{Research} Rule Breakers: The Rebels of Today

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Rule Breakers: The Rebels of Today 201 0 Rule Breakers: The Rebels of Today A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of English Area Holy Trinity Academy In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for English IV by: Ma. Justine L. Manalo Jesiree Mae R. Dizon Mary Clarence B. Babasa Patrick M. Asañon John Jefferson C. Horca Jerick G.L. Sornit Group 7 March 1, 2010 1 | Page

Transcript of {Research} Rule Breakers: The Rebels of Today

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Rule Breakers: The Rebels of Today 2010

Rule Breakers: The Rebels of Today

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of English AreaHoly Trinity Academy

In Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirement for English IV

by:

Ma. Justine L. ManaloJesiree Mae R. Dizon

Mary Clarence B. BabasaPatrick M. Asañon

John Jefferson C. HorcaJerick G.L. Sornit

Group 7

March 1, 2010

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- 1 -

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to give grateful thanks and appreciation to the

following people and copyright owner materials who have helped them

through the ups and downs of this book.

Sir Cornelio Gaffud, Activity Coordinator, who have enriched the

researchers’ knowledge throughout this school year and who have trained

them to be more independent and responsible for our next college years.

Dr. Evelyn B. Tallod, Holy Trinity Academy High School Principal, for her

guidance and support with this book.

Sir Curley Mempin, Holy Trinity Academy High School Psychometrician,

for entertaining their questions and sharing his professional insights about the

topic.

Mrs. Rosalina De Vicente, Fourth Year Diamond Adviser, who have given

them enough support throughout this school year.

Ms. Leilani Reyes, Holy Trinity Academy High School Librarian, who have

provided facilities and references to enrich this book.

Holy Trinity Academy High School Students, who have entertained their

questions and supported the fulfillment of this project.

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To all the people who have been part of completing this book, and above

all, God, our Father, for giving His undying love, blessings, wisdom and strength

the researchers needed. Thank you.

Group VII

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DEDICATION

The researchers would like to dedicate this humble achievement to their

parents, loved ones, faithful friends, teachers, readers, and students and to our

Almighty God.

Group VII

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. The Predicament and Its Conditions………………………………….7

1. Introduction

A. Problem Statement

B. Objectives

C. Hypothesis

II. Scope and Delimitation of the Study…………………………………11

III. Significance of the Study………………………………………………12

IV. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of the Data……………...14

1. Summary of Respondents

2. Subject Matter of The Study

3. Explanations of the Subject Matters

3.1. “Get Into Gadgets”

3.1.1. Cell phones

3.2. “You’re Late”

3.2.1. Reasons of Being Late

3.3. Conduct

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V. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………28

VI. Summary…………………………………………………………………..29

VII. Presentation of Data………………………………………………………31

VIII. Glossary……………………………………………………………………55

IX. Bibliography………………………………………………………………..61

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The Predicament and its Conditions

INTRODUCTION

Teenage years are the time where pleasure and melancholy

collides. These are the years where they love to explore and prove that they

can do things on their own. They don't want to be controlled and be under the

demands of anybody. Rule breaking is one of the things they do to prove that

they don’t have to always answer to every responsibility at hand because this

would mean they would have to give in to burdens and let go of their easy

and lay-low type of life.

Breaking rules has become the most common habit of the youth. It

is their way of demanding respect and gaining authority in their own life. It is

their defense mechanism to let them hide their own feelings and fears. It has

become nuisance to control because it has given too much satisfaction.

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A. Problem Statement

Gaining authority, being “cool” and giving self-satisfaction

are few of the reasons why teenagers love to break rules. It has become a

way of leisure and their way of proving themselves that they are

considered adults because of what they do. Lack of guidance and

negligence of discipline had led them to believe that being “bad” is

acceptable and “okay”. This result to more incapability of the youth to

understand what is really good that makes them unaware of the

consequences of their actions. They began to look for ways to attest that

there is nothing bad in breaking rules. Although they look unlikable to

other people, still, they break rules for they consider it part of their better

selves.

At this stage, if they go exploring things and not allowed to

do what they wanted, they would rebel. If parents don't know how to deal

with their teens it will result to a problem. They will become rebellious at

home or even in school if mentors don't know how to handle teenagers.

