Reservoir Evaluation of the Middle-Upper Jurassic Rocks of ...

ABHATH AL-YARMOUK: "Basic Sci. & Eng." Vol. 17, No.1B, 2008, pp. 259-281

Reservoir Evaluation of the Middle-Upper Jurassic Rocks of Wadi Al Jawf-Marib

Basin,Yemen

Rafie Shinaq * *and Abdallah Al-Atesh **

Received on Jan. 15, 2007 Accepted for publication on May 1, 2007

AbstractThe Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks in Wadi Al-Jawf-Marib Basin consist mainly of shallow

marine carbonates, overlain by claystone/shale, excellent reservoir sandstone and capped with thick evaporites. These sediments were studied utilizing data obtained from five exploration wells drilled in this area. The Middle-Upper Jurassic strata of Yemen were divided from bottom to top into Shuqra, Madbi, and Sabatayn Formations. These formations were also subdivided into Saba, Arwa (Shuqra Formation), Meem, Lam (Madbi Formation), Yah, Seen, Alif, and Safer Members (Sabatayn Formation). Uplifts and erosions towards the northwest and subsidence towards the center of the basin characterize the Jurassic sequences of the northwestern part of Wadi Al Jawf-Marib Basin, while their thickness increases towards the SE and NE.

The petrophysical and petrographic studies indicates that the Shurqa and Madbi Formations provide insignificant reservoir potentiality except that of the dolomitized part of the Saba Member, which indicates fair to good reservoir potentiality. The Arwa and the lower part of the Meem Member are of no significant reservoir potentiality. The Seen, Alif, and the lower part of the Safer Members represent good to excellent reservoirs. The evaporites of the upper portion of the Safer Member build the major seal rocks for the underlying sandstone units. Porosities are mainly of secondary origin.

Keywords: Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks, Wadi Al Jawf-Marib Basin, Reservoir rocks, Yemen.

IntroductionYemen is located at the southwestern edge of the Arabian Peninsula and covers a

total area of approximately 536,870 square kilometers (Fig.1). The Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks (Amran Group) extensively crop out in the western and central parts of Yemen where* they consist of 950m thick carbonate sequences, (Fig. 1). They disconformably rest on the Kohlan Formation and are unconformably overlain by the Cretaceous Tawilah Sandstone Group [1]. These rocks have been the subject of extensive studies during the last century, due to their oil and gas productivity Lamer et © 2008 by Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.* Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan. ** Petroleum Exploration and Production Authority, Yemen.

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al. [2]), was the first who recorded these sediments at the Amran area, NW of the capital Sana’a. Among the most important workers are those of [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23]. The previous mentioned authors concentrated their works on the exposed surface Jurassic rocks in the western, central and eastern parts of Yemen.

The Arabian Peninsula is part of the Arabian-Nubian plate and its sedimentary cover can be subdivided in two large complexes: the lower comprises deposits from Precambrian to Carboniferous, and the upper includes sediments from Permian to Lower Tertiary [7]. Yemen constitutes the southern and southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula, (Fig. 1). Consequently the geological structures and tectonic architectures of Yemen are influenced by the development of this plate. During the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic the basement rocks trends directions were oriented at N-S, NW-SE, and subordinately E-W (they conjugate NE-SW).

