Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber,...
Transcript of Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber,...
2017/9/29
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Protected cultivation technology for high tech
farming in the changing climate situation in
India
Dr. Neelam Patel, Principal Scientist and Incharge
Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012, INDIA
Email: [email protected]
Established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar and shifted to New
Delhi in 1935
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi
Established in the year 1998-99 and commissioned as Indo-Israel project in January 2000
After the completion of the project and the unit was re-designed as Centre for Protected
Cultivation technology (CPCT) in 2004
To demonstrate different technologies for intensive and commercially oriented peri-urban
cultivation of horticulture crops for improved quality and productivity
The centre acts as a nodal centre of R&D work, training and transfer of technology on
protected cultivation aspects
The centre also focuses on precision and controlled input agriculture using latest techniques of
drip irrigation (fertigation) and protected cultivation of horticultural crops
Components Total area
(m2)
Crops
Climate Controlled polyhouse 4,200 Cucumber, Capsicum, Tomato & Cherry Tomato, rose and gerbera
Semi –climate controlled
polyhouse
2,000 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and
Gerbera
Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and
carnation
Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings
Insect proof Net house 1,000 Vegetables
Shade net house 3000 Leafy vegetables and ornamental greens
Low tunnels/walk-in-tunnels 2,000 Cucurbits
Open fields 20,000 Seasonal Bulbous flowers and vegetables
Orchards 20,000 Lemon, Kinnow, Ber and Mango
Solar power operated polyhouse 200 Capsicum and cucumber.
Protected structures available at CPCT
Fresh Water Resources – 4 %
Land – 2.3 %
Population – 1.2 billion (16 % of world) 1.64 billion 2050
Rainfall – 1170 mm
Land available - 0.33 ha per capita in 1952 (now 0.15 ha)
Irrigation potential - 22.6 mha (1950-1951) and 100 mha
Irrigated area - 160 mha (2025) to ensure food
security
Food production : 50 m tons (1951)
Food requirement : 450 m tons
Resources and Liabilities 2000 2025
Past and Projected Water Demand
Irrigation is the largest consumer of water and there is a great scope of increasing efficiency of irrigation.
Annual Water use by
Various Sectors
Annual Water demand
by Various Sectors
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0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Yie
ld
Are
a a
nd
Pro
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cti
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Area in m.ha Production in m.t Yield in kg/ha
Production X 5 Productivity X 3 Area X 0.25
1960-61-82.02 MT-710kg/ha 1965-66-72.35 MT-629kg/ha 1973-74-104.6 MT-827kg/ha 2010-11-241.5 MT-1921kg/ha
Trends in food grain production in India
Food production : 273.38 million tons
Second largest producer of the Fruits (45.5 Million tons) and vegetables (90.8
Million tons) in the world, contributing 10.23% and 14.45% of the total world
production of fruits and vegetables, respectively.
“If agriculture goes wrong nothing else goes right.”
and “Younger people will join agriculture if it is
technologically driven”.
Average monthly income
per capita from farming
increased from USD 16 in
2003 to USD 58 in 2013
60-70 % population
depends on agriculture
Doubling Farmer’s Income by 2022
Highest
global solar
radiation – energy
5,000 trillion
kWh/year varying
from 4-7 kWh per m2
per day
ACRP
No.
Name of
ACRP
Geog.
Area
(Lha)
Names of the States No. of
district
Rainfall
(mm)
Crop
growing
period
(days)
I Western Himalayan 331.39 H. P; J & K Uttaranchal 39 165-2000 <90 -210
II Eastern Himalayan 274.94 Arunachal Pradesh; Assam; Manipur; Meghalaya;
Mizoram: Nagaland; Sikkim; Tripura & three
districts of West Bengal.
79 1400-
12000
>270
III Lower Gangetic Plains 69.73 15 districts of West Bengal 15 1300-2100 150-270
IV Middle Gangetic plains 164.59 23 districts of Uttar Pradesh & Bihar State 60 1211-1470 150-180
V Upper Gangetic plains 141.08 40 districts of Uttar Pradesh 40 721-979 150-180 VI Trans-gangetic Plains 116.80 Delhi; Haryana; Punjab; Chandigarh UT & two
districts of Rajasthan 48 360-890 <90
VII Eastern Plateau & Hills 371.23 Chhattisgarh; Jharkhand; three districts of Madhya Pradesh; four districts of Maharashtra; 15 districts of Orissa & one district of West Bengal.
57 1270-1430 <120
VIII Central Plateau & Hills 371.64 30 districts of Madhya Pradesh; 20 districts of Rajasthan & 7 districts of Uttar Pradesh
57 490-1300 >120-150
IX Western Plateau & Hills 334.53 15 districts of Madhya Pradesh; 25 districts of Maharashtra and one district of Rajasthan.
41 602-1040 90-150
X Southern Plateau & Hills
400.14 14 districts of Andhra Pradesh; 21 districts of Karnataka and 13 districts of Tamilnadu.
48 576-1051 <90
XI East Coat Plains & Hills 214.49 9 districts of Andhra Pradesh; 15 districts of Orissa; 15 districts of Tamilnadu and 4 districts of Pondicherry.
