiz
e C
IMT
risk
unde
r sub
sect
ions
(2) a
nd (3
), sp
ecify
at p
lea
collo
quy
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot in
tend
to u
se th
e w
eapo
n un
law
fully
ag
ains
t ano
ther
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Crim
inal
po
sses
sion
of
a da
nger
ous
wea
pon,
1st
de
gree
Cla
ss B
felo
ny
265.
04If
term
of i
mpr
ison
men
t im
pose
d is
one
yea
r or
mor
e, s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) pr
obab
ly is
“crim
e of
vi
olen
ce” A
F an
d ei
ther
su
bsec
tion
mig
ht b
e “c
rime
of v
iole
nce”
AF.
If
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
an o
ffens
e ak
in to
one
des
crib
ed
in 1
8 U
SC
922
(g) (
1),
(2),
(3),
(4),
or (5
), (j)
, (n
), (o
), (p
), or
(r),
18
US
C 9
24 (b
) or (
h), o
r 26
US
C 5
861,
mig
ht b
e “fi
rear
m o
ffens
e” A
F.
Pro
babl
y (e
spec
ially
su
bsec
tion
(1))
. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
offe
nses
, sup
ra.
FO if
reco
rd o
f con
vict
ion
esta
blis
hes
firea
rm o
r de
stru
ctiv
e de
vice
(as
defin
ed in
18
US
C 9
21(a
))
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o m
inim
ize
CIM
T ris
k fo
r sub
sect
ion
(2),
spec
ify a
t ple
a co
lloqu
y th
at d
efen
dant
did
not
inte
nd to
use
the
wea
pons
unl
awfu
lly a
gain
st
anot
her.
See
Not
e on
CIM
T of
fens
es, s
upra
.
A-86IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-87
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Crim
inal
Sal
e of
a F
irear
m,
3rd
degr
ee
Cla
ss D
felo
ny
265.
11P
roba
bly
“fire
arm
tra
ffick
ing”
AF,
es
peci
ally
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
d sa
le o
r int
ent t
o se
ll fo
r rem
uner
atio
n (a
s op
pose
d to
giv
ing
or d
ispo
sing
with
out
rem
uner
atio
n). I
f re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s an
offe
nse
akin
to o
ne d
escr
ibed
in
18 U
SC
922
(g) (
1), (
2),
(3),
(4),
or (5
), (j)
, (n)
, (o
), (p
), or
(r),
18 U
SC
92
4 (b
) or (
h), o
r 26
US
C 5
861,
mig
ht a
lso
be “fi
rear
m o
ffens
e” A
F.
May
beFO
if re
cord
of c
onvi
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
s fir
earm
or
dest
ruct
ive
devi
ce (a
s de
fined
in 1
8 U
SC
921
(a))
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
“fire
arm
traf
ficki
ng” A
F or
FO
risk
, avo
id th
is o
ffens
e al
toge
ther
and
con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not r
equi
re a
s an
el
emen
t the
use
or p
osse
ssio
n of
a fi
rear
m.
2. If
Tip
1 is
not
pos
sibl
e, to
avo
id “fi
rear
m tr
affic
king
” AF
risk,
con
side
r C
PW
, 4th
or 3
rd (s
ee a
bove
, PL
265.
01 &
265
.02)
, and
get
sen
tenc
e of
36
4 da
ys o
r les
s.3.
If p
lead
ing
to th
is o
ffens
e ca
nnot
be
avoi
ded,
to p
rese
rve
argu
men
t th
at it
is n
ot a
“fire
arm
traf
ficki
ng” A
F, p
lead
to s
ubse
ctio
n (1
) and
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
refe
renc
e to
sal
e fo
r rem
uner
atio
n (it
may
be
bette
r to
esta
blis
h gi
ving
or d
ispo
sing
with
out r
emun
erat
ion)
.4.
To
avoi
d FO
, con
side
r alte
rnat
ive
offe
nses
that
do
not r
equi
re a
s an
el
emen
t the
use
or p
osse
ssio
n of
a fi
rear
m.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
“fire
arm
traf
ficki
ng” A
F if
gove
rnm
ent f
ails
to p
rove
that
cl
ient
was
con
vict
ed o
f tra
nsfe
r of fi
rear
m fo
r rem
uner
atio
n. S
ee K
uhal
i v.
