Research Report Final(2)
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Transcript of Research Report Final(2)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Topics Pg #ABSTRACT
REASEARCH PROCESS DIAGRAM...
PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING..
Background Information.
Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors.Literature Survey
THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK...
Definition of Variables...
Direction of Variables....
Relation among the Variables....
Variable diagram
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA...
HYPOTHESIS..
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
APENDIX..
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ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
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Traffic dilemma, causes and its solution.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH:
The purpose of research is to study the traffic dilemma in Karachi city and identify thefactors or causes that are involve in affecting the traffic system of Karachi and highlightthe ways through which the traffic system of Karachi can be improved.
OBSERVATION:
Observation helped us to identify various causes of traffic problem in Karachi city.
According to our observation, the main factors that grounds to traffic problem in Karachi
city are road constructions, car leasing, lack of traffic education, violation of traffic rules, poor drainage system, less co-operation between various govt. departments, VVIP
movements, irregular movement of heavy transport and no parking zones.
PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING:
The preliminary data was gathered through different incoming primary and secondarysources which includes unstructured interviews, newspaper, magazines, articles and
through different search engines of internet which provided and guided us to the real path
of the research.
THEORY FORMULATION:
This part of Research consists of a dependant variable, 2 independent variables, amoderating and an intervening variable. The direction and relation between variables is
defined theoretically as well as through proper charts and graphs.
RESEARCH DESIGN:
The primary data required for the research was obtained through Questionnaires. A
sample of 120 people was selected. To make the sample truly representative of the population, we selected people from all socio-economic backgrounds and different
geographical locations of Karachi to enhance the scope of the research and hence validate
the findings.
ANALYSIS OF DATA:
This section displays all the data that was collected in the conclusive research is presented
in the form of tables, histograms and pie charts to simplify interpretation. We have used
Microsoft excel for the calculations.
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
This section consists of 2 hypothesis statements. Both the statements are tested usingCHI-SQUARE test.
RESEARCH RESULTS:
This section draws results based on analysis and hypothesis testing. This includes basic
research findings, conclusions and recommendation according to the data collected andanalyzed.
APPENDIX:
In the last section of the report, we have attached the articles searched relevant to report
and filled questionnaires.
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STEP # 01
OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION
Traveling is an important part of daily life of any person living in a metropolitan city like
Karachi. Unfortunately, traffic problems have made it miserable for Karachiites to travel.
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In past few years, many factors have aroused that have added more problems to the trafficsystem. According to our observation, following are the main factors that cause problems
in smooth flow of traffic in Karachi city.
VIOLATION OF RULES:
Although most of the citizens of Karachi city are literate but there is little awarenessregarding traffic rules. Most of the drivers are not aware of the rules mentioned on
various sign boards. Moreover, proper sign boards are not placed in areas where they are
needed. People consider it okay to break rules on and off and the authorities dont takeserious notice on this issue
This is the major problem causing traffic jam as people keep violating rules, drivers are
not even aware of the driving rules. Even the citizens who are literate enough, do not gotake proper education regarding the rules, they take license by source, thus violating rules
and creating a chaos.
CAR LEASING:
Car leasing has made traveling easy for people as people who dont have budget to buycar through full payments, can now get car through lease payments. But, this has
increased the number of vehicles in multiples which is again a cause of traffic problems.
The traffic load is increased a lot and roads which were already in poor condition are
unable to bear this load.
PARKING ISSUE:
Sufficient parking areas are not provided at most of the public places. Increased number
of cars needs increased parking spaces which are not provided. People keep on roaming
from place to place to find parking and it increases the traffic load and sometimes causetraffic jams. Millennium Mall, Tariq road, Zainab market, Sadar Electronic market are
some of the places where this problem occurs most.