43 800-1904 115-210
XII West Coast Plains & Ghats
116.04 Goa; Kerala; 6 districts each of Karnataka & Maharashtra and two districts of Tamilnadu.
30 1457-5000 >270
XIII Gujarat Plains & Hills 196.63 Gujarat; D & N Haveli and Daman & Diu 28 340-1793 90-150
XIV Western Dry 175.73 9 districts of Rajasthan 9 256 <80
XV The Islands 8.28 A & N Islands and Lakshdweep. 3 2836- 3159
<270
Total 3287.24 30 States +
5 UTs
597 - -
Agro-climatic regions of India
Physiology - Plant /growth factors
Physical Aspects - Temp, RH, Radiation, CO2
Equipment - Record above parameters
Research on protected cultivation
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Protected structures designs & use
• Glass house
• Poly house
• Insect proof house
• Shade net house
• Low tunnels
• Mulching
(1). Glass house
*Glass is used as glazing material
*First and oldest among all types of greenhouse
structures.
*High initial cost, difficulty in construction, and frequent
damage of glass panels by strong winds are other
discouraging factors.
*In hilly regions, only a few of such structures are used
for breeding research.
*UV stabilized polycarbonate sheet used for covering
material in hilly regions
Multi-span
Quonset type Naturally ventilated
Gothic arch
1980-1990
1990 -2000
2. Poly houses in India Depends on cost
Low cost
High cost
Medium cost
Year 2000 onwards
Double-Wall Polyench Sl. No. Items Description/Specifications
1 Product Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse
2 Size 100 m2 - 300 m2
3 Bay size 6 m x 3-4m, Width of greenhouse should be at least 35 %
of the desired length.
4 Ridge height 3.5 m to 4.5 m
5 Vents Ridge vent should have 80-90 cm and side vent depending
upon the requirement and opening
should be fixed with 40 mesh UV stabilized nylon insect screen.
6 Gutter height 2.5 m to 3 m from floor area
7 Gutter slope 2% slope need be provided in civil foundation work/ structure
8 Gutter material 20 gauge or 1 mm thick GI sheet with perimeter of 500 mm or more preferably of single
length without joint
9 Structural design The structural design need to be sound enough to withstand wind speed minimum 150
km/hr and minimum load of 25 kg/m2. There should be provision for opening one
portion at either side for entry of small tractor/power tiller for intercultural practices. The
firm needs to highlight design features and list of greenhouse clients.
10 Structure Complete structure made of galvanized steel tubular pipes or equivalent section
conforming Indian Standards having wall thickness 2mm, structural member should be
joined with fasteners properly.
Columns 48/42 mm OD, 2 mm thick
Trusses Bottom & top cord 42 mm OD, 2 mm thick
Trusses member & Purlin 33 mm OD, 2 mm thick
Purlin member & others 25 mm, 2 mm thick
Foundations Insert GI pipes of minimum 42 mm OD or more to have foundation depth of 48 cm or
more depending upon soil type and prevailing wind condition, grouted with cement
concrete mixture of 1:2:4 using telescopic insertion of column.
Fasteners All nuts & bolts must be of high tensile strength and galvanized.
11 Entrance room & Door One entrance room of size 3 m x 3 m x 3 m (L x W x H) need to be provided and
covered with 200 micron UV stabilized transparent plastic film. Two hinge doors of size
2 m width & 2.5 m height double leaf made in plastic/FRP sheets mounted in suitable
strong frame.
12 Cladding material UV stabilized 200 micron transparent Plastics films conforming Indian
Standards (IS 15827: 2009), multilayered, anti drip, anti fog, anti
sulphur, diffused, clear and having minimum 85% level of light
transmittance.
13 Fixing of cladding
materials
All ends/joints of plastic film need to be fixed with two way aluminum
profiles with suitable locking arrangement along with curtain top.
Wooden batons or PVC grippers need not be used.
14 Spring Insert Zigzag high carbon steel with spring action wire of 2-3 mm diameter
must be inserted to fix shade net into Aluminum Profile.
15 Curtains and insect
screen
Roll up UV stabilized 200 micron transparent plastic film as curtains
need be provided should be equal to height on all sides having
automatic type motor operated crank mechanism. However, provision
for manual opening and closing of curtains need also be provided.40 mesh nylon insect proof nets (UV stabilized) of equivalent size need to
be fixed inside the curtains. Anti flapping strips is suggested to ensure
smooth functioning of the curtain.
16 Shadenet UV stabilized 50% shading net with motor/ manually operated
mechanism for expanding and retracting. Size of net should be equal to
the floor area of greenhouse.
17 Drip Irrigation System
with fogging & misting
facility
Drip irrigation system under greenhouse need to be selected on the basis
of crop spacing (design on spacing 45cm x 45 cm) along with fogging
and misting facilities. The spacing considered for calculation The
suggested bill of materials are Sand Filter 5 m3/hr, Screen Filter 10 m3/hr,
Control Valve 63 mm, Control Valve 50mm, By-pass Assembly - 1.5", Air Release Valve 1", Non Return Valve1.5", Throttle Valve 1.5'’, Flush
Valve 50mm, Venturi 1.5" Assembly with manifold, PVC pipe 63 mm/6 kg/ cm2, PVC pipe 50 mm/6 kg/cm2, PE plane lateral 16 mm, Emitting
pipe lateral 16mm- @ 0.45m spacing, hanging type micro sprinkler
nozzle (four-way take- off assembly) for very fine water particles (foggers & mister) to be fixed in PE pipe of diameter 16mm, Water tank
of capacity 2000 liter and fittings & accessories.
