Research in Chemistry - Science &...

Chemistry Honours Projects

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Research in Chemistry Honours Projects available in 2012

Department of Chemistry chemistry.curtin.edu.au


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Staff member Page

A/Prof Damien Arrigan 3

Dr Stuart Bailey 4

Dr David Brown 5

Prof Mark Buntine 6

Prof Julian Gale 7

Prof Kliti Grice 8

A/Prof Anna Heitz 9

A/Prof Cynthia Joll 10

Dr Franca Jones 11

A/Prof Simon Lewis 12

Dr Kathryn Linge 13

Dr Max Massi 14

A/Prof Mauro Mocerino 15

Prof Mark Ogden 16

Dr Alan Payne 17

Dr Debbie Silvester 18

Dr Daniel Southam 19

Appendix: Research Institutes and Centres Page

Nanochemistry Research Institute 21

Curtin Water Quality Research Centre 21

WA Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre 22


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A/Prof Damien Arrigan Office: 500-2201 Lab: 500-2222 Phone: 9266 9735 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests are in analytical chemistry and its boundaries with electrochemistry. Our research group is especially interested in exploring ion-transfer processes at interfaces between immiscible liquids (water-organic and water-ionic liquid interfaces) and using these transfers as the basis for analysis, detection and sensing of chemical and biochemical substances. The understanding of chemical processes at electrodes and interfaces provides the basis for new sensor technologies. Electrochemical sensors are widely used in society (e.g. the pH meter, the glucose biosensor) and provide rapid and reliable access to chemical concentrations to support many applications such as environment and health. The projects offered here will provide students with valuable experience in modern electrochemical methods as ultra-sensitive analytical techniques. Honours Projects

DA1: Proteins at liquid-liquid interfaces The behavior of proteins at liquid-liquid interfaces is important in areas such as protein detection and characterization, drug delivery and drug storage. The figure on the left illustrates the adsorption and detection of a protein at two micro-interfaces. A number of projects are available within this area, including

• Selective interfacial detection of proteins from mixtures; • Behaviour of enzymatically-digested proteins at the interface; • Detection of proteins at nanomolar concentrations. • Molecular bio-receptors at liquid-liquid interfaces.

The specific details of the project will depend on the interests of the Honours student: please talk with me about this. DA2: Nanoscale liquid-liquid interfaces The global trends in miniaturised technologies (think mobile phones, personal computers, portable electronic data storage) also impact on electrochemistry. As electrified interfaces are made smaller, they are subjected to increased mass transport fluxes. This increase leads to higher current densities and potentially better sensor signals. We have developed a range of micro- and nano- liquid-liquid interfaces to investigate whether such benefits are practically useful. We do this by punching tiny little holes in inorganic membranes and locating the liquid-liquid interface at the micro- or nano-hole formed (see figure at left). The electrical properties of

the membrane-liquid interface as well as the liquid-liquid interface may then be important in determining the

electroanalytical performances of the interfaces. The aim of this project will be to assess these properties and to study the behavior of nanoscale interface arrays using advanced electrochemical methods.


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Dr Stuart Bailey Office: 500-4116 Lab: 500-2222 Phone: 9266 7808 Email: [email protected] Background My research is primarily focused on carbon dioxide corrosion of steels and the relationship to the oil and gas production industries. This has revolved mostly around the mechanism of carbon dioxide corrosion, and the mechanism of inhibition of carbon steel by inhibitor materials, along with properties and applications of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs). A wide variety of chemical methods including surface analysis and electrochemical measurements are used to elucidate the corrosion process. Detailed projects can be negotiated with interested students. Honours Projects SB1: Influence of MEG on carbon dioxide corrosion of mild steel Ethylene glycol (or monoethyleneglycol, MEG) is often added to gas production pipelines to prevent formation of methane hydrate. Our previous research has shown that ethylene glycol has a significant effect on the rate of carbon dioxide corrosion of carbon steel. MEG is considered to provide some protection against mild steel corrosion, but corrosion inhibitors are usually added to flowlines to assure protection. Recent work in our laboratories has shown that the effect of MEG is not so clearly defined, and that unexpected interactions appear to happen between corrosion inhibitors and MEG. Further, it has been found that MEG from different suppliers results in different corrosion rates and inhibitor interactions. This has been presumed to be due to the presence (unintended) presence of traces of, as yet unidentified, impurities in the MEG. This project aims to clarify these observations, to establish the corrosion properties of (pure) MEG, and perhaps to identify components responsible for the varying corrosion behaviour. It should be noted that the literature does indicate that it is difficult to obtain/maintain highly pure MEG, and it is not anticipated that the industry would utilise highly pure MEG. Rather, if the presence and properties of impurities can be understood, not only can the corrosion performance be accurately predicted, but it may be possible to promote corrosion resistance through “selection” of impurities via manufacturing routes or other processes. SB2: Corrosion Behaviour of Advanced Alloys One approach to limiting corrosion damage is the use of CRAs (corrosion resistant alloys). These materials are much more expensive than carbon steel, so the appropriate selection of material for the task is a critical part of project planning. These materials are also susceptible to “exotic” modes of corrosion failure such as intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Current specific projects include Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) of high alloy steels under anaerobic seawater conditions, understanding the chemical basis sensitisation of weldable martensitic stainless steel (WMSS) and corrosion of stainless steels in marine atmospheric environment.

mailto:[email protected]


