[1]

GLASSIRT 201- MATERIAL JOINERY - Prof. Goddard

Team Members:Bahareh ZaeemMara PurvesOlivia MandersonLisa PorterKathy Henriques

[2]

CONTENTS PAGES

Origin & History of Glass 3-4

Manufacturing of Glass 5-8

Cultural Significance of Glass 9-10

Physical Properties of Glass 11-12

Applications of Glass 13-14

Ecological Footprint 15-17

Final Model 18-20

Recycling 21-24

LEED Considerations 25-28

Bibliography 29

TABLE OF CONTENTS

[3]

Obsidian: The specimen shown above is about two inches across. The curved semi-concentric ridges are breakage marks associated with obsidian's conchoidal fracture.

GLASSTeam Members:Bahareh ZaeemMara PurvesOlivia MandersonLisa PorterKathy Henriques

ORIGIN, HISTORY, RAW STATE AND COMPOSITIONA short history by: David Whitehouse

HISTORY

The story of the origin of glass, told by Natural History, an encyclopedia completed in 78AD, told the story of sailors disembarking on a ship equipped with a cargo of mineral natron (one of alkaline substances used in glassmaking to lower the melting point of sand) in order to cook a meal. Unable to find suitable stones for supporting their cauldrons over the fire, they took chunks of natron from the ship. Once heated, a strange liquid was produced that mingled completely with the sand, which once hardened, became what we know as glass. (Pg.9)

ORIGIN

The true origin of glass however is unknown, though has been pieced together via written evidence and archaeological discoveries (Pg.9)Glass does exist in nature, most often in the form of obsidian Obsidian is an igneous rock that forms when molten rock material cools so rapidly that atoms are unable to arrange themselves into a crystalline structure. The result is a volcanic glass with a smooth uniform texture that breaks with a single fracture. (see photo on right).

FLAT PANELS TO SHATTERED GLASS

[4]

Raw State• Most glass consists of minerals that are

heated until they melt and are cooled at a rate that prevents them from resuming their original crystalline structure.

• Hot glass is a liquid that becomes progressively more viscous as it cools until it becomes completely rigid, possessing the same qualities of a solid though maintaining the same random structure of a liquid. Glass cab therefore be softened by reheating and reshaped repeatedly until the desired shape is attained.

• People have been manufacturing glass for 4000 years

• Sand is readily available • Soda or potash can come either in the

form of the mineral trona (natron) or as ash derived from plants growing in salty environments

• Lime is often found in both silica and soda and thus is almost an inadvertent addition to the recipe

• The addition of oxides gives the glass color or removes unwanted colors

caused by impurities in the basic ingredients

• Temperatures of 1000-1100 C are required to melt the raw materials

Composition

• In pre-Roman times in Western Asia, where glassmaking began, the furnaces capable of reaching the required temperature to melt the raw materials were very small and thus most glass items were very small

• Specialized knowledge required to select the raw materials as well as the expertise required to operate the furnaces, meant that glass objects were very rare and greatly prized

• The discovery of glassblowing in the early t o m i d fi r s t c e n t u r y r e d e fi n e d glassmaking

• By blowing into a mass of molten glass on the end of a tube, glassworkers realized they could inflate the glass in a similar fashion as one inflates a balloon

• From this point onwards glassworkers had the ability to manufacture glassware quickly and inexpensively and the demand for glass rose

Before the discovery of glassblowing, other methods were employed to shape and manipulate glass, such as:

1. Pouring or pressing glass into open molds was a technique learned from metalworkers to make items such as beads and amulets

2. Cire Perdue aka ‘lost wax’ was another technique acquired from metal workers that involved a method of casting in which the desired object was modeled in wax. It was then coated with fine clay and pierced with small holes. The model was then heated, causing the clay to harden and the wax to melt out of the holes. The result was a clay mold wherein the raw materials for making the glass would have been poured and heated to create the desired object

3. Core-forming is another method unique to glass making in which a core, usually of clay, was attached to a metal rod and modeled to the size and shape of the interior of the vessel. The core was then dipped in glass or coated with powdered glass and heated until it fused

4. After annealing (process of carefully cooling the glass) glass objects can be decorated in methods such as painting, gilding, engraving, cutting or etching

1.Silica: a white/colorless crystalline compound. The main constituent in most of the Earth’s rocks. Main chemical compound in sand and is most often used to make glass and concrete.