The temptation to react emotionally when children disobey

rules is alleviated because a breach of the rules is no longer perceived as

an assault on parental authority, since it is by the authority of the family,

not the authority of the parents, that the rules were established. 

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Helping to set the rules may not dissuade teenagers from breaking

them sometimes, but it can help parents to avoid a power struggle with

their teenagers.

It would have been easier if this was prevented before but due to

diverse situations, it had been difficult and a lot less to avoid.

B. Objectives

1. To understand the attitude or behavior of the youth.

2. To determine the reasons of their unnatural response to

rules.

3. To know what future they will come upon if they continue to

do such things.

4. To have an insight to prevent these behavior.

5. To be aware of the society’s opinions about their actions

6. To list and know the main causes and effects of their

behavior.

7. To have knowledge of the different and firm consequences

with every rule that they may break.

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8. To have an extended view of the students’ real

experiences that led them to breaking rules.

9. To promote discipline and proper guidance to the youth

even at the earliest stages of their growth.

10. To enhance the student’s with potential to be a

responsible and dignified citizen of his community.

11. To be able to compare the different points of attraction that

rule breaking offers.

12. To render motivation for the youth’s future in being a

successful individual for themselves and their society.

C. Hypothesis

1. If teens are not aware of the consequences of their actions,

then punishment will severely damage their future.

2. If they have enough guidance from parents and they learn

to choose their friends, then they can have a better

understanding of themselves and learn how to be

responsible with their actions.

3. If they have knowledge and discipline learned in school

and in their homes, then they will probably have a better

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future and a better shot in preparing themselves with

responsibility.

4. If they are prepared to change for the better, then they will

be able to make over themselves and control their actions.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The coverage of this study is focused on elements that push the students

to break the rules in their school. The study also shows the various effects of

their actions. This research simply talks about what triggers them to violate their

school’s rules.

This study involved (6) persons and other reliable sources from the vicinity

of Holy Trinity Academy - High School Building.

The outcome of this study may help the students, teachers, and other

persons involved to have a realization on how to avoid this kind of behavior.

Then again, this research will serve as a guidance to make a change or

improvement that will help the students with their self-realization.

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Significance of the Study

In recent times, students have been breaking rules in various ways. They

have always found it interesting and satisfying. Avoiding these kinds of things are

improbable because of their complicated lifestyle and the community’s way of

living. They have been used to living a daily routine of leisure and vices

that they have been immune to the consequences of every action they tend to

make.

Following rules does not only mean “always being good”. It is only a guide

for, not only students, but people to become a better person and to have an even

better life.

This study would be beneficial for the students, teachers, parents,

counselors, readers, and future researchers.

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Students. They will gain a lot from this research for they will know how to

control themselves from these kinds of situation that they will come upon in the

future. They will also know the importance of being a good follower and the

effects of their actions.

Teachers. The teachers would be able to know the students who

commonly violate rules, and through this, they will know how to help these

students to change and improve.

Parents. This research will provide them the facts on how to handle their

adolescent children in the best way possible. This will also guide them to be

familiar with their attitude and reaction so that they can build a better relationship

with them.

Counselors. The result of this study will make it easier for them to give

the right discipline to the students. They will have more knowledge about the

fears and real feelings of their clients.

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The Readers.  The readers would be able to understand why some of

students are having such reactions from the satisfaction they get in breaking

rules.

Future Researchers.  Through this study, future researchers would be

able to see the response of the students and the effects of their conduct. They

would be able to utilize these data for more information and guidance needed in

their further study. They will be able to compare the perceptions and insights of

students in the past and in the present for more ways to avoid the same

behavior.

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This section imparts the data that the researchers have put together to

compare the problems and other realizations in this issue of breaking rules and

its appeal to themselves.

1. Summary of Respondents

Age

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Table 1 presents the division of respondents according to age. As shown

below, ages of respondents from 4th year Diamond ranging from 14 to 17

years of age.

AGE BOYS GIRLS

16-17 19 16

14-15 2 3

Gender

Table 2 shows the division of respondents according to gender.

MALE 21

FEMALE 19

As a result from Table 2, there are nineteen female respondents, twenty one

male respondents from 4th year Diamond, Holy Trinity Academy.

Standing

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Table 3 presents the division of respondents according to the standing in

their family.