18 Footpath 1m wide and 10 cm thick footpaths should be provided in the centre
(length x width) & made of cement concrete ratio of 1:2:4.
19 Curtain wall/
Apron
22 cm brick wall of 1m height (24 cm below
and 80 cm above ground level on all the four
sides. The wall needs to be plastered and water
proofing cement with 1:6 ratio.
After sales services (The firm have to provide)
20 Warranty Free maintenance for one year from the date of
installation.
21 Training Free training for operation, maintenance &
production for one year.
22 Testing All plastic materials used in the greenhouse
should be tested by the CIPET for quality
assurance (If necessary).
Technical specifications of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse
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19
1
2
3
Area 1000 m2
Crop Gerbera
Data
Points
1. At Pad
2. 3m from pad
3. 12m from pad
4. 24m from
pad(fan side)
Measurem
ents
1. Temperature (C)
2. Relative
Humidity (%)
Microclimate evaluation inside greenhouse with
evaporative cooling system
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Thermal modeling Evaporative cooling system
• Kc and α are determined by fitting the equation with
experimental values
• Then predicted values were determined at different x values
• Area of pad 60sq.m
• Air flow rate : 9m3/s
20
𝑇𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎 + 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑑 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝐴1 exp 𝐴2 + 𝐴1
𝐴1 = 𝜏 1− 𝛼 𝑅𝑔 𝐿
𝑉𝑝𝐶𝑝
𝐴2 = 𝐾𝑐𝐿/(𝑉𝑝𝐶𝑝)
ƞ =𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜 ,𝑤
Temperature and RH Profile in a evaporatively cooled
greenhouse
21
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
3
4
5
6
32
34
36
38
40
Time Distance from the Pad
Tem
pera
ture
(C
)
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
RH outside (%)
RH Inside (%)
Cooling efficiency
22
23
y = 0.983x + 1.200
R² = 0.927
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Pred
icte
d T
em
pera
ture [
c]
Measured Temperature©
At 3m distance
Ti predicted
線性(Ti predicted)
y = 0.724x + 10.25
R² = 0.836
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Pred
icte
d T
em
pera
ture (
c)
Measured Temperature ©
At 16m
Ti predicted
線性(Ti predicted)
y = 0.548x + 16.51
R² = 0.7632
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
38
38.5
39
39.5
34 36 38 40 42
Pre
dic
ted
tem
pera
ture
(c)
Measured temperature ©
at 24m
數列1
線性(數列1)
Measure and Predicted Temperatures
Cold desert of Laddakh and hot deserts of Rajasthan and heavy rainfall
areas of north-east, etc.
Hilly regions in the North have very short outdoor growing season of 3 to
6 months. Outdoor temperature remains far below the required level for
the rest of the year.
Snow or hail may be additional stress factors. Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Northern U. P.
experience such conditions.
Structure should have an adequate height of at least
5.5-6.5 m (for hot areas) and 3.5 m (for cold areas with
snow).
Farmers should have knowledge about proper ventilation (with roll up
facility), height of the side vent (30 cm from ground), double doors,
fogger for maintaining humidity, drip irrigation, proper installation of
shade nets (outside polyhouse), proper selection of the crop variety and
the technical knowledge of growing vegetables inside polyhouses.
Conclusions
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Indeterminate tomato (Hybrids G.S.600) under
different protected structures
Force Ventilated
Polyhouse Naturally ventilated
Polyhouse Insect proof Net
house
3-4 0C 2-3 0C 0.5-1.0 0C
Fan-Pad Polyhouse Naturally Ventilated
Polyhouse
Insect proof Net house
Yield kg/m2 B:C
ratio
FPP 22.7 1.99
NVP 17.20 2.10
IPNH 12.50
1.89
Average 16.07 1.83
Cherry tomato under FVP
Sale Price Rs. 50/kg
Varieties Yield, kg/m2 B:C ratio
Pusa Cherry Sl. 1 17.60 3.91
Olleh 16.72 3.41
Conchita 14.80 2.96
Flavoring 14.20 2.96 Nagmoti 15.20 2.10
Var.
Yield
kg/m2
Gross
income
(Rs/m2/yea
r)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs/m2/year)
Net
income
(Rs/m2yea
r)
B:C ratio
Paserella
Big Red Colored Var. 9.75 487.5 347 140.5 1.40
VTS-px- 9954559 ( small red Colored Var.)
8.80 440 348 92 1.26
Bachata
Big Yellow Colored Var.
9.60 480 347 133 1.38
VTS-px- 9956434
(small yellow Colored
Var.) 11.50 625 347 278 1.80
VTS-px-9967422
(small orange Colored Var.)
10.50 575 348 227 1.65
Evaluation of Coloured Capsicum varieties under evaporative cooling
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Growing off season cucumbers in naturally ventilated polyhouse
25 days old plants transplanted crop
geometry of 60cm x 60cm (October)
F1=100:75:125;
F2= 150:112:188;
F3=200:150:250;
F4=250:188:312 & F5= 300:225:375
kg/ha
Fertigation two times in a week
C1= Aviva; C2= Mini Sri Ram; C3=
Terminator; C4= Sania and C5 = Oscar
Maximum yield of 3.34 kg/ plant i.e.