2.Soda or Potash: Any compounds containing potassium. Lowers the melting temperature of the sand

3.Lime: known as calcium oxide, which gives stability to an otherwise unstable combination

PRIMARY PRODUCTION

Inflation of molten

glass into a bubble.

SILICA

Soda or Potash

Lime

[5]

Of GLASS

PRODUCTION PROCESS

GRAPHIC AND DESCRIPTIVE VIEW OF PRODUCING GLASS!

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLASSMANUFACTURE DIFFERENT TYPES AND FORMS OF GLASS!

PRODUCTION FACILITIES

MAIN ONTARIO’S GLASS PRODUCTION FACILITIES

FLOAT GLASS FACILITIES

MAN

UFAC

TURI

NG

Glass M a n u f a c t u r i n g Process

Main ingredient in production of glass

is silica

to reduce melting temperatures to a

more workable level

To increase durability of glass

Silica Soda

Lime

1.M I X I N G

The mixture of ingredients to make up the glass, with recycled glass, together with small quantities of various other minor ingredients are mixed in a rotary mixer to ensure an even mix of ingredients before entering the furnace.

2.M E L T I N G

The mixture is heated to 1500-1550oC, where the ingredients melt, various chemical reactions take place and CO2 and SO3 are evolved.

3.F O R M A T I O N

The molten glass is cooled to 1000 C in a drawing canal, and then drawn up a tower (the drawing tower) where it is pressed into the desired width and thickness, and cools to 280 C. Individual plates of glass are further cooled before being put into storage ready for sale.

4. A N N E A L I N G

Molten glass is channeled off in heated channels where it is slowly cools to increase its viscosity.

5. F I N I S H I N G

Precisely weighed slugs of glass are cut off, molded with compressed air, cooled slowly in annealing ovens, coated with a special spray to prevent scratching.

C R O W N G L A S S

is most commonly used for

lenses, eyeglasses and other optical instruments as it is res i s t an t t o chem ica l and environmental impacts. Crown

glass has been used for decades and was once used for glazing however it could only be made in small quantities and was therefore

replaced by modern variations.

TYPES OF GLASS

F L O A T G L A S S

Float glass is made from a mixture of sand, limestone, soda ash,

dolomite, iron oxide and salt cake. All of these materials are heated

to a temperature of 1500 degrees and floated over a bed of liquid

tin. Float glass is extremely translucent and due to this property is

easily manipulated to vary in opacity. For example, Frosted glass is

produced from float glass by either sand-blasting or acid-etching.

R o l l e d G l a s s

Produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal table and immediately

rolling it into a sheet using metal cylinder. Glass made this way is

never fully transparent, and doesn’t necessarily have texture. Rolled

glass is widely used nowadays.

PRODUCTION FACILITIESIN ONTARIO

GLASS ASSOCIATIONT h e C a n a d i a n Glass Association (CGA) is a national trade association representing the p r o v i n c i a l a n d national interests of the glazing industry.

1883Captain John B. Ford and John Pitcairn together establish the P i t t s b u r g h P l a t e G l a s s Company (PPG).

1883P P G b e c o m e s t h e fi r s t commercially successful U.S. producer of high-quality, thick flat glass using the plate process. 

FLAT GLASS PRODUCTION

Company Manufacturing Location Glass Type

PPG Industries Canada Inc. Owen Sound, ON Flat Glass

Owens - Illinois Canada Corp.

Brampton,ON Container GlassOwens - Illinois Canada Corp.

Milton, ON Container Glass

Owens - Illinois Canada Corp.