2. Subject Matter of the Study

Gadgets

This part discerns on why the students bring gadgets during school hours.

The concern talks about the appeal of everyday use of gadgets in class. Instead

of

giving their full attention to the discussion, they tend to be more involved in using

modern technology.

Students who have brought gadgets

everyday

MALE 11

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Only child 2

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FEMALE 12

Going to school late

This subject involves the students who usually come late at school. This

matter shows the negative result of this behavior in the student’s life and

academics.

Students who have been late.

MALE 17

FEMALE 13

Conduct

This issue is the chief basis of analysis of the researchers. It discusses

about the different attitudes of the students in a class. It also presents the various

reactions of a student towards the behavior or action of another student given

that this is a classroom-based situation.

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3. Explanations of the Subject Matters

3.1 “GET INTO GADGETS”

Modern teaching is at present far and wide used. This includes the

use of the modern gadgets in enriching our knowledge and proficiency.

However these new gadgets support the contemporary way of teaching. But

these modern aids have been prohibited in schools.

3.1.1. CELL PHONES

Cell phones are repeatedly used by students in schools and it shouldn't

be much of a problem. However it is beginning to become detrimental to those

students learning. Students are very well distracted and as an evident result, they

pay less attention in class. Last of all, cell phones are a very efficient toll used in

verbal abuse (through text messaging). In class, students should be learning

things that would help them in later life but most of them are unfocused.

In all places, people are using cell phones a great deal; some

examples are school, work, and other public places. Cell phones are drastically

changing the world. It has had a positive and negative social and economic

impact on our daily

lives. 

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CELLPHONE BAN AT SCHOOLS

Cell phones are a wonderful convenience and pleasurable gadgets to have.

However, there are still arguments about whether or not they belong in schools.

Agreement needs to be reached between parents, students, and educators

regarding the fair use in schools. Certainly to ban them completely is to ignore

some of the educational advantages of having a cell phone in the classroom.

Also, there needs to be rational communication concerning the misuses of cell

phones; some uses are definitely unacceptable.

Educators, parents and students should think of some of these possibilities when

addressing the cell phone issue:

Students can take pictures of class projects to e-mail or show to parents.

Ordinarily, parents do not see projects that are completed in groups in

school.

Students can text message missed assignments to classmates that are

absent. A buddy system can be put into place.

Many cell phones are equipped with calculators—plenty of new math

curricula encourage the use of a calculator when problem-solving. A

student should become accustomed to having a calculator handy for both

homework and real life math applications.

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If a student is slow to copy notes from the board, pictures can be taken of

the missed notes and accessed later. Ditto sending notes to absent

classmates.

Students can listen to music with ear buds if the cell phone is equipped

with this option during independent study—many students find this

relaxing and comfortable and are more productive as a result.

Unacceptable use of cell phones—never use them for these purposes in school:

Sending test answers to friends—that is cheating and is certainly wrong!

Recording teachers—no one is perfect and teachers are reputed to be

above any misdeed. However, if a teacher is not conducting him/herself

properly, report him or her to the principal and one’s parents. It is up to the

administrator to complete an investigation. Students who misbehave

should be afforded the same basic rights. No one wants to be recorded

without knowledge or consent.

And then, there are these very serious offenses that are not only wrong, but

illegal and one should never use one’s cell phone for this these purposes:

Arranging a drug deal.

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Plotting a bomb threat.

Setting up others to fight.

If students act in a mature manner and present a fair cell phone use

agreement to their parents, teachers, and administrators, maybe this cell phone

controversy can be settled for the benefit of all.

ADDICTION TO CELL PHONES

Cell phone addiction, as we notice now, is happening universally. Everyone is

using the cell phone as their instrument of connecting to the world, to play

games, to watch videos, to listen to music and even for some, to use as

an organizer of the things that they will do.

And there are common types of dependencies other people rely upon. 

1) Physical dependency 

2) Psychological dependency

Causes includes:

1) Genetics 

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2) Biological/Pharmacological 

3) Social factors

So far in the occurrence of cell phone addiction, firm facts are recognized as

such:

Symptoms are: 

1) People feel uneasy without their cell phones.

2) Cell phones are very essential to them (to the point of a need).

3) Ought to talk insatiably.