92.8 t/ha was obtained in the variety
Oscar by applying N:P:K::
@250:188:312 kg/ ha
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Crops Open cultivation (t/ha) Protected cultivation (t/ha) Increase
(%) Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg.
Capsicum 25 30 27.5 90 150 120 336
Tomato 40 45 42.5 180 250 215 406
Cucumber 15 20 17.5 80 100 90 414
Beans 10 15 12.5 24 32 28 124
Peas 10 15 12.5 20 25 22.5 80
Coriander 10 12 11.0 15 20 17.5 59
Spinach 10 15 12.5 20 25 22.5 80
Comparison between Open and Protected cultivation yield
Rose Rose varieties namely, First Red, Nobeless, Golden Gate, Mercedes,
Grand Gala, Buggati, Poison, Balance, Golden Strike and Tajmahal
are grown for cut flowers. First Red, Grand Gala and Tajmahal are
highly suitable for North Indian Plains under naturally ventilated
polyhouse. Productivity may increased by three fold with a
provision of evaporative cooling in summer months (May to
September). .
• 8-10 no. of plants at 20cm x 40 cm spacing, 60-75 cm raised beds
• Yield: 270 flowers /m2/ year
• Cost Benefit Ratio : 1:3.5
Chrysanthemum
Standard/single (Snowdon white, Zembla, Yellow Star, White Star and Thai Chen
Queen) and spray varieties (Lemans, Yellow Bouquet, Pompon White, Ajay, Ravi
Kiran, Haldi Ghati, Pusa Anmol and Bronze) are under polyhouse with two
successive crops can be raised at a planting density of 64 plants/m2 (single types)
and 32 plants/m2 (spray types) on one meter wide beds staked with nylon net
15cm x 15cm supported on angle iron stands equipped with drip system (16:2:30).
Such crop can produce 40-50 cut stems/m2.
Cost benefit ratio of 1:4.0
Gerbera:
Gerbera varieties, namely Balance, Cabana, Danna Ellen, Goliath, Pabeo, Prime
Rose, Rosalin, Sangaria, Salvadore and Sunway are being grown for attractive
colours having 6-9 plants may produce 45-60 flowers/year and approximately
400-450 flowers/m2/year. Once planted a crop may last 5-7 years. A 1000 m2
gerbera polyhouse/greenhouse structure may fetch a famers approximately ₹
25,000-30,000 per month with a cost benefit ration 1: 3.5.
Carnation Carnation is grown round the year in polyhouse/greenhouse under mild
climatic conditions and prefers a day and night temperatures of 18-21 and
24-28 0C along with moderate levels (60-70 %) of relative humidity.
Crop geometry of 15cm x 15cm with nylon net for support on angle iron
stands at a planting density of 48-64 plants/m2. However, 32 plants/m2
gives more sturdy and erect ( >80 cm) stems with large flower size (9.2 cm
diameter across).
Varieties, namely Ambrose (bicolour), Guadina (red), Liberty (creamy
white), Master (red), Domingo (red) and White Liberty (white) are most
commonly grown for good quality cut flowers (Fig. 13). Approximately
75,000 to 1.0 lakh flowers/1000 m2/year can be harvested at cost benefit
ratio of 1: 2.5.
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Crops Planting density
(cm x cm ) as
plant to plant
and row to row
spacings
Total number of
plants / 1000 m2
Fresh fruit/ flower
yield
(q or nos /acre/year )
Total crop
duration
(months)
Cost
Benefit
Ratio
Cucumber 30 x 50 400-4200 600-700 3-4 (3
crops /
year
1:3.5
Tomato 50 x 50 2800-3200 600-700 10-11
months
1:2.5
Capsicum 30 x 50 4000-4200 300-400 9-10
months
1:3.0
Rose 30 x 40 4500-5000 4-5 lakh
stems/ha/year
5-7 years 1:3.0
Chrysanthemum 15 x 15 32,000-64,000 5-7 lakh
stems/ha/year
3-4
months
1:4.0
Gerbera 30 x 40 4500-5000 10-12 lakh/ha/year 4-5 years 1:3.5
Carnation 15 x 15 32,000-36,000 6-9 lakhs 3-4 years 1:2.5
High value vegetables and cut flowers grown under polyhouse
Insect-proof net house
During peak (40-45 0C) a healthy nursery of early cauliflower, cabbage
etc.
During winter’s nursery of various vegetables like tomato, capsicum,
brinjal, cucurbitaceous crops and cucumber can be raised by covering the
insect-proof net house (40 mesh) with 200 micron thickness plastic sheet.
Cucumber, Summer squash, Bitter gourd, Musk melon, Sarada melon,
and Sneaks melon.
Bitter gourd (Pusa Rasdar) produced max. fruits yield - 13.23 kg,
and B:C ratio 1:2.21 per m2 in the best combination of 2nd week
of Aug. planting with closer spacing 20x50cm and optimum dose
of NPK @25:17:26kg/1000m2
Walk-in tunnel Under north Indian plains there is severe winter during
December and January months.