Toronto, ON Container Glass

Since 1883, PPG has been involved in the development of

heat absorbing glass and low-emissivity glass. PPG Flat

Glass is fabricated into products primarily for the commercial

construction and residential market.

Owens- Illinois Canada is funded by Micheal J. Owens who invented the automatic bottle-making

machine, which became the foundation for today’s glassmaking industry. The company’s rich history of

innovation, unparalleled expertise, and global reach make O-I the world’s leader in glass packaging.

[9]

Of Glass

Stained glass

pattern

CULT

URAL

SIGN

IFICA

NCE

[10]

The first few centuries of glass finds are few and far between and consist mostly of smal l, s hape l e s s l umps . The fi r s t identifiably man-made glass was produced in Mesopotamia, in the form of g lass vessels v ia a technique known as core-forming. Beads and amulets, some of the first glass objects, were found in Egypt, buried with the dead in the belief that items would follow one to the afterlife. As glass was a rarity and luxury item in Egypt at the time, the glass found buried was primarily with Pharaohs and other high ranking members of society.

In the 19th century, the manufacture and use of glass was revived and glass appeared in inlays in ivory plaques and panels that adorned fine furniture.

In the Hellenistic period, the revival of mosaic glass dominated and many objects were still made into inlays as well as shrines and other objects. It was Hellenistic glassworkers that made the first ever glassware for eating and drinking. These were considered luxury objects whose use was reserved to the wealthiest section of society.

In the early to mid first century in Rome, the discovery of the technique of glass blowing was m a d e , a l l o w i n g glassmakers the ability the make objects much more quickly and in a greater variety of sizes a n d s h a p e s . T h e discovery of glass blowing was followed by the realization that glass could be formed and decorated using a variety of methods in order to manipulate both color and texture.

Glass was a medium most frequently used in decorat ive applications due to its elegant and fragile appearance as well as its versatility in terms of its ability to be colored, cut, or engraved.

Eventually, glassmakers in Rome began to view glass as a more utilitarian material for necessary objects like drinking glasses and other dish ware such as bowls and decanters. The significance of glass however was not confined to the domes t i c r ea lm . I t s un i que properties found it a place in science and medicine where those depended on glass apparatus due to its transparency and the fact that it did not contaminate it contents by corroding.

Glass finally entered the art wo r l d , e xp l o r ed b y mos t

famously, Galle and Tiffany for decorative objects such as lamps, vases, panes, etc. After the industrial revolution, artists and designers began to use glass on a larger scale and glass began to influence those in the field of a r c h i t e c t u r e . G l a s s w a s implemented for items such as fountains, windows, and finally architectural structure.

T h e u s e o f g l a s s i s ubiquitous nowadays, serving a plethora of purposes and acting as a sustainable option for a variety of needs on account of its versatility and recyclabi l i ty. The cultural significance and evolution of glass from a small rarity akin to a diamond, to a decorative medium, to a utilitarian material that we rely on for an infinite number of purposes, is a remarkable transformation worthy of note.

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCEOF MATERIAL TO VARIOUS CLIENTS AND CONSUMERS

artists and designers

began to use glass on a

larger scale

[11]

Of GLASS

PROPERTIES OF GLASS

PROPERTIES THAT CAN BE UTILIZED IN

CONSTRUCTION

HOW IS GLASS MAINTAINED

WITHIN THE INDUSTRY

Cactus House (Rotterdam, Netherlands)

PHYS

ICAL

PROP

ERTI

ES

[12]

PROPERTIES

There are many variations of glass that

highlight its practical physical applications rather

than simply its optical and decorative features.

Examples of this include insulated glass (or double

glazing) which is filled with air in order to provide

insulation. Another example is laminated glass.

Laminated glass is used when safety is paramount

i.e.: most commercial applications. It is composed

of two sheets of glass which are stuck together by a

thin layer of resin. Heat resistant glass (also known

as Pyrex) is unaffected by change in temperature

due to a low thermal expansion coefficient. Finally,

toughened glass is an excellent example of the

practical applications for glass. It is made by the

rapid cooling of annealed glass into pre-cast

shapes. The rapid cooling of the glass creates

internal stress and forces it to break into regular

cubes, rather than shards. There are many

applications and opportunities for the use of glass in

commercial, residential and decorative application.

