Research Framework for Ecosystem Services Assessment: …...Title: Microsoft PowerPoint -...
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Lasse Loft 1 , Alexandra Lux 1,2 , Uwe Zajonz 1,3 1 LOEWE Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F), Mertonstraße 17-2, D-60325 Frankfurt, 2 Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE), Hamburger Allee 45, D-60486 Frankfurt, 3 Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum (FIS), Senckenberganlage 25 D-60325 Frankfurt [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / http://www.bik-f.de Research Framework for Ecosystem Services Assessment: Case Study Socotra Background Haines-Young, Roy/Potschin, Marion (2010): The links between biodiversity, ecosystem ser-vices and human well-being. In: Raffaelli, D./Frid, C. (Ed.) Ecosystem Ecology: a new synthesis. BES Ecological Reviews Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009) De Groot, Rudolf S./R. Alkemade/L. Braat/L. Hein/L. Willemen (2010): Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. In: Ecological Complexity 7 (2010) 260-272 Raymond, Christopher M./Brett A. Bryan/Darla Hatton MacDonald/Andrea Cast/Sarah Strathearn/Agnes Grandgirard/Tina Kalivas (2009): Mapping community values for natural capital and ecosystem services. In: Ecological Economics 68 (2009) 1301-1315 References Walz, Ariane/Corina Lardelli/Heiko Behrendt/Adrienne Grêt-Regamey/Corinne Lundström/Susanne Kytzia/ Peter Bebi (2007): Participatory scenario analysis for integrated regional modelling. In: Landscape and Urban Planning 81 (2007) 114-131 European Environment Agency (EEA) (2010): Ecosystem accounting and the cost of biodiversity losses - The case of coastal Mediterranean wetlands. Copenhagen Tropical marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs, provide a wealth of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ESS). However, many reefs are already severely affected by the results of climate change, i.e. large-scale coral bleaching followed by coral die-off due to elevated sea surface temperatures. This leads to severe changes in the ecological and social systems. Strategies for conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs and its ESS need to be developed to adapt to climate change. BiK-F has devoted its work towards a scientific contribution to the management of climate change induced alterations of biodiversity. One of the study sites BiK-F scientists have been conducting research on is Socotra, a small archipelago in the northwest Indian Ocean near the Gulf of Aden. Socotra is known as a biodiversity hotspot and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site. Since 1998 BiK-F scientists have been studying biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics of tropical marine ecosystems and communities and investigated possibilities for the use of GIS-based remote sensing techniques as an innovative ex- situ method for mapping the diversity and distribution of coastal ecosystems, particularly marginal reefs and associated fish communities. To feed the findings into a process of conservation management and sustainable development of the islands an ESS approach was identified as a valuable tool. Thus a transdisciplinary ESS research framework was developed as a method of combining natural and social science research with strong stakeholder involvement to contribute to the assessment, valuation and management of ESS. The Socotra Case Study is among the first of a set of implementation studies on ESS within BiK-F. Ecosystems & Biodiversity Biophysical Structure or process Ecosystem- function* Ecosystem- service Human well-being Benefit (econ.) Value Human and climate induced pressure on ecosystems and biodiversity Policy Instruments / Land-Use Management Tools *Subset of biophysical structure or process providing the system Natural Science: Assessment of the ecological state and interdependencies within an ecosystem. Social Science: Analysis of benefits and corresponding economic value. Figure 1: The conceptual framework for assessing ecosystem services, as introduced by Haines- Young/Potschin (2009), de Groot et al. (2010) The aim of the Socotra ESS Case Study is to implement and further refine the ESS approach as an applied transdisciplinary research and ecosystem management tool. Therefore, all crucial elements of the approach will be studied: • A multiple classification ESS-inventory • The assessment and monitoring of the underlying biophysical structures and processes, including a selection of relevant indicators • Accounting and valuation of provided and demanded ESS • Participatory scenario analysis • Vulnerability assessment of critical ecosystem functions • Generation of GIS-based maps showing where ESS are produced and consumed • Mainstreaming of relevant results into decision making Emphasis will be put on studying and standardising the transdisciplinary process of implementing the ESS approach, i.e. necessary consultation steps in the interfaces between natural and social sciences, and optimisation of the stakeholder involvement. Aim & Conceptual Framework The Socotra Archipelago, termed the “Galápagos of the Indian Ocean” is situated east of the Horn of Africa. It is 250 km long and comprises four islands and two rocky islets. The site is of Study Area: Socotra Archipelago universal importance because of its biodiversity with rich and distinct flora and fauna: 37% of its 825 plant species, 90% of its reptile species and 95% of its land snail species are endemic. Socotra also has a very diverse marine life, with 253 species of reef-building corals, 730 species of coastal fish and 300 species of crab, lobster and shrimp. Mainstreaming into Decision Making Scenario & Trade-off analysis Figure 6: Schematic representation of an integrated paticipatory scenario analysis by Walz et al. (2007) Participatory scenario analysis will be used as a method of predicting and describing plausible futures, by combining alternative decisions with projected demographic and socio- economic changes, climate and other factors. These scenarios will be used as basis for an ESS- trade off analysis. Mapping Relevant results such as supply and demand maps, scenario maps, balance sheets and valuation