Research design
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RESEARCH RESEARCH DESIGNDESIGN
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Research design is a set of advance decisions that make
up the master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed
information.
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A research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with an economy in procedure In fact research design is a conceptual structure with in which the research is conducted
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BlueprintBlueprint
PlanPlan
GuideGuide
FrameworkFramework
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FACTOR DEFINING FACTOR DEFINING RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN
What is the study aboutWhat is the study about
Why is the study being made Why is the study being made
Where will be the study carried outWhere will be the study carried out
What type of data is to be collectedWhat type of data is to be collected
Where can be require data found Where can be require data found
What period of time would the will the What period of time would the will the study includestudy include
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Which technique of data collection to be Which technique of data collection to be usedused
How will be the data anlyseHow will be the data anlyse
In what style will the report prepred In what style will the report prepred
What will be the sample sideWhat will be the sample side
FACTOR DEFINING FACTOR DEFINING RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN
(cont…)(cont…)
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PARTS PARTS
The sample designThe sample design
The observational design The observational design
The statistical design The statistical design
The operational designThe operational design
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FEATURE FEATURE
Specifies the source and type of information Specifies the source and type of information relevant to the research problemrelevant to the research problem
Specifies the approach to be used to gather Specifies the approach to be used to gather & analyze the data& analyze the data
It include the time and cust budgetingIt include the time and cust budgeting
(the boundry for everything )(the boundry for everything )
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NEEDNEED
To have an efficient research operation To have an efficient research operation
To be economicalTo be economical
To have an plan in advanceTo have an plan in advance
To have a back up ideaTo have a back up idea
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FEAURE OF A GOOD FEAURE OF A GOOD DESIGNDESIGN
Good is usually characterised by the Good is usually characterised by the adjective likeadjective like AppropriateAppropriate Efficient Efficient EconomicalEconomical FlexibleFlexible
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FEAURE OF A GOOD FEAURE OF A GOOD DESIGNDESIGN
(cont…)(cont…) The design must minimize bias and The design must minimize bias and
maximize the reliability maximize the reliability
The design providing less experimental The design providing less experimental errorerror
The design which yield maximum The design which yield maximum informationinformation
The design provide an opportunity to The design provide an opportunity to consider many different aspect of problem consider many different aspect of problem
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RELATING CONCEPTRELATING CONCEPT
Dependent & Independent variable Dependent & Independent variable Extraneous variableExtraneous variable ControlControl Confounded relationshipConfounded relationship Reseach hypothesisReseach hypothesis Experimental & non-experimental hypothesis-Experimental & non-experimental hypothesis-
testing researchtesting research
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RELATING CONCEPT RELATING CONCEPT (cont..)(cont..)
Experimental & control groupExperimental & control group
TreatmentTreatment
Experiment Experiment
Experimental unitExperimental unit
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DIFFERENT RESEARCH DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNDESIGN
ExploratoryExploratory
Descriptive/DiagnosticDescriptive/Diagnostic
CausalCausal
Please note that research does not necessarily Please note that research does not necessarily follow the order (1) exploratory, (2) descriptive, follow the order (1) exploratory, (2) descriptive, and (3) causal designs.and (3) causal designs.
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EXPLAATORY RESEARCH
• Exploratory research is unstructured, informal research undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem.
• Uses of exploratory research include:1. Gain background information.2. Define terms.3. Clarify problems and hypotheses.4. Establish research priorities.
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METHOD USED
• Secondary data analysis. Secondary data refers to the process of searching for and interpreting existing info relevant to the research problem (e.g., census data, articles in journals, newspapers, etc.).
• Experience (Expert) surveys. Refers to gathering info from those thought to be knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the problem (i.e., ask experts).
• Case Analysis. Uses past situations that are similar to the present research problem.
• Focus groups. Involves small (8-12) groups of people brought together and guided by a moderator through unstructured, spontaneous discussion.
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IN SUCH CASES IN SUCH CASES
The sample size is smallThe sample size is small
Non probability sampling design are usedNon probability sampling design are used
Data requirement are vagueData requirement are vague
The objective is general rather than specificThe objective is general rather than specific
No definite recommendation are there as a No definite recommendation are there as a result of analysisresult of analysis
There is inbuilt flexibility in the designThere is inbuilt flexibility in the design
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DESCIPTIVE OR DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
Descriptive research provides answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how.
Note that we cannot conclusively ascertain answers to WHY using descriptive studies.
Diagnostic research determine the frequency with which somethingn occur or its association with something else
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IN SUCH CASES
Formulating objective of the studyFormulating objective of the study
Designing mythos of data collectionDesigning mythos of data collection
Selecting the sample Selecting the sample
Collecting the dataCollecting the data
Processing and analyzing the dataProcessing and analyzing the data
Reporting the finding Reporting the finding
The design is rigidThe design is rigid
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COMPARISIONCOMPARISION
Research Design Exploratory Studies
Descriptive/diagnostic studies
i. Sampling design Non-probability sampling design
Probability sampling design
i. Statistical design No pre-planned design for analysis
Pre-planned design for analysis
i. Observational design
Unstructured instruments for collection of data
Structured or well throughout instruments for collection of data
i. Operational design
No fixed decisions about the operational procedure.
Advanced decisions about operational procedure.
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CASUAL RESEARCH
• Causality may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the form, “If X, then Y.” Conditions for Causality are:
• Concomitant Variation: For variable X to cause a change in variable Y, the two must be highly related in that changes in Y are always associated with changes in X.
• Temporal Precedence: Refers to the time sequence of occurrence. For variable X to cause Y, it must always occur before or precede Y.
• Absence of Competing Explanations: For X to cause Y, other possible causes must be ruled out.
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Here the researcher studies the hypothesis Here the researcher studies the hypothesis of casual relationship between variable of casual relationship between variable
It require procedure of It require procedure of
Reduce biasReduce bias
Increased reliabilityIncreased reliability
Relationship between variable Relationship between variable
One or more extraneous variable of dependent One or more extraneous variable of dependent variablevariable
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PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHRESEARCH
Principle of accuracyPrinciple of accuracy
Principle of randomizationPrinciple of randomization
Principle of local controlPrinciple of local control
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THANK YOU