Because of its naturally fragile state it is often

manipulated in order to alter its fragility into an

extremely strong, durable and structural material.

MAINTENANCE

There are two types of soiling that effect the optical

and reflective qualities of glass. The first includes oil,

dirt, dust and grease which are easily cleaned using

the proper products. Improper handling of fragile or

decorative glass may also result in scratches and

unwanted marks. The second type of damage to

glass is caused by abrasives, chemical vapors or

acids and extremely high temperatures. This second

type can physically damage glass, in which case it

would have to be replaced, however almost all glass

can be 100% recycled, therefore this is not a huge

loss or impact on the environment.

There is currently a product on the market known as

self-cleaning glass. It is made of ordinary float glass

which is coated with a special photo catalytic

layer.  It is made by chemically bonding a

microscopically-thin surface layer to the exterior

surface of glass. This technology uses UV rays as

well as the moisture and liquid from weather in order

to break down dirt.

Most glass is ordinary float or panel glass which is

no t se l f -c lean ing , so these ac t ions a re

recommended in the general maintenance and

upkeep of glass products. Both indoor and outdoor

glass, regardless of size or scale can usually be

cleaned using a simple solution of water and soap.

For routine maintenance and dust removal from

small-scale and household glass objects a camel-

hair or anti-static brush is recommended in

combination with non-flammable fluorocarbon

propellant. To remove oils, grease and surface

stains isopropyl alcohol may be used. There are

some ways in which professionals can attempt to

restore damaged, scratched and discoloured glass.

For example; jewellers rouge is often used for small

scratches and inflections. In most cases, however, it

is easier and more practical to replace seriously

damaged glass. For critical applications it is

recommended to purchase glass that has been

standard tested and approved for optimal durability.

[13]

Of GLASS

ART OF BLOWN GLASS

APPL

ICAT

IONS

[14]

Glass has also been used as a medium for

artistic works as well as new modern furniture.

Several of the most common techniques for

producing glass art include: blowing, kiln-casting,

fusing, slumping, pate-de-verre, flame-working,

hot-sculpting and cold-working. Objects made out

of glass include not only traditional objects such as

vessels (bowls, vases, bott les and other

containers), paperweights, marbles, beads, but an

endless range of sculpture and installation art as

well. Colored glass is often used, though

sometimes the glass is painted, and innumerable

examples exist of use of stained glass.

Glass can also be found in homes or famous

attractions, such as the CN Tower glass floor.

Load tests are performed annually on each panel to

ensure safety.

APPLICATION THICKNESS SIZE/ PER PANEL LAYERS

2 ½” 42" by 50" ■ 3/16 " scuff plate (replaced annually) ■ Two ½ " layers of clear tempered glass, laminated together ■ A one inch layer of air (for insulation)■ Two ¼ " layers of clear tempered glass, laminated together

ART APPLICATION

Glass can also be found in homes or famous attractions, such as the CN Tower glass floor.

[15]

OF GLASS

DID YOU KNOW OF RECYCLING GLASS

ECOLOGICAL

FOOTPRINT

EPA reported a 28 percent glass recycling rate

in 2007

ECOL

OGIC

AL FO

OTPR

INT

[16]

DID YOU KNOW...!

12,000 BCThe oldest example of glass are Egyptian beads dating from 12,000 BC.

100 %Glass is 100% recyclable. Glass containers can go from the recycling bin to the store shelves in

as little as 30 days.

70%70% of consumers believe

that glass packaging suggests quality.

59%In Europe 59% of

glass containers are recycled.

90%Glass container

manufacturing processes can use up to 90% cullet,

if the necessary cullet amount is available on the

market.

584,000 Tonnes

Rexam uses on average 584,000 tonnes of sand and 1,128,000 tonnes of cullet a

year.

