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Research based best practice
Big Idea: Research based best practice provides a basis for designing instruction based on the assumption that all students can learn, although they may learn in different ways and at different rates.
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Research based best practice provides a basis for designing instruction based on the assumption that all students can learn, although they may learn in different ways and at different rates.
What are research based best practices? Universal Design for Learning Direct Instruction Marzano strategies Cooperative learning strategies Task analysis (backwards design) Differentiated Instruction (see
Differentiation module)
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Research based best practice provides a basis for designing instruction based on the assumption that all students can learn, although they may learn in different ways and at different rates.
What is universal design for learning? What are the components of universal
design for learning? What are the benefits of universal
design for learning? Can all students learn? What are the different ways students
learn? How does rate impact design?
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What is universal design for learning? Universal design for curriculum and
instruction builds in accommodations for all learners
Go to: http://www.cast.org Review Differentiation module Review text pp. 24 - 31
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What are the components of universal design for learning? Multiple means of representation, to give
learners various ways of acquiring information and knowledge,
Multiple means of expression, to provide learners alternatives for demonstrating what they know,
Multiple means of engagement, to tap into learners' interests, offer appropriate challenges, and increase motivation.
http://www.cast.org/about/index.html
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What are the benefits of universal design for learning? Accommodations are integrated in
curriculum/instruction in advance. Meets the needs of all learners, not
just students with “labels.” Provides opportunities for more
engaged learning for all learners. Promotes student choice and internal
locus of control
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Can all students learn?All students can learn if we can identify what they are ready to learn.
What prerequisite skills does the student have to support the learning task?What accommodations can the teacher provide to provide access to learning the next skill?
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What are the different ways students learn? Review Individual differences ppt Review Text p. 577
Multiple intelligences are only one view of learning style. http://www.funderstanding.com/learning_styles.cfm http://www.csrnet.org/csrnet/articles/student-learning
-styles.html
Concrete sequential Abstract random Abstract sequential Concrete random
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Learning styles & online learning
http://www.rusq.org/index.php/2007/01/16/accommodating-diverse-learning-styles-in-an-online-environment/ Make-up reflection activity (if you are missing a reflection – or want to substitute for another reflection) – submit by course email:Reflect on how this online course EXC 3304/07 met your learning style needs? If you were the teacher, what would you do to improve it?
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How does rate impact design?For learners that learn at a slower rate (intellectual disabilities, slow learner, students with sensory processing issues) Repetition Build from concrete to representational (symbols) Vary practice strategies (word – definition &
definition – word) Practice in multiple settings Distributed practice (regularly in small units over
time) is better than massed practice (all night before the test)
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How does rate impact design? For learners that learn at a faster rate
(gifted and talented, above average) Less repetition in isolation Build from concrete – representational –
abstract Challenge with higher levels of thinking Integrate across curricular areas to
develop projects for application
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What is direct instruction? Review text pp. 192 – 193 Direct (or explicit) instruction –
structured format for planning and delivering instruction for rules (ex. Spelling) and procedures (ex. Long division)
Includes scripted and commercial programs (SRA, Kansas strategies)
http://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/methods/models/direct/
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What is direct instruction? Follows specific steps
Anticipatory set (engage students and/or review prerequisite skills)
Instruction (model, repetition, example/nonexample, fading prompt)
Guided (continue facing prompts) to Independent practice (no prompts)
Closure (review what was learned)
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What are Marzano strategies? Dimensions of Learning (Marzano, 1992)
Positive attitudes and perceptions about learning
Thinking involved in acquiring and integrating knowledge
Thinking involved in extending and refining knowledge
Using knowledge meaningfully Productive habits of mind
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Dimension 1: Positive attitudes and perceptions about learning Task value
Student interest Product choice
Wait time (Stahl, 1994) Processing time Active engagement
Guidance Cues & prompts Feedback
March Madness
< 1.5 > 3 seconds
Crossword, “sounds like”, synonym
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Dimension 2: Acquiring and integrating knowledge
DeclarativeKnowledge
KWLPatterns
Graphic OrganizersMemory Strategies
(see text p. 27)
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Vocabulary Frames are a flashcard method for learning new vocabulary. Do not use Vocabulary Frames for every vocabulary word encountered. Words that introduce new concepts are best used with Vocabulary Frames.