Mesozoic sedimentation was associated with the opening of the Neotethys Ocean that originated when several micro-continents split off from the Gondwanaland northern margin. During this time the source area of clastic sediments was the Arabian-Nubian shield, which was surrounded by a fringe of lagoons and tidal flats. Clastic facies changed gradually to more open marine environments towards the north and northeast, replaced at some times by restricted conditions characterized by evaporitic sediments. All major transgressions belong to the Neotethys Ocean [7]. Some structural elements controlled the Mesozoic facies distributions and were associated with breaking up of the shelf region into a pattern of basins and swells. These elements were either ancient and had been established during the Paleozoic and subsequently reactivated, or were new and related to Mesozoic tectonic activity. From the beginning of the Mesozoic to the Turonian, sedimentation on the shelf was largely controlled by north-northeast directed tectonic structures [6]. Movements on Precambrian faults reactivated in the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic time and created the transverse Mesozoic structures of the Arabian shelf. This reactivation was connected with the opening of an ocean southeast of the Arabian plate during the separation of India from the Afro-Arabian plate. The ocean is believed to have formed during Jurassic times, following continental rifting. The northeast-orientated structures of the Arabian shelf are parallel to this zone of major continental break-up. During the Triassic to Middle Jurassic, Yemen was part of the Afro-Arabian plate of western Gondwanaland. In the Torcian-Bathonian stage, the ocean did not extend further to western Yemen but was restricted to a region of subsidence in which continental deposits of the Kohlan Formation were accumulated. In the Bathonian stage, part of the marginal area between western and eastern Gondwanaland was subjected to a marine transgression. In the Late Callovian, the sea transgressed, providing a passage between the Arabian- and the African Sea, including Somalia and Ethiopia [1]. During the Late Jurassic, seafloor spreading was well established in the Gulf of Somalia. North south spreading of the ocean induced a north-south extensional direction in southeast of Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Yemen; combined with slow eastward drifting of the Afro-Arabian Plate [1]. The spreading ridge of the Gulf of Somalia induced right-lateral transform faults of varying magnitude with relative displacement. They could be signs of the presence of Late Jurassic mantle hotspot/plume under Ogaden and Yemen regions [1] This produced a triple junction between Yemen

Reservoir Evaluation of the Middle-Upper Jurassic Rocks of Wadi Al Jawf-Marib Basin,Yemen

261

and Somalia as a result of rapid subsidence of the Wadi- Al Jawf Marib-Basin in the central part of Yemen (Fig.2), which was controlled by NW-SE trending extensional faults [14], that generated horsts and grabens in the studied basin. The ancient NW-SE trends (Najid Fault trends) rejuvenated in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, with final separation of the Arabian plate from the African plate along the ENE-WSW (Gulf of Aden) and NNW-SSE (Red Sea) trends, during the Neogene [20].

Within the Mesozoic basins, paleo-highs controlled facies and thickness variations. The major basement uplift (Mahafid Uplift) separates Ad-Dhali and Sabatayn Basins, while Jabal al Aswad separates the Hajar sector of the Sabatayn Basin from the Balhaf Basin. The Jahi-Mukalla high separates the Sabatayn-Balhaf Basins from the Say’un-Masila Basin and Fartaq high separates the Say’un-Masila Basin from the Jiza-Qamar Basin. The Hadramaut Arch divides these Mesozoic basins from the Paleozoic Rub Al Khali basin (Fig.2).

The first sign of the break-up of the Gondwana continent during the Jurassic was a characteristic Y-shaped crack in the earth’s crust and appeared at the so-called triple junction where the pull a part forces interacted (Fig.2). Two arms of the Y-shaped plate separation formed the Red Sea with a NNW-SSE- and Gulf of Aden with ENE-WSW trends. The third arm formed a graben that extends southwards into the Ethiopian landmass (Afar-Triangle). Wadi Al Jawf Marib-Basin is part of these tectonic features that developed as an intra-cratonic rift system. Extensional faulting formed a series of mainly symmetrical grabens, half horsts and half grabens (sub basins); with subordinate strike slip faults [24 and 21]. Along those structures hydrocarbons were accumulated. The rift system widen considerably in the Shabwa area, and north south Hadramaut and narrows toward the northwest, perhaps reflecting the absence of the Hadramaut basement in this area.

1.1 Aim of the study and Methodology The present work will concentrate on the subsurface Jurassic rocks located

northwest of Wadi Al Jawf-Marib Basin and penetrated in the following deep wells: Himyar-1 (HM-1), Sirwah-1 (SR-1), Baraqish-1 (BR-1), Sinwan-1 (SN-1), and Jabal Samadan-4 (SM-4), in order to asses their petrophysical properties and hydrocarbon potentiality. The prepared core sample thin sections will be examined using a microscope. Porosity and permeability measurements are to be measured using electrical well logs and will be also determined by using a calibrated steady state permeameter utilizing dry nitrogen as the flowing medium at standard pressure and temperature. The grain volume of the samples will be calculated using a calibrated helium gas volume (expansion meter). Bulk volumes will be also calculated by mercury displacement on a Ruska porosometer cell fitted with a linear transducer. These data combined with the samples weights will yield porosity and grain density.

