Residue Management Approaches in Conservation Tillage ... · and residue orientation on weed...
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NC STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCE NC STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCE Residue Management Approaches in Conservation Tillage: Adaptive Research Directed Toward Cotton and Soybean Production in the Southeast Residue Management Approaches in Conservation Tillage: Adaptive Research Directed Toward Cotton and Soybean Production in the Southeast R D Walters M G Wagger and K R Baldwin RATIONALE R.D. Walters, M.G. Wagger, and K.R. Baldwin RESULTS RATIONALE RESULTS O i t hi ti till d id C tt d b t d f ll t bli h di th Ongoing systems research in conservation tillage and residue Cotton and soybean stands were successfully established in the management seeks to maximize grower profitability, create a soil rolled rye residue. Stands for both crops were slightly less in the management seeks to maximize grower profitability, create a soil environment in which crops can express their maximum yield rolled rye residue. Stands for both crops were slightly less in the rolled residue mainly due to lifting of the planter’s gauge wheels environment in which crops can express their maximum yield rolled residue, mainly due to lifting of the planter’s gauge wheels potential, and minimize adverse environmental impacts. Use of where residue was unevenly distributed (Table 1). Rye biomass winter annual cover crops is increasingly seen as a practice production averaged 4 5 Mg ha -1 for cotton and 6 7 Mg ha -1 for winter annual cover crops is increasingly seen as a practice it lt b ildi il C l l d ll h t f th production averaged 4.5 Mg ha 1 for cotton and 6.7 Mg ha 1 for b M h i l lli t ff ti tt i ti integral to building soil C levels and overall enhancement of the soybean. Mechanical rolling was not as effective at terminating rye plant rooting environment Growers planting into winter annual growth as glyphosate Yields for soybean and cotton lint in rolled plant rooting environment. Growers planting into winter annual id i ti till t l growth as glyphosate. Yields for soybean and cotton lint in rolled t t t b t lt ti l till (T bl 1) cover crop residue in conservation tillage systems rely on treatments were about equal to conventional tillage (Table 1). herbicides for cover crop growth management and season-long However, reducing herbicide inputs resulted in a yield penalty (Table herbicides for cover crop growth management and season long weed control Integrating residue management and weed control However, reducing herbicide inputs resulted in a yield penalty (Table 1) Weed count data showed a steady increase in weed density where weed control. Integrating residue management and weed control 1). Weed count data showed a steady increase in weed density where programs in ways that are flexible and mutually sustaining is an herbicides were reduced despite the heavy mulch cover and minimal important objective in conservation tillage New technologies soil disturbance Dominant weeds included pigweed (Amaranthus important objective in conservation tillage. New technologies it d dt th kt l i ’ ti f soil disturbance. Dominant weeds included pigweed (Amaranthus )l b t (Ch di lb ) li t (E li t lb ) introduced to the market place increase a grower’s options for spp.), lambs quarters (Chenopodium album), eclipta (Eclipta alba), achieving this goal signal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla) Decomposition of the rye achieving this goal. M h i l ll i f t db K ll A h i il t f ll (1) i bl d signal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla). Decomposition of the rye id f ll d ti ld f ti ith i tl A residue management tool the “mechanical roller-crimper” Mechanical roller-crimper manufactured by Kelley M f t i C (KMC) f Tift GA Th it Arrows show principle parts of a roller: (1) crimper blade; (2) d i i t d ib ti (3) d ll / d residue followed an exponential decay function with approximately A residue management tool, the mechanical roller-crimper , h l b db f i th th B ili b Manufacturing Company (KMC) of Tifton, GA. These units are (2) damping iron to reduce vibration; (3) drum roller w/end 70% of the original residue decomposed at 16 weeks after planting has long been used by farmers in the southern Brazilian sub- inexpensive to build and operate. Roller may be front or rear plug (not shown) allows user to fill drum with water to 70% of the original residue