VVIP MOVEMENTS:
VVIP movement is one of the major factor which contributes to the traffic problem in
Karachi. The roads get blocked an hour before the movement and after the movement thepeople are so tempered that the hustle and bustle they create is un-ignorable due to the
fact that every one is busy in their life that an hour of blockage cuts an hour from their
daily work life and that aggression is shon in the form of short cuts which results in trafficjam.
CONSTRUCTION WORK:
We have been observing for the past 3-5 years that enormous construction work has been
carried out which has reduced traffic problems of Karachi to a great extent but yet it cant
be denied that during the construction people have to face a lot of problems. While the
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construction is carried out authorities involved never bother to place sign boards toindicate the construction work and give the alternative route to avoid the traffic from
choking.
Moreover, the equipments used for construction are often scattered on the roads whichimpede the traffic from moving smoothly.
IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS OF HEAVY TRANSPORT:
Another major reason for the increase in traffic in karachi is due to the irregular
movements of heavy transport by busses, trucks, suzukis, school vans which should haveseparate routes in order to minimize traffic. These cause hindrance in the movement of
normal cars.
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STEP # 02
PRELIMINARY
DATA
GATHERING
PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERINGBACKGROUND INFORMATION:
The city is confronted with yet another serious problem after the separation of Pakistanand Bangladesh in 1971 related with the existing intra-city transportation system, which
is under heavy strain. These people also use city's already overburdened transport. The
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problem has been aggravated due to apathy of the local/provincial administration andtheir refusal to deal with the problem in a big way. The reason given is the non-
availability of funds. As a consequence, a city like Karachi with its seven million
population is probably the only city in the world, which has no flyovers, no mass-transitsystem, and the like. The city is faced with time-barred system 1971: East Pakistan was
separated as Bangladesh as an outcome of a war between India and Pakistan. Karachiexperienced another majorof traffic regulation and most hackneyed and uncomfortablemode of public transport viz., buses, mini-buses, pick-ups and motor rickshaws. These
people also use city's already overburdened transport. The problem has been aggravated
due to apathy of the local/provincial administration and their refusal to deal with the problem in a big way. The reason given is the non-availability of funds. As a
consequence, a city like Karachi with its seven million population is probably the only
city in the world, which has no fly over, no mass-transit system, and the like. The city is
faced with time-barred system of traffic regulation
PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORAL
RESPONSES:
Through informal interviews we found that people think the traffic system of Karachi is
really bad i.e. they face a lot of problems which are due to excessive car leasing, bad road
conditions, violation of rules and poor drainage system. According to most of the peoplethey have never been to driving schools, which is the main cause of unawareness of
traffic rules. People are frustrated due to the construction work going on all over Karachi
these days (signal free traffic ways, under passes, over heads). Although they think it is along-term benefit, but it is unplanned and not well coordinated. This frustration is also
becoming a major cause of violation.
Thus the behavior of people towards the traffic system of Karachi is very
frustrated. Most of the people think that now, nothing can be done to
improve the traffic conditions
STEP # 03
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PROBLEM
DEFINITION
PROBLEM DEFINITION
To find out the causes & solutions of traffic problem in Karachi city
The problem is basically about the horrible and uncontrolled situation of traffic in
Karachi city. The main purpose of this research is to figure out the factors, which result inincreasing, the traffic problem faced by the citizens of Karachi and also suggesting someof the ways that may help to eliminate this problem.
FURTHER EXPLANATION OF PROBLEM:
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During the last few years the traffic hazard in Karachi has imposed a very seriousproblem and alarming situation for the city dwellers, making them pressurized almost
daily for the way they wait by sitting in their cars for hours and hours on busy roads of
Karachi, and also for reaching to their destiny late. The increased traffic problem hascaused the irreparable loss of human live bringing bereavement to the families of the
victims. The conditions were never so bad but during last years, many new factors havearisen that have increased traffic problems but still the problem is not still resolved andnobody is actually able to find out the actual causes behind this huge problem.
