Resilient Urban Edges: Adaptive and Mitigative Strategies in Chennai
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Transcript of Resilient Urban Edges: Adaptive and Mitigative Strategies in Chennai
13.0827° N 80.2707° E
rEsiliENt UrBAN EDGEs adaptive and mitigative strategies in Chennai
VAisHAli MArlENE ENOs
MsC ArCHitECtUrE AND ENVirONMENtAl DEsiGN 2015/16 UNiVErsitY OF WEstMiNstEr
El Nino mediated climatic disturbances cannot be reversed but recur.
What sort of design proposals would allow for adaptation and mitigation of extreme weather events whilst engaging the city
and local communities?
PrOBlEMs AND CHAllENGEs
Fig 1: tHE EFFECt OF El NiNO ON CHENNAisource: international research institute for Climate and society
Fig 2: FlOODs iN KOttUrPUrAM -12/2015 (MONsOONs)source: india.com/news/india
Fig 3: DrOUGHts iN CHENNAi - 2015 (sUMMEr - MAY)source: instablogs.com
Fig 4: tHE YEAr OF CliMAtE DEPArtUrE FOr WOrlD CitiEs / tHE tiMEs OF iNDiAsource: soc.hawaii.edu
Fig 1 : CliMAtE ANAlYsis - MONtHlY AVErAGE CliMAtE PArAMEtErs - iPCC scenario A1B 2050 showing a rise in temperatures by 2°C
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug sep Oct Nov Dec
°CkW
/m2
m/s
DBt mean max DBt mean minDBt mean average
global horizontal radiation
wind velocity
summer
Monsoon
Jan
CliMAtE ANAlYsis
- North most favourable for openings while East is the sea breeze direction - East and West to be shaded yet open (monsoon direction) - south shaded for monsoon and mid season - potential of downdraught and stack systems of ventilation - use of water and vegetative screens to arrest humidity??
Fig 2 DirECtiON OF sOlAr rADiAtiON
Fig 3 CUMUlAtiVE rAiNFAll
0
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200
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400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm
Cumulative Rainfall
Rainfall
0
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm
Cumulative Rainfall
Rainfall
DEsiGN sKY illUMiNANCE OF : lONDON - 4000 lUX CHENNAi - 22797 lUX
5km 5km
CONtEXt
Fig 1: CHENNAi : riVEr sYstEMs AND sitE OF EXPlOrAtiON
1
2
3
45
Chennai metropolitan area and water bodies - 1) Kortalaiyar river; 2) Cooum river; 3) Adyar river (chosen for investigation); 4) Buckingham canal; 5) Bay of Bengal sea
Fig 2: NAtUrAl systems - CHENNAi PlACEs AND ElEVAtiON MAP tHE sitE - 02-09 m ABOVE sEA lEVEl . source: thenewsminute.com
Fig 3: MOBilitY systems - rADiOCENtriC with new Mrts systems currently built
Fig 4: lAND use systems - sOCiAl and ECOlOGiCAl DisPAritY
rAPiD UrBANisAtiON - CONCrEtizAtiON- iMPErMEABilitY Disconnect between hydrology + urban planning - 650 water bodies encroached - for every 1 feet reduction of ground water, 7-9 feet of sea water moves into aquifers -solid waste dumping, entering and blocking water resources -lack of infrastructure + housing
90% of green cover replaced by non vegetative developments 89% peak flow of surface run off water-reduced water holding capacity + impermeable surfaces increase in the number of hot spots (Urban Heat island) in the city due to increase in urban builtup. 90% of respondents said the city center is 3-4 C hotter than surburban areas.
CONtEXt
Fig 1: CHENNAi : riVEr sYstEMs AND sitE OF EXPlOrAtiON
Fig 3 : GrOWtH OF CHENNAi MEtrOPOlitAN ArEA source: Visualization of Urban Growth Pattern in Chennai Using Geoinformatics and spatial Metrics. Journal of the indian society of remote sensing, 44(4), pp 617-633.