Walk-in tunnel for early summer vegetables (summer squash,
bottle gourd, cucumber) to fetch high price
Covering material can be reused for 4-5 years
100 square meter walking tunnel with
double door facility (25 meter length,
4 meter width and 1.5 meter high)
costing (USD 750) with low head drip
irrigation system. Pay back period of
one year with estimated life of 10
years for structure
Crop Yield (t/ha) Advancement of
crop season (days)
Benefit-cost ratio
Summer squash 50-60 40-60 3:1
Bottle gourd 25-30 30-40 2.5:1
Bitter gourd 12-15 30-40 2.5:1
Muskmelon 20-25 30-40 2.5:1
Economics of crops under low tunnels Plastic low tunnels – protect the crop from frost and enhance the yield
Low tunnels are ideal for the early production of many vegetable crops The plastic covers protect the crop from frost Plant growth enhancement by the daily increments of solar heating Temperature inside the low tunnels was 2 to 3 0C higher than the open field Plastic covers (1.0 to 1.5 mil thickness of plastic) are supported above the crop by wire hoops.
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Summer Squash
Varieties
Crop
duration
days
Average
fruit yield
(t /ha)
Net return
Rs. Lakh
/ha
Australian Green
(Long green) 120 53.60 2.7
Pusa Alankar
(Long green) 120 81.70 4.15
Dhoom-2
(Round)
125
41.50 2.10
D.S.-8 (Round)
Pusa Variety
130
35.50 1.80
Plastic
mulch (25-
30- Micron
thickness)
Varieties Crop
Duration
Plants
Affected
with
Virus (%)
Average
fruit yield
(Kg/Plant)
Average
fruit yield
(q / ha)
Cost :
benefit
ratio
Control
(Without
Mulch)
Pusa Rohini 160 Days 25.50 1.168 280.20 1: 1.80
Avilash 170 Days 18.50 1.776 426.40 1:2.79
Avinash-3 175 Days 20.50 1.760 422.50 1:2.77
Silver/Black
plastic
Mulch
Pusa Rohini 180 Days 13.60 1.776 426.26 1: 2.34
Avilash 190 Days 10.40 2.667 640.30 1: 3.51
Avinash-3 195 Days 11.50 2.639 633.50 1: 3.47
Plastic mulching technology
View of plastics mulching in vegetables
Soil less media used in the study
• Coco peat
• Perlite
• Vermiculite
• Sand
Properties of good soilless media Light Weight Free from pathogen Bulk Density <0.25 g/cc Porosity >30 % Water Holding Capacity >60%
We can either use one media or mixtures to get desirable properties
Soil less technology
S.
No.
Media mixture Bulk Density
(g/cc)
Particle Density
(g/cc)
Porosity
(%)
Water holding
capacity (%)
1. 1:1: 2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.71 56.25 171.07
2. 2:3:1 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 257.71
3. 1:3:2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 300.13
4. 3:2:1 (P:C:V) 0.29 0.71 58.80 232.95
5. 3:1:2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 237.47
6. 1:3:1 (P:C:V) 0.45 1.0 54.54 167.78
Physical properties of different soil less media mixtures Climatic data and reference crop evapo-transpiration (ET0) inside NVPH
Date
Open field Inside NVPH
Solar
radiation
(W/m2)
Avg.
temp.
(°C)
RH (%)
Dew
point
(°C)
ETo
(mm/day)
Solar
radiation
(W/m2)
Avg.
temp.
(°C)
RH (%) Dew
point (°C)
ETo
(mm/day)
25 Feb. to 02 March 2016 150.15 19.87 67.00 11.97 1.66 76.8 42.9 65.7 11.2 0.90
03-09 March 2016 171.51 21.57 65.57 13.73 2.33 101.3 43.3 61.1 11.9 1.93
10 -16 March 2016 189.26 21.41 68.14 14.09 2.71 91.2 44.7 66.6 13.3 1.62
17 -23 March 2016 217.58 23.83 49.14 10.67 3.74 88.6 47.8 68.3 14.9 1.69
24 -30 March 2016 208.00 24.40 48.57 10.86 3.21 86.9 44.9 57.3 10.7 1.88
31 March to 06 April 2016 204.09 29.26 38.00 11.47 3.56 94.4 51.4 49.7 10.7 2.01
07- 13 April 2016 224.93 28.21 31.71 7.99 4.76 103.7 48.4 42.7 7.5 2.00
14 -20 2016 219.95 31.57 28.14 9.01 4.93 110.2 45.2 43.1 7.1 2.12
21- 27 April 2016 234.34 30.10 20.86 2.21 4.67 122.1 43.1 45.1 2.1 2.41
Highest yield (6.25 kg / m2) was recorded in the nutrients solution (N1) and
media (M5).
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Energy Budgeting in Solar operated polyhouse
Cooling
Passive (Ventilation and Fogging
Active cooling (Fan and Pad, Air coolers)
1 kw power needed for 100 m2 size polyhouse
Vertical farming for urban vegetables production
Crop Yield, kg/ m2
Pot dia .
