Research program on neutron reactors. Reactor PIK.

V.V.FedorovDirector of Neutron Research Department

Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

Gatchina,Gatchina, Russia,

located 45 km to the south of St. Petersburg,

former residence of Russian emperors

Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin

Prior Palace( Order of the Knights of Malta)

Apostle Paul Cathedral

Emperor Paul castle

Venus Pavilion

fire-lookout tower

Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institutebird's-eye view

Petersburg Nuclear Physics Instituteof NRC “Kurchatov Institute”

4 Scientific Departments:

NEUTRON RESEARCH DEPARTMENT consists of Neutron Physics Division and Condensed State Research Division HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DIVISION THEORETICAL PHYSICS DIVISION MOLECULAR AND RADIATION BIOPHYSICS DEPARTMENT

4 Infrastructure Departments

Basic Facilities (Reactor WWR-M, Accelerator, Reactor PIK)

More exact information on STRUCTURE

Reactor facilities of Petersburg Nuclear Physics InstituteGeneral view of the 100 MW

reactor PIK (under construction)

Acting (from 1959) WWR-M 18 MW reactor

hall of the horizontal channelsReactor PIK bodyThe hall of Horisontal experimental

channels

Петров и Коноплев

Yu.V. Petrov and (i)K.A. Konoplev

PIK in Russianmeans peak – the top of mountain.

Kir Konoplev is famousalpinist, so called «snow leopard» (he has climbed 5 mountain peaks higher 7000 m)

Official decodingof this abbreviationis beam research reactor

The project of PIK was accepted in 1975 by the USSR government, and in 1976 the construction started.

The main idea of the project (compact core cooled by usual water surrounded by the heavy water reflector) has been formulated at the end of 60-th, but till now it does not  become out of date and now used for all modern reactors.

In 1991 the project was revised according new safety requirements after Chernobyl accident.

In 1992 project passed international design expertise.

More or less regular financing of constraction was beginning after decree of Russian Government in August of 2007.

Short hystory

Annual financing (in MRubls) of PIK reactor at the rate of 1991

Attempt of premier minister Ryzhkov

Attempt of minister of AE Adamov. Joint efforts

of RAS, MOSc & MoAE

Acad. M.A. Markov in PNPI 1978

Nevertheless now research beam reactor PIK has achieved important step in its construction: The fuel loading was beginning on February 28 last year (2011). The reactor core was partly filled with fuel assemblies. Critical condition was achieved. This fact provides inspiration for all future neutron beam users.

Power increasing till designed 100 MW can be done only when all the reactor buildings for auxiliary and alarm systems will be finalized in construction, as well as all necessary permission will be obtained and problem with Personal Staff will be solved.

But it’s not all so good:In 2009 we have got by 30% less (so called «optimization»), Instead of 755,3 Mrubls we have got only 525,8 Mrubls In 2010 г. instead of 1036,3 only 186,6 were allocated by our Ministry of Finance despite the direct instruction of Premier Putin. Only in August the budget was reconsidered and the last 849,7 were allocated

The PIK Reactor Parameters

Power 100 MWMaximal power density 6 MW/l (less than 8 MW/l at SM2 in Dimitrovgrad)

Core volume 51 l Core diameter 390 mm Core height 500 mm

The PIK-type fuel elements: − enrichment − 90% − UO2 fuel in the copper-beryllium matrix − uranium density in the matrix − 1.5 g/ cm3

− shell − 0.16 mm thick stainless steel − uranium-235 concentration in the fuel − 600 g/l (total weight ~ 27 kg)

Reflector − D2О: diameter − 2.5 m height − 2 m

Cooling loop:− coolant − Н2О− pressure − 50 at.− flow rate − 2400 m3/hr− inlet/outlet temperature − 50/700 С

Side section of the PIK reactor with the technology

systems

Side section of the PIK

emergency rod

control rod

CEC

Reactor core

HEC4-4’

CNS

Criogenic loop HNS

IEC5

PIK neutron flux distribution:Ф1 - thermal neutron flux, Е<0.6 keV;Ф2 - epithermal neutron flux, 0.6 keV<Е<5 keV;Ф3 - fast neutron flux, E>5 keV.

Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France

Neutrons for Europe (from1971)

HFR is the world best reactor now regarding neutron flux density and modern equipment

Comparison of HFR and PIK parametersHFR (ILL) PIK (PNPI)

Thermal power 58.3 MW 100 MW

thermal-neutron flux in reflector

1,2 x 1015 n/cm2s 1,2 x 1015 n/cm2s

10 cm-diam. central channel

absent 4,5 x 1015 n/cm2s

horizontal channels including trough out

13

1

10

3

inclined beam channels

4 6

vertical 1 (VCN & UCN) 6 (for irradiation)

days per year 200 250

beam positions 40 50

Comparison of HFR and PIK parameters

Scheme of experimental channel arrangement at PIK and HFR

PIK HFR

Comparison characteristics for HFIR parameters

HFIR ORNL Oak-Ridge 85 MW (1965)provides 161 days for more than 200 researchers each year

9 Available Instruments3 Future Instruments

FRM II Garching, 20 MW = 0.8x1015 cm-2s-1 ~ 240 days per year

half of the experiments are performedusing cold neutrons

21 instruments in routine operation (2010) 9 instruments under construction

1961 the start up of the first in the world high flux research reactor SM-2 (100 MW, S.M. Feinberg, V.A. Tsykanov, Institute of Atomic Reactors,

Dimitrovgrad) with the neutron flux density 5 1015 n/s cm2 unsurpassed till now.

The report at the II International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (Geneve) in 1958 about beginning creation of the SM reactor stimulates the creation in USA the reactors HFBR (40 MW, Brookhaven,1965-1996) and HFIR (85 MW, Oak Ridge, 1965)

SM-2After reconstruction the core of the reactor was lifted up, and therefore now there is no beam tubes at SM-3

The Hystory of High Flux Beam Reactors

Brookhaven High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) 1965,

It is stopped in 1996 (when the tritium was found ih ground water near reactor) Shut down in 1999 г.

40 MW, flux density 1,61015 n/s cm2 (from 1980 – 60 MW, 2,41015 n/s cm2)

Alexander Kurbakov, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, RUSSIA

IAEA Meeting on Investigating Formation of Neutron Scattering Research Reactor Coalition Vienna, Austria, February 11-13, 2008

Hall of horizontal beams

Inclined channels hall

Reactor shaft

Intermediate Reactor cooling system

Vent hall

Reactor tankEmergency cooling system

Technology hallTechnology hall

Hall of light water rectification

Reactor control panel

New Research nuclear reactor PIK complex

The hall of Horisontal experimental channels

Two horizontal reactor channels to provide the neuron guide hall with thermal and cold neutrons

The hall of Inclined experimental channels

Modern status of PIK reactor28 February of 2011 the fuel elements were loaded to reactor core. Criticality was achieved. Now reactor is ready for official «physical start up»

Filling the reactor shaft by the water

Technology hall. Mounting of the reactor body

Sanitary inspection room

Reactor control panel

K.A. Konoplev. First fuel element

to be loaded into ractor core

Loading the fuel elements

9 fuel elements were loaded

Recorder “sees” the neutrons

Control panel

Equipment for PIK reactorThe reactor will be provided by sources of hot, cold (2-3), and ultracold neutrons to make available neutron beams in different energy ranges.

A low-temperature loop will permit sample irradiation at helium temperatures.

A system of neutron guides (four for the cold, and four for thermal neutrons) of total length 300 m will provide operation with external beams in zero-background conditions of the neutron guide hall adjoining the reactor building.