2000 2010 2026 2013 20131990
Fig 4: HEAt islANDs where red represents ‘sEVErE’ (42-45°C day / 32-33.5°C night - MAY) source: the Hindu
Fig 2 : FlOOD WAtEr lEVEls -December 02, 2015source: nrsc.gov.in
Fig 1 : FlOOD WAtEr lEVEls -December 02, 2015source : reuters
Fig 5: Chennai Metropolitan Area vegetative index source: NDVi
>0
0.1-0.20-0.1
0.2-0.3
tHE CitY tUrNs its BACK tO its riVErs - why this river and site? - pollution, social polarisation, concretisation and extreme weather events - potential for redevelopment in urban, riverfront and building scales
CONtEXt
1
2
3
45
5
3
4 4 kilometers0
6
Fig 6: CHENNAi - riVErs
Fig 1: riVErFrONt NEAr tHE sitE
Fig 2: BriDGEssource: 500px.com
Fig 3: rOADs BECOME CANAlssource: thefrontline.com
Fig 4: tENEMENt BlOCK ViEWsource: thehindu.com
Fig 5: EVACUAtiONsource: therediff.com
Fig 7: OriGiN OF tHE riVEr ADYArsource: Optimisation model for management of water quality (2012)
1) Kortalaiyar river, 2) Cooum river, 3) Adyar river, 4) Buckingham canal, 5) Bay of Bengal, 6) Chembarakkam lake
Fig 8: EXtENt OF FlOODiNG - DEC 01,2015
lACK OF OWNErsHiP - the housing is not designed for them, their livelihoods change - introduce a steady source of income and alternate professions - PrEViOUslY used to rECYClE waste material NO CONNECtiON to river - NO NAtUrAl construction material
extremely hot - 98%
sleep on floor, hang damp clothes to induce cooling, stay outside during the night
4-6 people /flat, 32 flats in a building, 100 buildings
COMFOrt
WOrK
NEEDs
FlOOD rEMEDiEs
source of stable income
water shortage
children have no place to play
stays at home, nothing to do! runs a local side eating shop irons clothes student domestic help repairs vehicles sells vegetables
difficulties in travel
clean + desilt river
too small windows no cross ventilation
MAY 02, 2016 - 42 C
FiElD WOrK
river inaccessible
filthy river
Fig 1: tENEMENt AND sUrrOUNDiNGs
Fig 4: NArrOW tYPiCAl strEEtFig 2: COMPOUND + OPPOsitE strEEt Fig 3: G+3 APArtMENts AND WiDEr strEEt
Fig 5: ViEW FrOM BriDGE tO tHE tENEMENt
Fig 6: tHE NOrtH EDGE - riVEr + VEGEtAtiON
sitE - MOVEMENt PAttErNs
Fig 2: MOVEMENt PlAN WitHiN tHE tENEMENt
26m
108 m
124 m
8m 40m
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liNEAr tYPE
WiDE tYPE
ClUstEr tYPE
BOX tYPE
Fig 3: G+3 HiGH risE + AsPHAltED rOADsFig 1: G lOW risE BlOCKs AlONG rOADsource: alamy.com
ANAlYtiC WOrK
G
G
G+3
G+3
EAst-WEst CANYON
NOrt
H-sO
UtH CANYO
N
sECti
ON
1
sECtiON 2
iNDOOr - UNit ANAlYsis - tAsOUtDOOr - strEEt ANAlYsis - lADYBUG , rHiNO, ENViMEt
Fig 1 : Issues - Sections 1 and 2 showing heat island (summer - red) and flooding (monsoons - blue) due to concretisation and urbanisation of the city
G+3
G+3
G+3
G+3
G
GFuture flood line
Future flood line
OUtDOOr stUDiEs
garbage clogging riverlow water levels unsitled river bed
approx 2m - difference between groundplinth and river
EXtrEME WEAtHEr AND its EFFECt ON liFEstYlE - sUMMEr (MAY)
HiGH tEMPErAtUrEs
after 5:30 pm before 5:30 pm
partially shaded East-West facing canyon with completely shaded south Higher radiation on exposed roofs, ground and East facades
tHErMAl BEHAViOUr OF tHE strEEt sCAPE in CHENNAi
impermeable surfaces increased stored heat
warmer °C
anthropogenic heatanthropogenic heat
anthropogenic heat
minimal wind
absorption of solar radia-tion and low reflectance
thermal storage
2.7 m 32 m 10.6 m 2.4 m 33 m
5.53 kWh/m²
5.53 kWh/m²
2.77 kWh/m² 2.77 kWh/m²
2.77 kWh/m²
0-.55 kWh/m² 0 kWh/m²
3.87 kWh/m²
0.55-1.11 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
1.11 kWh/m²
.55-1.11 kWh/m²
3m
14m 17m 12m
ANAlYsis OF strEEt tYPOlOGiEs iN sUMMEr (MAY)
sOlAr rADiAtiON DAilY AVErAGE ANAlYsis (lADYBUG)
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sUNliGHt HOUrs (lADYBUG)