4 inch
Pot dia. 6
inch
Pot dia. 9
inch
Amaranths 9.5 kg 8.5 8.0
Spinach 5.7 kg 5.0 4.5
Lettuce 510 g 0.6
Kale 5.0 kg 6.7 6.5
Garden
mint
800 g 1.7 1.5
Pokchoi 7.2 kg 11.5 9.5
Swiss
chard
5.0 kg 10.5 6.5
Tomato 2.5g 5.5
Broccoli 6.5 13.6
Cabbage 7.8 14.0
Standardization of pot size,
media and nutrients solution
Rain water harvesting and reuse in polyhouses
• Wireless sensor based irrigation and fertigation system
assist farmers with an automated system through which
they can monitor their soil and control the irrigation and
fertigation of their fields from anywhere in the world.
•
Wireless sensor network
• Four sensors for measuring the soil parameters i.e Soil Ph,
moisture, temperature & EC were developed. The values of
these four parameters sent to the internet through wifi on
real time basis.
Application of wireless sensor networks for
greenhouse
2017/9/29
11
Saving of irrigation water in vegetables in tune of 40 % by applying water at appropriate scheduling.
Soil Depth, cm
Field Capacity, %
Wilting point, %
Available water, %
0-15 27.06 8.92 18.14 15-30 23.46 9.71 13.75 30-45 21.02 9.86 11.16
Shade-net colour
and percentage
Crops Duration
in days
Yield
(kg/m2)
Net-Income
Rs./m2
BCR
30%
Black Colour
Spinach 75 4.3 158 2.58
Coriander 70 3.7 122 2.22
Fenugreek 65 2.5 50 1.5
50%
Black Colour
Spinach 95 3.8 128 2.28
Coriander 85 2.5 50 1.5
Fenugreek 75 1.8 8 1.08
30%
Green Colour
Spinach 80 3.7 122 2.22
Coriander 90 2.6 56 1.56
Fenugreek 75 2.3 38 1.38
50%
Green Colour
Spinach 110 4.7 182 2.82
Coriander 101 3.9 134 2.34
Fenugreek 90 2.8 68 1.68
Shade nets for different agro climatic regions
PLUG-TRAY NURSERY RAISING TECHNOLOGY FOR VEGETABLES
Developing seedlings 15 days earlier with minimal mortality also helps in earning extra benefit of USD 500 to 750 per ha to the grower
Hybrid seed production of Tomato under Low cost polyhouse
Crop Yield (Kg/ 500 sq.mt.) Returns (Rs)
Brinjal 2.0-2.5 600
Cauliflower & Tomato 15 750, 1500
Marigold 70–80 1500
Bottle gourd (Hybrid seed) 32-35 500
Protected cultivation provide employment opportunities
to the unemployed youth making it an attractive
agricultural option for the farmers as well as at the
service provider level with the business expanding into
rural areas.
A total of 0.132 man days/m2 required
India's labour force consists of 459 million workers. Out of these, 433
million (94%) are in the unorganized sector and the remaining 260
million (6%) are in the organized sector, according to a survey
conducted by NSSO
Breeding of vegetables suitable for
protected cultivation
2017/9/29
12
DPaC-6 Identified as Pusa Seedless Cucumber-6
DPaC-10 DPaC-6 DPaC-9
DPaC-6
Salient features
First extra early improved variety of parthenocarpic cucumber developed by ICAR-IARI
Distinct advantage in yield and quality over commercial varieties and private sector hybrids
Fruits become ready for first harvesting in 40-45 days after sowing during winter season
Fruits have desirable marketable attributes viz., uniform, dark green, glossy, cylindrical,
straight, slightly ribbed, non-hairy, non-warty, slightly striped at blossom end and has tender
skin & crispy flesh
Average fruit length is 14.24 cm and width 3.45 cm. Average fruit weight is 105 g.
Average fruit yield 126.0 t/ha (1260 kg/ 100 m2) during winter season (off-season,
November-March) under low cost polyhouse which is 32.2%, 29.8% and 21.5 % superior over
Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-2, Aviva and Asma, respectively.
First indigenous cherry tomato variety suitable for green house environment/
protected cultivation
It is characterized by indeterminate growth habit and attains average vine length
varying from 9-13 m
It has 15-18 average flower truss per plant
The average fruit weight is about 5-7 g with approximately average fruit yield 4-5
kg/plant with yield potential of 8-10 tonnes/1000 m2
The fruits get ready for first harvest is about 70-75 days and crop lasts for about 9-10
months
It is tolerant to root-knot nematode
Its fruits contain 5.4 mg/100 g FW lycopene, 20.7 mg/100g FW ascorbic acid, 0.43
acidity and 10.40B TSS
Pusa Cherry Tomato-1 released and notified by CVRC
Salient features
Hybrids
Average fruit wt (g)
Yield /plant (Kg)
Yield/100m2
(q)
KTCH 13-y
147.0
2.469
11.25
KTCH-155
159.0
1.931
8.55
KTCH-17
109.0
1.565
7.20
KTCH-11
102.0
1.550
6.97
KTCH-46
125.0
1.548
6.96
KTCH-142
102.0
1.52
6.84
Manhattan (c)
121.0
1.40
6.30
CD@5%
12.56
1.37
1.57
CV
8.44
4.25
5.49
Breeding sweet pepper hybrids for polyhouse cultivation
The hybrids KTCH-13Y and KTCH-155 had performed consistently better over two
years under polyhouse conditions.