The total number of work stations for location of experimental setups is as large as 50, which will permit simultaneous operation of 50 groups

Set of instruments for PIK reactor POWDER DIFFRACTOMETERS

1. D1  superimposed multisection powder diffractometer (HEC-9).2. D2  multicounter powder diffractometer of cold neutrons (NGH).3. D3   powder multidetector diffractometer of thermal neutrons, extreme

pressure (JINR, KI, HEC-9).

CRYSTAL DIFFRACTOMETERS

4. DC1 –  four circle diffractometer (HEC-9)

5. DC2 – diffractometer of polarized neutrons (HEC-9, hot neutron source)

6. DC3 – single crystal diffractometer for high-molecular substance study (ICH)

SMALL ANGLE INSTRUMENTS

7. S1 –   small angle diffractometer of polarized neutrons “Tensor".

8. S2  – small angle diffractometer “Membrana".

9. R1  – reflectometer of polarized neutrons with vertical scattering plane

10. R2 – multiwave multimode reflectometer.

11. SEM – modified spin-echo spectrometer.

12. Т1 – reflectometer with 3D analysis of polarization.

13. R3 – test reflectometer (neutron optics).

SPECTROMETERS (Inelastic neutron scattering)1. IN1 – Three-axis spectrometer of thermal neutrons (PTI, HEC10).2. IN2 – Three-axis spectrometer of cold neutrons.3. IN3 – Three-axis spectrometer of polarized neutrons. “SPIN“ (with KI).4. IN4 – multirotor time-of-flight spectrometer. 5. IN5  – correlation spectrometer of polarized neutrons.

Unique setups for Condensed matter physics Beta NMR - spectrometer of thermal neutrons (ITEP). Super-small scattering perfect crystal spectrometer (ITEP) Crystal diffraction introscopy of perfect crystals Low temperature loop for testing material under radiation

Set of instruments for PIK reactor

Unique setups for Nuclear and Particle physics

Spectrometers for neutron EDM search UCN - differential two chamber, multichamber CN - crystal diffraction

Setups for neutron lifetime measurements UCN – material gravitational trap UCN – magnetic trap

Correlation spectrometer to test neutron beta decay

Prism magnetic beta spectrometer Setups for activation and neutron radiation

element and isotope analysis of matter Mass separator and laser spectroscopy setup High resolution crystal diffraction gamma

spectrometer

Приборный парк реактора ПИКSet of instruments for PIK reactor

Placement of projected instruments in the neutron guide hall: D2 is Multi detector powder cold neutron diffractometer, IN2 is Tree axis cold neutron spectrometer, NERO is polarized neutron reflectometer with polarization analysis, R1 is REVERANS is reflectometer with vertical scattering plane, Sp-ECHO is spin echo spectrometer, R3 is reflectometer with position sensitive 3-D detector, SANS2, 3 and MEMBRANA are small angle scattering instruments, TENZOR is small angle diffractometer with polarization analysis, BNMR – beta nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, POLDI – polarized neutron diffractometer with position sensitive 2-D detector, R2-TEST – reflectometer for testing neutron optical elements, 2CD – two perfect crystal ultra small angle scattering diffractometer, SESANS – ultra small angle spin echo scattering machine. The instruments shown in red will be removed from Helmholtz- Zentrum Geesthacht.

BNLСША

Neutron Research Department

Setup arrangement at ILL HFR reactor

-- Nuclear and particle physics;- Condensed matter physics;- Nano-system properties;- Material science;- Reactor Physics and Technology ;- New experimental methods and -equipment

Setup arrangement at WWR-M reactor

HFR reactor in ILL

WWR-MPNPI, Gatchina

ILLFrance

And more than 305 did that in Germany (at HZG 175, 460 in 2010)

In 2011 1582 (1700 in 2007) man-days worked at ILL (Grenoble, France)

Examples. Neutron lifetime measurement New world average

Beam experiments: 886.8±1.2±3.2 (NIST, 2003) 889.2±4.8 (Sussex-ILL, 1995)