1 BottleThe energy saved from recycling 1 glass bottle will power:

• A 100 watt light bulb for almost an hour • A computer for 25 minutes

• A colour television for 20 minutes• A washing machine for 10 minutes

[17]

An ecological footprint is a measurement which determines the extent of the impact that humans

have on their natural surrounding environment. Toronto’s ecological footprint is 7.6 hectares per

capita per year. Glass is one of the most recyclable materials in the world, and by encouraging the

recycling of this material, city’s such a Toronto can easily save energy, resources and money. In the

table below the path of recycled glass and how glass is returned back to the consumer is illustrated.

it concludes that for every ton of glass that is recycled, one ton of raw materials are saved. On

average this consists of 1,300 pounds of sand, 410 pounds of soda ash and 380 pounds of

limestone.

[18]

Of GLASS

Model composed of light, sand,

shattered glass and bottles

FINAL

MOD

EL

Material’s natural state:

Sand

Manufactured state:

Shattered glass

Product State:

glass bottles

[19]

Our model represents the stages of glass manufacture from the

beginning raw material stage, namely sand, to one of its most

frequent uses; bottles. The model is further repurposed to serve as

a light fixture. The different shades of glass demonstrate the

versatility of the material and its ability to be colored. The

transparency can be controlled both via color and via a technique

known as frosting. In order to represent frosting, we coated the

bottles in sand to create juxtaposition between the opacity

between coated and non-coated glass. Other techniques to

manipulate glass include engraving and etching which are

commonly used in a commercial setting.

Silicone was used to join the bottles to the wooden base to

demonstrate the most common and effective means of glass

joinery in the glass industry.

One of the most enticing properties of glass is its transparency,

which we highlighted through the use of lights.

Our model illustrates the recyclability of glass, another one of its

appealing qualities, and is a prime example of why glass is used

increasingly more as time goes on.

[20]

[21]

Of GLASS

RECYCLING DEFINED

glass is one of the most recyclable materials as it is 100% recyclable.

RECYCLING AS A CRAFT

create beautiful things

and arts and crafts out of recyclable and free found

objects.

RECYCLING IN ONTARIO

Nearly all of Toronto’s r e c y c l e d g l a s s i s processed in a Plant in Brampton.

Reusing the recyclable

objects

RECY

CLIN

G

[22]

The definition of recycling is to treat or process in order to use again. In this sense glass is one of the most recyclable materials as it is 100% recyclable. It can be recycled and used over and over again with no degradation or loss in quality, and the process of turning old glass to new produces virtually no waste or unwanted by-products. The importance of recycling glass can more easily be explained by this fact; that recycling a glass jar saves enough energy to light a 100 watt light bulb for four hours. Unfortunately 27 billion glass containers are still thrown away each year, rather than being recycled.

The first step in the recycling process is that the consumer throws glass into appropriate recycling bins which is then taken to a glass treatment plant. At the plant it is sorted by colour and washed/treated in order to remove any bacterial and impurities. It is then crushed into what is known as “cullet” which is the main ingredient is reproducing glass products. To make glass, manufacturers mix sand, soda ash, limestone, and cullet. This mixture is heated to a temperature of 2,600 to 2,800 degrees F; and then molded it into the desired shape. Sand is the only material used in greater volumes than cullet to manufacture glass. Using cullet, or crushed recycled glass, saves money and helps the environment. The new product is then shipped back out the consumer/user.

This cycle can be endlessly repeated, making glass incredibly valuable towards being environmentally friendly and saving the user/purchaser allot of money. Bottles and jars are the most easily and commonly recycled glass materials; almost 90 percent of recycled glass is used to make new containers. Other uses for recycled glass are kitchen tiles, counter tops, and wall and more and more commonly fibreglass for insulation. Glass recycling has grown considerably in recent years, due to both increased collection through recycling programs as well as manufacturers' increased demand for recycled glass.