results will be summarized and supplied to inform local decision makers and resource managers. In order to develop more sophisticated tools for policy making and ecosystem management, opportunities and constraints regarding governance and capacity need to be identified: Policy network and stakeholder analysis will be used as methods to determine which institutions, incentives, and regulations are effective in sustaining flows of ecosystem services and achieving the desired scenario outcome. In 1999 detailed biotope maps were produced, based on satellite images of Socotra’s coastal and inshore marine biotopes. Change detection based on comparison of the past remote sensing results, as well as newly produced images will be used to infer the trend of biotope evolution and dynamics. Updated biotope maps will be fed into the GIS database and used to derive a catalogue of coastal ESS provision e.g. to visualize: • The outcomes of the ESS accounting • The results of the valuation study • Results of the scenario analysis Figure 5: Biotope maps of Socotra‘s coast from Zajonz (unpubl.) Defining underlying processes A supply side account of ESS (physical quantities) will be developed and an economic valuation study for existing ESS will be conducted (monetary value and value related to local income). A demand side account of ESS gained through questioning and surveys of local population, fish landing etc. will be established. Results will be fed into a GIS database. Accounting & Valuation Figure 4: Framework for ecosystem accounting and the calculation of the full cost of ecosystem goods and services by EEA (2010) ESS-Inventory Figure 2: Ecosystem typology adapted from Raymond et al. (2009) Based on a literature survey of ESS studies a list of ESS potentially occurring at Socotra is established. This list will be validated by interviews of the local population and expert knowledge. In addition these ESS will be characterised in terms of multiple ecological and economic criteria. The state of the ESS will be pre-assessed by best expert judgement. Biological and environmental monitoring programs are being conducted. The aim is to understand the mechanisms and the processes by which corals have adapted to cope with the recent extreme events and how environmental variables influence the processes associated with coral community development, carbonate accumulation, benthic and fish diversity and biological productivity, upon which the marine ecosystem services are based. Complementary to this also ecosystem services which are provided by ecosystems situated at the marine-terrestrial interface such as mangroves, lagoons and coastal bushland will be assessed. Figure 3: Field study map of Socotra and photo of reef monitoring by Zajonz (unpubl.)
Transcript of Research Framework for Ecosystem Services Assessment: …...Title: Microsoft PowerPoint -...
Lasse Loft1, Alexandra Lux1,2, Uwe Zajonz1,3
1 LOEWE Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F), Mertonstraße 17-2, D-60325 Frankfurt, 2 Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE), Hamburger Allee 45, D-60486 Frankfurt, 3 Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum (FIS), Senckenberganlage 25 D-60325 Frankfurt
[email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / http://www.bik-f.de
Research Framework for Ecosystem Services Assessment: Case Study Socotra
Background
Haines-Young, Roy/Potschin, Marion (2010): The links between biodiversity, ecosystem ser-vices and human well-being. In: Raffaelli, D./Frid, C. (Ed.) Ecosystem Ecology: a new synthesis. BES Ecological Reviews Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)
De Groot, Rudolf S./R. Alkemade/L. Braat/L. Hein/L. Willemen (2010): Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. In: Ecological Complexity 7 (2010) 260-272
Raymond, Christopher M./Brett A. Bryan/Darla Hatton MacDonald/Andrea Cast/Sarah Strathearn/Agnes Grandgirard/Tina Kalivas (2009): Mapping community values for natural capital and ecosystem services. In: Ecological Economics 68 (2009) 1301-1315
References
Walz, Ariane/Corina Lardelli/Heiko Behrendt/Adrienne Grêt-Regamey/Corinne Lundström/Susanne Kytzia/ Peter Bebi (2007): Participatory scenario analysis for integrated regional modelling. In: Landscape and Urban Planning 81 (2007) 114-131
European Environment Agency (EEA) (2010): Ecosystem accounting and the cost of biodiversity losses - The case of coastal Mediterranean wetlands. Copenhagen
Tropical marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs, provide a wealth of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ESS). However, many reefs are already severely affected by the results of climate change, i.e. large-scale coral bleaching followed by coral die-off due to elevated sea surface temperatures. This leads to severe changes in the ecological and social systems. Strategies for conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs and its ESS need to be developed to adapt to climate change. BiK-F has devoted its work towards a scientific contribution to the management of climate change
induced alterations of biodiversity. One of the study sites BiK-F scientists have been conducting research on is Socotra, a small archipelago in the northwest Indian Ocean near the Gulf of Aden.Socotra is known as a biodiversity hotspot and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site. Since 1998 BiK-F scientists have been studying biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics of tropical marine ecosystems and communities and investigated possibilities for the use of GIS-based remote sensing techniques as an innovative ex-situ method for mapping the diversity and distribution of coastal
ecosystems, particularly marginal reefs and associated fish communities. To feed the findings into a process of conservationmanagement and sustainable development of the islands an ESS approach was identified as a valuable tool. Thus a transdisciplinaryESS research framework was developed as a method of combining natural and social science research with strong stakeholder involvement to contribute to the assessment, valuation and management of ESS. The Socotra Case Study is among the first of a set of implementation studies on ESS within BiK-F.