Ren
o, 2
66 F
.3d
93 (2
d C
ir. 2
001)
Failu
re to
di
sclo
se th
e or
igin
of a
re
cord
ing,
2d
degr
ee
Cla
ss A
m
isde
mea
nor
275.
35N
o, u
nles
s se
nten
ce o
f on
e ye
ar is
impo
sed,
in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht b
e “c
ount
erfe
iting
” AF
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of A
F or
CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ate
plea
to n
on-C
IMT
offe
nse
such
as
diso
rder
ly c
ondu
ct (P
L 24
0.20
, abo
ve) o
r tre
spas
s (P
L 14
0.05
, abo
ve),
or fo
r offe
nses
com
mitt
ed w
ithin
New
Yor
k C
ity c
on-
side
r alte
rnat
e pl
ea to
vio
latio
n of
Adm
inis
trativ
e C
ode
20-4
53 (v
endo
r’s
licen
se re
quire
d), o
r loc
al e
quiv
alen
t, if
any,
out
side
of N
ew Y
ork
City
.2.
Out
side
of N
ew Y
ork
City
or i
f Tip
1 a
bove
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to a
void
ris
k of
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F, n
egot
iate
sen
tenc
e of
less
than
one
yea
r.3.
If p
lea
to th
is s
tatu
te is
requ
ired,
to re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
spe
cify
in
plea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
did
not
kno
w th
at s
ubje
ct re
cord
ings
faile
d to
dis
clos
e re
quire
d in
form
atio
n (s
ee T
ip 2
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
, be
low
, and
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
). I
f thi
s is
not
pos
sibl
e, a
void
ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e in
reco
rd o
f suc
h kn
owle
dge.
To
furth
er
redu
ce ri
sk o
f CIM
T de
porta
bilit
y, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ate
plea
to a
ttem
pt
(PL
110)
to c
omm
it 27
5.35
, w
hich
as
a B
mis
dem
eano
r will
not
trig
ger
depo
rtabi
lity
as “1
CIM
T w
ithin
5 y
ears
of a
dmis
sion
.”
(Tip
s fo
r im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
rs c
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A-88IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-89
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYP
L Se
ctio
nA
ggra
vate
d Fe
lony
(A
F)?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al T
urpi
tude
(C
IMT)
?[S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m.
Viol
ence
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
O
ffens
e (F
O),
Pros
titut
ion,
Co
mm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
adv
ocat
es m
ay
purs
ue. F
or a
dditi
onal
def
ense
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
im
mig
ratio
n la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee A
ppen
dix
K.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1
. Arg
ue o
ffens
e is
not
AF
“rel
atin
g to
. . .
cou
nter
feiti
ng” b
ecau
se it
do
es n
ot re
quire
for c
onvi
ctio
n th
at th
e de
fend
ant i
nfrin
ge th
e rig
hts
of
any
copy
right
hol
der.
See
Peo
ple
v. B
urrie
lo, 5
88 N
.Y.S
.2d
991
(N.Y
. S
up. C
t. 19
92).
2. A
rgue
offe
nse
is n
ot c
ateg
oric
ally
CIM
T be
caus
e it
does
not
requ
ire
know
ledg
e th
at s
ubje
ct re
cord
ings
fail
to d
iscl
ose
requ
ired
info
rmat
ion,
se
e P
eopl
e v.
Col
on,7
98 N
.Y.S
.2d
856,
862
-64
(N.Y
. Sup
. Ct.
2005
), af
f’d o
n ot
her g
roun
ds, 8
47 N
.Y.S
.2d
44 (A
pp. D
iv. 1
st D
ep’t
2007
) and
be
caus
e it
does
not
requ
ire fo
r con
vict
ion
that
the
defe
ndan
t inf
ringe
the
right
s of
any
cop
yrig
ht h
olde
r, se
e P
eopl
e v.
Bur
rielo
, 588
N.Y
.S.2
d 99
1 (N
.Y. S
up. C
t. 19
92)
Failu
re to
di
sclo
se th
e or
igin
of a
re
cord
ing
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
275.