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Dr David Brown Office: 500-3118 Lab: 500-2219 Phone: 9266 1279 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests lie in the application of synthetic chemistry to achieve functionality in both discrete molecules and bulk materials. Areas of interest include: synthetic organic-, coordination- and organometallic-chemistry, homogeneous and supported catalysis, macrocycles, N-heterocyclic carbenes, liquid-crystalline- and polymeric-materials, and microreactor technologies. Specific projects can be tailored to meet interests of students. In my projects you will have the opportunity to learn synthetic organic and organometallic chemistry, advanced laboratory skills and compound characterisation (e.g. NMR, MS, GC). Honours Projects DHB1: The coordination chemistry of rhenium carbene-pyridine complexes This project seeks to explore the coordination chemistry of pyridine-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. We have recently reported the synthesis of the first rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex bearing a carbene-pyridine chelating ligand (figure shown). The complex displays photoluminescent properties similar to that of the more commonly studied diimine rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes. The ease at which we can modify the carbene-pyridine ligand should allow us the ability to tune the complex properties, with the possibilities of examining applications in light emitting devices or biological applications. An exploration of the coordination chemistry of these compounds will better inform us about how the properties of the materials can vary with structure. The project will focus on the synthesis of derivatives of the complex shown to better understand the relationship of properties and structure. DHB2: Complexes of cyclophane- and pincer-carbene ligands (with Prof. Murray Baker at UWA) Platinum complexes have a diverse range of properties that are exploited for varied applications. These properties include catalytic activity in organic transformations, antitumor activity, and luminescent properties. We have developed synthetic procedures for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene-cyclophane platinum complexes (shown) and wish to explore the properties of such complexes. In addition we have recently reported the synthetic procedures for N-heterocyclic carbene-pincer nickel and palladium complexes. The project will focus on the synthesis and characterization of metal complexes with pincer-and cyclophane -NHC ligands, with a particular focus on probing the properties and reactivity that the complexes display. DHB3: Immobilised 'bulky' carbenes Palladium complexes bearing sterically hindered carbenes have displayed spectacular reactivity in carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. In many cases there appears to be limited reports of the immobilisation of such bulky ligands onto insoluble supports such as silica or cross-linked polymers. Immobilised catalysts allow us to better understand how a catalysts behaves but also allows the application of the catalyst to continuous flow reactors. The project will explore methods for immobilising such bulky ligands.



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Prof Mark Buntine Office: 500-2114 Lab: 500-1239 Phone: 9266 7265 Email: [email protected] Background The Laser Chemistry Laboratory is a research group with interests in a variety of topics spanning energy transfer and molecular dynamics to nanoscience and biological, environmental and analytical chemistry. As its name suggests, the Laser Chemistry Laboratory uses contemporary laser technology as a central chemical research tool. A comprehensive computational chemistry research program underpins our experimental studies. A flavour of the research projects currently underway in our laboratory is given below. Students are encouraged to discuss specific projects of interest with Prof. Buntine. Honours Projects MB1: Laser-Based Formation and Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution We are able to determine the kinetics of formation and size-dependent stability of these species via optical spectroscopy, microscopy and synchrotron science. See, for example, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 15931-15940 (2010). We are currently exploring the chemistry of copper and gold nanoparticles encapsulated with a range of ligands or surfactant molecules using a variety of spectroscopic probes together with electron microscopy investigations. Developing an understanding of encapsulated metal nanoparticles will benefit potential application of these novel species in areas as diverse as telecommunications and biomedical science. This work is undertaken in collaboration with Dr Max Massi and Dr Franca Jones. An electron micrograph of the particles comprising the resultant deep red solution is shown in panel (a) below. The size scale in the bottom right of the image represents 100 nm. The particles are found to be tens of nanometers in diameter, with a significant distribution in the size distribution. Subsequent irradiation of the red solution at 532 nm results in a significant reduction of the Au particle size, and a more uniform size distribution, as shown in panel (b) below (same size scale).

(a) Au nanoparticles generated by laser irradiation at 1064 nm.

(b) Au nanoparticles generated by laser irradiation at 532 nm of particles in (a).

MB2: The Molecular Dynamics of Transport across the Liquid-Vapour Interface

Despite the thermodynamics of evaporation having been understood for over a century, the molecular-level dynamics of transport across the liquid–vapour interface have eluded determination. Understanding these interfacial dynamics is important for both fundamental and practical reasons; it provides a solid foundation upon which to understand, with an eye to eventually controlling, a broad range of scientific, environmental and industrial evaporative processes. A rigorous understanding of the dynamics of evaporation has traditionally not been achieved because of a lack of experimental techniques capable of providing unambiguous and insightful data. We have developed an experimental method for probing the nascent molecules liberated from the liquid to the gas phase.

These experimental measurements are based on a combination of resonant multi-photon laser ionisation spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. See, for example, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 637-643 (2009).