decomposed at 16 weeks after planting (Fig 1) tropical states of Rio Grande do Sol and Paraná to successfully mounted; front mounting allows for rolling, spraying, and increase down pressure on crimper blade; (4) plumbing (Fig.1). tropical states of Rio Grande do Sol and Paraná to successfully hi hd it id i d ti t planting in one pass. assembly to apply burndown herbicide. manage high density cover crop residues in production systems T bl 1 using the guiding principles of ‘zero tillage’ (Derpsch, 1984; 1998; Table 1. using the guiding principles of zero tillage (Derpsch, 1984; 1998; Derpsch et al 1991) The roller crimper uses the weight of a TREATMENT COTTON SOYBEAN COTTON SOYBEAN Derpsch et al., 1991). The roller-crimper uses the weight of a TREATMENT COTTON LINT YIELD SOYBEAN GRAIN YIELD STAND STAND cylindrical roller to flatten and crimp standing residue, while LINT YIELD (kg ha -1 ) GRAIN YIELD (Mg ha -1 ) STAND (Plants m -1 ) STAND (Plants m -1 ) Standing rye leaving a pressed soil protective and weed suppressive blanket of (kg ha 1 ) (Mg ha 1 ) (Plants m 1 ) (Plants m 1 ) O O * Standing rye leaving a pressed, soil protective and weed suppressive blanket of lhit hi h th i i l b l td ROLL NO HERB NT* 467 2.42 6.03 16.41 mulch into which the principal crop may be planted. ROLL NO HERB RST** 487 ---- 5 38 ---- ROLL NO HERB RST 487 ---- 5.38 ---- ROLL+GLY § ONLY NT 662 2.76 8.46 17.00 OBJECTIVES ROLL+GLY ONLY RST 865 7 05 OBJECTIVES After rolling ROLL+GLY ONLY RST 865 ---- 7.05 ---- After rolling ROLL+GLY+PRE HERB NT 810 3.56 7.91 10.43 ROLL GLY PRE HERB NT 810 3.56 7.91 10.43 ROLL GLY PRE HERB RST ¾ Evaluate the physical effect of surface pressed, intact residue ROLL+GLY+PRE HERB RST 983 ---- 8.00 ---- and residue orientation on weed suppression using different ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1063 3 76 8 86 16 96 and residue orientation on weed suppression using different d t l ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1063 3.76 8.86 16.96 weed control programs ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB RST 1312 ---- 8.40 ---- NO ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1027 3 56 8 40 17 00 ¾ Determine the relationship between residue decomposition NO ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1027 3.56 8.40 17.00 D t il f i d t and incident weed pressure GLY+PRE+POST HERB CT*** 1045 3.76 9.91 21.39 Non-inversion tillage can be integrated Detail of crimped rye stem. and incident weed pressure § Rye residue after one pass with into high residue conservation systems. Crimping action of the roller aids ¾ Evaluate the effect of residue management on cotton and * NO-TILLAGE; ** RIP-STRIP TILLAGE; *** CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; § GLYPHOSATE a mechanical roller. Residue Shown here is a Precision Agricultural in termination of growth of the ¾ Evaluate the effect of residue management on cotton and pressed on the surface and Shown here is a Precision Agricultural Tillage System (PATS) rig subsoiling in cover crop and can reduce by 50% soybean stand establishment, growth, and yield oriented in the direction of Tillage System (PATS) rig subsoiling in small grain residue after rolling Note the the amount of herbicide needed oriented in the direction of planting may aid growers in small grain residue after rolling. Note the minimal disturbance of surface residue the amount of herbicide needed for burndown planting may aid growers in managing higher residue inputs minimal disturbance of surface residue. for burndown. Fig 1 managing higher residue inputs. Rye Residue Decomposition Fig. 1. Rye Residue Decomposition METHODS METHODS 100 % In Fall 2003, a rye (cv. ‘Abruzzi’) cover crop was established at g, % In Fall 2003, a rye (cv. Abruzzi ) cover crop was established at each of two sites with similar weed management histories at the = 98 8e -0.0799x 80 ng each of two sites with similar weed management histories at the y = 98.8e 0.0799x 80 ini NCDA Cherry Farm Research Unit in Goldsboro, NC. Soils at both 60 mai Soybean trial sites were nearly level well-drained and moderately permeable 60 em Soybean trial sites were nearly level, well-drained and moderately permeable Wi kh d l Pi t th t i ti bi e re Wickham sandy loam. Prior to rye growth termination, biomass 0 0903 40 due production was estimated using 0 5-m 2 quadrats Rye growth was y = 95.8e -0.0903x 40 sid production was estimated using 0.5 m quadrats. Rye growth was terminated mechanicall or ith gl phosate (1 