Although there are many glass manufacturer’ and recycling companies, the increased desire and popularity of recycling has spurred many private companies as well as individuals to come up with ways of glass recycling on their own. For example companies such as: The Green Glass Company recycles and recreates glass in their own factories and workshops. This particular company takes old bottles and logo’s or can incorporates a client’s new logo and most commonly turns old glass products into new glasses and decorative elements. In this way The Green Glass Company has provided a way for companies to advertise/market themselves through products that show the company’s commitment and awareness of preserving resources.

[23]

The seamless joinery is an

excellent example of how recycled glass can be manufactured and

moulded in to large sheets in order

to accommodate la rge-sca le

projects.

The re-use of glass can also

act as a means of architectural and

structural construction. There have

been many houses around the world

made from entirely re-used/re-cycled

glass bottles. One example of these is located in the Kootenay’s in British

Colombia, Canada. David H. Brown,

working in the Funeral Business

decided to make use of the

thousands of jars that were used for

emba lm ing flu ids to bu i l d a

whimsical castle-like house. He

started to collect bottles from many

people in the funeral business and

together they collected over 500,000

o f t h e s q u a r e s h a p e d

bottles, weighing a total of 250 tons. In 1952 after his retirement from the

funeral business he retired and

started to give shape to his very

u n i q u e a n d e n v i ro n m e n t a l l y

conscious example of what creative

and practical uses recycling glass

can lead to.

A blog/ site created by a woman with ways to create beautiful things

and arts and crafts out of recyclable

and free found objects. This is a

perfect example of the trend in

recycling and the popularity of living

a greener lifestyle. As glass is a

100% recyclable material its use

goes hand in hand with promoting

an environmentally friendly earth.

THE BOTTLE TREE

There are many individuals who

take an interest in the use and re-use of glass. For example,

Steve Jobs, with the help of

designer Philippe Starck has re-

used the idea of his apple

brand and recently launched a

yacht in the Netherlands that

has large floor to ceiling glass

panels that span almost forty

feet long.

[24]

Nearly all of Toronto’s recycled glass is processed in a

Plant in Brampton. This has not always been the case.

Until recently the majority of Toronto’s recycled glass has

been shipped to plants as far as Syracuse, N.Y or

Montreal. This means spending allot more energy,

money, time and resources shipping a material that is

supposed to be in the process of re-using and recycling

in order to conserve energy.

Municipalities do have to pay processors to take the

recycled glass off their hands, therefore due to a much

closer location, Toronto will pay about 11$ per ton rather

then 48.75$ per ton as they previously were.

Glass s is a very controversial blue box material in

Ontario. Since the introduction of the deposit-return

program for liquor containers in 2007, there has been

approximately 50% reduced glass being collected in

blue bins. Furthermore many municipalities have a

‘single stream’ collecting system, which results in

broken glass that is almost impossible to sort into clear

and coloured. As well given the few processing facilities

that do exist glass is becoming harder and harder to get

rid of. Also when it is mixed with other materials such

as newspapers, the newspaper then becomes un-

recyclable as it is now full of contaminants. So

because of the inherent physical properties of glass, it

must be handled carefully in order to insure that it is

recycled properly.

Stewardship Ontario and uncial Inc. have agreed to

build a new mixed glass processing facility in the

GTA, making it even more energy-efficient and cost

effect to process and recycle glass within the GTA.

GLASS RECYCLINGIN ONTARIO

100% OF ALL GLASS ARE

RECYCLABLE

[25]

Of GLASS

RATING SYSTEM

System of credits that acts as incentive for the construction industry to build in a more sustainable and environmentally conscious fashion.

MATERIALSRecycled content and regional materials

ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE

credits for optimizing energy and performance

TAKING THE LEED IN GREEN DESIGN

LEED

CONS

IDER

ATIO

NS

[26]

LEED building has increased significantly in North America and now accounts for almost one third of new construction. LEED has s ign i fican t l y impac ted industry in terms of product development, marketing and s a l e s , a n d m a n a g i n g documentation.