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partially shaded East-West facing canyon with completely shaded south Higher radiation on exposed roofs, ground and East facades
2.7 m 32 m 10.6 m 2.4 m 33 m
3 m/s 1 m/s 2m/s 3m/s >1m/s 4m/s 0.5m/s 2.7m/s 1.3m/s m/s m/s
4.00 kWh/m²
4.00 kWh/m² 0.8-1.6 kWh/m²
2.8 kWh/m²
1.6 kWh/m²
1.60 kWh/m²
0-2.4 kWh/m² 0 kWh/m²
4 kWh/m² 0.4-0.8 kWh/m²
1.2-2.8 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
3.32 kWh/m²
0.8 kWh/m² 0.4 kWh/m²
0-0.4kWh/m²
3m
14m 17m 12m
ANAlYsis OF strEEt tYPOlOGiEs DUriNG MONsOON (NOVEMBEr)
sOlAr rADiAtiON DAilY AVErAGE ANAlYsis (lADYBUG)
WiND ANAlYsis (CFD - static)
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shaded + windy East-West facing canyon with turbulent edges - potential of creating wind scoops Higher radiation along North-south facing canyon
humidity and flood waters
OUtDOOr MiCrOCliMAtE CONClUsiONs
90% open sky 30% open sky52% open sky 28% open sky
less sky view ratio- more cooler 180° orientation allows wind 90° blocks are wind breakers More edges = more turbulence Open courts increase pressure but have to be vegetated to reduce temperatures Water modifies temperatures extensively
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 8:00 hours
28°C 32°C 31°C 29°C
27°C 39°C
40°C26°C 36°C 28°C 27°C
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 23:00 hours
WiND sPEED 15 May
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 14:00 hours
Air tEMPErAtUrE 16 May - 2:00 hours
2.7 m 32 m
44°C 40°C
38°C
38°C
2
1
section 2 section 1 44°C
10.6 m 3m
14m
8m
14m
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 14:00 hours
ENViMEt - Existing morphology + river on one side + asphalt + concrete construction
sKY ViEW FACtOr
iNDOOr stUDiEs
tYPOlOGY stUDY
Fig 3 : liNEAr tYPE
Fig 7 : sECtiON 1 Fig 8: sECtiON 2 Fig 9: sECtiON 3 Fig 10: sECtiON 4
1 2 3
4
Fig 4: WiDE tYPE Fig 5: ClUstEr tYPE Fig 6: BOX tYPE
8m 8m4m
12m
6.5m 3m
1.5m
8m4.5m5m 1.9m
6.5m
9.4m9.4m 10.6m2.4m
15m
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fig 1 : G+3 HIGH RISE fig 2 : G LOW RISE source: alamy.com
9m 0-6mFuture flood line 2015 flood line
this section deals with the study of the different units. Below is a summary of the properties of the units- GROUND + 3 HIGH RISE (fig 1) GROUND + LOW RISE (fig 2) LINEAR (fig 3) WIDE (fig 4) CLUSTER (fig 5) BOX(fig 6) MAtEriAls: CONCrEtE CONstrUCtiON WOOD + MUD + MEtAl sHEEt CHArACtEr: PErMANENt tEMPOrArY OrGANisAtiON:liViNG CUM BEDrOOM MUltiPUrPOsE rOOMs (2) KitCHEN COOKiNG ArEA BEDrOOM tOilEts (2) ClUstEr tYPE HAs A tOilEt FlOOD WAtErs: G+1 iNUNDAtED UNits WAsHED AWAY (Fig 7,8) (fig 9,10)
G
G
G+3
G+3
CONClUsiONs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140, 1
140, 5
140, 9
140, 13
140, 17
140, 21
141, 1
141, 5
141, 9
141, 13
141, 17
141, 21
142, 1
142, 5
142, 9
142, 13
142, 17
142, 21
143, 1
143, 5
143, 9
143, 13
143, 17
143, 21
144, 1
144, 5
144, 9
144, 13
144, 17
144, 21
145, 1
145, 5
145, 9
145, 13
145, 17
145, 21
146, 1
146, 5
146, 9
146, 13
146, 17
146, 21
147, 1
147, 5
147, 9
147, 13
147, 17
147, 21
External Temperature (°C) Living Radiant Temp (°C) Kitchen Radiant Temp (°C)
Room Radiant Temp (°C) Bath 1 Radiant Temp (°C) bATH 2 Radiant Temp (°C)
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
+2°C
stack ventilation + night time ventilation
+3°C
fig 1 1 liNEAr BlOCK _ EDGE UNit
fig 2 2 WiDE BlOCK _A) EDGE UNit B) MiDDlE UNit
fig 5 2 WiDE BlOCK _A) EDGE UNit sUMMEr _ MAY 20-27
AB
fig 3 3 ClUstEr tYPE
fig 4 4 BOX tYPE_ A) NiGHt OCCUPANCY B) DAY OCCUPANCY
fig 6 - OUT OF COMFORT HOURS
iNDOOr UNits (62%) HAVE DOUBlE tHE tENDENCY tO BE OUt OF COMFOrt WHEN COMPArED tO COMFOrt lEVEls OUtDOOrs (31%).