75 L ha 1 ) and the 20 Res Cotton trial terminated mechanically or with glyphosate (1.75 L ha -1 ), and the 20 R Cotton trial standing rye residue flattened using one pass of the roller-crimper. standing rye residue flattened using one pass of the roller crimper. Full-season soybean (Pioneer 95B97) was planted at a rate of 5 10 15 20 Full season soybean (Pioneer 95B97) was planted at a rate of 344 300 seeds ha -1 on 76 cm rows Cotton (DP 451) was planted at 5 10 15 20 344,300 seeds ha -1 on 76-cm rows. Cotton (DP 451) was planted at Time wk 119,170 seeds ha -1 on 96-cm rows. Weed management programs Time, wk included: (1) rye residue + no herbicide; (2) rye + glyphosate only Cotton, early post-emergence in Soybean planted no-till in Mid-season view of strip-tilled included: (1) rye residue + no herbicide; (2) rye + glyphosate only rolled and strip-tilled rye mechanically rolled rye. cotton. 07 July 2005 for burndown; (3) rye + glyphosate + pre-emergent herbicide; (4) residue. 25 May 2005 INTERPRETIVE SUMMARY rye + glyphosate + pre & post-emergent herbicide All plots were INTERPRETIVE SUMMARY rye + glyphosate + pre & post-emergent herbicide. All plots were l td till ti tt h b il ti till t t t ¾ R b f ll d tdt hi h id planted no-till except in cotton, where a subsoil-strip till treatment ¾ Row crops can be successfully adapted to high-residue was included. A conventional tillage treatment and one no-till conservation tillage using the mechanical roller. REFERENCES CITED was included. A conventional tillage treatment and one no till treatment that excluded the roller was used for comparison in both conservation tillage using the mechanical roller. REFERENCES CITED treatment that excluded the roller was used for comparison in both ¾ Overall high residue density (6 7 Mg ha -1 ) and residue studies. ¾ Overall, high residue density (6.7 Mg ha ) and residue i t ti did t l l d Derpsch R 1984 Historíco requisitos importancia e outras consideraçðes sobre plantio studies. orientation did not suppress early-season annual weeds Derpsch, R. 1984. Historíco, requisitos, importancia e outras consideraçðes sobre plantio di t B il I Pl ti Di t B il F d ã C ill C i 1984 124 Weed counts were made at planting and at 2 and 6 weeks post- sufficiently to overcome the need for additional weed directo no Brasil. In: Plantio Directo no Brasil, Fundação Cargill, Campinas, 1984. 124 p. Weed counts were made at planting and at 2 and 6 weeks post emergence using 0 5 m 2 quadrats at three points alone a diagonal sufficiently to overcome the need for additional weed management with herbicides emergence using 0.5-m 2 quadrats at three points alone a diagonal management with herbicides. Derpsch, R. 1998. Historical review of no-tillage cultivation of crops. Proceedings, 1 st JIRCAS transect in each plot. Residue decomposition was evaluated by ¾ M h i l lli l t ff ti tt i ti Seminar on Soybean Research March 5-6 1998 Iguassu Falls Brazil JIRCAS Working Report placing folded intact residue in 2 mm nylon mesh bags at rates ¾ Mechanical rolling alone was not as effective at terminating rye Seminar on Soybean Research, March 5-6, 1998. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. JIRCAS Working Report N 13 1 18 placing folded, intact residue in 2-mm nylon mesh bags at rates i l fi ld di i d i d 2468 d 16 growth as glyphosate. No. 13. p 1-18. equivalent to field conditions and retrieved at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16 growth as glyphosate. weeks after planting Cotton and soybean were machine harvested ¾ Additional work is needed to assess the effect of high-residue Derpsch, R., Roth, C.H., Sidiras, N., and U. Köpke. 1991. Controle da erosão no Paraná, Brasil: weeks after planting. Cotton and soybean were machine harvested 22O t b d 10 N b 2004 ti l d i ld ¾ Additional work is needed to assess the effect of high-residue ti till l t d i il C Sistemas de cobertura do solo plantio directo e preparo conservacionista do solo GTZ on 22 October and 10 November 2004, respectively, and yields conservation tillage on long-term weed suppression, soil C Sistemas de cobertura do solo, plantio directo e preparo conservacionista do solo. GTZ, E hb S d blik ti d GTZ 245 272 determined. sequestration, moisture balance, crop yield and quality. Eschborn, Sonderpublikation der GTZ 245. 272 p. determined. sequestration, moisture balance, crop yield and quality.
Transcript of Residue Management Approaches in Conservation Tillage ... · and residue orientation on weed...
