Research paper components

Research Paper Components

HOW TO WRITEGUIDELINES

April 12, 2023

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB 2

Created By: Atiqa Ijaz KhanMPhil Geomatics 2nd

SemesterSession: 2013-2015Institute of Geology

University of the Punjab

April 12, 2023


Table of Contents What is re-search? 04

What is manuscript? 05

A template for writing re-search paper 07

What is abstract? 22

How to write Proposal? 34

References Style 36

APA 37

Chicago 38

Harvard 40

IEEE 42

Turabian 43

References 45

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RE-SEARCH Re-search: search for one more time.

Or return back to previous.

Search: to look thoroughly.

To find anything hidden.

Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to

QUESTIONS .”

“Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control

the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive

methods .”(Babbie, 1998)

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Manuscript A text that has not yet been published.

They are intended to be published.

It should cover all the parts:

Introduction: Narrow the filed of study from general to specific.

Methods: Present the information in logical manner.

Results: Use methods to guide to have same order. Be more technical.

Discussion: It should explain findings with reference to results in a down-step manner,

from specific to general.

April 12, 2023INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB 6

Difference Between Research paper and Manuscript

RESEARCH PAPER

Published Paper.

More Detailed.

MANUSCRIPT

Not yet Published.

Cover major portions.

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A Re-search Writing Template

• Have following sections: (may or may not, up-to choice)• Title Page

• Acknowledgements

• Abstract

• Content Page

• Introduction

• Literature Review

• Methodology

• Findings

• Conclusions

• Recommendations

• Appendices

• Bibliography

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Title• A Report on …

• An Investigation into …

• An Analysis of …

• A Comparison of … and …

• …… Name

• Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the

............................course.

• The Date

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• It should be concise and descriptive.

• It should not include un-necessary words, phrases, chemical formulas, abbreviation etc.

• It should be specific and clear.

• It should be catchy, as it will be read by thousands of readers.

• One should used correct syntax.

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Acknowledgement

• "I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr. _______, for the valuable advice and

support he has given me in the writing of this report. I would also like to thank my

teachers, Mrs. _______ and Mr. _______ for their encouragement and guidance.

Thanks also to my typist, Ms. _______, for her immaculate job and her suggestions.

My deepest thanks go to my wife/husband, for her/his love, understanding and

support."

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Abstract• This study was to ______________________________

• It was requested by ____________________________

• It was requested on date _______________________

• The investigation was done by ____________________

• The main findings were that ______________________

• It was concluded that __________________________

• The recommendations are that _______should be ______

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Contents Page

• Section.................................................................................... Page Number

1.Introduction............................................................................. 01

2.Literature Review.................................................................... 03

3.Methodology............................................................................ 05

4.Findings...................................................................................07

5.Conclusions............................................................................. 14

6.Recommendations................................................................... 16

7.Appendices.............................................................................. 18

8.Bibliography............................................................................ 25

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Introduction

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Literature%20Review

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Methodology

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Findings

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Conclusions

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Recommendations

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Appendices

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm#Bibliography

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• List of Figures

• Bar Chart of Answers to Question 1................................... 08

• Pie Chart of Socio-economic Status of the Respondents..... 09

• List of Tables

• Survey Findings by Gender and Age Group........................ 10

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Introduction• Background

• This report has been written because ....

• It was requested by ...

• It was requested on (date).

• Objectives

• The objectives of this report are to ....

• Scope

• This report examines .... It does not examine ..... because ......

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Literature Review• The area of investigation has been commented on by Channel (1994), Hoey (1993),

Halliday (1993) and Lesser (1979), who are in agreement that...

• However, they have different opinions on ....

• Due to the differences highlighted above, it was decided to investigate ....

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Methodology• ___ respondents, chosen by the method of _____ were surveyed from (start date) to

(end date). Of these, ______ were invited for interview on (date).

• The statistics were analyzed using a _______ test because _____

• The significance of the results was __________

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Findings/ Results• In general, the findings indicated that...

• The major finding of the investigation was that...

• In addition, ....

• Surprisingly, ........ , which was an unexpected consequence of .....

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Conclusions• The main conclusion that can be drawn is therefore that...

• In the light of this, it is recommended that...