% O
F O
Ut-
OF
CO
MFO
rt H
OU
rs
1 2A 2B 3 4A 4B0
102030405060708090
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
External temperature
living resultant
Kitchen resultant
room resultant
Bath 1 resultant
iN B
EtW
EEN
stA
irW
Ell
EXt
ErN
Al
fig 7 VENTILATION
CrOss stACKs
NiGHt tiME VENtilAtiON
stAirWEll As stACK sHADiNG + PAssiVE COOliNG
rOOF lAYErs DAYliGHt CUt OFF
PriNCiPlEs FOr iNDOOr COMFOrt
fig 8 SOLAR RADIATION fig 8 DAYLIGHT
HYPOtHEsEs
HYPOtHEsis AND sCOPE OF WOrK
fig 1 CONstrUCtiON DEBris
fig 4 - NiNGBO MUsEUM, CHiNA- rECYClED stONE, tilEs AND BriCK - WANG sHU source: uk.archinect.com
fig 5 -OPEN Air liBrArY, KArO - PiECEs OF OlD FACADE source: openbuildings.com
fig 6 -rECYCliNG BOttlEs AND CrAtEs - Y PANDYA source: worldarchitecture.org
fig 7 PErMEABlE sUrFACEs - rOOF, FACADE + GrOUND and sUstAiNABlE DrAiNGE
River flood plain
Urbanisation
fig 2 OrGANiC WAstE
fig 3 PlAstiC WAstE
fig 8 MAKOKO FlOAtiNG COMMUNitY source: nleworks.com
Hypothesis 1 - Mitigative strategy:
What proposals can be introduced in the urban fabric to address issues of El Nino mediated climate disturbances?
the hypothesis is that layers of permeable surfaces derived from the recycling economy that are proposed to be introduced in the urban fabric will rethink landscape in cities, mitigate the heat island effect and provide a sense of belonging and ownership to the locals who create it.
Hypothesis 2 - Adaptive strategy:
What proposals can be introduced in the building fabric to address temperatures that are out of comfort 95% of the year?
the hypothesis is that layers of transitions spaces, buffers and screens will aid in achieving temperatures within the comfort band.
Hypothesis 3 - Participative strategy:
How can a river front be utilized to integrate the city and promote ecological awareness?
the hypothesis is that a river can be more than just a connection point from A to B but as a mobility infrastructure, as productive channels, as a public realm and a climate mediator.