In addition to that electrical well logs (gamma ray and spontaneous potential SP), will be used to delineate the stratigraphic units of the penetrated strata and their lithological characteristics.

2. Location of the study area

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Wadi Al Jawf-Marib Basin is located in the northern central part of Yemen. Its extension is approximately 300km long and 20-80km wide. The studied area is located in the northwestern part of this basin (Fig.1).

Figure(1): Location map showing the position of Wadi Al Jawf-Marib-Basin, the studied wells, the tectonic framework of the basin and the surrounding areas (modified after [29]).

Legend


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Figure(2): The main sedimentary basins, uplifts, and the Jurassic outcrop areas of Yemen (after [28])

Legend

3.Stratigraphic subdivision of the Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments of Yemen

The stratigraphic subdivision of the Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments of Yemen were defined by [15], who proposed the term Amran Group to encompass the carbonate sediments, and the Sabatayn Formation to include the clastic sediments on the surface and in the subsurface, and divided them from bottom to top as follows:-

3.1 Shuqra FormationThis formation was described from SR-1 well in Wadi Al Jawf-Marib-Basin. It

consists mainly of limestone and dolomite. The formation was recognized in the

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subsurface and occurs in a number of wells across this basin. It disappears towards the Shabwa Basin [25]. The formation is Oxfordian to Kimmerdgian in age [26], and rests unconformably upon the Kohlan Sandstone Formation. The Shuqra Formation is subdivided from bottom to top into Saba- and Arwa Members (Table 1, Fig. 3).

Figure(3): Simple lithological and electrical wire line correlation (left SP, right GR) between the subsurface Middle-Upper Jurassic sequences of Wadi Al Jawf-Marib Basin in the studied wells, (legend see Fig.1). Calcareous Sandstone

Legend


265

Table (1): The rock units, well names, depth interval, and the total thickness of the pentrated Midde-Upper Jurassic rock units.

3.2 Madbi Formation The formation is Kimmerdgian to Early Tithonian in age and overlies conformably

the Shuqra Formation and underlies unconformably the Sabatyn Formation (Beydoun et al., 1998). It was penetrated in the HM-1; BR-1; and SN-1 wells and consist of thick intercalations of bituminous marl, shale, sandstones with occasionally silty horizons, intercalations of gypsyiferous lenses, and thin intercalations of marly and fossiliferous limestones. The formation is subdivided from bottom to top into Meem and Lam Members (Table 1, Fig. 3).

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3.3 Sabatayn Formation The formation was penetrated in the HM-1, SM-4, and SN-1 wells. It comprises a

thick evaporate sequence with minor intercalations of shale, claystone and calcareous sandstone (Fig. 3). The evaporites are mainly composed of halite. These evaporites form a major and extensive unit across Wadi Al Jawf Marib-Basin, and are the major seal rock for hydrocarbon accumulation (Schlumberger, 1992). The formation can be subdivided from bottom to top into Yah, Seen, Alif, and Safer Members (Beydon et al.1998), (Table 1, Fig. 3).

4. Evaluation of the Petrophysical properties of the studied rock unitsFollowing is a petrophysical study that describes both porosity and permeability

from the studied samples utilized from exploration wells drilled in the Middle-

Upper Jurassic rock sequences of the study area in order to assess their reservoir potentiality.

4.1 Shuqra Formation

4.1.1 Saba MemberThe porosity and permeability of this member were evaluated from the SR-1 well.

(Core-1, cored interval 1175.9m-1187.4m). The resulted porosity values range from 1.1 to 22.9% with a total average value of 10.0% (Table 2). It reaches its maximum value at 1180.7m depth (Fig.4). The indicated vertical permeability ranges from 0.01 to 1730.00md with a total average value of 293.00md (Table 2, Fig. 5), while the horizontal permeability range from 0.01 to 1180md with a total average value of 206.1md (Table 2, Fig. 5). According to the values of the tested samples, this formation indicates fair to good reservoir properties.

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Figure(4): Porosity versus depth values of the Saba Member in the SR-1 well (core-1).