Innovation in terms of products and installation methods have helped the industry progress towards more sus ta i nab le construction, however there is little that individual companies can do as most LEED credits available through glass and glazing are related to overall building design.

Rating System

The LEED certification program is a system of credits that acts as incentive for the construction industry to build in a more sustainable and environmentally conscious fashion. There are two separate systems for the United States and Canada that cater to differing climates, construction practices, and legislature.

The system is organized into five environmental categories with two extra categories dedicated to innovative design and regional differences. Credits and points are offered for items such as reducing energy and water usage, implementing materials that produce minimal impact on the earth, and by protecting and preserving natural habitats.

LEED CERTIFIED

Glass considerations

under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design program

[27]

Of the 100+ points available within the system, there are roughly 12 that can be applied to the commercial glass and glazing industry. Major relevant credits are as follows:

Materials & Resources Credit 4: Recycled Content (Maximum 2 points)

Intent of the creditThe goal is to increase demand for products with recycled content in an effort to reduce impacts related to extraction and production of new materials

Glass ContributionFloat glass produced by major glass manufacturers has no allowable recycled content under the LEED system. Some specialty glass manufacturers and glass artists use recycled glass. Although LEED credits are not applicable, some types o f g l a s s a re c o m p l e t e l y recyclable at the end of their useful life provided that have not been contaminated with g l a z i n g m a t e r i a l s . S o m e recycling facilities are capable of recycling laminated and insulated glass products that would otherwise wind up in a landfill.

To achieve LEED credits, the allowable recycled content of glass is based on the weight of the entire assembly being installed into the building. Post-consumer recycled content is given greater value if it is perceived to offer an increased environmental benefit.

Despite the fact that many float glass manufacturers use up to 20% recycled materials, it is not allowable under this credit on account of the fact that the recycled materials are pre-consumer recycled and is therefore considered reused rather than recycled.

P o s t - c o n s u m e r r e c y c l e d content is defined as consumer or industrial waste that has served a purpose in the market before being used again as a component in another material, such as construction debris or m a t e r i a l s f r o m c u r b s i d e recycling programs.

Pre-consumer, also known as post-industrial, recycled content comes from process waste that one industry has sold or traded w i t h a n o t h e r t h a t w o u l d otherwise be disposed of as waste. For example a board m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o m p a n y purchases sawdust from a lumber mill that would otherwise b e i n c i n e r a t e d . R e u s i n g materials in the same process in which they were generated does not contribute towards the recycled content of a material.

Materials & Resources:Credit 5: Regional Materials (Maximum 2 points)

Intent of the creditThe goal of this credit is to inc rease the demand fo r m a t e r i a l s e x t r a c t e d a n d manufactured within the region i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e environmental consequences of transportation.

Glass ContributionGlazing products are eligible for this credit if the raw materials used in their fabrication were extracted and manufactured within 500 miles of the project s i te. This distance var ies depending on the method of transportation.

If only a fraction of the product adheres to the criteria, then that percentage according to its weight can contribute to the credit. The product is not considered eligible if only one of the two criteria (extraction and manufacturing) is met.

This criterion is applicable to b o t h c o m p a n i e s t h a t manufacture and fabricate, as well as those that handle installation of glass products.

The major flaw within this credit is that it doesn’t take into consideration the distance travelled between the extraction and final manufacturing site relative to the project site. For example, if a raw material is extracted in New Jersey but then shipped to Texas and then to the West Coast to be fabricated and finally to New York to be insulated, if the building is in New York and the first and last points are within 500 miles of that building/project site, the product would c o m p l y , d e s p i t e b e i n g inconsistent with the intent of the credit.

[28]

Energy & AtmosphereCredit 1: Optimize Energy Performance (Up to 19 points for overall building performance & Up to 21 points for commercial interiors)

Intent of the CreditThe goal is to reduce impacts associated with increased energy use and to reduce o v e r a l l e n e r g y consumption within the building.