This problem definitely requires immediate solution. In order to find solution to this
problem, some of the measure queries should be answered:
Can problem of traffic completely be eliminated? To what extent people follow rules and
if they started doing so then how much it can contribute to reduce the heavy traffic jam ?The construction of work like making of smooth roads, bridges, flyovers etc is effective
or not? Is leasing responsible for excessive number of vehicles? If the parking lots are
made for shopping centers, for offices, banks will it play a role in reducing the traffic
congestion? Is the management of traffic police performing their job efficiently? Shouldgovernment make the traffic laws stricter? Is Traffic often chaotic during school hours,
exposing the traffic polices inefficiency?
Answers to these questions will help us to solve the problem stated in our problem
statement and we shall be able to identify the causes and solutions of traffic system in
Karachi city.
STEP # 04
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THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
VARIABLES
1) Dependent variable- Traffic dilemma
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2) Independent variable- Road Construction
3) Moderating variableTraffic awareness
4) Intervening variable- Car Leasing
DEFINITION OF VARIABLES
DEPENDANT VARIABLE
TRAFFIC DILEMMA
The dependent variable of the study is traffic dilemma.
The inhabitants of Karachi have to deal with traffic jams, poor roads; poor drainage
system and traffic overload everyday. It has given birth to frustrated drivers, who violate
rules. As a result, we witness increased number of accidents.These factors have drawn the attention to conduct research, to evaluate and eliminate the
causes of bad traffic conditions in Karachi.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The dependent variable of the study seems to be influenced by multiple factors which arethe independent variables of our research which are described as under:
CONSTRUCTION WORK:
We have been observing for the past 3-5 years that enormous construction work has been
carried out which has reduced traffic problems of Karachi to a great extent but yet it cant
be denied that during the construction people have to face a lot of problems. While theconstruction is carried out authorities involved never bother to place sign boards to
indicate the construction work and give the alternative route to avoid the traffic from
choking.Moreover, the equipments used for construction are often scattered on the roads which
impede the traffic from moving smoothly.
MODERATING VARIABLE
TRAFFIC RULES AWARENESS:
Traffic education and awareness of traffic rules and regulations have a strong contingent
affect on the bad traffic conditions. Majority of people in our city are unaware of the
traffic regulations and responsibilities. This is mainly because the drivers get their drivinglicenses through illegal means without actually qualifying the driving test or meeting the
driving criterion. Allotment of the driving license is the first and most important step in
judging people's driving skills and making them aware of the important rules but this isconsidered just a formality. This has given birth to illiterate and reckless drivers. These
people have developed a frequent habit of violating traffic rules.
The drivers dont usually follow the sign boards of NO PARKING, SPEED LIMITS,
e.t.c. In Karachi, buss drivers feel free to stop any where even on the fast track. The
pedestrians feel free to cross from any where except zebra crossing because drivers never
leave zebra crossing free for the purpose it is actually made for. People dont follow asingle lane and drive recklessly switching from one lane to other frequently.
INTERVENING VARIABLE
LEASING OF VEHICLES:
Leasing of vehicles from the past 3-4 years has increased the number of vehicles and
indirectly has increased traffic problems.
Due to easy terms and conditions of leasing, people are now able to owe more then one
vehicles. Because of this leasing opportunity, even a person with lower income level can
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afford a vehicle. This also contributes to the parking problem, so its a challenge toaccommodate these cars both in transit and even stationary at the parking.
People, due to fewer parking spaces, park their vehicles on streets or roads, which again
results in traffic jams.
We have observed a rapid increase in number of cars in last 3-4 years due to leasing.This has resulted in traffic overload. Narrow roads of the city are insufficient toaccommodate these cars which choke the already congested roads especially in the
commercial and busy areas of Karachi like Saddar, I.I.Chundrigar road, Shahrah-e-Faisal,
Rashid Minhas road and the like.In these areas the traffic is often mismanaged because the cars exceed the capacity of the
roads.
DIRECTION OF VARIABLES:
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE
1) The direction of bad road conditions and
constructions work is negative.