NC STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCENC STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT of SOIL SCIENCE
Residue Management Approaches in Conservation Tillage: Adaptive Research Directed Toward Cotton and Soybean Production in the SoutheastResidue Management Approaches in Conservation Tillage: Adaptive Research Directed Toward Cotton and Soybean Production in the Southeastg pp g p yR D Walters M G Wagger and K R BaldwinRATIONALE R.D. Walters, M.G. Wagger, and K.R. Baldwin RESULTSRATIONALE , gg , RESULTS
O i t h i ti till d id C tt d b t d f ll t bli h d i thOngoing systems research in conservation tillage and residue Cotton and soybean stands were successfully established in the management seeks to maximize grower profitability, create a soil rolled rye residue. Stands for both crops were slightly less in themanagement seeks to maximize grower profitability, create a soil environment in which crops can express their maximum yield
rolled rye residue. Stands for both crops were slightly less in the rolled residue mainly due to lifting of the planter’s gauge wheelsenvironment in which crops can express their maximum yield rolled residue, mainly due to lifting of the planter’s gauge wheels
potential, and minimize adverse environmental impacts. Use of where residue was unevenly distributed (Table 1). Rye biomass p , pwinter annual cover crops is increasingly seen as a practice
y ( ) yproduction averaged 4 5 Mg ha-1 for cotton and 6 7 Mg ha-1 forwinter annual cover crops is increasingly seen as a practice
i t l t b ildi il C l l d ll h t f thproduction averaged 4.5 Mg ha 1 for cotton and 6.7 Mg ha 1 for
b M h i l lli t ff ti t t i tiintegral to building soil C levels and overall enhancement of the soybean. Mechanical rolling was not as effective at terminating rye g gplant rooting environment Growers planting into winter annual
y g g ygrowth as glyphosate Yields for soybean and cotton lint in rolledplant rooting environment. Growers planting into winter annual
id i ti till t lgrowth as glyphosate. Yields for soybean and cotton lint in rolled t t t b t l t ti l till (T bl 1)cover crop residue in conservation tillage systems rely on treatments were about equal to conventional tillage (Table 1).
herbicides for cover crop growth management and season-long However, reducing herbicide inputs resulted in a yield penalty (Tableherbicides for cover crop growth management and season long weed control Integrating residue management and weed control
However, reducing herbicide inputs resulted in a yield penalty (Table 1) Weed count data showed a steady increase in weed density whereweed control. Integrating residue management and weed control 1). Weed count data showed a steady increase in weed density where
programs in ways that are flexible and mutually sustaining is an herbicides were reduced despite the heavy mulch cover and minimal p g y y gimportant objective in conservation tillage New technologies
p ysoil disturbance Dominant weeds included pigweed (Amaranthusimportant objective in conservation tillage. New technologies
i t d d t th k t l i ’ ti fsoil disturbance. Dominant weeds included pigweed (Amaranthus
) l b t (Ch di lb ) li t (E li t lb )introduced to the market place increase a grower’s options for spp.), lambs quarters (Chenopodium album), eclipta (Eclipta alba), p g pachieving this goal
pp ) q ( p ) p ( p )signal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla) Decomposition of the ryeachieving this goal.
M h i l ll i f t d b K ll A h i i l t f ll (1) i bl dsignal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla). Decomposition of the rye
id f ll d ti l d f ti ith i t lA residue management tool the “mechanical roller-crimper”Mechanical roller-crimper manufactured by Kelley M f t i C (KMC) f Tift GA Th it
Arrows show principle parts of a roller: (1) crimper blade; (2) d i i t d ib ti (3) d ll / d
residue followed an exponential decay function with approximately A residue management tool, the mechanical roller-crimper , h l b d b f i th th B ili b
Manufacturing Company (KMC) of Tifton, GA. These units are (2) damping iron to reduce vibration; (3) drum roller w/end 70% of the original residue decomposed at 16 weeks after plantinghas long been used by farmers in the southern Brazilian sub- inexpensive to build and operate. Roller may be front or rear plug (not shown) allows user to fill drum with water to 70% of the original residue decomposed at 16 weeks after planting (Fig 1)g y
tropical states of Rio Grande do Sol and Paraná to successfully mounted; front mounting allows for rolling, spraying, and increase down pressure on crimper blade; (4) plumbing (Fig.1).tropical states of Rio Grande do Sol and Paraná to successfully hi h d it id i d ti t
; g g, p y g,planting in one pass.