40N
o, u
nles
s se
nten
ce o
f on
e ye
ar is
impo
sed,
in
whi
ch c
ase
mig
ht b
e “c
ount
erfe
iting
” AF.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
risk
of A
F or
CIM
T, fo
r offe
nses
com
mitt
ed w
ithin
New
Yor
k C
ity c
onsi
der a
ltern
ate
plea
to v
iola
tion
of A
dmin
istra
tive
Cod
e 20
-453
(v
endo
r’s li
cens
e re
quire
d), o
r loc
al e
quiv
alen
t, if
any,
out
side
of N
ew
York
City
.2.
Out
side
of N
ew Y
ork
City
or i
f Tip
1 a
bove
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to a
void
ris
k of
“cou
nter
feiti
ng” A
F, n
egot
iate
sen
tenc
e of
less
than
one
yea
r.3.
If p
lea
to th
is s
tatu
te is
requ
ired,
to re
duce
risk
of C
IMT,
spe
cify
in
plea
allo
cutio
n th
at d
efen
dant
did
not
kno
w th
at s
ubje
ct re
cord
ings
faile
d to
dis
clos
e re
quire
d in
form
atio
n (s
ee T
ip 2
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
, be
low
, and
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
). I
f thi
s is
not
pos
sibl
e, a
void
ad
mis
sion
or o
ther
evi
denc
e in
reco
rd o
f suc
h kn
owle
dge.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
: 1.
Arg
ue o
ffens
e is
not
AF
“rel
atin
g to
… c
ount
erfe
iting
” bec
ause
it
does
not
requ
ire fo
r con
vict
ion
that
the
defe
ndan
t inf
ringe
the
right
s of
an
y co
pyrig
ht h
olde
r. S
ee P
eopl
e v.
Bur
rielo
, 588
N.Y
.S.2
d 99
1 (N
.Y.
Sup
. Ct.
1992
).2.
Arg
ue o
ffens
e is
not
cat
egor
ical
ly C
IMT
beca
use
it do
es n
ot re
quire
kn
owle
dge
that
sub
ject
reco
rdin
gs fa
il to
dis
clos
e re
quire
d in
form
atio
n,
see
Peo
ple
v. C
olon
,798
N.Y
.S.2
d 85
6, 8
62-6
4 (N
.Y. S
up. C
t. 20
05),
aff’d
on
othe
r gro
unds
, 847
N.Y
.S.2
d 44
(App
. Div.
1st
Dep
’t 20
07) a
nd
beca
use
it do
es n
ot re
quire
for c
onvi
ctio
n th
at th
e de
fend
ant i
nfrin
ge th
e rig
hts
of a
ny c
opyr
ight
hol
der,
see
Peo
ple
v. B
urrie
lo, 5
88 N
.Y.S
.2d
991
(N.Y
. Sup
. Ct.
1992
).
A-88IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-89
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
NEW
YO
RK
VEH
ICLE
AN
D T
RA
FFIC
LAW
OFF
ENSE
S
Offe
nse
NYV
TL
Sect
ion
Agg
rava
ted
Felo
ny
(AF)
?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al
Turp
itude
(CIM
T)?
[See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m. V
iole
nce
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
Offe
nse
(FO
), Pr
ostit
utio
n, C
omm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
ad
voca
tes
may
pur
sue.
For
add
ition
al d
efen
se la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
imm
igra
tion
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
App
endi
x K
.
Vehi
cle
& T
raffi
c La
w
Viol
atio
ns
Traf
fic in
fract
ion
509
No.
Sub
sect
ions
(4) a
nd (6
) ar
e pr
obab
ly N
OT
CIM
T.
Oth
er s
ubse
ctio
ns a
re
NO
T C
IMTs
.A
ggra
vate
d un
licen
sed
oper
atio
n of
a v
ehic
le,
3rd
degr
ee
Mis
dem
eano
r
511(
1)
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ate
plea
to u
nlic
ense
d dr
ivin
g un
der V
TL 5
09(1
), ab
ove.
(B
ut s
ee 5
11(5
), re
quiri
ng
pros
ecut
or’s
ass
ent).
