Research methodology for project work for undergraduate students

04/11/2023 [email protected] & [email protected]

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Research Methodology In SOCIAL SCIENCES(For Undergraduate Students)

Presented by Dr. Sanjay PS Dessai

Associate Professor of CommerceVVM’s Shree Damodar College, Margao, Goa.

&Dr. B.P. Sarath Chandran

Associate Professor of EconomicsVVM’s Shree Damodar College, Margao, Goa.


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Part AWhat is Research?

• Research means the systematic enquiry to find out the truth. It involves systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem. The research process involves four important stages:

planning collection of dataanalysisReporting


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Steps involved in research• Selection of Study Area• Identification of the topic• Tentative research question• Refined research question after literature survey• Research hypotheses, goals and objectives• Study design• Population and Sampling• Selection of Variables to study the objectives• Research tools to be used in the study• Pilot study• Work plan• Collection of data• Data Analysis• Interpretation• Reporting


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Research Area and Research Topic

• Identification of the area (Ex: finance, economics, marketing, entrepreneurship etc.)

• Look out for problems/issues in that area that can be studied.

• Curious problem or a pressing issue can also be studied

• Topics should be narrowly focused and carefully defined


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Sources of research topic• Theories • Personal/professional questions• Replication• Library search • Sponsoring agencies • Issues confronting the society• Problems that urgent solutions are required.


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How to refine research question

• Who?

• What?

• When?

• Where?

• Why?

Research topic can come ,

• personal experience• theory• observations • contemporary issues • engagement with the literature


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Objectives

Objectives are the clear statements indicating what the researcher wanted to answer at the end of the study.

The research problem becomes the broad objective of the study

This is can be divided in to specific objectives At the end of the study, the researcher should

be able to satisfactorily answer the objectives of the study.


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Hypothesis

Hypothesis is a tentative statement to be tested positive or negative.When relationship between variables are not known, it is better to formulate the hypothesis and to be tested.Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no perceptible difference in the variables being studied.Alternate Hypothesis (H1): Opposite of null hypothesis. There is perceptible differences in the variables being studied.


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Research Design

Research design basically answers the following questions (i) What is the study about?(ii) Why is the study being made?(iii) Where will the study be carried out?(iv) What type of data is required?(v) Where can the required data be found?(vi) What periods of time will the study include?(vii) What will be the sample design?(viii) What techniques of data collection will be used?(ix) How will the data be analyzed?(x) In what style will the report be prepared?


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Population and Sampling• Sampling is the process of selection of a number of units

from a defined study population.

The process of sampling

1. Identification of study population2. Determination of sampling population3. Definition of the sampling unit4. Choice of sampling method5. Estimation of the sample size


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Variables

Variable: a characteristic or phenomenon that may take on different values; variables must vary! There may be different characteristics affecting the outcome we are studyingVariables are generally classified as Dependent and Independent Dependent Variable (DV): an outcome of interest that is observed and measured by the researcher; hypothesised to be affected by the independent variable

Independent Variable (IV): the controlled variable in a study; hypothesised to have an effect on the dependent variable


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Research Tools

• Experiments• Observations• Surveys• Questionnaire• Interviews• Standardized tests


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Pilot Survey

• A small scale survey carried out prior to the main survey

• to improve the efficiency of the main survey.• To test whether questions are giving you the

type of answers you want. • to modify questions to get better response• pilot test help to work out solutions to the

problems encountered for better response.


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Work Plan

• Work plan is important for the timely completion of the research.

• The research process is divided in to various stages and a time frame is given.

• By following the time frame the researcher is able to evaluate the progress of the study and make the necessary changes if required.

• Work plan should not be rigid and it should be able to incorporate the changes required.


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Collection of Data

• Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.

• Data Collected can be • Qualitative• Quantitative


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Data Analysis• When selecting the tools of data analysis, a

researcher should make sure that the assumptions related to the technique are satisfied.

• Descriptive Analysis – percentage, ratio, proportions etc.

• Qualitative Data Analysis• Statistical Data Analysis

• Descriptive Statistics• Regression Analysis

• Economic Modeling• Statistical software's such as SPSS, EVIEWS, STATA,

Gretel etc. are used for data analysis.


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Interpretation

Interpretation transforms the data collected into credible evidence of outcome.

This includes the following steps: · Organising the data for analysis (data preparation)· Describing the data· Interpreting the data

Where quantitative data have been collected, statistical analysis can:

· help measure the degree of change that has taken place· allow an assessment to be made about the consistency of data

Where qualitative data have been collected, interpretation is more difficult.

Here, it is important to group similar responses into categories and identify common patterns that can help derive meaning from what may seem unrelated and diffuse responses.


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Reporting

• A report is a presentation of facts and findings, usually as a basis for recommendations.

• Written for a specific readership, and probably intended to be kept as a record.

• Report is written to be read by the intended audience


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Structure of a ReportTitle of the ReportIntroductionBackgroundStatement of the problemImportanceResearch gapObjectives Methodology of the studyLimitations of the study/ChallengesChapter StructureReview of the LiteratureProfile of the Study UnitsAnalysis of dataSummary, Suggestions and scope for future research


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Part B

Project requirements for undergraduate students of Goa University based on project manual

of Goa university

Preliminaries

• Title page • Declaration certificate • Certificate signed by supervisor • Acknowledgement / preface• Table of contents• Numbering of pages


Table of contents

• The chapter title• References / bibliography• Appendices • Annexures


Introductory chapterIncludes 1. Introduction 2. Objectives of the study3. Scope4. Statement of the problem/ Hypothesis 5. Methodology6. Chapter scheme and7. limitations if any04/11/2023 [email protected] &

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End matter

• Reference notes• Bibliography- proper citation• Style and format important• Alphabetical order • (Name of the author, date of publication, title,

place of publication and name of the publisher)


General guidelines

• Written in English • Handwritten or typed • Pages not to exceed 60 pages (40-60)• A4 Size paper • Font size 12• Margins – top, bottom and right 1 and left margin

1.2 or 1.4 inches • In case of maps drawings no restriction on paper

size 04/11/2023 [email protected] &

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General guidelines

• Should be typed only on one side of the paper• Spacing – 1.5 or double spacing • All pages should be numbered except title page • Arabic numerals for the preliminarily pages and

for all subsequent pages Numerals.• Hard bound • 2 copies to be submitted • Second copy may be photo copy


Marks

Internal examiner marks( 50 marks)1. Report -202. Field / Library work / Practical work - 203. For attendance - 054. Maintenance of records / Diary- 05External examiners (50 marks)• Project Report - 25• Viva- voce - 2504/11/2023 [email protected] &

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Final summary

• Cover• Title page• Acknowledgements• Abstract• Contents page• List of figures or illustrations• Main body• Introduction• Literature survey• Methodology• Results• Discussion• Conclusion• Recommendations• Reference list / Bibliography• Appendices04/11/2023 [email protected] &

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Thank you

04/11/2023 [email protected] & [email protected] 29

Research methodology for project work for undergraduate students

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