UCN storage in material traps: 885.4±0.9±0.4 (КI-ILL, 2000)

withdrawn 881.6±0.8±1.9 (КI-ILL, 2012) 888.4±3.1±1.1 (PNPI, 1992)

withdrawn 887.6±3.0 (ILL, 1989) 878.5±0.7± 0.3 (PNPI-ILL,2004) (differ by 6,5 from world average) 880.6±1.8 (ILL, 2010)

Particle Data 2003 (with no result PNPI - ILL, 2004):

n = (885.70.8) с, T1/2= 613,9±0,6 с

PNPI magnetic trap (2008)

n= (878,3 1,9) с (not included PDG 2011)

Electronic version Particle Data 2011 Preliminary results of KI881.5 ± 2.2 (КИ-ILL, 2008)879.7± 0.95± 0.5 (КИ-ILL, 2010)(not included to PDG 2011)

New world average: 880.0 ± 0.9 с (Serebrov, 2011) .

Electronic version Particle Data 2012After Morozov (KI) publication New world average:

880.1 ± 1.1 с

New world average value is very important

1. It confirms the Standard Model (Unitarity of CKM matrix)

2. New world average is better for Big Bang Model it confirms the Barion Asymmetry of the Universe from Cosmic microwave background radiation

3. It changes The primordial abundance of 4He for Big Bang nucleosynthesis

New projects for neutron lifetime measurements: Large gravitrap

40

Awaited accuracy: satistical ~ 0,2 s (was 0,7 s) systematic < 0,1 s

Наполнение новой ловушки

Large magnetic trap for UCN (accuracy ~ 0,3 s) with additional cooling the neutrons using rotating blades

A few words about Neutron EDM

Existence of the Electric Dipole Moment of a particle violates P invariance as well T and so CP invariance

The last result dn 310-26 eсм (ILL, RAL, Sussex Un.) PRL, 2006, 97, 131801) – is not much better 23 years old results of PNPI and ILL

If you imagine a neutron as a sphere of radius R ~ 10-13 cm, than d/R ~ 3 10-13. Such a part of Earth radius is

approximately ~ 2 m

dn 9,710-26 ecm, PNPI, 1989

Neutron scattering

in-flight magnetic resonance

UCN magnetic resonance

History of nEDM experiment

Standard model

dn~(10-31-10-33) e cm

New physics to explain New physics to explain the baryon asymmetry the baryon asymmetry (experiment - (experiment - nnbb/n/n~10~10-10-10))

dn~(10-26-10-28) e cm

a

the baryon asymmetrythe baryon asymmetrynnbb/n/n~10~10-25-25

Sensitivity to neutron EDMSensitivity to neutron EDM

2(E·D)

-E

+EDD

DD

Interaction time with Е

1 ~ E N

2( ) /D E D

Advantages of diffraction method of the nEDM search

Strong electric field (up to109 V/cm), acts on neutron moving close to diffraction condition in a crystal without center of symmetry. It leads to spin rotation effects.

(In lab only field ~104 V/cm is available)

Direction of this field is perpendicular to crystallographic plane

Feasibility of controlled changing the sign and the value of the electric field acting on neutron in crystal.

A few ways to eliminate the false Schwinger effect

The feasibility to use the assembling of a few different crystals to increase the interaction time

Comparison of SensitivitiesComparison of Sensitivities

~ 1 Å

E ~ (105- 106) kV/cm

UCNUCN methodmethodCrystal-diffraction methodCrystal-diffraction method

E ~ 10 kV/cm τ max ~ 1000 s neutron lifetime)

ЕЕττ ~ ~ 101044(kV·s)/cm(kV·s)/cm

(Current value ЕЕττ ≈ 103 (kV·s)/cm)

τa ~ 0.01 c (absorption)

10104 4 (kV(kV·s)·s)/cm/cm

ЕЕττ

1 ~ E N

Ionization Energyfrom few eV to tens eV

1Ǻ

Crystal Symmetry group

hkl d, (Å) Eg,

108V/cm

a,

ms

Eg a,

(kVs/cm)-quartz(SiO2)