Agg
rava
ted
unlic
ense
d op
erat
ion
of a
veh
icle
, 2n
d de
gree
M
isde
mea
nor
511(
2)
No.
M
aybe
.
Agg
rava
ted
unlic
ense
d op
erat
ion
of a
veh
icle
, 1s
t deg
ree
Cla
ss E
felo
ny
511(
3)
No.
S
ubse
ctio
n (a
)(i)
prob
ably
is C
IMT.
M
ight
be
CS
O if
reco
rd o
f co
nvic
tion
esta
blis
hes
a co
ntro
lled
subs
tanc
e as
de
fined
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O ri
sk, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t ha
ve d
rugs
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
offe
nse.
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, to
redu
ce C
SO
ris
k if
poss
ible
kee
p ou
t of r
ecor
d of
con
vict
ion
iden
tifica
tion
of
the
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
invo
lved
. If b
oth
alco
hol a
nd d
rugs
wer
e al
lege
d, e
stab
lish
in p
lea
collo
quy
that
onl
y al
coho
l (an
d no
t dr
ugs)
was
invo
lved
.3.
To
avoi
d C
IMT
risk,
avo
id c
onvi
ctio
n un
der s
ubse
ctio
n (a
)(i).
Faci
litat
ing
aggr
avat
ed
unlic
ense
d op
erat
ion
of a
veh
icle
, 3rd
de
gree
Traf
fic in
fract
ion
511-
a(1)
N
o.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Faci
litat
ing
aggr
avat
ed
unlic
ense
d op
erat
ion
of a
veh
icle
, 2nd
de
gree
M
isde
mea
nor
511-
a(3)
N
o.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
Faci
litat
ing
aggr
avat
ed
unlic
ense
d op
erat
ion
of a
veh
icle
, 1st
de
gree
Cla
ss E
Fel
ony
511-
a(4)
N
o.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
A-90IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-91
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYV
TL
Sect
ion
Agg
rava
ted
Felo
ny
(AF)
?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al
Turp
itude
(CIM
T)?
[See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m. V
iole
nce
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
Offe
nse
(FO
), Pr
ostit
utio
n, C
omm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
ad
voca
tes
may
pur
sue.
For
add
ition
al d
efen
se la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
imm
igra
tion
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
App
endi
x K
.
Ope
ratio
n w
hile
re
gist
ratio
n or
priv
ilege
is
sus
pend
ed o
r re
voke
d.
Mis
dem
eano
r
512
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T.
Leav
ing
scen
e of
an
inci
dent
with
out
repo
rting
Cla
ss A
and
B
mis
dem
eano
r
Cla
ss E
and
D fe
lony
600
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
May
be (e
spec
ially
if
inju
ry re
sulte
d an
d if
evid
ence
indi
cate
s de
fend
ant k
new
(and
di
d no
t mer
ely
have
ca
use
to k
now
) of
inju
ry/d
amag
e; a
nd/o
r if
evid
ence
indi
cate
s th
at
defe
ndan
t lef
t sce
ne
and
did
not m
erel
y fa
il to
giv
e re
quire
d in
form
atio
n).
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
conv
ictio
n of
CIM
T, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ate
plea
suc
h as
R
eckl
ess
Driv
ing,
(VTL
121
2, b
elow
). W
here
this
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
to
redu
ce C
IMT
risk,
spe
cify
at a
llocu
tion
that
def
enda
nt d
id n
ot
leav
e sc
ene
of a
ccid
ent b
ut m
erel
y fa
iled
to p
rovi
de re
quire
d in
sura
nce
info
rmat
ion.
If t
his
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
kee
p re
cord
vag
ue
as to
nat
ure
of o
ffens
e. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Whe
re e
vide
nce
perm
its, a
rgue
that
offe
nse
of m
erel
y fa
iling
to
giv
e re
quire
d in
form
atio
n is
cat
egor
ical
ly n
ot tu
rpitu
dino
us.
See
, e.g
., C
erez
o v.
Muk
asey
, 512
F.3
d 11
63 (9
th C
ir. 2
008)
. 2.