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Prof Julian Gale Office: 500-3112 Lab: 500-1105 Phone: 9266 7800 Email: [email protected] Background My research involves the development and application of computer simulation based techniques to solve problems in the areas of chemistry, physics and geoscience. Examples of some of the research interests include crystal growth, minerals chemistry and biomineralization, solid-state materials for energy, including lithium batteries and fuel cells for hydrogen combustion, heterogeneous catalysis, nanoporous molecular sieves and membranes for desalination of water. Honours Projects JDG1: (with Dr Paolo Raiteri). Mineral growth from aqueous solution is important from both an industrial and fundamental perspective. As part of an Australian Research Council grant we are using computer simulation, based on molecular dynamics, to investigate the properties of mineral-aqueous interfaces to understand these growth processes. This is relevant to the process of biomineralization – the mechanism by which organisms create skeletal and other materials by the manipulation of crystal growth. P. Raiteri and JDG, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 132, 17623 (2010)

JDG2: (with Dr Paolo Raiteri). Non-classical precursors are a hot topic in crystal growth having featured in several recent Science papers. Conventionally the association of ions in solution is supposed to cost energy and lead to metastable clusters. However, it is now being found that stable mineral supramolecular polymers can be formed instead. This project will examine whether such clusters exist for calcium sulphate solutions. D. Gebauer et al, Science, 322, 1819 (2008)


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Prof Kliti Grice Office: 500-2116 Lab: 500-level 3 Phone: 9266 2474 Email: [email protected] Background Prof Kliti Grice is an internationally renowned organic and isotope (bio)geochemist. Her research interests lie in molecular and isotopic biogeochemistry; biomarker; mass extinction events of life on Earth (end-Devonian, Permian/Triassic, Triassic/Jurassic and end-Ordovician). Applications of compound specific isotopes in petroleum geochemistry, sediments, biochemical pathways in extant organisms (plants, algae, stromatolites), forensic provenance & environmental pollution & climate change proxies. Many projects involve collaborations with Geological Society of WA, Geoscience Australia, Chevron, Woodside, Alcoa, Chem Centre WA, ANSTO/AINSE, National and International Universities. Please see WA-OIGC on p 22. Honours Projects KG1: Exploring photosynthesis in ancient Seas- Clues to the changing nitrogen and carbon cycles. With also Dr Martijn Woltering, Dr Caroline Jaraula, Dr Chris Boreham (Geoscience Australia) Polar compounds (maleimides) extracted and porphyrins from ancient sediments have been shown to be related to intact chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls present in photosynthetic organisms (Grice et al., 1996; Grice et al., 2005). We have recently established that unique porphyrins derived from certain pigments are evident in sediments spanning several of the largest extinction events of life on Earth (some 380 and 252 million years old) and associated with petroleum depoists. We are planning through this Honours project to develop a new method to isolate certain porphyrins for δ15N and δ13C analyses to reconstruct the ancient N2 and C biogeochemical cycles in ancient seas. The project involves analyses of porphyrins by state of the art LC-MS Orbitrap and isolation by preparative LC ready for isotope measurements. Many analytical and wet chemistry techniques will also be employed. Grice K, Gibbison R, Atkinson JE, Eckardt CB, Schwark L, Schwark L, Maxwell JR 1996 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-diones (maleimides) as indicators of anoxygenic photosynthesis in palaeowater columns. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 60, 3913-3924. Grice K, Cao C, Love GD, Bottcher ME, Twitchett R, Grosjean E, Summons R, Turgeon S, Dunning WJ, Jin Y 2005 Photic Zone Euxinia During the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic Event. Science. 307,706-709. KG2: Biomarkers and stable isotopes of a 380 million year old drill core Eremophilia. With also Dr Caroline Jaraula, Dr Heidi Jane Allen (Geological Survey of WA) The project will involve a combination of organic geochemical techniques including GC–MS, GC–IRMS, LC–MS and PY–GCMS. The Canning Basin, WA is an active petroleum exploration area. A new petroleum well is under investigation containing organic matter and interesting mineralogy. A detailed biomarker, isotope and mineral geochemical project will be performed on the Devonian sediments (associated with ancient reef complex of the Canning Basin, WA). It is expected that the so-called Gogo Formation a source of oil (Maslen et al., 2009; Melendez et al., 2011) in the Canning Basin is prevalent in this well. Melendez I., Grice K., Trinajstic K., Ladjavardi M., Greenwood P.F., Thompson K. (2011) Biomarkers reveal the role of photic zone euxinia in exceptional fossil preservation. Geology in review. E. Maslen, K. Grice, J. Gale, C. Hallmann and B. Horsfield (2009) Crocetane: A potential marker of photic zone euxinia in thermally mature sediments and crude oils of Devonian age. Organic Geochemistry. 49, 1-17. KG3: Our changing coastlines: An environmental impact assessment of Peel Harvey Estuary and/or Cairns Estuary. With also Dr Lyndon Berwick and Dr Robert Lockhart Accumulations of reactive iron monosulfides, in association with high concentrations of organo-sulfur compounds occur within the eutrophic zone of the Peel-Harvey estuary in WA. The deposits manifest themselves as monosulfidic black ooze which, in addition to physically choking this busy water-way, poses a series of potential environmental hazards including rapid deoxygenation and acidification of surface waters and release of potentially toxic metals. Detailed analytical techniques not limited to py-GCMS of the sediments will be carried out in order to assess the nature of the recalcitrant organic matter in terms of algal versus plant material from different parts of the estuary and their capacity to yield H2S and/or methane. A field trip is likely to be involved in the project.

http://wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au/people/grice_k.c�


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A/Prof Anna Heitz Office: 500-4118 Lab: 500-3222, 3225, 3227 Phone: 9266 7267 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests are focused on organic analytical chemistry as applied to potable and environmental water quality issues. I am interested in studies on the chemistry of natural organic matter (NOM); the chemistry of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, particularly relating to emerging DBPs; the nature and chemistry of odour-causing compounds in potable water and wastewater; and micropollutants in water recycling schemes and in the environment. Most projects involve collaboration with the Water Corporation and/or other partners. In my projects, you will learn organic analytical chemistry using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the principles and pitfalls of potable water and wastewater treatment and water treatment for recycling purposes. Honours Projects AH1: Characterisation of NOM in water using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC): teasing fact from fiction (with Dr Ina Kristiana, Dr Francesco Busetti, A/Prof Cynthia Joll) NOM in potable water sources is the curse of the water industry, causing a myriad of problems. NOM is derived from decayed plant and animal matter in water catchments, and its chemical structure is heterogeneous and ill-defined. Despite considerable worldwide effort, a simple robust method for characterization of NOM that is readily applicable to water treatment operations has been elusive. The technique of HPSEC shows substantial promise for this purpose. However, the mechanism of separation of the components of NOM is not based entirely on size: electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions interfere with the size-based separation, and true molecular weight determination is not possible. The aims of this project will be to investigate the effects of specific functional groups (e.g. di- and tri-carboxylic acids) within NOM on HPSEC measurements and to establish the extent of “false interpretation of molecular weight information” from these functional groups. The outcomes will be of benefit to the water industry and will clarify ongoing controversies in the analytical chemistry of NOM. AH2: Development of alternative methods for analysis of nitrosamines in drinking water and wastewater (with Drs Kathryn Linge and Ina Kristiana) Nitrosamines, such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are important compounds in water treatment processes. They are generally present as by-products of disinfection, and some studies have also found that they may be contaminants in rubber and plastic materials in contact with foodstuffs, beverages and drinking water. NDMA is a known carcinogen and is regulated in drinking water and recycled water in many parts of the world. Maximum allowable concentrations are in the order of 1-100 ng L-1 and, therefore, sensitive methods of analysis are required. Existing methods are based on extraction and preconcentration of analytes with solid-phase extraction (SPE), but these methods are very laborious. Alternative methods, based on HPLC with chemiluminescence detection or solid-phase microextraction (SPME), have potential for comparable sensitivity, with substantially reduced sample preparation. The availability of less laborious methods would allow for increased capacity to study the behaviour of nitrosamines in the environment. The aim of this project will be to develop and validate alternative methods (HPLC; SPME) for analysis of nitrosamines and compare these with existing SPE-based methods in terms of sensitivity, robustness and practicality. The methods will be used for analysis of nitrosamines in a variety of matrices to assess the extent of contamination from several sources (e.g. plastics and rubbers).



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A/Prof Cynthia Joll Office: 500-3117 Lab: 500-3222, 3225, 3227 Phone: 9266 7229 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests are focused on water chemistry, in particular the chemistry of drinking water quality and treatment and of water recycling. Organic compounds in water are the primary focus, with inorganic ions also of importance in some projects. Areas of interest include: disinfection and disinfection by-product formation, characterization of natural organic matter, removal of disinfection by-product precursors in water treatment, tastes and odours in drinking waters, and removal of micropollutants in wastewaters. Most projects involve collaboration with the Water Corporation or other partners. In all projects, you will learn water chemistry, organic chemistry and analytical chemistry (e.g. GC-MS with a variety of preconcentration techniques, solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS or direct injection LC-MS, ion chromatography). Honours Projects CJ1: Removal of organic nitrogen during drinking water treatment: impact on nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation (with Dr Kathryn Linge, A/Prof Anna Heitz, A/Prof Jeff Charrois) Disinfection of drinking water is essential for public health protection, however, chemical disinfection by-products (DBPs) are produced during drinking water treatment via reactions between the oxidants used for disinfection (e.g. chlorine) and natural organic matter (NOM). The nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) have not been well-studied to date, but are currently of significant interest since many N-DBPs have been shown to be more toxic than the DBPs currently regulated in drinking water guidelines. There is little published research on cost-effective means of controlling N-DBPs in drinking water and in many cases the best option appears to be, rather than removal of the N-DBPs themselves. The project will focus on N-DBP precursor removal by conventional water treatment methods, such as pre-chlorination, coagulation and ion exchange, to determine the effect of treatment on formation of N-DBPs. Valuable experience will be gained in analytical techniques, such as solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This project is separate, but complementary, to the project offered by Dr Kathryn Linge KLL1. CJ2: Organohalogen compounds in the environment and in water treatment processes (with Drs Suzanne McDonald, Sebastien Allard, Ina Kristiana and A/Prof Anna Heitz) Organic halogen compounds in the environment are of special interest because they are persistent, toxic and carcinogenic. Not only are these compounds derived from anthropogenic sources but, more recently, they have also been identified as being produced by naturally occurring processes, e.g. in marine plants, animals and bacteria, in terrestrial organisms, and during the degradation of NOM. Potentially harmful organohalogen compounds are also produced in potable and recycled water through the reaction of strong oxidant disinfectants (e.g. chlorine) with naturally occurring bromide, iodide and organic matter in the water. The Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC) have recently commissioned a state-of-the-art halogen-specific analyser, which allows for the differential analysis of chlorinated (AOCl), brominated (AOBr), and iodinated (AOI) organic compounds using ion chromatography for detection. This project will focus on developing this analytical method to fully understand what compounds are being measured as AOCl, AOBr and AOI and to investigate any improvements which may be required to the method, e.g. in sample preparation. A mass balance approach will be used to monitor the various halogen concentrations. Analysis of organic halogens in the environment and in water systems will be conducted to highlight the utility of the method.