Top Right Corner: Write the word’s definition top Left Corner: Write the word’s opposite and cross it outLower Left Corner: Write a silly sentence that uses the definition of the wordLower Right Corner: Draw a graphic to help you visualize the conceptIn the Center: Write the word
Isolate any prefixesIsolate the rootNote the meaning of the rootIsolate any suffixesLabel the part of speech in parenthesis
http://litsite.alaska.edu/uaa/workbooks/readingvocabulary.html
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WordThings I know about the wordGeneral category this word might belong inExamples of other related wordsMy definition
WRITING YOUR OWN DEFINITIONDEFINITION WORD CHART
http://www.tandl.leon.k12.fl.us/lang/Elementary/Anchorvoc.html
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Dimension 2: Acquiring and integrating knowledge
Procedural Knowledge
AlgorithmsStrategies
General rulesAnalogies
Think AloudFlow Charts
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Dimension 3: Extending and refining knowledge
Comparing Classifying Inducing Deducing Analyzing errors Constructing support Abstracting Analyzing perspective
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Dimension 4: Using knowledge meaningfully Application-oriented tasks Long-term tasks Student-directed tasks
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Dimension 5: Productive habits of mind Self-regulated thinking and learning Critical thinking and learning Creative thinking and learning
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Facilitating retention, understanding & independent application
Elaboration Techniques Teach new vocabulary in context
(meaningful subject-matter lesson) Select vocabulary that is:
Key to understanding Repeated
Facilitate student discussion to promote use of new term
Build on previous knowledge Use examples/non-examples Use multiple formats
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Clarifying Table (Titanic)Term ElitismCore Idea being especially proud of belonging to
a small group who thinks its superiorUse it to describe Clarifiers Knowledge
connections
Example of: “Superior to others” belief
Snobby acting movie stars
“more valuable” belief
Snobby acting
Aristocracy, super-rich, celebrities
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Cooperative learning strategies An instructional strategy where small
groups of students work together to achieve team success, while promoting individual student responsibility for their own learning.
A strategy for promoting student interactions.
A heterogeneous group of students working together to achieve a mutual goal.
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Cooperative Learning Strategies Learning to cooperate:
http://www.co-operation.org/pages/cl.html Johnson & Johnson (1983) Positive interdependence (we sink or
swim together) Face-to-face interaction Individual & group accountability Interpersonal & small group skills Group processing
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Cooperative Learning Activity Kindergarten students working on poster for /m/
sound. Each child has picture & students must agree if
picture begins with /m/ sound Each child assigned role:
“paster” – pastes picture “checker” – checks with teacher model in front of
room “counter” – counts votes
Student comment – “Wait, you didn’t ask me”
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Cooperative Learning Strategies Academic Learning
http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-1/elements.htm
http://www.teach-nology.com/currenttrends/cooperative_learning/slavin/ Assigned roles with specific tasks Interdependence Heterogeneous grouping Rules of engagement (positive feedback
vs. personal attacks, ownership of product by all)
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Cooperative Learning http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/specconn/main.php?cat=instruction§ion=main&subsection=udl/cooperative Workshop activity:
http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/coopcollab/ Jigsaw activity – each student
responsible for one chapter & teachers others
Think-pair-share – teacher asks questions – student pairs with partner to discuss – teacher calls on random pair to report
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Task analysis Process
way to break complex skills or behaviors into smaller steps
Product generates a written series of steps for
the student to learn allows teachers to determine the content
and sequence of instruction
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Task Analysis Steps: Define instructional objective Is response available - Under what conditions? Develop curriculum based assessment to assess
mastery of objective If successful - move on If not successful - Identify sequential steps
necessary to teach skill simplify one piece at a time change stimulus or response component
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Class activity Student will:
“Know numbers”
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Class activity
“Knownumbers”
“two” number name
“2” numeral objects
pictures
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Sequence the steps:Number 1-8 in sequence to be taught – compare with next slide
Given numeral 2, will circle 2 objects Given numeral 2, will present 2 objects Given numeral 2, will say “two” Given pictures of two objects, will say “two” Given two objects, will say “two Given “two” orally, will circle picture of two
objects Given “two” orally, will point to numeral two Given “two” orally, will present two objects
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Sequence1. Given two objects, will say “two” counting concrete objects2. Given “two” orally, will present two objects can reverse process3. Given pictures of two objects, will say “two” counts representations
of objects4. Given “two” orally, will circle picture of two objects reverses process5. Given “two” orally, will point to numeral two recognition level with
motor response6. Given numeral 2, will say “two” recognition with verbal response7. Given numeral 2, will present 2 objects recognition with motor
response8. Given numeral 2, will circle 2 objects recognition with
representations
Is there one “right” sequence?
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Rules for Sequencing concepts/operations Those introduced early should be easy to
discriminate from one another should you teach b and d – or m and s first?
Those that are difficult to discriminate should be separated as far as possible why do students have difficulty with b/d?
The components of complex concepts or operations should be taught before the complex case is introduced teach place value before regrouping
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Is there one best way to teach?
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Is there one best way to teach? NO
Universal design for learning suggests multiple means for:representationexpressionengagement
If a student doesn’t learn the way you teach – you must teach the way s/he learns.