KTCH 13Y
KTCH 155
Genotype
Days to
50%
Flowering
AT
No of
Fruits
/Cluster
Average
Fruit
Weight (g)
Fruits/
Plant Pericarp
thickness
(mm)
TSS
(%)
Lycopene
mg/
100g
Yield/
plant
(kg)
Yield
q/100 sq
m
SEL-60 36 5.0 110 49 8.1 5.4 6.0 4.8 13.93
SEL-60-1 39 8.0 110 41 8.3 4.9 6.1 4.6 12.56
SEL-6 35 6.0 115 35 7.3 5.0 5.9 4.1 13.22
SEL-2 34 18.0 50 80 6.1 4.9 5.8 4.0 9.27
SEL-120 35 5.0 90 50 7.2 4.8 4.6 4.5 10.92
SEL-11 (HSK) 38 6.0 80 50 7.0 6.2 6.5 4.0 9.62
CD at 5% 4.01 0.84 9.50 7.53 0.89 0.61 0.49 0.52 0.85
CV (%) 5.76 8.82 15.5 12.3 7.5 6.8 8.72 8.53 4.44
Fourteen Selections were evaluated
Sel-60 Sel-60-1
Performance of promising tomato lines under low cost polyhouse
Inbred
Avg. Fruit wt. (g)
Yield/plant (Kg)
Fruit shape
Fruit colour at maturity
KT Sel-6 92.0 1.45 Blocky Orange
KT Sel-3 87.0 1.40 Blocky Red
KT Sel-2 80.0 1.34 Blocky
CW (C ) 69.0 0.95 Blocky Red
CD@5% 7.24 0.11 - -
CV 3.49 9.80 - -
Development of inbreds in sweet pepper for polyhouse cultivation
KT Sel-2
KT Sel-6
Success stories
2017/9/29
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NV polyhouse for vegetables S.
No. Name of the farmers Area, m2
1. Smt. Somati W/o Dhani Ram, Alawara 1008
2. Smt. Kamla W/o Hari Ram, Langni 1008
3. Shri. Budha Singh S/o Sharad Singh, Langni 1008
4. Shri. Rajvir Singh S/o Munshi Ram, Chauma 1008
5. Shri. Jagdish S/o Jivandaram, Tilwar 1008
Farmer field demonstration
S.
No.
Particular Detail
1 Name and
Address of the
Farmer
Mr. Budha Singh
Nangli, Ramgargh Alwar District,
Rajasthan
2 Area under
technology
Poly house - 1008 m2
3 Crops grown Cucumber and Tomato
4 Economics
(2015-16)
Gross Income=275000
Cost of cultivation=174065
Net return=100935 (1500 USD)
5 Impact of
technology
Water saving = 42.5%
Yield increase = 38 %
S.No. Particular Detail
1 Name and
Address of the
Farmer
Mr. Jitenrda Saini,
Gujuki, Tahseel and District - Alwar,
Rajasthan
2 Area under
Technology
Poly house=7168 M2
Drip Irrigation =2.75 ha
3 Crops grown Cucumber, Tomato, cauliflower, Capsicum.
4 Economics (2015-
16)
Gross Income=3312935
Cost of cultivation=1165704
Net return=2147231 (32500 USD)
5 Impact of
technology
Water saving = 48%
Yield increase = 41 %
Farmer field demonstration
S.No. Particular Detail
1 Name and Address
of the Farmer
Mr. Hari singh
Village nangli District Alwar (Rajasthan)
2 Area under
technology
Drip irrigation system= 1 ha
Poly house= 1008 m2
3 Crops grown Cucumber , Ber, Cotton and wheat
4 Economics (2015-16) Gross Income=317400
Cost of cultivation=88,000
Net return=229400 (3444 USD)
5 Impact of technology Water saving = 45 %
Yield increase = 41 %
Farmer field demonstration
S.No. Particular Detail
1 Name and Address
of the Farmer
Mr. Jagdeesh Rajput
Village Tilwar District Alwar (Rajasthan)
2 Area under
technology
Drip irrigation system= 0.04 ha
Poly house= 1008 M2
3 Crops grown Tomato, Potato and cucumber
4 Economics (2015-
16)
Gross Income=1,85,000
Cost of cultivation=52,000
Net return=133000 (2000 USD)
5 Impact of
technology
Water saving = 48 %
Yield increase = 31 %
Farmer field demonstration S.No. Particular Detail
1 Name and Address
of the Farmer
Mr. Omprakash
Village chauma District Alwar (Rajasthan)
2 Area under
technology
Drip irrigation system= 1 ha
Poly house= 1008 M2
3 Crops grown Tomato, Wheat, cotton and cucumber
4 Economics 2015-16
(Rs.)
Gross Income=2,17,000
Cost of cultivation=95,000
Net return=1,22,000 (1830 USD)
5 Impact of
technology
Water saving = 48 %
Yield increase = 39 %
Farmer field demonstration
2017/9/29
14
Shade Net
Reduced inside temperature by 4-5° C in hot and dry climate of summer season. Vegetable produced 40 ton in 0.4 ha Net profit of Rs. 4 lakh/year
Farm Women Innovators-2012, ICAR, New Delhi
. Cultivation in Poly-houses
A 56-year old farm woman Mrs.