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Dr Franca Jones Office: 500-4121 Lab: 500-2222 Phone: 9266 7677 Email: [email protected] Background My interests lie in all aspects of crystallization from fundamental to completely applied. One aspect in particular that permeates my research is the role of impurities on the crystallization of inorganic and organic species. However, I am also interested in the ‘solution to solid’ transformation process, solution clustering, barium sulfate crystallization, biomineralization (calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate in particular), the formation mechanism of desilication products in the Bayer process and the impact of anatase on boehmite dissolution Honours Projects FJ1: Fundamentals of Crystallization Various projects exist in this area including i) The impact of impurity hydrophobicity on crystallization, (with Mark Ogden) ii) The crystallization of biologically important crystals (eg calcium oxalate, urea, cholesterol and uric acid) and how impurities impact on them. (with Max Massi and Mark Ogden) iv) AFM investigation of tetrazoles and substituted benzene molecules on barium sulfate crystallization (with Max Massi and Mark Ogden) v) the effect of magnetic fields on crystallization of polar compounds (with Mark Ogden) vi) laser induced crystallization (with Mark Buntine and Mark Ogden) FJ2: Applied crystallization In this broad area, several projects are available relating to the industrial application of crystallization; for example, i) Investigating settled scale hardness as a function of the scale formation mechanism (with Dr Mitch Loan - Alcoa and Melissa Loan - CSIRO) iii) the formation of different jarosites at room temperature and the impact of amino acids on their formation (with Kate Wright) iv) the formation of substituted titanates via synthetic Bayer liquors


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A/Prof Simon Lewis Office: 500-4122 Lab: 500-3229 Phone: 9266 2484 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests are focused upon analytical chemistry techniques applied to forensic science. Areas of specific interest include: latent finger mark chemistry and the detection of latent finger marks, the chemistry of decomposition and more recently the application of vibrational spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics to the characterization and classification of chemical trace evidence. Specific projects in the area below can be tailored to meet the interests of students. Honours Projects SWL1: Chemical characterization and classification of trace evidence for forensic science The term trace evidence is used to describe microscopic material that may be recovered in the course of a forensic investigation. Due to its small size it is highly likely to be transferred and is hence very useful in making links between people, places and objects. One example of trace evidence is automobile paint. Automobiles are involved in a significant number of crashes and criminal activities worldwide. During these incidents paint is often transferred from one automobile to another or to a person or object. This transfer evidence can be very significant in the association of evidence to an offending automobile. Recently we have commenced collaboration with researchers at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI) who have developed an approach based on multiple instrumental methods in combination with multivariate statistical analysis to characterise and classify a collection of 200 samples of automobile clear coats. Samples from Australian automobiles were collected and analysed by UV-visible microspectrophotometry at the IUPUI Forensic Science laboratories. The resulting dataset was analysed using a variety of multivariate statistical methods such as discriminate analysis and principle component analysis and the preliminary results are very promising [1]. We have continued this work at Curtin by developing a collection of Australian automotive clear coat samples and their subsequent analysis by IR spectroscopy. Further research will include an investigation of the potential of other instrumental techniques, such as mass spectral imaging and Raman spectroscopy, as well studying factors such as aging upon the chemical composition and subsequent classification of the automotive clear coats. We are also investigating extending this methodology to other types of trace evidence. The knowledge gained by this research will be of assistance in developing investigative leads in criminal cases, as well as aiding in the interpretation of trace evidence for presentation in court. This research is being carried out in collaboration with forensic scientists from CCWA. [1] J.V. Goodpaster, E.A. Liszewski, S.W. Lewis, J.A. Siegel, Applied Spectroscopy, 64

(2010) 1122-1125.


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Dr Kathryn Linge Office: 500-3207 Lab: 500-3222, 3225, 3227 Phone: 9266 7534 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests are focused on analytical chemistry as applied to water quality issues. In particular, I am currently researching the removal of micropollutants in treated wastewater, the formation of new disinfection by-products in drinking and recycled water, and new methods of characterizing dissolved organic matter (DOM). In my projects, you will learn aspects of both water chemistry and analytical chemistry, including analytical techniques such as GC-MS and LC-MS. Most projects involve collaboration with the Water Corporation and/or other partners. Honours Project KLL1: Understanding the role of organic nitrogen in the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water (with A/Profs Cynthia Joll, Anna Heitz, Jeff Charrois) Disinfection of drinking water is essential for public health protection, dramatically reducing mortality caused by waterborne diseases. However, unintended chemical disinfection by-products (DBPs) are produced during drinking water treatment via reactions between the oxidants used for disinfection (e.g. chlorine) and organic precursors. One group of DBPs, not yet studied extensively, are nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs). While few N-DBPs are currently regulated, many have been shown to be more toxic than regulated DBPs. N-DBP formation is affected by many variables and several treatment processes (e.g. reverse osmosis, pH control, activated carbon, advanced oxidation processes) have been suggested for removal of N-DBPs after formation. However, N-DBP precursor removal is likely to be the most effective means of N-DBP formation. This is particularly true for N-nitrosamines (specifically NDMA), which are poorly removed by many treatment processes. For example, recent CWQRC research has demonstrated that, while NDMA removal by reverse osmosis (RO) is 50-70%, NDMA precursor removal in RO is >95%. However, while RO treatment is practical as a final polishing step during advanced water recycling, it is often not practical during drinking water treatment. Precursor removal is also beneficial because it avoids continued N-DBP formation within the distribution system and N-DBP degradation to other products. N-DBP precursors normally comprise part of the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content of natural waters. Thus DON characterization plays a significant role in understanding N-DBP precursor removal. This project will characterise DON in selected drinking water sources known to have high nitrogen concentration using a range of techniques. The role of DON as a source of precursors for N-DBP formation will be investigated, and DON concentrations will be compared to the N-DBP formation potential of a variety of water sources. Characterisation methods will include: • Size fractionation using ultrafiltration membranes • Determination of N-DBP formation potential to assess the concentration of N-DBP

precursors • Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy to qualitatively identify different

organic matter fractions, particularly proteins and amino acids. • High precision measurement of DON and DOC by established methods, to determine

N:C ratio in organic matter • Analysis of inorganic N species (i.e. nitrate, nitrite and ammonia), and total N. This project is separate, but complementary, to the project offered by A/Prof Cynthia Joll CJ1.


