Residues in Honey

Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG TIERHYGIENE • Bienen

Dr. Wolfgang RitterCVUA Freiburg/Animal Health

National and International Reference Laboratory

Apimondia Standing Commission for Bee Pathology

Residues in HoneyResidues in Honey

Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health

Residues in HoneyResidues in Honey

• Pollution

• Bee management

• Honey processing and storage

• Control of Disease


PollutionPollution

• Industry

• Traffic

• Household

• Agriculture (Pesticides)


Bee managementBee management

• Wax moth control: (Paradiclorinebenzol)

• Bee repellents (Phenol)

• Paintings (Heavy metals)

• (Control of Bee diseases)


Honey Processing and StorageHoney Processing and Storage

• Processing(reduction of water content)– ashes – yeast

• Container – heavy metals– remains

• Storage in warehouses– overheating– odours


Treatment of DiseasesTreatment of Diseases

Treatment with Medicaments• Nosemosis

• Chalkbrood

• American Foulbrood

• European Foulbrood

• Varroosis

• Acariosis

• Tropilaelaps infestation


MedicamentsMedicaments

• National laws

• EU regulations


MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Regulation 2377/90EEC(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC))

MRL means:

Maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of veterinary medical product, which may be accepted by the EU Community to be legally permitted or recognized acceptable in or on food.


MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Reg. 2377/90EEC(EU Reg. 2377/90EEC))

• Annex I fixed residue limits

– Amitraz (Apivar) 200µg/kg

– Coumphos (Perizin/Checkmite) 100 µg/kg

• Annex III provisional residue limites

– Cymiazole (Apitol) 1000µg/kg



• Annex II no residue limits necessary

– Fluvalinate (Apistan)

– Flumethrin (Bayvarol)

– Formic acid

– Lactic Acid

– Menthol

– Thymol

– Eucalyptol

– Campher



• Annex IV no safe maximal limits possible (prohibited for use)

– Chloramphenicol– Nitrofurans



No residue limits for antibiotic in honey fixedNo residue limits for antibiotic in honey fixed

Residues of antibiotic in honeyResidues of antibiotic in honeynot acceptednot accepted


RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey

NosemosisAntibiotic

• Fumagillin (Fumidil)– no registered product in EU (Funagillin not registered!)

– no residues allowed in EU

– rarely found as residue



American and European FoulbroodSulfonamide

• Sulfonamide (Sulfathiazol)– no registered product

– resistence found in some areas

– no residues alowed in the EU

– up to 3,2 ppm in imported honeys



American and European FoulbroodAntibiotic

• Terramycin/ Streptomycin/Tylosine– no registered product in EU

– no residues alowed in the EU ( 20ppb under discussion for Streptomycin)

– often found as residue



Varroosissynthetic Acaricides• Coumapos (Perizin, Neoron)

– registered product in EU (Perizin, Checkmite?)– resistance found in Italy? (treatment with Neoron)– residues up to 100µg/kg (100 ppb) allowed– residues up to 20 ppb (Perizin) in legal treatments

and up to 500 ppb (Neoron) in illegal treatments



Varroosissynthetic Acaricides• Bromopropylate

– no registered product in EU (FolbexVA since 8 years not registered))

– no residues allowed in the EU– rarely found as residue



Varroosissynthetic Acaricide• Amitraz

– registered product in France (Apivar)– many illegal products in use – residues up to 200µg/kg (200 ppb) allowed– resistance found in some areas– rarely found as residue from legal use– often residues from illegal use (metabolites)



Varroosissynthetic Acaricide• Tau-fluvalinate

– registered product in the EU (Apistan)– often illegal use (Klartan)– resistance in many areas– no EU residue limits– rarely found as residue from legal use– high residues from illegal use



Varroosissynthetic Acaricide• Flumetrine– registered product in the EU (Bayvarol)– resistance in many areas (use of Klartan)– no EU residue limits– never found as residue from legal use



Varroosisnatural Substances (allowed in organic beekeeping)

Formic acid– registered in EU– no residue limit in EU (Germany 600 ppm)– rarely found as residue

Lactic acid– registered in EU– no residue limit in EU– rarely found as residue



Varroosisnatural Substances (allowed in organic beekeeping)

Oxalic acid– registration on the way– no residue limit in EU– rarely found as residue

Thymol– registered product (Apilifevar)– many illegal products– no residue limit in EU– sometimes found as residue (illegal overdose)


Where Where Residues?Residues?

HoneyFoodwater-soluble

WaxCosmeticsfat-soluble

PropolisMedicaments

fat-soluble


Enrichment of lipophile Enrichment of lipophile substances into wax substances into wax


RResidues in Waxesidues in Wax

400 samples from the German market (Wallner 2001)

• 60% with residues

• 20% Bromopropylate (Folbex) (<5ppm)

• 47% Coumaphos (Perizin, Asuntol) (some >10 ppm)

• 22 % Fluvalinate (Apistan, Klartan) (some up to < 5ppm, seldom up to 15ppm)


Residues in PropolisResidues in Propolis

Results of 22 samples from German market (Wallner,2001)

• 5% Bromopropylate (Folbex) (4ppm)

• 9% Coumaphos (Perizin, Asuntol)(6ppm)

• 31 % Fluvalinate (Apistan, Klartan) (>8ppm)


Where we are?Where we are?

• Europe– In tests half of honeys offended against regulations

(different antibiotic)

– Chinese honey banned from market (Chloramphenicol)

• Canada– Recall of products (Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran)

• Australia– Recall of honey (Nitrofurans)


Food Control of HoneyFood Control of Honey

Exporting Country

National

Food Control Authority

Beekeeper

Trade

Laboratories of Beekeepers Ass.

Packer

Private Laboratories


Field ServiceField Service

Laboratory ServiceLaboratory Service

Preventive

Diagnosis of diseases

Prevention of diseases

Direct

Food control

Control of diseases

Optimal

Consumer protection

Residues in Honey

Documents

Transcript of Residues in Honey