In a
ll ca
ses,
arg
ue o
ffens
e is
not
a C
IMT
beca
use
it re
quire
s on
ly th
at d
efen
dant
hav
e “c
ause
to k
now
” of d
amag
e/in
jury
and
re
quire
s no
cul
pabl
e m
enta
l sta
te a
t all
as to
leav
ing
scen
e of
ac-
cide
nt w
ithou
t ful
fillin
g sp
ecifi
ed re
quire
men
ts.
See
, e.g
., P
eopl
e v.
Use
o, 5
49 N
.Y.S
.2d
490
(App
. Div.
2d
Dep
’t 19
89).
Driv
ing
whi
le a
bilit
y im
paire
d
Traf
fic in
fract
ion
Mis
dem
eano
r
1192
(1)
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o fu
rther
redu
ce C
IMT
risk,
avo
id s
imul
tane
ous
plea
to
offe
nse
that
incl
udes
ele
men
t of k
now
ledg
e th
at li
cens
e or
priv
i-le
ge to
driv
e is
sus
pend
ed o
r rev
oked
(e.g
., V
TL 5
11, a
bove
).
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
If g
over
nmen
t atte
mpt
s to
arg
ue o
ffens
e is
CIM
T be
caus
e co
mm
itted
whe
n de
fend
ant’s
lice
nse
was
in fa
ct s
uspe
nded
or
revo
ked,
arg
ue th
at e
ven
unde
r Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, a
ggra
-va
ting
fact
or p
unis
habl
e as
sep
arat
e of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
com
-bi
ned
with
offe
nse
of c
onvi
ctio
n to
cre
ate
CIM
T w
here
nei
ther
al
one
is C
IMT.
See
Mat
ter o
f Tor
res-
Vare
la, 2
3 I&
N D
ec. 7
8,
90-9
1 (B
IA 2
001)
.
A-90IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-91
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYV
TL
Sect
ion
Agg
rava
ted
Felo
ny
(AF)
?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al
Turp
itude
(CIM
T)?
[See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m. V
iole
nce
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
Offe
nse
(FO
), Pr
ostit
utio
n, C
omm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
ad
voca
tes
may
pur
sue.
For
add
ition
al d
efen
se la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
imm
igra
tion
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
App
endi
x K
.
Driv
ing
whi
le
into
xica
ted;
per
se
Mis
dem
eano
r
Cla
ss E
and
D fe
lony
1192
(2)
No.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
See
N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o fu
rther
redu
ce C
IMT
risk,
avo
id s
imul
tane
ous
plea
to
offe
nse
that
incl
udes
ele
men
t of k
now
ledg
e th
at li
cens
e or
priv
i-le
ge to
driv
e is
sus
pend
ed o
r rev
oked
(e.g
., V
TL 5
11, a
bove
).
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
If g
over
nmen
t atte
mpt
s to
arg
ue o
ffens
e is
CIM
T be
caus
e co
mm
itted
whe
n de
fend
ant’s
lice
nse
was
in fa
ct s
uspe
nded
or
revo
ked,
arg
ue th
at e
ven
unde
r Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, a
ggra
-va
ting
fact
or p
unis
habl
e as
sep
arat
e of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
com
-bi
ned
with
offe
nse
of c
onvi
ctio
n to
cre
ate
CIM
T w
here
nei
ther
al
one
is C
IMT.
See
Mat
ter o
f Tor
res-
Vare
la, 2
3 I&
N D
ec. 7
8,
90-9
1 (B
IA 2
001)
. A
ggra
vate
d dr
ivin
g w
hile
into
xica
ted;
per
se
Mis
dem
eano
r
Cla
ss E
and
D fe
lony
1192
(2-
a)N
o.S
ubse
ctio
n (a
) is
prob
ably
NO
T a
CIM
T.
Sub
sect
ion
(b) m
ight
be
a C
IMT.
See
Not
e on
C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Sub
sect
ion
(b) m
ight
be
CA
C.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o re
duce
CIM
T ris
k, c
onsi
der p
lea
to a
ltern
ate
offe
nse
of
1192
(2).
Not
e th
at th
is m
ay n
ot e
ntire
ly e
limin
ate
CIM
T ris
k if
aggr
avat
ing
fact
ors
(esp
ecia
lly c
hild
ren
in c
ar) p
rese
nt.