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Dr Max Massi Office: 500-4126 Lab: 500-2219 Phone: 9266 2838 Email: [email protected] Background Our research group works at the boundary between synthetic chemistry, biochemistry and materials chemistry. In particular, we focus on the synthesis of phosphorescent metal complexes (i.e. compounds that emit visible or IR light) and their application in materials and life sciences. In the fields of biology and medicine, we investigate their application as cellular labels for the early detection of pathologies and for combined diagnostic/therapeutic approaches to specific diseases. Alternatively, we use the synthesised complexes to prepare luminescent materials suitable for the fabrication of Light Emitting Devices. Both areas will include a mixture of organic and inorganic synthesis, analytical characterisation, structural and photophysical investigation, as well as application of the compounds into the chosen field. The proposed projects are just possible examples and can be readily tailored depending on the student’s interest. Project areas Max1: Responsive Cellular Labels

The detection and quantification of divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Zn2+ in the cellular environment is important for the understanding of the physiology of these two elements and of pathologies linked to their imbalance. We have recently discovered that phosphorescent Rhenium tetrazolato complexes can be exploited for the imaging of live cells due to the very low toxicity of the metal complex. Moreover, these complexes undergo a marked blue shift in their emission, passing from red to green emitters as shown in the picture above, when electrophilic species are reacted with the tetrazole ligand. This project will involve the synthesis of luminescent metal complexes bound to 2-pyridyltetrazolate and investigate whether the “switch” in emission colour can be exploited for the detection and quantification of Ca2+ and Zn2+. Max2: Multifunctional Materials for Optical Devices (with Debbie Silvester) Transition metal complexes have been extensively investigated as luminescent materials due their bright and tunable emission, the latter ranging across the entire visible spectrum. We have recently fabricated green Light Emitting Devices incorporating Rhenium tetrazolato complexes into solid state thin films, as shown in the picture to the right. This project will investigate the synthesis of blue and red emitting Re complexes and investigate their photophysical properties when incorporated into a variety of materials.


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A/Prof Mauro Mocerino Office: 500-4115 Lab: 500-2219 Phone: 9266 3125 Email: [email protected] Background My research can be classified into two general areas, synthetic chemistry and chemical education. The synthetic chemistry focuses on the design and synthesis of molecules for specific intermolecular interactions including crystal growth modification, chiral recognition, drug-protein interactions and binding of soft metal ions. My chemical education research focuses on improving our understanding of how students learn and what can be done to improve the learning. Honours Projects MM1: Synthesis and application of functionalised calixarenes Calixarenes and resorcinarenes are macrocyclic compounds that can be readily functionalised to tune their properties for a variety of applications. There are many projects available within this area and two are listed here: 1. Amino acid functionalised calixarenes for crystal growth modification (with M. Ogden, F.

Jones). Calixarenes functionalised at the lower rim with amino acids have a dramatic effect on the growth of calcium carbonate and barite. This project will explore the impact of conformation and number of amino acid moieties on crystal growth modification.

2. Chiral resorcinarenes and potential transport agents (with M. Ogden, E. Dalcanale, Parma, Italy). We have developed a practical, high yielding “one pot” synthesis of C4 symmetric resorcin[4]arenes and the resolution of the resulting enantiomers. This project will investigate the synthesis of bridged resorcinarenes and their ability to host small molecules.

MM2: Insulin mimetics (with Erik Helmerhorst, Biomedical Sciences and Wayne Best, Epichem) Currently diabetes affects over 250 million people worldwide and the number is increasing.

Discovery of an effective insulin mimetic, that can be administered orally, would be a major advance in the treatment of diabetes. Research at Curtin University has identified a compound (IM140) that binds to the insulin receptor and could be further developed into a suitable insulin mimetic. The aim of this research is the synthesis of simplified analogues of IM140 to investigate which

structural features are most important in its function. MM3: Chemistry Education (with Daniel Southam and David Treagust, SMEC) A key focus of the chemistry education research is the identification and development of strategies to enhance student learning. This requires an understanding of how students perceive chemical concepts and how they interpret information presented to them. There are many projects available to explore aspects of this broad aim and a couple are listed below. 1. Learning in the laboratory: development and evaluation of interventions to enhance student

learning in laboratory classes. 2. Evaluation of e-learning resources as an aid to improve students’ ability to visualize chemical processes at a submicroscopic level and link these to macroscopic phenomena and symbolic representations.