4) Cell phone charges stress them up.

5) Begin having problems at school and work due to persistent usage.

6) Interpersonal problems (becomes disruptive and secluded). 

7) Extreme levels of insecurity.

8) Jeopardize health (lengthy periods of contact to unsafe electromagnetic waves

and when driving).

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Worst situations: 

1) Hallucinations (phantom ringing of the phone, when it is in reality not) 

2) Intense anxiety if the phone is taken from them or when there are no coverage

in the area.

The harms brought about may be: 

1) Young addicts pay out lot’s of time that they neglect school and drop out. 

2) Turning to misdeed to pay bills (that run up to thousands).

3) Mental breakdown

4) Death

"Psychiatrists say mobile phone addiction is an obsessive-compulsive disorder

which looks set to become one of the biggest non-drug addictions in the 21st

century."

Cell phone addictions will only aggravate and become more prevalent as people

gain in material comfort and are able to pay for more cell phones. They should

learn to manage their habit and not be controlled by the gadget itself, just then

will they develop and gain from attaining such equipments to enrich their lives.

Cell phone addictions can be resolved.

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3.2 “YOU’RE LATE”

For almost a decade now, students who go to classes late usually get into

trouble. From receiving morning sermon, to being subjected to absolute public

embarrassment, to giving of community service on school grounds even up to the

point of being thrown out of class.

All students at some point in their life as being students would experience

that day in which you’d be the last one to enter the class, half-way into the

discussion or worst, an exam.

3.2.1 REASONS OF BEING LATE

Traffic – for the commuting students, traffic is a persistent risk and killer to that

complete attendance. They have to wake up early, usually before any person in

your family, battling your sleepy eyes and the temptation of going to bed again to

have that good sleep just to get up and get all set for school for you will have to

travel from your home to your school.

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School services are only accessible to few students while others are obliged to

commute. But the general picture is if those students don’t have cars or any other

means of private transportation, they may suffer in traffic rushes in the morning.

No uniform - For those who are required to wear uniforms at school, not having

a clean and pressed set is one of the biggest upsets and tragedies that could

really ruin your morning and the rest of your day.

You left something at home – Some students who are ready to go are

sometimes forgetful in the morning. They tend to forget important things to bring

like keys, books, projects etc, so their natural response is to go back and get it

resulting to being late.

Silenced alarms and wrong calendars – Almost everybody use alarms to help

rise up early but for some unknown reason, they invented the ”snooze” button

which doesn’t completely help because it only lengthens the time they sleep.

More and more minutes passes by, next thing you know, you’re late.

You woke up late, very late – this is the number one reason they come late for

their classes. No heavy traffic, burning away of uniforms, lost IDs and stuff,

thousands of alarm clocks going on at the same time could do them any good. If

they woke up late, you’re late.

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Reasons could range from staying up late the night or morning before, playing

online or offline games all night, or cramming to finish a due project even up to

giving your self a few more ‘minutes’ of sleep after the alarm has told you it’s time

to get up and get things moving.

3.3 “CONDUCT”

Hearsay of problematic behaviors is on the rise nationally, not only in the

classroom but in society at large.

Some of these juvenile, annoying, or inconsiderate behaviors or “classroom

discourtesy” includes:

lateness or leaving early

out of place usage of cell phone and laptop in class

side discussions

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disregard for deadlines

negative remarks

cheating

These behaviors are not just instructors’ pet peeves; they have real

costs including:

disturbing other students and lecturer in class

reducing student involvement

lowering other students' and teacher’s motivation in or out of class

affecting fairness in grading

feeling disrespected as a fellow learner or authority figure

As for a classroom-based situation of discourtesy, it is a must for a

teacher to correct the misbehavior of his students.

Here are some tips for teachers:

1. Accept the students as they are, but build on and accentuate their positive

qualities.

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2. Be yourself, since these students ca recognize phoniness and take

offense at such deceit.

3. Be confident; take charge of the situation, and don’t give up in front of the

students.

4. Provide structure, since many of these students lack inner control and are

restless and impulsive.

5. Explain your rules and routines so that students understand them. Be sure

your explanations are brief, otherwise you lose your effectiveness and you

appear to be defensive or preaching.

6. Communicate positive expectations that you expect the students to learn

and you require academic work.