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Recommendations• In the light of these conclusions, I recommend that _____ should be ____

• In addition, a _______ could ______

• Grammar Note:

• To make suggestions and recommendations you should use 'could + infinitive verb' (if

you are less sure), or 'should + infinitive verb' (if you are more sure). You could also use

'suggest + _ing' or 'suggest that + a subject noun (e.g. 'we') + a verb (e.g. 'could' +

infinitive verb).

• Do NOT use 'suggest to'.

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Appendices• Appendix 1: Sample Survey Form

• Appendix 2: Results of Statistical Analysis by ______

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Bibliography• As per the format given.

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ABSTRACT It is a short summary of re-search paper or project.

It should covered the main points and elements.

Abstract writing is a highly specialized form of academic writing.

Approximately 10 to 500 times more people will read an abstract than the associated

article or attend a presentation.

A brief representation of a larger document or presentation.

It should be stand alone.

It should not include any new knowledge.

Avoid using references. They have their portion at the end.

Do not repeat title again in the abstract. It is the portion of findings.

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It should be able to answer the following questions:

Who and what participate in the research?

What is the objective?

What main method used?

What were the major findings?

What recommendations could be offered?

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The word abstract comes from the Latin abstractum, ‘which means a condensed form of a

longer piece of writing.’

There are two main types of abstract:

The Descriptive and

The Informative abstract.

The type of abstract you write depends on your discipline area.

Abstracts are important parts of academic assignments, most often, reports and research

papers.

The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to

have a quick

overview of the whole paper

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Why Abstract? It serve following main purposes:

Don't try to trick someone into reading your paper. Try to be as clear and informative as

possible, so that the reader knows what to expect in the content of the paper. So help reader

decide whether to read the text or not.

It is the summarized form findings of the text.

Reading an abstract should give the reader a clear indication of the importance of the research.

Positioned at the beginning of the text, abstracts introduce readers to the content of the article.

Help scholars find your article

It is essential to use key words specific

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How to Write an Abstract Finish the paper.

Take a break.

Read the paper in the next morning, not late night like exhausted writers.

Pick up the main points. One to two sentences from each sections.

Topic of re-search

Methodology

Results

Conclusions

Recommendations

Connect them together to make a strong sense.

Revise and edit.

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COMPONETS OF ABSTRACT The main components of any abstract, at-least should includes:

Study Area (Participation)

Objective

Methodology

Results/findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

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Objective It is refer to expected or intended outcomes.

Just focus on the main concepts explored in the re-search article.

Avoid using outside references.

It should be stand out and clear.

Focus on what is need of this re-search.

Avoid repeating information.

Do not write title name again.

It is not the statements from the topic, rather it is the expected output.

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Methodology Be specific to the methods used.

Write the unique techniques.

Sometimes, readers has only this reason to read out the paper.

Mention those that are used to subject out in the re-search paper.

If necessary, also define any pre-existing (up-to choice in abstract):

Knowledge

Models

Techniques

Programs

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Results/findings There could be more than one result, Only present, that is most important…!

Be concise.

Write those techniques that properly address the re-search.

Relate them to the purpose and objective of the study.

Extra words are not waste here.

Sometimes it is better for understanding.

But it should not exceed the abstract word limit…!

It should include:

What was discovered?

What was collected?

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Conclusions It should describe whether investigation is completed or not.

It is the most difficult part, but most important part also.

It should not include new and un-necessary information.

Suggest the future planning if so.

It should emphasize on the major ideas of the re-search.

It should summarize all the ideas.

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There could be two possibilities:

Conclusions with results:

It is a brief representation of the results.

What result means to investigate.

It should be in clear manner.

Conclusions without results:

It should includes investigation procedures.

And also the limitations or any other hurdle.

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Recommendations These are the suggestions for the future action.

It just be logically derived from the re-search body.

It should in the context of obtained results and findings.

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How to write a Proposal? It should include following sections:

Study Area Purpose of the study Significance of the study Datasets Methodology

Samples Instruments Procedure Design Statistical Procedure

Limitations of the Study Applications


Con’t

DO’S

Study Area

Objective of the study

Data sets and Methodology

Limitations

Applications

DONT’S

Results

Conclusions

Hypothesis

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Reference Style Reference style is important for a re-search paper.

Although, it depends on the format of the journal.

But there are few of the styles that are in common with the students and the re-

searchers.

Some of them are listed below:

APA

Chicago

Harvard

IEEE

Turabian

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APA Style "APA style" is the set of specific formatting conventions approved by the American Psychological

Association. The collected procedures of any style are usually referred to collectively as a "style-

sheet."