S.# Description DirectionType of
variablesInfluencing variables Dependent variable
1.
2
Independent Construction work Traffic dilemma Negative
2.
3
Moderating Traffic rule awareness Traffic dilemma Negative
3
.
4
Intervening Car leasing Traffic dilemma Positive
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Construction
Work
Traffic dilemma
Dependent and moderating variable
2) The direction of bad traffic conditions and traffic education & awareness of trafficrules is negative.
Traffic Education &Awareness
Traffic dilemma
Dependent and intervening variable
3) The direction of bad road conditions and carleasing is positive.
Car leasing
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Traffic dilemma
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE VARIABLES
Independent variables:
The relation between the construction work and the traffic dilemma is inverse i.e. the
more is the construction work is carried out the less is the bad traffic condition.
Moderating variable:
The relation between the moderating variable and the dependent variable is inverse i.e.
the traffic education and awareness and the traffic dilemma. The more the people of
Karachi are conscious of traffic rules the less the traffic dilemma arise.
Independent
Variable
Construction work
Dependent Variable
Traffic Dilemma
Independent
Variable.
Construction work
Dependent Variable:
Traffic Dilemma
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Independent
Variable
Construction work
Intervening
variable
Car leasing
Dependent Variable
Traffic Dilemma
Traffic
Dilemma
Intervening variable:
Car leasing has served as an intervening variable which affects the traffic dilemma with
the passage of time hence the relation between the two variables is direct.
T1 T2 T3
VARIABLE DIAGRAM
Moderating
Variables:
Traffic rulesawareness
PROPERTRAFFIC
RULES
AWARENES
S
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CAR
LEASING
STEP # 05
CONSTRUCTION
WORK.
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GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESES
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
NULL HYPOTHESIS
Construction work is the Major reason for the trafficdilemma in Karachi
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ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT:
Construction work is not the Major reason for the traffic dilemma in Karachi
STEP # 06
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SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN
The elements of scientific research design are as follows
Purpose of the study
Types of investigation
Extent of researcher interference
Study Setting
Units of Analysis
Time horizon
PURPOSE OF STUDY:
The purpose of our research done on traffic problems lies under descriptive study as we
have described the characteristics of the variables of interest in the situation. And
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hypothesis testing. The hypothesis was tested after gathering data from primary andsecondary sources in order to test our hypothesis to study the relationship that exists
between the variable in this situation.
The research done by us falls under the category of Hypotheses Testing. We have
gathered primary and secondary data, generated hypotheses and have tested thehypotheses in order to study the relationship between variables.
TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
For this research we have undertaken CAUSAL STUDY where our purpose was to
decide what are the factors that increaseed traffic in our country.
This investigation is causal where we are interested in knowing if certain factors are the
main cause of traffic problems or not
EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE:
The extent of researcher interference was minimal due to the fact that as data wascollected through questionnaires that were filled by our respondents in normal settings
whose results we analyzed in the next stage.
The extent to which our group (researchers) interfered is minimal. Respondents were
given the questionnaires and they were asked to fill them in normal settings. The results
were later analyzed thus interference was minimal.
STUDY SETTING:
The study was conducted in a non-contrived (natural environment) where work was
proceeded normally, thus not being able to control the variables.
The study was conducted in a no contrived environment. None of the variables was
controlled.
UNITS OF ANALYSIS
The unit of analysis was the individual dryad which means each individual was treated
as an individual and not as a group, organization or machines dryads.
We selected individuals to be our unit if analysis. Questionnaires were distributed and
data was collected from individuals of different age groups and professions. Later, the
data provided by individuals was analyzed.
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TIME HORIZON
We have collected the data only once from our respondents over a period of a few days in
order to answer our research question so its a one-shot or cross-sectional study.
Data for this research was gathered in one shot. This characteristic makes this studycross-sectional in nature.