To
furth
er re
duce
CIM
T ris
k, a
void
sim
ulta
neou
s pl
ea to
offe
nse
that
in
clud
es e
lem
ent o
f kno
wle
dge
that
lice
nse
or p
rivile
ge to
driv
e is
sus
pend
ed o
r rev
oked
(e.g
., V
TL 5
11, a
bove
.) S
ee N
ote
on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
Tip
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
If g
over
nmen
t atte
mpt
s to
arg
ue o
ffens
e is
CIM
T be
caus
e co
mm
itted
whe
n de
fend
ant’s
lice
nse
was
in fa
ct s
uspe
nded
or
revo
ked,
arg
ue th
at e
ven
unde
r Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, a
ggra
-va
ting
fact
or p
unis
habl
e as
sep
arat
e of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
com
-bi
ned
with
offe
nse
of c
onvi
ctio
n to
cre
ate
CIM
T w
here
nei
ther
al
one
is C
IMT.
See
Mat
ter o
f Tor
res-
Vare
la, 2
3 I&
N D
ec. 7
8,
90-9
1 (B
IA 2
001)
. D
rivin
g w
hile
in
toxi
cate
d
Mis
dem
eano
r
Cla
ss E
and
D fe
lony
1192
(3)
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o fu
rther
redu
ce C
IMT
risk,
avo
id s
imul
tane
ous
plea
to
offe
nse
that
incl
udes
ele
men
t of k
now
ledg
e th
at li
cens
e or
priv
i-le
ge to
driv
e is
sus
pend
ed o
r rev
oked
(e.g
., V
TL 5
11, a
bove
).
See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
.
A-92IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-93
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYV
TL
Sect
ion
Agg
rava
ted
Felo
ny
(AF)
?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al
Turp
itude
(CIM
T)?
[See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m. V
iole
nce
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
Offe
nse
(FO
), Pr
ostit
utio
n, C
omm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
ad
voca
tes
may
pur
sue.
For
add
ition
al d
efen
se la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
imm
igra
tion
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
App
endi
x K
.
Driv
ing
whi
le a
bilit
y im
paire
d by
dru
gs
Mis
dem
eano
r
Cla
ss E
and
D fe
lony
1192
(4)
No.
P
roba
bly
NO
T. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Mig
ht b
e C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O ri
sk, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t ha
ve d
rugs
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
offe
nse.
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
b-st
ance
invo
lved
.3.
To
furth
er re
duce
CIM
T ris
k, a
void
sim
ulta
neou
s pl
ea to
of
fens
e th
at in
clud
es e
lem
ent o
f kno
wle
dge
that
lice
nse
or p
rivi-
lege
to d
rive
is s
uspe
nded
or r
evok
ed (e
.g.,
VTL
511
, abo
ve).
S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
n-tro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
If g
over
nmen
t atte
mpt
s to
arg
ue o
ffens
e is
CIM
T be
caus
e co
mm
itted
whe
n de
fend
ant’s
lice
nse
was
in fa
ct s
uspe
nded
or
revo
ked,
arg
ue th
at e
ven
unde
r Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, a
ggra
-va
ting
fact
or p
unis
habl
e as
sep
arat
e of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
com
-bi
ned
with
offe
nse
of c
onvi
ctio
n to
cre
ate
CIM
T w
here
nei
ther
al
one
is C
IMT.
See
Mat
ter o
f Tor
res-
Vare
la, 2
3 I&
N D
ec. 7
8,
90-9
1 (B
IA 2
001)
. D
rivin
g w
hile
abi
lity
impa
ired
by th
e co
mbi
ned
influ
ence
of
drug
s an
d al
coho
l
Cla
ss A
and
B
mis
dem
eano
r
Cla
ss E
and
D fe
lony
1192
(4-
a)N
o.P
roba
bly
NO
T. S
ee
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es,
supr
a.
Mig
ht b
e C
SO
if re
cord
of
conv
ictio
n es
tabl
ishe
s a
cont
rolle
d su
bsta
nce
as
defin
ed in
21
US
C 8
02.
Tips
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o av
oid
CS
O ri
sk, c
onsi
der a
ltern
ativ
e of
fens
es th
at d
o no
t ha
ve d
rugs
as
an e
lem
ent o
f the
offe
nse.