p p ; ( ) p gassembly to apply burndown herbicide.manage high density cover crop residues in production systems p g p y pp y
T bl 1using the guiding principles of ‘zero tillage’ (Derpsch, 1984; 1998; Table 1. using the guiding principles of zero tillage (Derpsch, 1984; 1998; Derpsch et al 1991) The roller crimper uses the weight of a TREATMENT COTTON SOYBEAN COTTON SOYBEANDerpsch et al., 1991). The roller-crimper uses the weight of a TREATMENT COTTON
LINT YIELDSOYBEAN
GRAIN YIELD STAND STANDcylindrical roller to flatten and crimp standing residue, while LINT YIELD(kg ha-1)
GRAIN YIELD (Mg ha-1)
STAND(Plants m-1)
STAND (Plants m-1)Standing ryey p g ,
leaving a pressed soil protective and weed suppressive blanket of(kg ha 1) (Mg ha 1) (Plants m 1) (Plants m 1)
O O *
Standing ryeleaving a pressed, soil protective and weed suppressive blanket of
l h i t hi h th i i l b l t dROLL NO HERB NT* 467 2.42 6.03 16.41
mulch into which the principal crop may be planted. ROLL NO HERB RST** 487 ---- 5 38 ----y ROLL NO HERB RST 487 ---- 5.38 ----ROLL+GLY § ONLY NT 662 2.76 8.46 17.00OBJECTIVESROLL+GLY ONLY RST 865 7 05
OBJECTIVES After rolling ROLL+GLY ONLY RST 865 ---- 7.05 ----After rollingROLL+GLY+PRE HERB NT 810 3.56 7.91 10.43ROLL GLY PRE HERB NT 810 3.56 7.91 10.43ROLL GLY PRE HERB RSTEvaluate the physical effect of surface pressed, intact residue ROLL+GLY+PRE HERB RST 983 ---- 8.00 ----p y p ,
and residue orientation on weed suppression using different ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1063 3 76 8 86 16 96and residue orientation on weed suppression using different d t l
ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1063 3.76 8.86 16.96
weed control programs ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB RST 1312 ---- 8.40 ----p gNO ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1027 3 56 8 40 17 00Determine the relationship between residue decomposition NO ROLL+GLY+PRE+POST HERB NT 1027 3.56 8.40 17.00
D t il f i d tp p
and incident weed pressure GLY+PRE+POST HERB CT*** 1045 3.76 9.91 21.39Non-inversion tillage can be integrated Detail of crimped rye stem. and incident weed pressure
§Rye residue after one pass with
into high residue conservation systems. Crimping action of the roller aids Evaluate the effect of residue management on cotton and* NO-TILLAGE; ** RIP-STRIP TILLAGE; *** CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; § GLYPHOSATEa mechanical roller. Residue g y
Shown here is a Precision Agriculturalin termination of growth of the Evaluate the effect of residue management on cotton and pressed on the surface and Shown here is a Precision Agricultural Tillage System (PATS) rig subsoiling in
gcover crop and can reduce by 50%soybean stand establishment, growth, and yield
poriented in the direction of Tillage System (PATS) rig subsoiling in
small grain residue after rolling Note thep y
the amount of herbicide neededy , g , y oriented in the direction of
planting may aid growers in small grain residue after rolling. Note the minimal disturbance of surface residue
the amount of herbicide needed for burndown
planting may aid growers in managing higher residue inputs minimal disturbance of surface residue.for burndown.
Fig 1managing higher residue inputs.
Rye Residue DecompositionFig. 1. Rye Residue Decomposition
METHODSMETHODS100%In Fall 2003, a rye (cv. ‘Abruzzi’) cover crop was established at g,
%In Fall 2003, a rye (cv. Abruzzi ) cover crop was established at each of two sites with similar weed management histories at the = 98 8e-0.0799x80ngeach of two sites with similar weed management histories at the y = 98.8e 0.0799x80
ini
NCDA Cherry Farm Research Unit in Goldsboro, NC. Soils at both 60mai Soybean trialy ,
sites were nearly level well-drained and moderately permeable 60em
Soybean trialsites were nearly level, well-drained and moderately permeable Wi kh d l P i t th t i ti bi e r
e
Wickham sandy loam. Prior to rye growth termination, biomass 0 090340du
ey y gproduction was estimated using 0 5-m2 quadrats Rye growth was y = 95.8e-0.0903x40
sidproduction was estimated using 0.5 m quadrats. Rye growth was terminated mechanicall or ith gl phosate (1 75 L ha 1) and the
y20Re
s
Cotton trialterminated mechanically or with glyphosate (1.75 L ha-1), and the 20R Cotton trialstanding rye residue flattened using one pass of the roller-crimper.standing rye residue flattened using one pass of the roller crimper.