STEP # 07
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DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
DATA COLLECTION
In order to answer our research question, we have gathered data from both the sources,
i.e., primary and secondary sources.
PRIMARY DATA
The primary or the first hand data collected by us was through the questionnaires that
were filled by our target sample and by conducting structured and unstructured interviewsboth in order to find out the main reasons for the increase in traffic jam in the Karachi
city.
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SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data for the research is mentioned in step-2 i.e. Preliminary Data Gathering
and Appendix. This data includes articles that are obtained from newspapers, Internetresources and magazines.
ANALYSIS
Q 01# Do you think traffic is a day to day increasing problem?
Yes
No
Do you think traffic is a day to day increasing problem?
Frequency Percentage
Yes 110 91.67%
No 10 8.33%
Total 120 100%
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INTERPRETATION:
From the analysis we came to know that the majority of the people of Karachi i.e.91.67%
think that traffic is a day to day increasing problem while only 8.33% thinks that it is not.
Q # 02: In what income group your family fall?
Below 15000
16000-20000
21000-25000
26000-30000
31000-more
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00
%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
yes
no
Series1
In what income group your family fall?
Frequency Percentages
Below 15000 10 8.33%
16000-20000 11 9.16%
21000-25000 7 5.83%
26000-30000 21 17.5%
31000-more 71 59.16%
Total120 100%
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INTERPETATION:
From the survey we found that , 59.16% of the respondents fall in 31000-more income
group, while other falls respectively 5.83% (21000-25000), 8.33% (below 15000), 9.16%(16000-20000) and 17.5% (26000-30000).
Q # 03: How many car/s do you have? Nil
1
2
3
More
59%
18%
6%
9%8%
below 15000
16-20000
21-25000
26-30000
31000-more
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Frequency
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Nil 1 2 3 4
Frequency
How many car/s do you have?
Frequency Percentage
Nil 17 14.16%
1 42 35%
2 37 30.8%
3 18 15%
4 06 5%
Total120
100%
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INTERPRETATION:
According to our analysis in Karachi maximum number of people i.e. 35% have 1 car. .
Q # 04: Are your car/s leased?
Yes
No
Are your car/s leased?
Frequency Percentage
Yes 67 55.8%
No 53 44.16%
Total 120 100%
Frequency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No
Frequency
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INTERPRETATION:
From the analysis we came to know that the majority of the people of Karachi i.e.55.8%
have leased cars. 44.16% of the people obtain cars through full payment
Q #05: Has it happened that you have arrived late to a certain place due to traffic
congestion?
Often
Seldom
Occasionally
Always
Never
Has it happened that you have arrived late to a certain place due to traffic
congestion?
Frequency Percentage
Often 37 30.83%
Seldom 11 9.17%
Occasionally 41 34.16%
Always 26 21.66%
Never 5 4.16%
Total 120 100%
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0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
ofte
n
seld
om
ocaa
sion
ally
alway
zne
ver
Series1
INTERPRETATION:
From the sample we came to know that 34.16% of the respondents claim that they arrivelate due to traffic occassionally, while 30.83% think that they often get late, 21.66% of
the respondents always get late, 9.17% seldom and 4% claims tthat they never get late
due to traffic.
Q # 06: What are the factors that ground to traffic dilemma?
Leased cars
Road construction
Violation of traffic rules
VIP movements
Irregular movement of heavy transport No parking zone
More
What are the factors that ground to traffic dilemma?
Frequency Percentage
Leased cars 23 19.10%
Road construction 27 22.40%
Violation of trafficrules
29 23.87%
VIP movements 8 6.50%
Irregular movement ofheavy traffic
14 12.12%
No parking zone 8 6.84%
More 11 9.72%
Total 120 100%
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7%
12%
6%
24%
22%
19%10%
Leased cars
Roadconstruction
Violation oftraffic rules
VIP move ments
Irregularmovement ofheavy trafficNo parking zone
INTERPETATION:
From the survey, 23.87% of the respondents think that rules violation causes traffic dilemma.