Glass Contribution This credit refers to methods with which to optimize e n e r g y u s a g e a n d per formance v ia four fundamental strategies:

1. Reduce demand 2. Harvest free energy 3. Increase Efficiency 4. Recover waste energy

The use of glass in the building envelope as well as the interior contributes to the harvesting of free energy by increasing day-lighting properties a n d t h u s r e d u c i n g t h e requirement for artificial, electric lighting. Techniques such as combination glass construction, tints, and coatings, provide a means with which to control the amount of light introduced into each area w i t h i n t h e s p a c e . H i g h performance glazing on the exter ior of a bui lding also contributes to an increase in

natural light while also restricting the effects of infrared energy and solar heat gain. These methods can contribute to lower energy use in addit ion to smal ler equipment requirements and thus reduced spat ia l needs for mechanical and electrical equipment.

Manually operated devices such as shades or blinds are not considered eligible

under this credit as it is only p e r m a n e n t a p p l i c a t i o n o f coatings, electro chromic glass, and tints that allows for this type of solar control to be included in calculations. LEED also takes into consideration glazing properties s u c h a s v i s i b l e l i g h t transmittance, solar heat gain, and shading coefficients.

Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 6.2: Controllability of Systems – Thermal Comfort (Maximum 1 point)

Intent of the CreditThe goal is to provide individual

occupants or groups in multi-occupant spaces the

ability to control the l e v e l o f t h e r m a l -comfort in an effort to encourage productivity, contentment, and well-being.

Glass ContributionThis credit refers to the individual needs and preferences of building o c c u p a n t s v i a ad justab le comfor t cont ro ls . E lements s u c h a s o p e r a b l e windows and lighting controls contribute to occupant abi l i ty to adjust comfort controls

in terms of venti lation and temperature. Individual controls may increase initial buildings costs though are typically offset by energy savings from lower ventilation requirements and use of shading devices.

post-consumer

waste

[29]

BIBLIOGRAPHYWEBSITE

John W. Root, Ph.D. “Maintenance Manual for Glass & Ceramic Color Transfer Standards”. Mt. Baker

Research L.L.C. http://www.mtbakerresearch.com/pdf/TileManual.pdf. Accessed 10/11/2012

The Daily Green, http://www.thedailygreen.com/going-green/tips/post-consumer-recycled , accessed 11/11/2012

Dorobek, Jamie. “the bottle tree” C.R.A.F.T – creating really awesome free things. http://www.creatingreallyawesomefreethings.com/. Accessed 09/11/2012

The Green Glass Company. “Products” http://www.greenglass.com/store/home.php?cat=1. Accessed 11/11/2012

Recycling Guide Organization. “How Glass is Recycled” (Fubra Limited 2012) http://www.recycling-guide.org.uk/science-glass.html. Accessed 10/11/2012.

Saskatchewan Waste Reduction Council. Glass recycling in Ontario. http://www.saskwastereduction.ca/resources/glass/ont-glass.html. Accessed 12/11/2012

“Glass Recycling Available” US Fed News Service, Including US State News (HT Media ltd,

Washington, D.C] 11/11/2009

Unknown. “The Glass House” Kootenay Lake East Shore; Spectacular by nature. Kootenay Lake Chamber of Commerce 2012. http://kootenaylake.bc.ca/members/the-glass-house/. Accessed 09/11/2012

Unknown. “Hope floats: Steve Jobs’ yacht Venus launched in Netherlands” RT news. 05/11/2012 http://rt.com/art-and-culture/news/steve-jobs-yaucht-sail-005/. Accessed 10/11/2012

Books

Agnes, Michael & Guralnik B., David. Webster’s new world college dictionary, Fourth edition. (IDG books worldwide, Foster City, CA. 2009)

Whitehouse, David. Glass: A Short History. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2012. Print.

King, Thomas B. Boston: Boston Mills, 1987. Print.

Tait, Hugh. Five Thousand Years of Glass. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 2004. Print.

Shelby, James E. Introduction to Glass Science and Technology. Cambridge, England: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1997. Print.