Ecosystems & Biodiversity
BiophysicalStructure
orprocess
Ecosystem-function* Ecosystem-
service
Human well-being
Benefit
(econ.) Value
Human and climate inducedpressure on ecosystems
and biodiversity
Policy Instruments / Land-Use Management Tools
*Subset of biophysical structure or process providing the system
Natural Science:Assessment of the ecological state and interdependencies within an ecosystem.
Social Science:Analysis of benefits and corresponding economicvalue.
Figure 1: The conceptual framework for assessing ecosystem services, as introduced by Haines-Young/Potschin (2009), de Groot et al. (2010)
The aim of the Socotra ESS Case Study is to implement and further refine the ESS approach as an applied transdisciplinary research and ecosystem management tool. Therefore, all crucial elements of the approach will be studied:• A multiple classification ESS-inventory• The assessment and monitoring of the underlying biophysical
structures and processes, including a selection of relevant indicators
• Accounting and valuation of provided and demanded ESS• Participatory scenario analysis• Vulnerability assessment of critical ecosystem functions• Generation of GIS-based maps showing where ESS are
produced and consumed • Mainstreaming of relevant results into decision making
Emphasis will be put on studying and standardising the transdisciplinary process of implementing the ESS approach, i.e. necessary consultation steps in the interfaces between natural and social sciences, and optimisation of the stakeholder involvement.
Aim & Conceptual Framework
The Socotra Archipelago, termed the “Galápagos of the Indian Ocean” issituated east of the Horn of Africa. It is 250 km long and comprises four islands and two rocky islets. The site is of
Study Area: Socotra Archipelago
universal importance because of its biodiversity with rich and distinct flora and fauna: 37% of its 825 plant species, 90% of its reptile species and 95% of its land snail species are endemic. Socotra also has a very diverse marine life, with 253 species of reef-building corals, 730 species of coastal fish and 300 species of crab, lobster and shrimp.
Mainstreaming into Decision MakingScenario & Trade-off analysis
Figure 6: Schematic representation of an integratedpaticipatory scenario analysis by Walz et al. (2007)
Participatory scenario analysis will be used as a method of predicting and describing plausible futures, by combining alternative decisions with projected demographic and socio-economic changes, climate and other factors. These scenarios will be used as basis for an ESS-trade off analysis.
Mapping
Relevant results such as supply and demand maps, scenario maps, balance sheets and valuation results will be summarized and supplied to inform local decision makers and resource managers.In order to develop more sophisticated tools for policy making and ecosystem management, opportunities and constraints regarding governance and capacity need to be identified:Policy network and stakeholder analysis will be used as methods to determine which institutions, incentives, and regulations are effective in sustaining flows of ecosystem services and achieving the desired scenario outcome.
In 1999 detailed biotope maps were produced, based on satellite images of Socotra’s coastal and inshore marine biotopes. Change detection based on comparison of the past remote sensing results, as well as newly produced images will be used to infer the trend of biotope evolution and dynamics. Updatedbiotope maps will be fed into the GIS database and used to derive a catalogue of coastal ESS provision e.g. to visualize:
• The outcomes of the ESS accounting• The results of the valuation study• Results of the scenario analysis
Figure 5: Biotope maps of Socotra‘scoast from Zajonz (unpubl.)
Defining underlying processes
A supply side account of ESS (physical quantities) will be developed and an economic valuation study for existing ESS will be conducted (monetary value and value related to local income).A demand side account of ESS gained through questioning and surveys of local population, fish landing etc. will be established. Results will be fed into a GIS database.
Accounting & Valuation
Figure 4: Framework for ecosystem accounting and the calculation of the full cost of ecosystem goods and services by EEA (2010)
ESS-Inventory
Figure 2: Ecosystem typology adapted from Raymond et al. (2009)
Based on a literature survey of ESS studies a list of ESS potentially occurring at Socotra is established. This list will be validated by interviews of the local population and expert knowledge. In addition these ESS will be characterised in terms of multiple ecological and economic criteria. The state of the ESS will be pre-assessed by best expert judgement.
Biological and environmental monitoring programs are being conducted. The aim is to understand the mechanisms and the processes by which corals have adapted to cope with the recent extreme events and how environmental variables influence the processes associated with coral community development, carbonateaccumulation, benthic and fish diversity and biological productivity, upon which the marine ecosystem services are based. Complementary to this also ecosystem services which are providedby ecosystems situated at the marine-terrestrial interface such as mangroves, lagoons and coastal bushland will be assessed.
Figure 3: Field study map of Socotra and photo of reef monitoring by Zajonz (unpubl.)
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