7. Rely on motivation and not your prowess to maintain order, an interesting

lesson can keep the students on task.

8. Be a firm friend, but maintain a psychological and physical distance so

your students know you are still the teacher.

9. Keep calm, and keep your students calm, especially when conditions

become tense or upsetting. It may be necessary to delay action until after

class, when emotions have been reduced.

10.Size up the situation and be aware of undercurrents of behavior, since this

students are sizing you up and knowing manipulators of their environment.

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11.Anticipate behavior; being able to judge what will happen if you or your

student decide on the course of action may allow you to curtail many

problems.

12.Expect, but don’t accept misbehavior. Learn to cope with misbehavior but

don’t get upset or feel inadequate about it.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, teenagers are obsessed with breaking rules because

they've spent their whole childhood being enforced by rules and want to be seen

as adults and separate themselves from their parents. They want to be

considered as independent people because they like to think that this is the right

and natural thing to do and the path they have to take. While the children try to

detach themselves with their parents, the latter think otherwise. These are the

years when the parents dread the growth of their children. They figure that they

need more guidance and teaching because they are afraid to see their children

take the wrong path that society pushes them to take.

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As a result, the researchers have depicted that teenage years are the

most challenging times of their growth and breaking rules is a very big event that

they cannot decline. It has become a natural habit that everybody undergoes.

Not one of them follows all the rules implemented so they are likely to be

more rebellious and react violently when things are prohibited.

It has been proved that breaking rules is routinary and commonly

considered as “ordinary” to this generation. Change is always inevitable, with

proper discipline and guidance applied to these teenagers, there may still be a

chance to correct their errors and make a better life for the future generation.

SUMMARY

This research paper evaluates the sources, consequences and details of

the topic about the behavior of the students towards breaking rules in a

classroom-based situation. This paper imparts the reasons and explanations, as

well as the causes and effects of their actions. It also provides guidance and the

possible solution to the said issue and also discusses the day-to-day interactions

of the students with people and the things that lead them to break rules. The

topic has been expanded through scanning of books and magazines, interviews,

surveys and additional information that the researches have gathered.

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They have conducted a survey in one of the section of Holy Trinity

Academy, the IV- Diamond, which consist of 40 students. The respondents are

required to answer the given survey that pertains to the topic, rule breaking.

With regards to the subject, the questions in the survey have given way for

the readers to know the common mistakes that the students make, the usual

bringing of gadgets, the reasons behind doing so and overall knowing the

response they make and the consequences they have to face.

The researchers have gathered more information about the motives of the

students and common excuses that they rely upon. They focused more on the

analysis and interpretation of the data they have assembled and combined.

The researchers assured that the information and facts in this paper are

well-founded and reliable. They have the sensible sources of information through

the help of books, people and Internet.

They would be also grateful for those people who would be appreciative

for this research paper and make use of this as a guide in managing their life and

accepting the consequences that their actions may bring.

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PRESENTATION OF DATA

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This is the actual survey sheet of the researchers that was answered by the

students in 4th year Diamond.

Sample with answer:

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“ Do you love violating rules?”

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“Do you eat in class?”

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“Do you cut classes?”

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“Do you wear the correct uniform?”

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“Do you always wear your ID?”

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“Do you stay in the classroom during recess?”

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“Have you been suspended from school?”

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“Are you not afraid of your teachers?”

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“Have you had a friend who was bad for you?”

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“Are you aware of the punishments they would give you?”

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“Do you think being bad is cool?”

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“Do you love your school?”

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“Does violating rules give you satisfaction?”

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“Do you bring gadgets like cell phones and iPods?”

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“Have you been to the Discipline’s Office?”

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“Do you obey your parents?”