32(D63) 111 2.236 2.3 1 230

110 2.457 2.0 200

Bi12SiO20 I23 433 1.75 4.3 4 1720

312 2.72 2.2 880

Bi4Si3O12 -43m 242 2.10 4.6 2 920

132 2.75 3.2 640

PbO P c a 21 002 2.94 10.4 1 1040

004 1.47 10 1000

BeO 6mm 011 2.06 5.4 7 3700

201 1.13 6.5 4500

Parameters of some NCS crystalsParameters of some NCS crystals

!!! We should looking for new NCS crystal !!!!!! We should looking for new NCS crystal !!!

The neutrons with B=2d0 sin B reflect from crystal if B /2 B 2d0 [1-(/2-B)2] only the neutrons with > B and < B can pass through crystal and they will move in electric field –E and +E correspondingly.We саn select this passed neutrons by the second crystal -reflector (analyzer) with controlled interplanar spacing

+E+E -E-E

Changing d of analyzer (by heating or cooling) one can control electric field acting on neutron

Essence of experiment

Essence of the phenomena

Neutrons are concentrated on the “nuclear planes” or between them (on the maxima or on the minima of the nuclear potential).

)sin(2)( grad)( gE

gE VV grgrrE

gg)()()()(

g sinV|)(||)(| grErEE 2211

In the non-centrosymmetric crystal neutrons turn out to be under a strong electric field (and also «pseudomagnetic» field)

In the non-centrosymmetric crystalthe positions of the “nuclear planes”

are shifted from that of «charge ones», and also from «mass planes»

Eg=(108 109) V/cm

Depending on the sign of the deviation parameter from the Bragg condition 2g=|K+g|2 K2, the neutrons concentrate on the nuclear planes or between them (on the maxima of nuclear potential (g<0, red colour), or on its minima (g>0, blue colour)

.)cos(||2)( g

g

i

g

Eg

E VeVV grr g

gr

.)cos(||2)( g

i

g

N VeVV grr ggr

g

2sin( )

Ng E

sum g gg g

vv

E g

For noncentrosymmetric crystal “electric planes” are shifted relatively to the “nuclear” ones

2 2| | 1 cos

Ng

g g

v gr

+E+E-E-E

Test experiments (WWR-M, HFR)

Dependence of interplanar electric field, acting on neutron, on the temperature difference of two crystals

From the test experiment it follows that the sensitivity to measure the EDM is~ 2 10-25 ecm/day (3 times less than in ILL UCN experment)

+E+E -E-E

Simultaneously we can search for short range Yukawa-type fermion-fermion “pseudomagnetic” interaction due to exchange of pseudo scalar light (axion-like) particle

Constraints on the (gsgp;) from the test experiment

(1) this work (2) is possible improvement of

this method, (3) is gravitational level

experiment [1] (4) is the UCN depolarization [2] (5) is proposal [3], (6) and (7) are the predictions of

axion model with ~ 1 and 10~ 10 correspondingly [2]

[1] S.Baessler, V.V.Nesvizhevsky, K.V.Protasov, A.Yu.Voronin, Phys.Rev.D 75 (2007) 075006. [2] A.P. Serebrov, ArXiv:0902.1056v1 [nucl-ex] 6 Feb 2009.

[3] O. Zimmer, ArXiv:0810.3215v1 [nucl-ex] 17 Oct 2008.

Photo of quartz crystalsPhoto of quartz crystals

m~1”m~??

m~??

m~??

27 cm

Tests of the series of crystals from Aleksandrov factory

Crystals No.3 and 9 turned to be not sutable.

The rest ones had d/d 310-6

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

W, 1

0-5

Crystal number

Full assembled crystal dimention 105х100х500 mm3 (15un. 35х100х100)

Thank you for attention !