OH

O O

F

O

OCOOH

COOHIM140


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Prof Mark Ogden Office: 500-2118 Lab: 500-2219 Phone: 9266 2483 Email: [email protected] Background

What most excites me about chemistry is making new compounds, and these Honours projects capture that opportunity – at some stage during the year, the total world supply (ever!) of a new chemical will be sitting on your bench. These new compounds are made for a range of specific applications (MIO1), or will help us better understand industrially significant processes (MIO2). All project areas will give exposure to synthetic chemistry techniques, spectroscopic characterisation (NMR, IR, UV/Vis, Fluorescence, etc), and synthesis is a great way to develop and

demonstrate your problem-solving skills. Projects in MIO1 can be adapted to suit student interests (incorporating a “nano” orientation for example, for selected sub-projects). Honours Projects MIO1: Synthesis and application of selective receptors (with others as specified) There is a range of projects available that will focus on synthetic chemistry. All of these are linked by a common theme of working towards a specific application for the new molecules. Projects include:

1. Lanthanoid-binding calixarene polymers for light emitting devices (with D. Brown, M. Massi)

2. Chiral hydrogelators (with D. Brown, M. Mocerino) 3. Modifying surfaces with self-assembling molecules (with T.

Becker, F. Jones) For project specifics, please come and talk to me.

MIO2: Coordination Chemistry of Solvent Extraction Systems (with Keith Barnard, CSIRO)

Solvent extraction is a significant unit process in the minerals industry, which enables the concentration and purification of metal ion(s) of interest. It achieves this via the formation of organic-soluble coordination complexes using appropriate metal extractants (ligands). Despite the industrial significance of these processes, understanding of the species involved is limited in many cases. Recently, we have successfully used model extractants (ligands) to simplify isolation and characterisation of the key species involved in the LIX63/ Versatic acid synergistic solvent extraction system. This project will extend this approach to other known SX systems where such an understanding

is lacking. These may be ‘conventional’ or synergistic systems. The approach will be multifaceted, and will include mining existing structural data, the synthesis of model coordination compounds, and, where required, the synthesis of model organic extractants. The information obtained will be compared to that of the equivalent industrial system, to ensure accurate extrapolation from the model systems to the industrial situation. (A scholarship paid by CSIRO to the student may be available on a competitive basis – contact MO for information) [Figures from top of page down. An AFM image of a calixarene-based hydrogel, a terbium-loaded calixarene polymer monolith under UV light, and a synergist coordination complex]


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Dr Alan Payne Office: 500-4125 Lab: 500-2219 Phone: 9266 1917 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests lie in the efficient synthesis of organic compounds, with an emphasis on medicinally important molecules and exotic molecules. I am also interested in drug discovery, using methods currently used by the big pharmaceutical companies. The projects offered will give you experience in an extensive range of synthetic organic chemistry, natural product chemistry and an introduction to rational drug design. Honours Projects ADP1: Synthesis of Exotic Molecules There are many unusual or exotic molecules that have been overlooked by the chemical community. Some of these molecules probe our fundamental understanding of chemical principles and others have applications in the real

world. An example of an exotic molecule is isocoronene (right). Resonance structures show that this molecule has two independent aromatic rings! This molecule has also been suggested to be “super aromatic” but it has not been made to date. Another interesting molecule is an azulene molecule incorporated into a small graphene-like structure. Like isocoronene, this should “isolate” the highlighted rings (left) and lead to unexpected chemical and spectroscopic

properties. ADP2: Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules With an ageing population, there is a growing need for new and more potent medicines. The problem with drug discovery is that it takes many years to develop a lead compound into a drug candidate. My interests in this area are to develop new drug leads and to streamline the drug development process. Potential projects include: • N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibitors for treatment of fungal diseases and T. brucei, the parasite to causes sleeping sickness. • Synthesis bioactive molecules to help the Western Australian farming industry (Mango, Sandalwood, etc.). •Efficient total synthesis of hamigeran B (anti-herpes) and Tamiflu® (anti-influenza) using thiophene-1,1-dioxides.

OHBr

OO

H

Hamigerin B

CO2EtO

NH3

AcHNH2PO4

Tamflu®


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Dr Debbie Silvester Office: 500-4112 Lab: 500-2222 Phone: 9266 7148 Email: [email protected] Background My research interest is in electrochemistry, with a particular focus on using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as alternative solvents in electrochemical reactions. RTILs (often called “molten salts”) are made entirely of ions and possess low volatility, intrinsic conductivity, high physical and chemical stability, high viscosity, wide potential windows and the ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds. Using RTILs as electrolytes is a currently a very popular field and a large amount of research is being carried out in this area. The two projects on offer in our research group utilize RTIL solvents as electrolytes in gas sensors or conducting polymers. Project areas DSS1: Lab-on-a-Chip type Systems for Toxic Gas Detection Detecting and monitoring the concentrations of toxic gases in the environment is of huge importance. In this project, we will investigate the viability of lab-on-a-chip type systems for gas detection. One type of sensor that will be investigated is a screen-printed electrode (see below left), which consists of three electrodes (working, reference and counter) that are printed onto an inert ceramic substrate. A microlitre quantity of RTIL solvent is used to connect the three electrodes, which are then connected to a potentiostat. The target gas (e.g. chlorine or

ammonia) partitions into the ionic liquid and then diffuses to the electrode where it is electrochemically oxidized or reduced. The size of the sensor is very small (approximately 3.4 x 1.0 x 0.05 cm). The working electrode surface itself can also be minituarized by employing microdisk electrode arrays (see right), where an array of many microdisks is used as the working electrode surface.

DSS2: Charging/Discharging of Ions in Conducting Polymers Conducting polymers such as poly-3-octylthiophene (right) have been used for various applications (e.g. in organic solar cells, light-emitting devices, actuators, supercapacitors, biosensors and ion-selective electrodes). In this project, we will study the mechanism of ion-incorporation into conducting polymers. The conducting polymers will be deposited using electropolymerization in acetonitrile

and ionic liquid solvents. The figure to the left shows cyclic voltammetry for the growth of a conducting polymer on a gold electrode, and the inset shows an AFM image of the deposited material. We will use electrochemical techniques to study the amount (total charge) of ions that can be incorporated into the polymers that are deposited in the two different solvents. This will help to suggest if ionic liquids are more favourable electrolyte media for electro-polymerization reactions on electrode surfaces.