Q #07: What are the factors, which can contribute to reduce traffic problem?
Construction of alternative routesRules awarenessParking lots
What are the factors, which can contribute to reduce traffic problem?
Frequency Percentage
Construction ofalternative routes
47 39.01%
Rules awareness 50 41.59%
Parking lots 23 19.46%
Total 120 100%
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42%
19%39%
alternative routes
Rules awareness
Parking lots
INTERPETATION:
From the survey, 41.59% of the respondents think that rules awareness can contribute toreduce traffic problems ,39.01% think construction of alternative routes and 19.46% think
that parking lots can contribute to reduce traffic problems.
Q # 08: Do you think separate routes for heavy transportation like as in Islamabad
should be followed in Karachi?
Yes
No
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13%
87%
YES
NO
INTERPRETATION:
86.66% of the respondents prefer separate routes for heavy transportation like as in
Islamabad while 13.33% dont.
Do you think separate routes for heavy transportation like as in Islamabad should be
followed in Karachi?
Frequency Percentage
Yes 104 86.66%
No 16 13.33%
Total 120 100%
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Q # 09: Which area is densely congested? ( Rate on the scale on 1 to5 in the
ascending order where is heavily jam)
Which area is densely congested?
Frequency Percentage
M.A. Jinnah Road 36 30%
I.I.Chundigar road 28 23.3%
Nipa Chowrangi 25 20.83%
Rashid MinhasRoad
17 14.16%
Shahrah-e-Faisal 14 11.16%
Total120 100%
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23%
21%
14%
11%
31%
M.A. Jinnah
Road
I.I.Chundigar
road
Nipa
Chowrangi
RashidMinhas Road
Shahrah-e-
Faisal
INTERPRETATION:
From the survey we came to know that the most densely congested area is M.A. JinnahRoad.
Q #10: Do you think government should create good public transport system which
can ease the traffic?
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree
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INTERPRETATION:
Do you think government should create good public transport system which can ease
the traffic?
Frequency Percentage
Strongly disagree 10 8.3%
Disagree 3 2.5%
Neutral 27 22.5%
Agree 34 28.33%
Strongly agree 46 38.33%
Total120 100%
38%
28%
23%
3%8%Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly
Agree
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From the survey we came to know that majority of the respondents that is 38.33%
strongly agree for the good public transport system.
Q #11: Do you agree that the functioning of traffic police in the management of
traffic jam is satisfactory?
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree
Do you agree that the functioning of traffic police in the management of traffic jam is
satisfactory?
Frequency Percentage
Strongly disagree 37 30.83%
Disagree 32 26.66%
Neutral 22 18.33%
Agree 18 15%
Strongly agree 11 9.16%
Total120 100%
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27%
18%
15%
9%
31% Strongly disagree
DisagreeNeutral
Agree
Strongly agree
INTERPRETATION:
From the survey we came to know that majority of the respondents that is 30.83%strongly disagree with the functioning of the traffic police in the management of traffic
jam.
Q #12: Can zebra crossing reduce traffic?
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree
Can zebra crossing reduce traffic?
Frequency Percentage
Strongly disagree 14 11.66%
Disagree 18 15%
Neutral 39 32.5%
Agree 26 21.66
Strongly agree 23 19.16%
Total120 100%
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22%
19%12%
15%
32%
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly agree
INTERPRETATION:
From the survey we came to know that majority of the respondents have neutral views
about that zebra crossing can reduce traffic.
Q #13: In your opinion, what percentage does educational institutes and officetimings play role to increase the traffic?
30-60%
61-80%
81-100%
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43%
24%33%30-60%
61-80%
81-100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the survey 42.5% of the people of our sample believe that educational institutes and
office timings clashes increase traffic on roads.
In your opinion, what percentage does educational institutes and office timings play
role to increase the traffic?