Ratan Kaur from Haryana with an
investment of about USD 3500 has
successfully started her own
venture in poly-house farming in
Haryana. She started poly-house
farming in August 2011 availing the
government subsidies (50 % under
National Horticulture Mission and
15 percent by the government of
Haryana). She is growing flowers,
seedless cucumber, capsicum,
cherry tomatoes and other
vegetables.
The Economic Times, March 31, 2012
Ind
ian
Ag
ric
ult
ura
l R
ese
arc
h I
nsti
tute
, N
ew
De
lhi
Protected
Cultivation
Research
Government policy
HRD and skill development
Extension
Government policy and plans One of the largest agricultural research
establishments in the world
Department of Agricultural Research and Education
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research
National Institutes – 5
National bureau – 5
Central research institute – 44
Project Directorate – 11
National research centre – 32
Research schemes and projects – 91
State Agricultural university – 60
Central Agricultural University – 4
Deemed to be university - 4
Mission for integrated development of
horticulture Cost of Protected cultivation structures
Type of
structures
Unit cost Subsidy
Poly house structure
(a) Fan & Pad
system
USD 25/m2 (up to area 500 m2)
USD 22/ m2 (>500 m2 up to 1008 m2)
USD 21/ m2 (>1008 m2 up to 2080 m2)
USD 20 / m2 (>2080 m2 up to 4000 m2)
15% higher for hilly areas.
50% of cost for a maximum
area of 4000 m2 per
beneficiary.
(b) Naturally ventilated system
i) Tubular
structure
USD 16/m2 (up to area 500 m2)
USD 14/m2 (>500 m2 up to 1008 m2)
USD 13.4/m2 (>1008 m2 to 2080 m2)
USD 12.7 / m2 (>2080 m2 up to 4000 m2)
Above rate will be 15% higher for hilly areas.
50% of cost limited 4000 m2
per beneficiary.
ii) Wooden
structure
USD 8/m2 and
USD. 9.3/m2 for
hilly areas
50% of the cost limited to 20
units per beneficiary (each unit
not to exceed 200 m2).
iii) Bamboo
structure
USD 450/m2 and
USD. 518/m2 for
hilly areas
50% of the cost limited to 20
units per beneficiary (each unit
should not exceed 200 m2).
2017/9/29
15
Type of
structures
Unit cost Subsidy
Shade Net House
Tubular
structure
USD 11/m2 and
USD 12.3/m2 for hilly areas
50% of cost limited to 4000 m2 per
beneficiary.
Wooden
structure
USD 7.4/m2 and USD
8.5/m2 for hilly areas
50% of cost limited to 20 units per
beneficiary (each unit not to exceed 200 m2)
Bamboo
structure
USD 5.4/m2 and USD
6.2/m2 for hilly Areas
50% of cost limited to 20 units per
beneficiary (each unit not to exceed 200
m2)
Plastic tunnels USD 1/m2 and USD
1.25/m2 for hilly
areas.
50% of cost limited 1000 m2 per
beneficiary.
Walk in tunnels USD 9/ m2 50% of the cost limited to 5 units per
beneficiary (each unit not to exceed 800
m2).
Anti Bird/Anti
Hail Nets
USD 0.5 /m2 50% of cost limited to 5000 m2 per
beneficiary.
Plastic Mulching USD 480/ha and
USD 555/ha for hilly areas
50% of the total cost limited to 2 ha per
beneficiary.
• Area under horticulture increased 29 % in 8 years, from 18.7
mha in 2005-06 to 24.5 mha in 2014-15.
• Horticulture production increased from 167 million tons in
2004-05 to 278 million tons in 2014-15 or 66 per cent increase in
9 years.
• Investments in horticulture have been steadily increasing,
from 7.5 million USD in the 10th Plan to 25.3 million USD in
the 12th Plan, keeping pace with increased demand in the
sector.
• About 0.15 mha were covered under protected cultivation for
improving productivity.
• Over 1.2 million farmers have been trained so far on
improved horticulture practices.
• In all, 27 Centres of Excellence were established through
Indo-Israel and Indo Dutch collaboration.
S.
No.
States Area (ha) Crops
1. Maharashtra 15,000 Carnation, Gerbera, Rose, Capsicum
2. Karnataka 10,000 Roses, Gerbera, Carnation, Seed ,
Nursery
3. Himachal Pradesh 5000 Capsicum, Carnation, Gerbera,
Tuberose
4. Punjab 4000 Vegetables
5. Uttarakhand 3000 Gerbera, Capsicum
6. Tamil Nadu 2100 Flowers
7. North-Eastern 2000 Flowers and Vegetables
Other States – Haryana, U.P., Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, J&K, Delhi,
West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, M. P.
Leading States of India in Protected Cultivation
S.
No.
Structures Area
(ha)
Budget
allocation
(USD in
million)
1. Polyhouse
Hi-tech 100 12
Low cost 500 45
2. Plastic mulching 100000 22.5
3. Shade net house 200 15
4. Low tunnels 2000 9.0
5. Anti hail nets/ bird protection net 4000 15.0
Area under use of protected structures during XI plan
period (2007-2012)
HRD and capacity buildings of farmers
Greenhouse operator, Micro Irrigation
Technician and Greenhouse Fitter - 200 h
Certificate course
Insurance of protected structure
Registration of manufacturer
Ministry of skill development and
Entrepreneurship