UrBAN strAtEGY
fig 2 DEVElOPMENt AUtHOritY’s PrOPOsitiON source:skyscrapercity.com
fig 1 UrBAN PlAN
tENEMENt AND iNFOrMAl sEttlEMENts AlONG riVEr source: Associated Press
rOADs=CANAls source: thefrontline.com
FlOOD MAP = 4-6M 02.12.2016
UrBAN riVEr MOBilitY strAtEGY
iNtErVENtiONs = PErMEABlE strEEt AND FlOAtiNG tYPEs
EDGEs=CANAls source: Associated Press
strEEts=CANAls source: Associated Press
OCCUPANCY sCHEDUlEs AND NEW sPACEs
WHAt DO tHEY WANt? - comfortable indoor and outdoors - housing according to lifestyle - shared and more outdoor space - ownership and community engagement - additional income to sustain their families
WOMEN
ENtrEPrEUNErs
domestic help
homemakers
autodriversunemployed
unemployed
school / college going
nurses
local eatery, iron service, metal workshop, vegetable vendors
MEN
ElDErlY
CHilDrEN / tEENAGErs
weekday
weekday
weekday
weekday
weekday
weekday
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
weekend
weekend
weekend
weekend
weekend
sECONDArY ECONOMiEs - spaces for recycling - workshops for self build
-play areas, education, it and activity areas
-collaborative farming
-services for the surrounding areas
sitE strAtEGiEsFig 1 strAtEGiC PlAN ArCHitECtUrAl DEsiGN iNtErVENtiONs
fig 4 EXistiNG strEEtsCAPE
application of principles
VENtilAtiON
NEW FlOOrs
NEW HOrizONtAl
fig 5 FlOAtiNG tYPE
fig 2 iNtErVENtiONs
fig 7 OrGANisAtiON
a) b) c)
Fig 3: rOOM FOr tHE riVEr - Different measures to enlarge the conveyance capacity of the river a) siDE CHANNEls , b) lOWEriNG FlOOD PlAiN, c) DiKE rElOCAtiON, d) rEMOViNG OBstAClEs, e) BYPAss, f) EMErGENCY FlOOD stOrAGE ArEAsource: BEEKMANs (2002)
d) e) f) BiOsWAlEs - temporary storage, infiltration
GrEEN-BlUE rOOFs + FACADEs - retention, recycling
COllECtiVE WAtEr GArDEN- retention, recycling
UNDErGrOUND WAtEr stOrAGE - temporary storage, drainage,retention, recycling
WAtEr sQUArE- temporary storage, de-layed drainage,
OPEN WAtEr- storage and quality
lEss PAViNG - delayed infil-tration
WAtEr COllEC-tiON- retention, recycling
FACADE GArDENs- delayed infiltration
WAtEr rO-BUst DEsiGN- water reten-tion, infiltration
Fig 6: COMPACt CitY PriNCiPlEs iNtEGrAtiNG sPAtiAl PlANNiNG AND PErMEABilitYsource: www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=rotterdam-adaptation-strategy
rEVitAlisAtiON OF EXistiNG strEEt_BAsED tYPOlOGiEs
iNtErVENtiONs FOr EXistiNGsOlAr rADiAtiON
A
C
B
fig 2 EXistiNG
fig 3 A Floors lifted 6m from ground = urban public space and flood respite
B Jagged roofscape = Create wind scoops in urban fabric
fig 4 C Double layered roof = Protection from solar access + COOl OUtDOOs
tOOl - sOl Ar rADiAtiON DAilY AVErAGE ANAlYsis (lADYBUG)
2.77 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
1.6 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
1.11 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
0.55 kWh/m2
fig 1 Section 1 - used for figs 1,2,3
1
2
iNtErVENtiONs FOr EXistiNG
WiND ANAlYsis
EXistiNG
rAisiNG tHE GrOUND BY 6 m
DiFFErENt GrOUNDsfig 1 Section 1 - used for figs 1,2, Section 2 - used for fig 3
1
2
tOOl - AUtODEsK CFD
ENiViMEt
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 8:00 hours
25°C 29°C 25°C
25°C 24°C
25°C
25°C26°C
26°C
30°C
31°C
30°C
26°C 25°C
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 23:00 hours
Air tEMPErAtUrE 15 May - 14:00 hours
Air tEMPErAtUrE 16 May - 2:00 hours
28°C 32°C 31°C 29°C
27°C 39°C
40°C26°C 36°C 28°C 27°C
WiND sPEED 15 May
EXistiNG with asphalt ground concrete construction river to the North
PrOPOsED with raised 6 m ground earth ground and rows of vegetation brick and wet roof construction river to North and East
ArCHitECtUrAl PrOPOsitiONs
lEVEl 1 + 2
lEVEl 3 + 4
lEVEl 5 + 6
stAirWEll As A stACK
NEW HOrizONtAl
EXistiNG FlOOrs + iNtErVENtiONs
EXis
tiN
G B
lOC
K H
EiG
Ht
= 1
2-14
M
iNt
ErV
ENt
iON
BlO
CK
HEi
GH
t =
18
-22M
NEW FlOOrs ADDED ABOVE
rOOFsCAPE
lEVEl 7
fig 3lEVEl 3+4 EXistiNG
fig 2 lEVEl 3+ 4 PrOPOsitiONs FOr EXistiNG