Frequency Percentage
30-60% 29 24.16%
61-80% 51 42.5%
81-100% 40 33.33%
Total 120 100%
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Q #14: Which of these two help to reduce traffic more efficiently?
Flyovers
Underpasses
Which of these two help to reduce traffic more efficiently?
Frequency Percentage
Flyovers 73 60.83%
Underpasses 47 39.16%
Total 120 100%
61%
39%
Flyover
Underpass
INTERPRETATION:
From our survey we came to know that 60.83% of the people in Karachi prefer flyovers
to reduce traffic efficiently while 39.16% prefer underpasses.
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NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO FILLED THE QUESTIONNAIRES
How many males and females are participated in research?
Frequency Percentage
Males 63 52.5%
Females 57 47.5%
Total 100 100%
52%48% Males
Females
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STEP #08
DEDUCTION
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
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STATEMENT:
Construction work is the Major reason for the traffic dilemma of
Karachi.
STEP NO1
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
Construction work is the Major reason for the trafficdilemma of Karachi
ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT:
Construction work is not the Major reason for the traffic dilemma of Karachi
STEP NO 2
Level of significance:
=0.05
STEP NO 3
CHI-SQUARE TESTING:
Formula = (Oi-Ei)2 / Ei
STEP NO 4
Critical Region:
Reject Ho If X2 cal> 12..592
STEP NO 5
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Calculation:
Oi Ei (Oi-Ei)2 / Ei
Leased cars 23 17 2.11Road construction 26 17 4.76Violation of traffic
rules28 17 7.11
VIP movements 7 17 5.88Irregular movementof heavy traffic
14 17 0.52
No parking zone 7 17 5.88More 15 17 0.23
TOTAL (Oi-Ei)2/Ei=26.49
STEP NO 6
X2(calculated) = 26.49
X (tabular value) = X2 (, n-1) = X2
(5% , 7-1) = X2
(0.05, 6)
X2(tabular value) = 12.592
CONCLUSION
As our calculated value is outside the critical region so we will accept H0 and reject H1.
This is because according to most of the people construction is the major problem of
traffic system among the other factors which are leased cars Violation of traffic rulesirregular movement of heavy traffic no parking zone
DIAGRAM OF HYPOTHESES
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CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
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This study on the traffic problems of Karachi enhanced our knowledge to a great extent.The over all process helped us to identify various factors that are responsible for bad
traffic conditions in the city.
By analyzing the questionnaires we came to know that awareness of traffic rules is very
important for smooth traffic system. Unfortunately, in Karachi, least importance is givento this factor.
It has also added to our knowledge that traveling has become a necessity of life for
Karachiites. Most of the people travel three to four times on the roads of Karachi. Due tobad road conditions the people are confronted with serious traffic jams and accidents.
This causes frustration among the drivers. The construction work to modify the traffic
system of Karachi has also enhanced the problem.
The hypothesis developed, when tested concluded that bad road conditions is the main
cause of traffic jams in Karachi city. It also inferred that construction work has become
more a short term problem than a long term benefit for the inhabitants of Karachi due toimproper management and delays.
Hence, we can deduce that it is impossible to control all the factors affecting the trafficsystem. However, the important factors like bad road conditions, violation of rules and
construction, if controlled, can reduce the problems of traffic in Karachi to a great extent.
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RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATIONS:
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a) The authorities should coordinate the activities of different government departments
well to avoid traffic disorder.
b) The government should strictly restrict under 18 citizens to drive.
c) The traffic control department should punish those constables and sergeants who takebriberies and are responsible for not implementing the rules properly.
d) The driving test should be made compulsory for getting a driving license and thelicense should be granted to only those people who pass the driving test and satisfy the
criterion.
e) The traffic control department should also hire literate and trained constables.
f) The constables must be paid enough for their services so that they dont take bribe.
g) The government should allot parking areas specially in public places like shopping
malls, hotels and restaurants, offices, service institutions etc.
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APPENDIX