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“Difficulty of following the rules in your school”

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“Closeness to your family and friends”

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“Good relationship with your teachers”

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“Give a rule that you have violated

GLOSSARY

A

Abuse- Use wrongly, improperly or excessively

Addiction- Being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is

psychologically or physically habit-forming

Adolescence – The state that someone is in between puberty and adulthood

Adolescent- A juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity

Anxiety- A vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some

misfortune

Appeal- attractiveness that interests, pleases or stimulates

Attitude- A complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and

dispositions to act in certain ways

Attraction- An entertainment that is offered to the public

Authority- The power or right to make decisions

B

Behavior- the way a person responses, reacts or moves in a situation

Beneficial- promoting or enhancing well-being

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Biological- Pertaining to life and living things

Break- Act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises

C

Causes- Events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

College- An institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees;

often a part of a university

Conduct- Manner of acting or controlling yourself

Consent- Permission to do something

Consequence- The outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual

Control- Power to direct or determine

D

Defense mechanism- (psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce

the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

Dignity- The quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

Discipline- A system of rules of conduct or method of practice

Discourtesy- An expression of lack of respect

Disobey- Refuse to go along with; refuse to follow; be disobedient

Disturbance- Activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption

E

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Effects- A phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous

phenomenon

Experiences-The accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct

participation in events or activities

FFears- An emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger

(usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)

G Guidance- Direction or helpful suggestions regarding a decision or future course

of action

HHabit- an automatic pattern of behavior in reaction to a specific situation; may be

inherited or acquired through frequent repetition

Hallucinations- Illusory perception; a common symptom of severe

mental disorder

IIncapability- Lack of potential for development

Independent- Free from external control and constraint

Improbable- Not likely to be true or to occur or to have occurred

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Improvement- A change for the better; progress in development

JJeopardize- Pose a threat to; present a danger to

LLate- Being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or

expected time

Leisure- Freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity

Love- Have a great affection or liking for

M

Melancholy- A feeling of thoughtful sadness

Mentors- A wise and trusted guide and advisor

Modern- Relating to a recently developed fashion or style

OOffense- A lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the

feelings or others

PPleasure- A fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to

experience

Professional- Engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or means

of livelihood

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Punishment- Something (e.g. imprisonment or paying a fine) someone is made to

do to compensate for a wrongdoing, especially for crime; the act of punishing

RRebel- A person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted

authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions)

Respect- The condition of being honored (esteemed, respected or well regarded)

Responsibility- The social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded

by that force

Rules- Prescribed guide for conduct or action

SSatisfaction- The contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or

expectation

Serious- Concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

Society- An extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic

organization

Support- Give moral or psychological support, aid, or courage to

TTeenager- A juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity

Temptation- The desire to have or do something that you know you should avoid

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Tip- A small piece of useful advice or information

UUtilize- Put into service; make work for a particular purpose or use as designed

VVice- A specific form of evildoing

Vicinity- A particular area; the surrounding or nearby region

Y

Youth- A young person (especially a young man or boy)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOK

1. ̂ Harris, D. (1998) "The Logic of Black Urban Rebellions," Journal of

Black Studies. 28(3), pp. 368-385.

2. ̂ Schraffenberger, Rebecca. (2007) "This Modern Goth (Explains

Herself)", Goth Undead Subculture. New York: Duke UP, 2007.

3. ̂ Douglas, Murray A.; Strauss (2007), "Discipline by Parents and Child

Psychopathology", in Felthous, A.; Sass, H., International Handbook of

Psychopathology and the Law, New York: Wiley, pp. 1–2,

4. ̂ "Encouraging better behavior - A practical guide to positive parenting.".

National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, United Kingdom.

2003.. Retrieved 25 March 2008.

5. ̂ Hanawalt, Barbara (1986). The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in

Medieval England. Oxford University Press. p. 182.

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6. ̂ "The Medieval Child, Part 4: The Playful Years". About.com.. Retrieved

21 September 2009.

7. ^ a b "Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society -

Discipline". Retrieved 21 September 2009.

8. ^ a b Dobson, James (1977). Dare to Discipline. Bantam Books. ISBN

0553228412.

9. ̂ Wright, Susan (19 June 1985). "Parents and Experts Split on Spanking".

The New York Times: p. C9.

10. ^ a b Sullivan, Tom (5 October 2009). "In 30 years without spanking, are

Swedish children better behaved?". The Christian Science Monitor

(Boston).

11. ̂ Simons, R.L. et al, "Socialization in the family of origin and male dating

violence: A protective study", in Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1998;

60:467-78.

12. ̂ "How can I discipline my children?". London: BBC.. Retrieved 13 July

2009.