Full-season soybean (Pioneer 95B97) was planted at a rate of 5 10 15 20Full season soybean (Pioneer 95B97) was planted at a rate of 344 300 seeds ha-1 on 76 cm rows Cotton (DP 451) was planted at
5 10 15 20344,300 seeds ha-1 on 76-cm rows. Cotton (DP 451) was planted at Time wk119,170 seeds ha-1 on 96-cm rows. Weed management programs Time, wk9, 0 seeds a o 96 c o s eed a age e t p og a sincluded: (1) rye residue + no herbicide; (2) rye + glyphosate only Cotton, early post-emergence in Soybean planted no-till in Mid-season view of strip-tilled included: (1) rye residue + no herbicide; (2) rye + glyphosate only rolled and strip-tilled rye mechanically rolled rye. cotton. 07 July 2005for burndown; (3) rye + glyphosate + pre-emergent herbicide; (4)
p yresidue. 25 May 2005
y yINTERPRETIVE SUMMARY; ( ) y g yp p g ; ( )
rye + glyphosate + pre & post-emergent herbicide All plots werey INTERPRETIVE SUMMARY
rye + glyphosate + pre & post-emergent herbicide. All plots were l t d till t i tt h b il t i till t t t R b f ll d t d t hi h idplanted no-till except in cotton, where a subsoil-strip till treatment Row crops can be successfully adapted to high-residue
was included. A conventional tillage treatment and one no-till conservation tillage using the mechanical roller.REFERENCES CITEDwas included. A conventional tillage treatment and one no till treatment that excluded the roller was used for comparison in both
conservation tillage using the mechanical roller.REFERENCES CITEDtreatment that excluded the roller was used for comparison in both Overall high residue density (6 7 Mg ha-1) and residuestudies. Overall, high residue density (6.7 Mg ha ) and residue i t ti did t l l dDerpsch R 1984 Historíco requisitos importancia e outras consideraçðes sobre plantiostudies. orientation did not suppress early-season annual weeds Derpsch, R. 1984. Historíco, requisitos, importancia e outras consideraçðes sobre plantio
di t B il I Pl ti Di t B il F d ã C ill C i 1984 124Weed counts were made at planting and at 2 and 6 weeks post- sufficiently to overcome the need for additional weeddirecto no Brasil. In: Plantio Directo no Brasil, Fundação Cargill, Campinas, 1984. 124 p.Weed counts were made at planting and at 2 and 6 weeks postemergence using 0 5 m2 quadrats at three points alone a diagonal
sufficiently to overcome the need for additional weed management with herbicides
ç g p pemergence using 0.5-m2 quadrats at three points alone a diagonal management with herbicides. Derpsch, R. 1998. Historical review of no-tillage cultivation of crops. Proceedings, 1st JIRCAS transect in each plot. Residue decomposition was evaluated by M h i l lli l t ff ti t t i ti
p , g p g ,Seminar on Soybean Research March 5-6 1998 Iguassu Falls Brazil JIRCAS Working Reportt a sect eac p ot es due deco pos t o as e a uated by
placing folded intact residue in 2 mm nylon mesh bags at rates Mechanical rolling alone was not as effective at terminating rye Seminar on Soybean Research, March 5-6, 1998. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. JIRCAS Working Report N 13 1 18placing folded, intact residue in 2-mm nylon mesh bags at rates
i l fi ld di i d i d 2 4 6 8 d 16 growth as glyphosate.No. 13. p 1-18.equivalent to field conditions and retrieved at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16 growth as glyphosate.p
q , , , ,weeks after planting Cotton and soybean were machine harvested Additional work is needed to assess the effect of high-residueDerpsch, R., Roth, C.H., Sidiras, N., and U. Köpke. 1991. Controle da erosão no Paraná, Brasil: weeks after planting. Cotton and soybean were machine harvested
22 O t b d 10 N b 2004 ti l d i ldAdditional work is needed to assess the effect of high-residue
ti till l t d i il Cp , , , , , , p ,
Sistemas de cobertura do solo plantio directo e preparo conservacionista do solo GTZon 22 October and 10 November 2004, respectively, and yields conservation tillage on long-term weed suppression, soil C Sistemas de cobertura do solo, plantio directo e preparo conservacionista do solo. GTZ, E hb S d blik ti d GTZ 245 272determined. sequestration, moisture balance, crop yield and quality.Eschborn, Sonderpublikation der GTZ 245. 272 p.determined. sequestration, moisture balance, crop yield and quality.
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