fig 1 lEVEls 5+6 - NEW FlOOrs
kitchen stairwells warm air cooler air
EXistiNG AND NEW
fig 1 EXistiNG G+3 UNit
G
G
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
rOOF
rOOF
5
fig 2 NEW sPACEs
fig 3 PlAN OF rEOrGANisAtiON
fig 4 sitE PlAN
fig 4 sitE PlAN
sECtiON during sUMMEr - MAY
WO
rK
sHO
Ps /
GA
rD
EN
WO
rK
sHO
Ps /
liV
iNG
NEW
rEs
iDEN
tiA
l
rED
EsiG
NED
rEs
iDEN
tiA
l
WO
rKsH
OPs
- U
rBA
N r
EAlM
32˚C
PV panels + Ceramic tiles (white finish) on filler roof
Broken pieces of stones + tiles + CsEB blocks
green roof / walls
shading - louvers - bamboo mat
30˚C at 1.5 m
30˚C at 1.5 m
sECtiON during MONsOONs - NOVEMBEr
temporary roofed shelters for people stranded during the flood
vegetation increases the permeability of the ground surface
shading rolled up to allow mon-soon winds to enter the units
FlOAtiNG
ArCHitECtUrAl PrOPOsitiONs
fig 1 DEsiGN DEVElOPMENt
fig 2 sPACEs
fig 3 ViEWs
rEstriCtiNG sOlAr ACCEss
sOlAr ACCEss
WiND ACCEss
sCrEENs
PrOtECtiVE BUFFEr rOOF
sHADED sUrFACEs
FlOOD MitiGAtiVE
VENtilAtiON
10m
8m
3m
3m
1mOPEN sPACE
split levels
OPEN sPACE
FACADE stUDiEs
MAY - sUMMEr
sOlAr rADiAtiON
high radiation on roof = reflective material + solar potential
Fig 1 sUN PAtH MAY 15
Fig 1 sUN PAtH NOV 15
0 kWh/m²
8 kWh/m2
8 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2 0 kWh/m2
14 kWh/m2
37 kWh/m2
37 kWh/m2
0-3 kWh/m2
0-3 kWh/m2
0-3 kWh/m211 kWh/m2
14.8 kWh/m2
25 kWh/m2
36 kWh/m2
West = vegetation + protection
NOrtH = sHADED iNNEr rOOF lAYEr
fig 5 WEst FACADE
fig 6 NOrtH FACADE
fig 7 EAst FACADE
fig 8 sOUtH FACADE
DAilY AVErAGE GlOBAl sOlAr rADiAtiON ANAlYsis - MAY (sUMMEr)(lADYBUG)
fig 2 rOOF PlAN
fig 3 ViEW FrOM WEst
fig 4 ViEW FrOM NOrtH
VENtilAtiON
Cross and stack ventilation
south facing single sided stack ventilation
fig 1 sECtiON A
fig 2 sECtiON B
fig 6 PlAN OF lEVEl 2
May, 12 noon - 34°C- DBt - indoor - 37°C 2x1.2m window, 2m2 stack area and 1.5m stack height - room dimensions = 3 x 3 x 5.5m - Heat gains = 20 W/m2
(equipment) + 10 W/m2 (lighting)
May, 12 noon - 34°C- DBt - indoor - 37°C 2x1.2m window - 1.5 m stack height - room dimensions = 3 x 3x 5.5m - Heat gains = 20 W/m2 (equipment) + 10 W/m2
(lighting)
AC
H
required for fresh air
required for cooling
Achieved
0
10
20
AC
H
required for fresh air
required for cooling
Achieved
0
20
40
fig 4 Elevation Window 3
fig 3 section Window 2 + 4
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3
A
B
2
4
1
fig 5 WiNDOW = DEtAil At 1,2,3
sUMMEr ADAPtAtiON: Coconut fibre insulation that slides to cover window opening to prevent heat from entering the indoors
MONsOON ADAPtAtiON : lantana windows top rung to enjoy monsoon breeze and rain - the projection blocks the entry of rain into the units
9m
12m
UrBAN lAYOUt
5m12m
9m
fig 2 stAGGErED tYPE PlAN At 3M
AUtODEsK CFD ANAlYsis (WiND) lAYDBUG - DAilY AVErAGE GlOBAl sOlAr rADiAtiON ANAlYsis - MAY (sUMMEr)
fig 3 sECtiON A
fig 4 sECtiON B
fig 5 sECtiON C
fig 6 sECtiON D fig 7
sECtiON E
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
0 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m2 1.1 kWh/m2
1.1 kWh/m229 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
5 kWh/m2
30 kWh/m2
36 kWh/m2
C
ABfig 1 liNEAr tYPE PlAN At 3M
C
D
E
lEVEl 1
Organisation of Floating type
lEVEl 2
sHOEBOX Construction (inner-outer):a) Ceiling - wood chip board (50mm ) + light weight support (50mm) b) roof - wood chip board (50mm)+ light weight support(50mm) + insulation (cork - 50mm) + solar panel (6mm)c) Ground - wood (50mm) +insulation (cork-50mm) + support (150mm) + PEt(polystyrene + cavity + wire)d) Walls - wood (50mm) + light weight support (150mm) + insulation (coconut fiber sheet - 50mm)
+ VENtilAtiON iNPUts - + windows, + zones-Big windows (2x1.2m, 0.9 m sill) to the North-south added.-stack windows (at 5m and 2.1m), each of 1.5x0.5m-Doors (0.8x1m) with louvers in the shuttersAll opening were enabled to function between 19-32°C, 90% open.