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Dr Daniel Southam Office: 500-3124 Phone: 9266 2380 Email: [email protected] Background My research interests are in Chemistry Education, specifically in the tertiary sector and with the broad aim to improve students’ perceptions and understanding of chemistry. My research centres around two primary domains. Firstly in the classroom and lecture theatre current passive learning techniques are being replaced by active learning strategies aimed at improving retention of knowledge, teamwork, problem solving skills and metacognition. Secondly, in the laboratory current experiments and entire programs are being assessed and surveyed with the intention to improve students’ laboratory experiences. Honours Projects DCS1: Student attitudes and expectations in undergraduate Forensic Science A recent explosion of Forensic Science in popular culture has seen a diverse range of students opt to study it at a tertiary level, potentially without an understanding of its underlying cross-disciplinary nature. This collaborative project aims to relate this diversity of attitudes and expectations and link it with a student’s discipline-specific cognitive and logical ability. This project will also assess the curricula of the different programs offered across the Australian sector and examine the similarities and differences between them that may address the central issue of diversity. DCS2: Linking student learning style with new media usage in a blended active learning environment Active learning strategies have been implemented in first year chemistry classes and include the use of strategies such as POGIL1. Active learning reduces the amount of didactic lecture presentation by placing the emphasis on student-centred learning activities in the lecture theatre. The activities are used in blended delivery with online mini-lectures, Livescribe Pencasts and in-lecture screen capture. This project aims to link a student’s preference for learning in a particular way (learning style) with their uptake of different types of new media used in the blended online/face-to-face learning environment.

1 Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning. http://www.pogil.org/

Institutes and Centres in the Department of Chemistry

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Appendix:

Research Institutes and Centres in the

Department of Chemistry

Chemistry Institutes, Centres and Groups

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Nanochemistry Research Institute www.nanochemistry.curtin.edu.au

The Nanochemistry Research Institute is a Tier 1 Curtin Research Institute, and it is associated with the research activities of the following Department of Chemistry academic staff. Please refer to the relevant pages in this booklet for more information on the Honours projects available.

• Damien Arrigan • Julian Gale • Franca Jones • Simon Lewis • Mauro Mocerino • Mark Ogden

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre www.cwqrc.curtin.edu.au Overview The Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC) is a collaborative research alliance between Curtin University and the Water Corporation, designed to focus on Western Australia’s needs in water quality and treatment. Established in November 2004, the CWQRC is now recognised world-wide for its comprehensive research expertise to identify and solve drinking water issues. Areas of research within the Centre include studies of natural and anthropogenic organic matter in source and treated waters, drinking water treatment, disinfection and disinfection by-product formation, distribution system management, aesthetics in drinking water, and recycling treated wastewaters for water reuse. The CWQRC has a strong focus on the development of novel and advanced analytical chemistry technology, crucial for supporting much of the water quality research undertaken. Honours Supervisors A/Profs Cynthia Joll and Anna Heitz and Dr Kathryn Linge lead CWQRC Honours Projects, with cosupervisors A/Prof Jeff Charrois, Ina Kristiana, Francesco Busetti, Suzanne McDonald and Sebastien Allard.

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http://www.nanochemistry.curtin.edu.au/

http://www.cwqrc.curtin.edu.au/

Chemistry Institutes and Centres

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WA Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre www.wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au

Overview WA-OIGC is an internationally recognised research Centre in biomarker and compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA is important for determining the stable isotopic compositions of individual organic components in complex mixtures (e.g., petroleum, natural gases, sediments, soils, groundwater, potable waters and extracts from plants and other media). The centre is regarded as the best equipped organic geochemistry centre in Australia and globally. The equipment includes state of the art analytical facilities/ technology but not limited to CSIA, LC-MS Orbitrap, Hydropyrolysis, GC-MS (variety), Autospec, GC TOF. WA-OIGC is a collegial (multicultural) and positive research environment with lots of team work, enthusiasm and team building activities. WA-OIGC received 5* ranking in Excellence Research Australia and publishes in top journals e.g. Science, Nature, Nature Geosciences. 14 PhD students have completed since 2006 in 3-3.5 years. Many interesting field excursions occur to Pilbara, Western Kimberley, Margaret River, Cairns and the Arctic. Students have been appointed to positions at MIT, USA; Max Planck Institute, Industries (Alcoa, Chem Centre WA, Woodside Petroleum, Chevron and Total petroleum industries and some have moved into Environmental Consultancy); others have become Science teachers. Research themes investigated within the Centre using CSIA and biomarker geochemistry are:

Petroleum & Minerals Exploration Paleoenvironmental including mass extinctions (modern-ancient envrionments) Provenancing Pollution Paleontology

Honours Supervisors Prof Kliti Grice is the Director of WAOIGC and Honours Supervisor, with co-supervisors Dr Lyndon Berwick, Dr Caroline Jaraula, Dr Martijn Woltering, and A/Prof Kate Trinajstic.

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http://www.wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au/

http://www.wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au/research/petroleum.cfm

http://www.wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au/research/palaeoenvironment.cfm

http://www.wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au/research/provenancing.cfm

http://www.wa-oigc.curtin.edu.au/research/pollution.cfm

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