WEBSITE

1. http://www.womenrepublic.co.uk/family_pregnancy/rebellion/

2. http://www.essortment.com/all/teenagerebell_rdgq.htm

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3. http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/pa_badolesc_hhg.htm

4. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CP85%20-%20Discipline%20by

%20parents-S%2BDoug-Ed%20Book.pdf.

5. http://www.nspcc.org.uk/HelpAndAdvice/Publications/Leaflets/

encouraging_pdf_wdf36202.pdf

6. http://books.google.com/books?

id=JYR4nxXWIjMC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=18th+century+child+disci

pline&source=bl&ots=H5OjWG2q7x&sig=KmpeqACbX7FxSVEUb6AzDLw

MopY&hl=en&ei=DnS3SvTIIZLg8Qb7mfHRDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct

=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=18th%20century%20child

%20discipline&f=false.

7. http://www.learnthebible.org/eight-misconceptions-about-spanking.html

8. http://historymedren.about.com/od/medievalchildren/a/child_play_3.htm

9. http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Co-Fa/Discipline.html

10. http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1005/p06s10-woeu.html .

11. http://www.springerlink.com/content/r00u746076w16067/ .

12. http://ahaparenting.com/parenting-tools/positive-discipline/use-positive-

discipline.

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13. http://www.insideout-counselling.com.au/html/cms/12/non-punitive-

discipline.

14. http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/Issues/discipline.html .

15. http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?

p=114&np=141&id=2309.

16. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/parents/life/health_happiness/problems/

discipline_home.shtml

ARTICLE

1. ̂ Temple University (2007, April 12). Teenage Risk-taking: Biological And

Inevitable?. ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2009,

from/releases/2007/04/070412115231.htm#

2. ̂ Temple University (2007). Risk Taking in Adolescence: New

Perspectives From Brain and Behavioral Science. Current Directions in

Psychological Science pg. 55-59

3. ̂ Cornell University (2006, December 12). Why Teens Do Stupid Things.

ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from

http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/12/061211124302.htm#

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4. ̂ Papalia, D. E.; Wendkos-Olds, S.; Duskin-Feldman, R. (2006), A Child's

World: Infancy Through Adolescence (10th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill

5. ̂ Papalia, D. E.; Wendkos-Olds, S.; Duskin-Feldman, R. (2006), A Child's

World: Infancy Through Adolescence (10th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill

6. ̂ Pollock, Linda A. (1983). "5". Forgotten children: parent-child relations

from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521250099. ^

"Eight Misconceptions About Spanking". Learn The Bible.. Retrieved 19

September 2009.

7. ̂ Straus M.A. et al, "Spanking by Parents and Subsequent Antisocial

Behaviour by Children", in Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine

1997; 151:761-767.

8. ̂ Brezina, T. "Teenage violence toward parents as an adaptation to family

strain: Evidence from a national survey of male adolescents", in Youth &

Society 1999; 30:416-444.

9. ̂ Millichamp, Jane; Martin J & Langley J (2006). "On the receiving end:

young adults describe their parents’ use of physical punishment and other

disciplinary measures during childhood". The New Zealand Medical

Journal 119 (1228): U1818. PMID 16462926.

10. ̂ Toner, Ignatius J. (1986). "Punitive and non-punitive discipline and

subsequent rule-following in young children". Child and Youth Care Forum

15 (1): 27–37.

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11. ̂ "Positive discipline". AtHealth.com. 20 May 2008.

12. ̂ The Crisis in American Education — An Analysis and a Proposal, The

Sudbury Valley School (1970), Law and Order: Foundations of Discipline

(pg. 49-55). Accessed January 10, 2010.

13. ̂ Greenberg, D. (1987) The Sudbury Valley School Experience Back to

Basics. Accessed January 10, 2010.

14. ̂ Greenberg, D (1987), Child Rearing. Accessed January 10, 2010.

MAGAZINES

1. ̂ , Fowers BJ. 2008, From Continence to Virtue: Recovering Goodness,

Character Unity, and Character Types for Posewitive Psychology. Theory

& Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 5, 629-653

2. ̂ Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J.A. (1983). "Socialization in the context of the

family: Parent-child interaction", in P.H. Mussen (ed.), Handbook of Child

Psychology (4th ed.), vol. 4: Socialization, personality, and social

development, edited by E.M. Heatherington, 1-101. New York: Wiley.

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