+ sHADEs + CUts iN FlOOr to further induce a greater movement of air, cuts in the First floor level and roof are simulated. In addition, the schedules of openings are changed to increase night time
ventilation.
+ iNtErNAl GAiNs 75W (sensible) and 85W (latent) at work and 65W (sensible) and 50W (latent) at rest at 24°C2 people in each-9m2 in living, kitchen and bath liViNG : lighting - 10w/m2 (18-23hrs)Occupancy sensible - 14.4 W/m2 (20-6hrs)Occupancy latent - 2.0 W/m2 (20-6hrs)Equipment sensible - 5 W/m2 (20-23hrs)Equipment latent - 2 W/m2 (20-23hrs)
+ MEzzANiNE
Maximum occupancy of 4 people in 33m3 (3mx3mx5.5m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140
, 114
0, 6
140
, 11
140
, 16
140
, 21
141,
214
1, 7
141,
12
141,
17
141,
22
142,
314
2, 8
142,
13
142,
18
142,
23
143,
414
3, 9
143,
14
143,
19
143,
24
144
, 514
4, 1
014
4, 1
514
4, 2
014
5, 1
145,
614
5, 1
114
5, 1
614
5, 2
114
6, 2
146
, 714
6, 1
214
6, 1
714
6, 2
2
External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C)
Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140
, 114
0, 5
140
, 914
0, 1
314
0, 1
714
0, 2
114
1, 1
141,
514
1, 9
141,
13
141,
17
141,
21
142,
114
2, 5
142,
914
2, 1
314
2, 1
714
2, 2
114
3, 1
143,
514
3, 9
143,
13
143,
17
143,
21
144
, 114
4, 5
144
, 914
4, 1
314
4, 1
714
4, 2
114
5, 1
145,
514
5, 9
145,
13
145,
17
145,
21
146
, 114
6, 5
146
, 914
6, 1
314
6, 1
714
6, 2
1
External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C)
Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140
, 114
0, 6
140
, 11
140
, 16
140
, 21
141,
214
1, 7
141,
12
141,
17
141,
22
142,
314
2, 8
142,
13
142,
18
142,
23
143,
414
3, 9
143,
14
143,
19
143,
24
144
, 514
4, 1
014
4, 1
514
4, 2
014
5, 1
145,
614
5, 1
114
5, 1
614
5, 2
114
6, 2
146
, 714
6, 1
214
6, 1
714
6, 2
2
External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C)
Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140
, 114
0, 6
140
, 11
140
, 16
140
, 21
141,
214
1, 7
141,
12
141,
17
141,
22
142,
314
2, 8
142,
13
142,
18
142,
23
143,
414
3, 9
143,
14
143,
19
143,
24
144
, 514
4, 1
014
4, 1
514
4, 2
014
5, 1
145,
614
5, 1
114
5, 1
614
5, 2
114
6, 2
146
, 714
6, 1
214
6, 1
714
6, 2
2
External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C)
Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41
45
49 53 57 61
65
69 73 77 81
85
89 93
97
101
105
109
113
117
121
125
129
133
137
141
145
149
153
157
161
165
External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C)
Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C) Bath Resultant Temp (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140
, 114
0, 5
140
, 914
0, 1
314
0, 1
714
0, 2
114
1, 1
141,
514
1, 9
141,
1314
1, 1
714
1, 21
142,
114
2, 5
142,
914
2, 1
314
2, 1
714
2, 2
114
3, 1
143,
514
3, 9
143,
13
143,
17
143,
21
144
, 114
4, 5
144
, 914
4, 1
314
4, 1
714
4, 2
114
5, 1
145,
514
5, 9
145,
13
145,
17
145,
21
146
, 114
6, 5
146
, 914
6, 1
314
6, 1
714
6, 2
1
External Temperature (°C) Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C) Kitchen Resultant Temp (°C)
Bath Resultant Temp (°C) m1 Resultant Temp (°C)
External temperature living resultant Kitchen resultant Bath resultant Mezzanine resultant
B K
l l
l
M M
l
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l
l l
lB
K
BK
ll
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l
l l
lB
K
Wunderground Temperature - 41 / 26.3˚C Wind speed - 1.6 m/s (east , south-west)
sUMMEr MAY 20-26tAs ANAlYsis