2. If
ple
adin
g to
this
offe
nse
cann
ot b
e av
oide
d, if
pos
sibl
e ke
ep
out o
f rec
ord
of c
onvi
ctio
n id
entifi
catio
n of
the
cont
rolle
d su
b-st
ance
invo
lved
.3.
To
furth
er re
duce
CIM
T ris
k, a
void
sim
ulta
neou
s pl
ea to
of
fens
e th
at in
clud
es e
lem
ent o
f kno
wle
dge
that
lice
nse
or p
rivi-
lege
to d
rive
is s
uspe
nded
or r
evok
ed (e
.g.,
VTL
511
, abo
ve).
S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.
Tips
for i
mm
igra
tion
law
yers
:1.
Arg
ue N
OT
CS
O if
gov
ernm
ent f
aile
d to
pro
ve th
at th
e co
n-tro
lled
subs
tanc
e in
volv
ed is
one
defi
ned
in 2
1 U
SC
802
.2.
If g
over
nmen
t atte
mpt
s to
arg
ue o
ffens
e is
CIM
T be
caus
e co
mm
itted
whe
n de
fend
ant’s
lice
nse
was
in fa
ct s
uspe
nded
or
revo
ked,
arg
ue th
at e
ven
unde
r Mat
ter o
f Silv
a-Tr
evin
o, a
ggra
-va
ting
fact
or p
unis
habl
e as
sep
arat
e of
fens
e ca
nnot
be
com
-bi
ned
with
offe
nse
of c
onvi
ctio
n to
cre
ate
CIM
T w
here
nei
ther
al
one
is C
IMT.
See
Mat
ter o
f Tor
res-
Vare
la, 2
3 I&
N D
ec. 7
8,
90-9
1 (B
IA 2
001)
.
A-92IMMIGRANTDEFENSEPROJECT,January2011
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
REPRESENTINGIM
MIGRANTDEFENDANTSINNEWYORK,5thEditionA-93
APPENDIXA:QuICKREFERENCEChARTFORDETERMININGIMMIGRATIONCONSEQuENCESOFCOMMONNEWYORKOFFENSES
Offe
nse
NYV
TL
Sect
ion
Agg
rava
ted
Felo
ny
(AF)
?
Crim
e In
volv
ing
Mor
al
Turp
itude
(CIM
T)?
[See
Not
e on
CIM
T O
ffens
es, s
upra
]
Oth
er G
roun
ds?:
Cont
rolle
d Su
bsta
nce
(CSO
), Cr
ime
Agai
nst C
hild
(CAC
), Do
m. V
iole
nce
(CO
DV) e
tc.,
Fire
arm
Offe
nse
(FO
), Pr
ostit
utio
n, C
omm
erci
aliz
ed V
ice
Com
men
ts, S
trat
egie
s &
Tip
s Th
ese
are
by n
o m
eans
an
exha
ustiv
e lis
t of s
trate
gies
and
tips
ad
voca
tes
may
pur
sue.
For
add
ition
al d
efen
se la
wye
r stra
tegi
es, s
ee
Cha
pter
5. F
or a
dditi
onal
imm
igra
tion
law
yer s
trate
gies
, see
App
endi
x K
.
Ope
ratin
g a
mot
or
vehi
cle
afte
r hav
ing
cons
umed
alc
ohol
Non
-crim
inal
ad
judi
catio
n
1192
-aN
o.N
o.
Rec
kles
s dr
ivin
g
Mis
dem
eano
r
1212
No.
Pro
babl
y N
OT.
See
N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, su
pra.
Tip
for d
efen
se la
wye
rs:
1. T
o m
inim
ize
risk
of C
IMT,
allo
cute
to v
iola
tion
of “u
nrea
son-
ably
inte
rfere
s” p
rong
of s
tatu
te (a
s op
pose
d to
“unr
easo
nabl
y en
dang
ers”
) and
con
trove
rt or
kee
p re
cord
cle
ar o
f any
inju
ry
or p
rope
rty d
amag
e re
sulti
ng fr
om o
ffens
e. S
ee N
ote
on C
IMT
Offe
nses
, sup
ra.