Figure(5): Horizontal and vertical frequency permeability distribution histogram of the Saba Member in the SR-1 well (core-1).


269

Figure(6): Porosity frequency distribution histogram of the Lam Member in the BR-1 well (core-5).

4.1.2 Arwa MemberThis Member was tested from the HM-1 well, (core-3, cored interval 1680.9-

1689.70m). Its porosity and permeability were examined only from the studied thin sections indicating poor moldic and fracture porosities, which are subsequently re-cemented by calcite.

4.2 Madbi Formation

4.2.1 Meem MemberIt was tested from the HM-1 well, where only one core was cut (cored interval

820.2m-828.8m). The porosity and permeability of this member were examined in thin sections and can be compared with that of the Arwa Member.

4.2.2 Lam Member The petrophysical characteristics of the analyzed core sample of this member were

studied from both the SN-1and BR-1wells. The core samples of the SN-1 well, (core-3, cored interval 1229.9m-1239.1m), consists of shale so no further petrophysical analyses were recommended. Four cores were examined from the BR-1 well, and 25 core samples were analyzed (core-5, cored interval 2385.0m- 2394.2m) indicating porosity values ranging from 1.4 to 5.8% (Fig. 6). The vertical and horizontal permeability values of the same samples range from 0.01 to 0.06md (Table 2, Fig. 7). Both porosity and permeability values of the analyzed samples indicate poor reservoir properties. Core-4 (cored interval 1984.8m-1996.9m) and core-2 (cored interval1419.4m-1428.0m) consists mainly of silty shale, so no further petrophysical analysis was conducted

Core-3 (cored interval 1456.6m-1468.8m) indicates porosity values ranging from 11.0 to 24.5% with a total average value of 19.3% (Fig. 8). The maximum porosity value

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is reached at a depth of 1459.3m (Fig. 8). Its vertical permeability value ranges from 0.15 to 128md with a total average value of 18.5md. Its horizontal permeability ranges from 0.12 to 322md with a total average value of 68.2md, (Table 2, Fig. 9).

This petrophysical studies indicates that most of the Lam Member represent low porosities and low permeability values (poor reservoir rock, but good source rocks), except that of the interval 1456.6-1468.9m, with good reservoir properties.

Figure(7): Horizontal and vertical permeability frequency distribution histogram of the Lam Member in the BR-1 well (core-5)

Figure(8): Porosity versus depth values of the Lam Member in the BR-1 well (core-3).


271

Figure(9): Horizontal and vertical permeability frequency distribution histogram of the Lam Member in the BR-1 well (core-3).

4.2 Sabatayn Formation

4.3.1 Yah Member The petrophysical properties of this member were not analyzed due to the absence

of core samples. In general this member consists mainly of tight sandstone with minor claystones.

4.3.2 Seen Member For porosity and permeability evaluations of the Seen Member 56 core samples

from the SN-1 well, (core-2, cored interval 1346.2m-1364.4m) were tested. Its porosity values range from 13.1 to 20.7% with a total average value of 18.5%, (Table 2, Fig. 10). The vertical permeability ranges from 106 to 784.0 md with a total average value of 400.7md, while the horizontal permeability range from 124 to 3080md with a total average value of 825.3md (Table 2, Fig. 11). According to the measured porosity and permeability values, this member represent very good to excellent reservoir properties, and very good to excellent hydrocarbon holding capacity.

4.3.3 Alif Member For porosity and permeability evaluations of the Alif Member 25 core samples from

the BR-1 well (core-1, core interval 1169.5m- 1176.5m) were tested. Its porosity values range from 3.4 to 21.6% with a total average value of 13.0%, (Table 2, Fig.12) and reached its maximum at the depth 1173.4m.. The vertical permeability of the tested

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interval ranges from 0.01 to 0.66md with a total average value of 0.22md, while the horizontal permeability range from 0.01 to 307md with a total average value of 2.4md,(Table 2, Fig. 13).

The indicated values of the measured porosity and permeability of the Alif Member in BR-1 well, indicate fair reservoir rock properties. The extreme fluctuation of the porosity and permeability values with depth is due to changes in lithology.