BOOK:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1996). Title of book: Vol. 1. Title of series. City, Country:

Publisher.

JOURNAL ARTICLE:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1996). Title of journal article. Title of journal: Subtitle of journal,

volume number (issue number), first page-last page.

ONLINE JOURNAL:

Ontoast, N. (1996). Communication games for the public school Pig Latin classroom. E-Journal of PL Studies

[On-line serial], 16. Available E-mail: [email protected] Message: get EJPLS

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Chicago Style The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems:

Notes and bibliography (humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts.)

and

Author-date ( physical, natural, and social sciences.)

Following is the example of Author-Date

BOOK:

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. 2007. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New

York: Knopf.

JOURNAL:

Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104:439–

58.

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ONLINE JOURNAL:

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social

Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115:405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010.

doi:10.1086/599247.

WEB-SITE:

Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11.

http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

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Harvard Style BOOK:

McCarthy, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic marketing, Irwin, Sydney.

CONFERENCE (PRINT):

Riley, D 1992, 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in Contemporary Australasian

industrial relations: proceedings of the sixth AIRAANZ conference, ed. D. Blackmur, AIRAANZ,

Sydney, pp. 124-140.

CONFERENCE (ONLINE):

Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, 'Personalization of search engine services for effective

retrieval and knowledge management', Proceedings of the twenty-first international conference

on information systems, pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June

2004].

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WEB-SITE:

Australian Securities Exchange 2009, Market Information. Available from:

<http://www.asx.com.au/professionals/market_information/index.htm>. [5 July 2009].

JOURNAL:

Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century

cities', Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493.

ONLINE JOURNAL:

Liveris, A 2011, 'Ethics as a strategy', Leadership Excellence, vol. 28, no. 2, pp.17-18.

Available from: Proquest [23 June 2011].

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IEEE STYLE BOOK:

J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of His Published Book, xth ed. City of

Publisher, Country if not

ONLINE:

R. J. Vidmar. (1994). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic

reflectors[Online]. Available FTP: atmnext.usc.edu Directory: pub/etext/1994 File:

atmosplasma.txt

THESIS:

J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of

Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

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Turabian Style Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

presents two basic documentation systems:

Notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and

Author-date style (sometimes called reference list style).

These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of

Style.

Following presenting the author-ate style.

BOOK:

Bernstein, Jay M., Claudia Brodsky, Anthony J. Cascardi, Thierry de Duve, Aleš Erjavec,

Robert Kaufman, and Fred Rush. 2010. Art and Aesthetics after Adorno. Berkeley:

University of California Press.

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PRINT JOURNAL:

Bogren, Alexandra. 2011. “Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate.” Journal of

Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June): 155–69

ONLINE JOURNAL:

Brown, Campbell. 2011. “Consequentialize This.” Ethics 121, no. 4 (July): 749–71.

Accessed December 1, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.

CONFERENCE:

Adelman, Rachel. 2009. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the

Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for

the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24.


REFERENCESA. http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm

B. http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/Z39-14.pdf

C. http

://www.sdc.uwo.ca/writing/gradhandouts/Academic%20Tasks%20-%20Manuscripts%20-%

20Presentation.pdf

D. http://

older.sharjah.ac.ae/English/Academics/Colleges/Graduate/DepartmentsPrograms/Departme

ntofResearch/Documents/CGSR_TWG07/3_CGSR_TWG07_CHAPTER3_ENG.pdf

E. http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/APA01.html

F. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

G. http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=43218&sid=318554

H. http://www.ieee.org/documents/ieeecitationref.pdf

I. http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/reports.htm

http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/Z39-14.pdf



http://www.sdc.uwo.ca/writing/gradhandouts/Academic%20Tasks%20-%20Manuscripts%20-%20Presentation.pdf



http://older.sharjah.ac.ae/English/Academics/Colleges/Graduate/DepartmentsPrograms/DepartmentofResearch/Documents/CGSR_TWG07/3_CGSR_TWG07_CHAPTER3_ENG.pdf



http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/APA01.html

http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/APA01.html

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=43218&sid=318554

http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=43218&sid=318554

http://www.ieee.org/documents/ieeecitationref.pdf

http://www.ieee.org/documents/ieeecitationref.pdf

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html

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Research paper components

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