lEVEl 3 -MEzzANiNE
living
living storage living
living
lEVEl 4 - slOPED rOOF
Wunderground Temperature - 41 / 26.3˚C Wind speed - 1.6 m/s (east , south-west)
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l
l l
lB
K
Fig 2 : PlanFig 1 : typical section through the unit
Fig 3 : View from the North
Fig 4 : Plan of streetscape type Fig 5 : section
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
140
, 1
140
, 514
0, 9
140
, 13
140
, 17
140
, 21
141,
114
1, 5
141,
914
1, 1
3
141,
1714
1, 2
1
142,
114
2, 5
142,
9
142,
13
142,
17
142,
21
143,
1
143,
514
3, 9
143,
13
143,
17
143,
21
144
, 1
144
, 514
4, 9
144
, 13
144
, 17
144
, 21
145,
1
145,
514
5, 9
145,
13
145,
17
145,
21
146
, 114
6, 5
146
, 914
6, 1
3
146
, 17
146
, 21
147,
114
7, 5
147,
9
147,
13
147,
17
147,
21
External Temperature (°C) Living Resultant Temp (°C) m Resultant Temp (°C)
Living 1 Resultant Temp (°C) m1 Resultant Temp (°C)
+ Context and vegetation + outdoor - Context and vegetation + outdoor
Wunderground Temperature - 41 / 26.3˚C Wind speed - 1.6 m/s (east , south-west)
sUMMEr
MAY 20-26
fig 6 : Performance of the floating type - STAND ALONE and in CONTEXT
sECtiON A - tYPiCAl DAY
Extra shading on south and West if unit is stand alone
stack ventilation
low level cool inlets
Vegetation / water in the center
PEt bottles
shading on North to restrict air being heat by radiation
Adjustable + foldablemezzanines
top hung summer and monsoon shutters
OUtCOMEs
Fig 8 : Outdoor analysis - Air temperature - Envimet (15 May -14:00 hrs)- A - existing (asphalt ground, concrete construction and river to North) and B - proposed (permeable ground + vegetation, brick construction with wet roof, river to North and East
B
FlOAtiNG
strEEtsCAPE32°C
29°C
30°C
32°C
39°C
42°C
36°C
A
0102030405060708090
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
0102030405060708090
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
0102030405060708090
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
% O
F O
Ut-
OF
CO
MFO
rt H
OU
rs
G+3 G
0102030405060708090
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
iN B
EtW
EEN
stA
irW
Ell
EXt
ErN
Al
FlO
At
iNG
stA
irW
Ell
iNBE
tW
EEN
EXt
ErN
Al
strE
EtsC
APE
Fig 7 : Percentage of OUt OF COMFOrt HOUrs : indoor and outdoor spaces of existing and interventions (tAs)
living resultant
Kitchen resultant
room resultant
Bath 1 resultant
0102030405060708090
100
Living Kitchen Room Bath 1 Stairwell In-between External
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30°C
31°C
32°C
28°C
30°C
COMMUNAl BUilDiNG + liVE-WOrK
A
B
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A - NOrtH-sOUtH CANYON
B - EAst-WEst CANYON
shaded East-West canyon
shaded work spaces
vegetated walls provide evapo-rative coolingstack windows shut during day
insulation ap-plied to windows @ 3m during day
shading for roof for types without a taller context
shaded North-south canyon
liV
iNG
Kit
CH
EN
WO
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AC
E /
CO
MM
UN
itY
DO
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OF
VEr
AN
DA
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VEG
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N O
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MONsOON + sUMMEr sECtiONs
PEt bottle ground struc-ture allow units to float on water
more indoor activities
windows open 90%
semi-outdoor work
30°C
31°C
32°C
28°C
30°C
tYPiCAl DAY, sUMMEr + MONsOON sECtiONs