Figure (10) : Porosity versus depth values of the Seen Member in the SN-1 well (core-2).


273

Figure(11): Horizontal and vertical permeability frequency distribution histogram of the Seen Member in the SN-1 well (core-2).

Figure(12) : Porosity versus depth values of the Alif Member in the BR-1 well (core-1).

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Figure(13): Horizontal and vertical permeability frequency distribution histogram of the Alif Member in the BR-1 well (core-1).

4.3.4 Safer MemberFor the petrophysical evaluation of this member 82 core samples from SM-4 well

(core-2 and 1, cored interval 1187.4m-1200.80m-and 1151.9m-1166.4m respectively) and 57 core samples from the SN-1 well (core-1, cored interval 1140.5m-1157.5m) were utilized. The measured porosity values in the SM-4 well (core-2) range from 2.1 to 24.4% with a total average value of 17.74% (Table 2, Fig. 14). It reaches its maximum value at 1158.8m depth (Fig.14). The vertical permeability ranges from 0.01-757md with a total average value of 349.8 md, while its horizontal permeability ranges from 0.02 to1550md with a total average value of 566.8md (Table 2, Fig.15).

The porosity values measured in the SN-1 well core-1 range from 1.2 to 23.5%, with a total average value of 18.2% (Fig.16). It reaches its maximum at 1154.2m depth (Fig.16). The vertical permeability in the SN-1 well, core-1, range from 0.04 to 2830md with a total average value of 474.1md, while its horizontal permeability range from 0.01 to 3670md with a total average value of 705.5md, (Table2, Fig. 17).

Generally the measured porosity and permeability values of the Safer Member in both wells indicate very well to excellent reservoir rock properties and very good holding capacity.


275

Figure (14): Porosity versus depth values of the Safer Member in the SM-4 well (core-2 and 1).

Figure(15): Horizontal and vertical permeability frequency distribution histogram of the Safer Member in the SM-4 well (core-2 and 1).

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Figure. (16): Porosity values versus depth of the Safer Member in SN-1 well (core-1).

Figure (17): Horizontal and vertical permeability frequency histogram of the Safer Member in the SN-1 well (core-1).


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5. Discussions The stratigraphic subdivision of the Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments of Yemen

encompass the carbonate and clastic sediments in the surface and subsurface, and were divided from bottom to top into Shuqra, Madbi, and Sabatayn Formations.

The petrographical, petrophysical, and well-logging evaluation of the studied Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments indicates that the obtained total average porosity values as well as the total average vertical and horizontal permeability values (Table 2) from the Saba Member of the Lower Shuqra Formation fair to good reservoir potentiality, while porosity and permeability results obtained from the Arwa- and Meem Members indicate poor reservoir potentiality.

Secondary and primary porosities as well as permeability values of the petrographically evaluated Lam Member in the SN-1 well were insufficient and consequently neglected. In the BR-1 well this member indicates 3.7% porosity, and 0.02md vertical and horizontal permeability respectively showing poor reservoir qualities, while the interval between 1456.6-1468.9m produced a total average porosity value of 19.3%, and vertical and horizontal permeability average values of 18.5 and 68.2md respectively. Generally, the Madbi Formation is of no significant reservoir potentiality except that of the interval between 1456.6-1468.9m of the Lam Member with good reservoir potentiality (Table 2, Fig 7, 8). The obtained total average porosity and permeability values from the Seen Member indicate well to very good reservoir potentiality (Table 2, Fig 10, 11). In the BR-1 well this member shows 13.0% porosity, 2.4 and 0.22md horizontal and vertical permeability respectively (Fig. 10 and 11), indicating fair reservoir potentiality. This is due to the presence of argillaceous siltstone and fine to very fine sands. The obtained total average porosity values and the total average vertical and horizontal permeability values from the Safer Member in SM-4 well indicate good to very good reservoir potentiality (Table 2). In the SN-1 well the petrophysical results indicating also good to very good reservoir potentiality (Table 2). Visible porosity in the petrographically studied samples is good to very good and the present pores are generally open and occasionally filled with residual oil. The relation between the tectonic activity in the studied area and the formation of reservoirs needs further detailed studies.

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