Research Methods: Observational Research
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Observational Research
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
Types
• Naturalistic Observation: observe the behavior as an outsider
• Participant Observation: observe the behavior as in insider
Naturalistic Example 1: Jane Goodall
• Dominant Views– tool use is defining feature of humans– Chimpanzees are docile vegetarians
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKyrLFyOi04
2 min:
1934-
Ethogram
Naturalistic Example #2: Robert Sapolsky
• Baboons and culture
2 min:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_HVhlJ4AmQ
1957-
Participant: Accuracy of Diagnosis
SCZ- SCZ+
SCZ- Correct Diagnosis
Type Ierror
SCZ+ Type IIerror
CorrectDiagnosis
• 8 healthy pseduo-patients presented to 12 psychiatric hospitals with complaint of hearing voices
• Acted normal but 11 diagnosed as schizophrenic
• Fellow patients, but not staff, were suspicious
• Released after 7-52 days (mean = 19)
Decision
Rea
lity
Rosenhan (1973). Science, 179, 250-258.
0:37-3:30: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq-7uvVOoyk
1929-2012
Challenges
• Control: variable• Observer bias: data fits with hypothesis
– Inter-observer reliability • Correlation
• Participant reactivity: participants may react to observer(s)– Unobtrusive Measures: cameras
http://www.myspace.com/video/tippytoes/polar-bear-moon-walk/59921647